recap from last week’s lecture project is defined as “a temporary endeavor undertaken to...
TRANSCRIPT
Recap from last week’s lecture
• Project is defined as “A temporary endeavor undertaken to accomplish a unique purpose.”
• Project management is defined as “The application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.”
Recap from last week’s lecture
• The project manager is responsible for handling a project to achieve its goal working under the triple constraint: cost, scope and time.
• PM Knowledge areas cover all the aspects required to successfully complete a project within time and with the best output.
Recap from last week’s lecture
• To define a successful project: The triple constraints are met, satisfied customers and objectives are achieved.
• A good project manager must have certain skills in order to determine the success of a project.
Learning objectives
• Understand organizations, including the four frames and organizational structures.
• Explain why stakeholder management and top management commitment are critical for a project’s success.
• Learn the concept of a project phase and project lifecycle.
organization• Definition: A social unit of people that is
structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals.
• Projects cannot be run in isolation• They have to operate in a broad organizational
environment
organization• Project managers must learn how to work well
within the four organizational frames: structural, human resource, political and symbolic.
• The frames are based on Lee Bolman and Terrence Deal in Reframing Organizations.
• They suggest that project managers who can understand these four frames will improve their leadership and management.
Organization frames
Structural Frame
Human Resource Frame
Political Frame Symbolic Frame
Structural frames“The RATIONAL side of an organization”• Focuses on roles, responsibilities, coordination
and control.• Emphasize rationality, analysis, logic, facts and
data.• Believe strongly in the importance of clear
structure and well-developed management systems.
Structural frames
• Problem arises when:– Structure does not
fit the situation.• Main challenge would
be attuning structures to tasks, technology or environment.
Human Resource Frame
“The PEOPLE side of an organization.”• Focuses on the harmony
between the needs of the organization and the needs of people• He/she cares of people
who are involved in a project and in an organization.
Human Resource Frame
• believe in the importance of coaching, participation, motivation, teamwork and good interpersonal relations.
Human Resource Frame
• Problem arises when:–Organization and people are in a bad
relationship/no harmony.• Main challenge would be developing harmony
by attuning organizational and people needs.
Political Frame
“The CONFLICT side of an organization”• Sees organizations as
arenas or contests.• Believe strongly that every
organizations are competing for limited resources and fighting for power.
Political Frame
• In order to survive, they build networks, allies, coalitions.
Political Frame• Problem arises when:–Misuse of power. Power
concentrated in the wrong places or is too broadly dispersed.
• Main challenge would be how to appropriately use the power to foster networks and alliances to acquire resources.
Symbolic Frame
“The CULTURAL side of an organization.”
• Focuses on meaning and faith.
• Sensitive to organization’s history and culture.
Symbolic Frame
• believes that the essential task of management is to provide vision and inspiration.
• Inspires and excites people with his/her actions and visions.
Symbolic Frame
• Problem arises when:–Uncertainties among people causing
meaning and faith to be lost.• Main challenge would be to create and
maintain inspiration, meaning and faith.
Organizational structure
• An organizational structure facilitates the coordination and implementation of project activities.
• The main purpose is to create an environment which fosters interactions between team members with a minimum amount of conflicts.
• Structures can take on various forms. Each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
Organizational structure
• The rationality of an organization practicing a particular structure depends on their business type and size.
• The three basic structures are: Functional, Project and Matrix
Functional-Type organization
• Bringing together one specialized area into one organizational unit.• This brings efficiency within themselves. i.e
communication among department is good.• Functional type organization is insular. It
means that they’re only concerned with their own performance and with little interest with other type of specialists.
Functional-Type organization
• This lack of communication makes an organization slow and inflexible.• Suitable for small organization.
Functional-Type organization
• Structure is built around functions.
General Management
SystemEngineering
SoftwareEngineering
Verification &Validation
Software QualityAssurance
System engineer
System engineer
System engineer
System engineer
SW engineer
SW engineer
SW engineer
SW engineer
V&V engineer
V&V engineer
V&V engineer
V&V engineer
SQA engineer
SQA engineer
SQA engineer
SQA engineer
Project-Type organization
• Groups each organizational functions into divisions.• Each division has full control and quipped with its
own resources.• No conflict with other divisions due to this.• However since each divisions has its own function,
there is a heavy duplication of resources, skills and expertise.
• Suitable for large organization.
Project-Type organization
• Structure is built around projects
General Management
Project A Project B Project C
System engineer
SW engineer
V&V engineer
SQA engineer
System engineer
SW engineer
V&V engineer
SQA engineer
System engineer
SW engineer
V&V engineer
SQA engineer
matrix-Type organization
• Composite of functional and project.• Teams are formed based on their specialized area but
each are involved in different projects.• Hence there is skill diversification and training across
function is easier and manageable.• However, employees may face unclear roles and
inconsistent job demands due to interdependencies between functional departments.
• Suitable for large organization.
matrix-Type organization
• Composite of functional and project.
General Management
SystemEngineering
System engineer
System engineer
System engineer
System engineer
SW engineer
SW engineer
SW engineer
SW engineer
V&V engineer
V&V engineer
V&V engineer
V&V engineer
SQA engineer
SQA engineer
SQA engineer
SQA engineer
SWEngineering
V&VEngineering
SQAEngineering
Project A
Project B
ACTIVITY
• You own a website design company. Organize your company team into Functional, Project and Matrix Structure.
Tips: Think of what kind of professions are involved in building a website.
Stakeholder management
• Stakeholders are the person involved in or affected by project activities (see lecture 1 notes)
• Project manager must take time to identify, understand and manage a good relationship with all project stakeholders
• Four frames of organization are essential in meeting all the stakeholders’ needs and expectations
• Stakeholder executives/top management are very important stakeholders
top management
• From time to time project managers would require approval in order to obtain project resources.
• Top management has the power to approve them.• Top management also deals with political issues that
often arises when a project manager cuts across to seek cooperation from other people in an organization.
• Top management serve as a mentor and coach project managers on their leadership issues.
Close-Out Implementation
Project phases and project lifecycle
• Not to be confused with project process groups (next lecture).
• Project lifecycle is a series of activities/phases in conducting a project.
• Four phases of a traditional project lifecycle:
DevelopmentConcept
Project phases
• Concept – Rough assessment of project. Identify needs, approaches, problems and solutions.
• Development – A more detail assessment of project. Outline what the project will accomplish, assign who will do what work, identify time taken and how much will be the cost.
Project phases
• Implementation – Real work now began according to proposed plan, schedule and budget.
• Close-Out – All work has been completed and project is terminated.
Project phases deliverables
The importance of project phases and management reviews
– A project should pass through each of the phases successfully before stepping into the next phase
– Management reviews/phase exits/kill points should occur at each phase to evaluate the project’s progress, likely success, and continued compatibility with organizational goals.
Summary• Project managers must learn how to work well
within the four organizational frames: structural, human resource, politcal and symbolic.
• An organizational structure facilitates the coordination and implementation of project activities.
• The three basic structures are: Functional, Project and Matrix
Summary• Project lifecycle is a series of activities/phases
in conducting a project. The phases are: concept, development, implementation and close-out
• A project should pass through each of the phases successfully before stepping into the next phase