Realities of the feed options

International Seminar on Land-Based Aquaculture Systems

Markus Langeland, PhDSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences/ East Regional Aquaculture Centre

Global fish consumption is 19.2 kg per capita

3 billion people get 20% of total protein intake

Another 1.3 billion people get 15% of total protein intake

2015= 7.2 billion2050 = 9.6 billion

Key factors towars a sustainable aquaculture industry

SpeciesProduction systems

Feed

Important parameters in a novel feed ingredient?

Nutrient compositionDigestibilityMetabolism

HealthPhysical properties

$$$!!!Legislation?

Market demand?

50 g other ingredient40 g premix40 g wheat gluten70 g plant oil100 g wheat flour150 g fish oil200 g plant protein 350 g fish meal

50 g other ingredient40 g premix40 g wheat gluten100 g plant oil100 g wheat flour120 g fish oil370 g plant protein 180 g fish meal

Formula 2005 Formula 2015

Global use of fish meal in aquaculture

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000

4 500

1995 2000 2005 2007 2008 2010 2015 2020

PercentageMillion tonnes

Total fish mealFish meal in produced feed (%)Fish meal in total feed used(%)

Alternative protein sources

Majority of alternative protein sources availible today are plant based. Several challanges:

• Chemical composition• Digestibility• Antinutritional compounds (enzyme inhibitors, saponins, lectins, allergens etc)• Palatibility

Compete with the human food base and future food security?

Microbial nutrient sources

No competition with human food sourcesHigh biomass production potentialAble to grow and utilize different substratesIn general a high protein content a good aminoacid profileThick cell walls!

Versatile:Protein source (S. cerevisiae)Lipid source (Yarrowia lipolytica)Pigment source (Phaffia rhodozyma)Prebiotic (phytase activity)Immunostimulant (β-glucans)

Use waste substrates Sulphite liquor (Zygomycetes spp.)CompostBeer industry by-products

Molluscs - Blue mussel

High protein content and amino acid qualityFilter feeders and thereby improve water quality by absorb nutrientsMay also absorb pollutants!

Average composition of the main groups of SCP (% DM)

Composition Fungi Algae Yeast BacteriaTrue Proteins 30-45 40-60 45-55 50-65

Nucleic acid 7-10 3-8 6-12 8-12

Total N 37-55 43-68 51-67 58-77

Lipids 2-8 7-20 5-10 3-7

Ash 9-14 8-10 5-10 3-7

Amino acid composition (% crude protein)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

g/16

g N

Fish mealIntact baker’s yeast Extracted baker’s yeast ZygomyceteBlue mussel

Langeland et al., 2014

Apparent digestibility coefficient in test ingrediens for Arctic charr

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

DM CP AA (sum) Energy

%

ISC ESC RHO MYE

a

b b b

b

a

b b

a

bb

b

Langeland et al., 2014

a

abab

bc

c

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

REF MYE ISC ESC RHO

WG (%)

WG (%)

Growth performance for Arctic charr

Vidakovic et al., 2015

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

Diets

*

REF IBY20 IBY40 IBY60 IBY60-M

MIX20 MIX40 MIX60

%Specific growth rate in rainbow trout

Vidakovic et al., 2015

Biofloc – another approach

Insects

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)Nutritional value

DM: 55-65%CP: 40-45%Lipids: 15-50%Rich in Ca & PAsh: 11-28%

Substrate waste

Solid phaseInsect production

Oils/fats

High value oilsFeed

Biodiesel?

Protein Feed

Novel productsChitosan

Antimicrobial substances

Compost, fertilizer…

Liquid phaseSCP´s

Feed

Pre-/probiotics

Biogas

Results on BSF fed to Rainbow trout

Up to 50% FM substitution (40% inclusion)• No differences in growth• No differences for somatic indexes• No differences in fillet quality parameters• Increase in DM and lipid content

Up to 25% FM substitution (40% inclusion)• Good fillet fatty acid profile• No differences for AA, EPA, DHA, n3 and n6/n3