Real World Slope By: (name removed)

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Collier, 6th Adv Math Polygon City. They were to create a city out of a polygon that they drew out of a hat. They had to include a restaurant, a school, a hospital and another place of their choosing.

Nordmann, Computer Essentials, Student layout using SketchUp 3-d modeling software

(name removed)

Mr. Mutchnick

3rd period

Research Plan

A. Purpose/Question being addressed:

The purpose of this experiment is to determine if saltwater is safe to drink after solar powered

water desalination by measuring the pH of the saltwater before and after the experiment. The

saltwater samples will be acquired from the Gulf and one homemade sample will be acquired.

B. Research Facts/Hypothesis:

Research showed that about 70% of the earth is covered with water. 97% of the water on

earth is saltwater. 2% of the water on earth is glacier ice from the north and south pole.

This ice is freshwater and can be melted, however, it is too far away from where people

live to be usable. Less than 1% of all the water on earth is freshwater that we can use. We

use this small amount of water for drinking, transportation, heating and cooling.

Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid

into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substances. Factors that

affect the evaporation of a substance include its surface area, temperature, surface

pressure and concentration. A higher concentration of substances means a slower

evaporation rate. Saltwater does not evaporate faster than freshwater. Evaporation takes

place on the surface of a substance. Freshwater has only water molecules on its surface,

which lets it evaporate easily. On average, saltwater in the world’s oceans has a salinity

of approximately 3.5%, or 35 parts per thousand. That means that for every 1 liter of

saltwater there are 35 grams of salts (mostly, but not entirely, sodium chloride) dissolved

into it. Desalination is a process of removing salts from water, thus producing freshwater

from saltwater or brackish water. pH stands for potential of hydrogen. Water with a pH 7

or less is considered acidic and with a pH 7 or higher is considered basic. The normal

range for pH in surface water system is 6.5 to 8.5 and for groundwater systems 6 to 8.5.

This experiment should show that homemade saltwater should have a safer pH level than

that of the bay water.

C. Description in detail of method or procedure

First, acquire the 2 samples of saltwater. Next, push the funnel into the straw as far as it will go,

then tape it together securely. Then, put the straw and the funnel through the hole in the plastic

container. You may have to squeeze or bend the straw to made it fit through the hole. You can

play around with the straw to keep it centered. Also, make sure that there is a slope in the straw

so that gravity can take effect and roll the water down into the cup instead of the water

gathering up in the straw. Next, break of a part of the modeling clay and make a circle around

the straw. Then, insert the straw into the plastic cup and place clay on the out side of the plastic

container to seal it air tight. Therefore to keep it air tight you must put cling wrap over the

container and the cup. Tape the edges of the container and put a rubber band around the cup.

Repeat for the 2nd container.

D. Data Analysis:

I will measure all my results in the log book. All data is measured using a scientific pH meter and

temperature in degrees Celsius.

E. Bibliography/References:

1. “Water on Earth.” Water on Earth, fcwa.org/story_of_water/html/earth.htm.

2. Oram, PG Mr. Brian. “PH.” PH, www.water-research.net/index.php/ph.

3. “MNN - Mother Nature Network.” MNN - Mother Nature Network, www.mnn.com/.

4. “Office of Marine Programs.” Office of Marine Programs, omp.gso.uri.edu/ompweb/.

5. “Solar-Powered Water Desalination.” Science Buddies, www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-

projects/project ideas/EnvEng_p022.shtml#materials.