rearing dairy calves. calf rearing the aim: to rear strong, healthy, well grown calves that will...
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Rearing Dairy Calves
Calf Rearing
The Aim:
To rear strong, healthy, well grown calves that will continue to grow steadily after weaning
Calves Require:
Food – Milk– Concentrate (pellets/grain)– Straw/hay
Clean water Shelter TLC (tender loving care)
Milk
Each calf requires – minimum 2 litres of good colostrum within 6 hours of
birth. – another 2 litres within next 6 hours – and 2 litres within the next 12 hours
Daily milk must be a constant temperature– warm or cold
Don’t over feed
Facilities
Well ventilated Easily (and regularly) cleaned Sufficient room to prevent overcrowding Allow 1½ - 2 sq. metres /calf At least 5½ cubic metres of total shed
volume/calf
Bedding
1” wide woven mesh/wooden slats over a concrete floor
or a deep litter system
– rice hulls– wood chips/shavings– sawdust
Penning
Individual penning for 1st 2 - 3 weeks is an advantage
Multiple penning according to weight and age
Feeding Methods
Rubber teats Trough Drum
Rubber Teats
No difference in growth between bucket fed and buckets with teats
Easier to train calf to drink from a teat– can save time
Some evidence scouring calves maintain fluid intake better if fed by teat
Teats and tubes need extra washing up
Trough
May be used with/without rubber teats Must be 1 teat/calf If using without teats, allow at least 40cm of
trough per calf Best to match calves for drinking speed and
age
Troughs
ADVANATAGES Reduced labour Able to feed calves at
any location
DISADVANTAGES Possible greater range
of milk intake More training required Not suitable to Ad Lib -
difficult to cover
Drums
Used with teats and tubes - similar to troughs Suitable for ad lib feeding because it is easily
covered At least 1 teat per calf should be provided to
avoid competition and a range of weaning weights
Choosing a Feeding System
Twice per day Once per day Ad Lib
Twice per Day
ADVANTAGES Able to feed more
liquid/day - better growth rates
Small calves do better with more frequent feeds
Calves receive attention twice/day
More even growth rates & weaning weights
DISADVANTAGES Labour intensive, at a
particularly busy time on the farm
Once per Day
ADVANTAGES Labour saving Greater flexibility of
feeding times Greater flexibility of
place of feeding Calves receive individual
attention Even growth rates and
weaning weights
DISADVANTAGES Calves may be not
looked at often enough Calves may not
consume enough milk for good growth rates
Ad Lib
Calves have constant access to feed
Ad Lib - Advantages
Substantial labour saving Faster growth rates - earlier weaning possible Calves don’t need to be handy Calves don’t bellow Feeding can be done at any time of the day
Ad Lib - Disadvantages
More costly in terms of milk input Large variability in liveweight gains Calf growth can be poorer at weaning if rumen
not developed well enough Calves not well observed for health problems Some calves slow to learn how to use system
Early Weaning
Calves can be weaned as early as 4 - 6 weeks Once daily milk offered to encourage pellet intake Access to good quality (20% protein) calf pellets from 1
week of age (or earlier) Exclusion from pasture until after weaning to
encourage pellet intake Milk removed after 4 - 6 weeks, but pellets provided
after weaning 500grams pellets/day consumed at weaning,
Weaning
SIZE AT BIRTH Jersey : 25 - 30 kg (67 - 70 cm) Friesian : 35 - 40 kg (73 - 77 cm)
SIZE AT WEANING Jersey : 60kg (87cm) Friesian : 70kg (92cm)
* Note: these are minimum weights
Weaning
AGE AT WEANING Jersey : 10 - 12 weeks Friesian : 9 weeks
Whole Milk or Milk Replacer?
Milk Replacer Fed at the rate of 650 g/calf/day
Whole milk Fed at the rate of 4.0 l/calf/day
Milk Replacer
Cost for 16 kg bag ranges from $50 - $58 (for high fat replacers 20%)
Calves require 650 g/calf/day At $50 At $58
Costs/day =$50 x 0.65 $58 x 0.6516 16
=$2.03/calf/day $2.37/calf/day
Whole Milk - Feeding 4.0 L/calf/day
May Fat 4.55% Protein 3.52%Price = 0 .38c/ for 4.0 L = $1.52/calf/day
June Fat 4.55% Protein 3.52%Price = 0.39c/L for 4.0 L = $1.56/calf/day
July Fat 4.55% Protein 3.52%Price = 0.36c/L for 4.0 L = $1.44/calf/day
August Fat 4.55% Protein 3.52%Price = 0.30c/L for 4.0 L = $1.22/calf/day
Total Feed Cost
(A) Whole Milk $60.06
& Pellets $25.48
= $85.54/calf
(B) Milk Replacer $91.28
& Pellets $25.48
= $116.76/calf
Calf Health Problems
Diarrhoea “Scours” Worms Pneumonia & Respiratory Disease Clostridial Infections Umbilical Hernias & Abscesses Intestinal Accidents Bloat Broken Limbs Pink-eye
Causes of Diarrhoea in Calves
Nutritional Infectious Bacteria Protozoa Viruses Worms in older calves
What causes calves to scour
Nutritional– Undigested milk entering the intestines– Due to overflow
Malfunctioning of stomach cannot digest milk Overfeeding
Infectious– Due to excessive leakage of fluid from the body into
the intestine
The Basics of Scour Treatment
Milk Restriction Fluid therapy Antibiotics Scour Powders Warmth & Care
Worms
Worms can be present in the intestine or in the lungs
Picked up from paddocks (in faeces) Can cause disease by themselves and make
calves more susceptible to other diseases As a guide, calves should be wormed every 3
months after weaning until they enter the herd Alternate between oral and pour on drenches
Pneumonia & other Respiratory Diseases
Individual cases often occur. Large outbreaks are more common if calves are housed
Calves will often appear sick and will usually exhibit coughing and/or shortness of breath if exerted
Often very wet around mouth Treatment is best aimed at firstly correcting
problems with housing etc. and secondly antibiotics to prevent lung damage and death
Clostridial Diseases
These are a group of diseases that will usually result in sudden death
Vaccination against these diseases is essential life insurance for your calves
Umbilical Hernias
Hernias are non-painful, soft swelling around the navel area that usually are present from the time of birth
If felt carefully, a hole can be detected through the skin Larger or persistent hernias may require veterinary
attention to allow closure If at any time a hernia becomes sore or suddenly larger
seek veterinary attention.
Umbilical Abscess
Painful to touch swellings around navel area Some evidence of discharge may be seen Usually require veterinary attention Correct treatment usually involves surgical
drainage and possibly treatment with antibiotics
Intestinal Accidents
Calves may appear bloated and the bulging usually involves the whole abdomen
Calf is normally distressed and often in pain May pass black or obvious blood in faeces Immediate veterinary attention is required
Bloat
Occasionally calves bloat for what appears to be no specific reason
Calves bulge initially on their left side and are not normally distressed about it
Administering oil (paraffin or cooking) by mouth, about 100-200mls, is often sufficient to resolve the problem
A higher rate of bloat occurs in calves that are fed from buckets at ground level
If calf appears to be distressed seek urgent veterinary attention
Broken Limbs
Not too hard to pick these These injuries are often amenable to casting
and usually heal well Best if simple fracture below the knees with
little or no damage to the skin
Pink-Eye
Bacteria spread by flies Early signs include reddening of eye with excessive
tear leakage Later stages of the condition involving whitening of the
eye and possible ulceration or damage to surface of the eye
Treatment consists of antibiotics, eye, protection and reducing fly numbers (ie Fly Repellants)
Veterinary attention should be sought in cases with ulceration or apparent damage to the eye
Preventing Disease1. Colostrum
Colostrum is full of antibodies to fight disease Calf can only absorb these antibodies into
blood for 24 hours after it is born Without colostrum calves cannot fight
diseases….like having AIDS Must ensure that calves get enough enough
colostrum
Preventing Disease1. Colostrum
Aim to feed– 2 litres of good colostrum in first 6 hours– 2 litres of good colostrum in following 6 hours– 2 litres in next 12 hours
Continue feeding fresh colostrum for as long as possible as to help calves fight disease
Preventing Disease1. Colostrum
Studies have shown that in most cases leaving the calf on its mother is not enough
Most calves need to be given extra colostrum Use good colostrum which is obtained from
middle aged cows. Avoid heifers (Too little antibodies) and big producing cows (Too dilute/watery colostrum)
Preventing Disease2. Environment
Calves should be kept in a dry and draught-free environment
Adequate air movement should occur above the height of the calves
Bedding should be clean, deep, dry and regularly changed or added to
Each calf should have a minimum of 1.5m2 of space
Preventing Disease3. Vaccination
Presently we can vaccinate against– E coli scours– Salmonella– Clostridial Diseases ( “5 in 1” or “7 in 1”)
Vaccinating is an aid in preventing disease Vaccinating is not a substitute for good
management, planning and hard work
Where does Johne’s Disease fit into all this?
Calves are most susceptible to infection with the bacteria that causes Johne’s disease from birth till 1 year old
The first 30 days is the highest risk Most likely source of infection is faeces from
infected cow Minimise the contact that the calves have with
adult faeces in the first 12 months of life