Reagan Foreign Policy Reagan Foreign Policy (continued) (continued)

and the and the End of the Cold WarEnd of the Cold War

Foreign Affairs (continued)Foreign Affairs (continued) H. H. Bombing of LibyaBombing of Libya: : Libya Libya

responsible for responsible for international international terrorismterrorism and attacks on US planes and attacks on US planes over Mediterraneanover Mediterranean

Action in the Gulf of Sidra Action in the Gulf of Sidra in March in March 19861986

Libyan cities & airbases bombed Libyan cities & airbases bombed in in April 1986 (2 US pilots - 58 Libyans)April 1986 (2 US pilots - 58 Libyans)

Foreign Affairs (continued)Foreign Affairs (continued) I. I. The Falkland WarThe Falkland War: : 1982 Argentina 1982 Argentina

invades British Falkland Islandsinvades British Falkland Islands Britain responds; Reagan sides w/ Britain responds; Reagan sides w/

Britain Britain (Britain wins)(Britain wins) J. J. South AfricaSouth Africa:: denounced denounced apartheidapartheid Cooperated w/ South Africa on other Cooperated w/ South Africa on other

mattersmatters Policy called Policy called “constructive “constructive

engagement” engagement” or quiet persuasionor quiet persuasion

Foreign Affairs (continued)Foreign Affairs (continued) K. K. Iran and IraqIran and Iraq: : affirmation of affirmation of

neutralityneutrality Secretly helped Secretly helped both sidesboth sides L. L. Iran Arms SalesIran Arms Sales: : 1986 scandal1986 scandal US sold weapons to Iran US sold weapons to Iran (terrorism) (terrorism)

Contras receive profitsContras receive profits President himself denies knowledgePresident himself denies knowledge 1987 Congressional investigations1987 Congressional investigations

Reagan-Gorbachev SummitsReagan-Gorbachev Summits 1) Geneva Summit (Nov. 1985) 1) Geneva Summit (Nov. 1985) 11stst meeting meeting No substantial progress – but the two No substantial progress – but the two

did agree that did agree that “a nuclear war cannot “a nuclear war cannot be won and must not be fought”be won and must not be fought”

Geneva Summit (Nov. 1985)Geneva Summit (Nov. 1985)

Geneva Summit (Nov. 1985)Geneva Summit (Nov. 1985)

Reagan-Gorbachev SummitsReagan-Gorbachev Summits 2) Reykjavik Summit (Oct. 1986)2) Reykjavik Summit (Oct. 1986) Discussions of the Discussions of the “Zero Option” “Zero Option” & & SDISDI Gorbachev wants SDI “confined to the Gorbachev wants SDI “confined to the

laboratory” – Reagan refused to laboratory” – Reagan refused to concessionsconcessions

Talks Talks end w/out agreement end w/out agreement BUT BUT covered the most sweeping arms covered the most sweeping arms control proposals in historycontrol proposals in history

Gorbachev declared it “an intellectual Gorbachev declared it “an intellectual breakthrough” breakthrough” in US-Soviet relationsin US-Soviet relations

2) Reykjavik Summit (Oct. 2) Reykjavik Summit (Oct. 1986)1986)

Speaking at the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987Speaking at the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987

Reagan-Gorbachev SummitsReagan-Gorbachev Summits 3) Washington Summit (Dec. 1987)3) Washington Summit (Dec. 1987) An An Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force

(INF) Treaty (INF) Treaty was signed – was signed – actually actually abolished weapons abolished weapons land-based land-based missiles of intermediate and shorter missiles of intermediate and shorter rangerange

Important 1Important 1stst step in reducing step in reducing stockpiles – stockpiles – 11stst time agreement was time agreement was reached on inspectionreached on inspection of the of the destruction of missilesdestruction of missiles

3) Washington Summit (Dec. 1987)3) Washington Summit (Dec. 1987)

3) Washington Summit (Dec. 1987)3) Washington Summit (Dec. 1987)

Reagan-Gorbachev SummitsReagan-Gorbachev Summits 4) Moscow Summit (May 1988)4) Moscow Summit (May 1988) Last Gorbachev-Reagan SummitLast Gorbachev-Reagan Summit Marked by the Marked by the June 1 exchange June 1 exchange of of

the the instruments of ratification instruments of ratification which which implemented the INF Treatyimplemented the INF Treaty

Arms reduction negotiations Arms reduction negotiations continue; still SDI disagreementcontinue; still SDI disagreement

Red SquareRed Square, Reagan & the , Reagan & the “evil “evil empire”empire”

4) Moscow Summit (May 1988)4) Moscow Summit (May 1988)

4) Moscow Summit (May 1988)4) Moscow Summit (May 1988)

Other Elements of Gorbachev’s Other Elements of Gorbachev’s Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

By 1988By 1988 he he announced his plans to announced his plans to withdraw from Afghanistan withdraw from Afghanistan & he & he pulled back Soviet aid to its “allies”pulled back Soviet aid to its “allies”

The “thawing” of the Cold War The “thawing” of the Cold War continued under the new president continued under the new president George H.W. BushGeorge H.W. Bush

Soviet withdrawal from Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1988 & 1989Afghanistan in 1988 & 1989

President President ReaganReagan, , Vice-Vice-President Bush President Bush

meet with Soviet meet with Soviet General General

Secretary Secretary Gorbachev Gorbachev on on

Governor's Governor's Island, New York. Island, New York.

12/7/88.12/7/88.

The Revolutions of 1989 and The Revolutions of 1989 and the End of the Cold Warthe End of the Cold War

The Velvet Revolution in CzechoslovakiaThe Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia

Revolution in RomaniaRevolution in Romania

Revolution in RomaniaRevolution in Romania

Capture, Trial, and Execution of Nicolae Capture, Trial, and Execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu and his WifeCeaușescu and his Wife

Summit in Malta (Dec. 1989)Summit in Malta (Dec. 1989) The Revolutions of 1989 The Revolutions of 1989 led Bush led Bush

and Gorbachev to declare that the and Gorbachev to declare that the Cold War was overCold War was over

Soviet FM Shevardnadze Soviet FM Shevardnadze announced announced that the superpowers had that the superpowers had “buried the “buried the Cold War at the bottom of the Cold War at the bottom of the Mediterranean”Mediterranean”

Gorbachev and Bush about to share a meal on board the Gorbachev and Bush about to share a meal on board the Soviet cruise ship Soviet cruise ship Maxim GorkyMaxim Gorky, Marsaxlokk Harbour, , Marsaxlokk Harbour,

Malta Malta (December 2-3 1989)(December 2-3 1989)

Summit in Summit in MaltaMalta

Reunification of GermanyReunification of Germany Chancellor Kohl Chancellor Kohl needed the US and needed the US and

USSR to permit reunificationUSSR to permit reunification Summer of 1990 – German unity was Summer of 1990 – German unity was

brokeredbrokered 1) FRG 1) FRG USSR generous loansUSSR generous loans 2) United Germany formed & 2) United Germany formed & NATONATO 12 Sept. 199012 Sept. 1990 Two-Plus-Four TreatyTwo-Plus-Four Treaty

signed signed 2 October 19902 October 1990 GDR was integrated GDR was integrated

into the FRGinto the FRG

Hundreds of thousands were present when the Hundreds of thousands were present when the flag was hoisted in front of the Reichstag on flag was hoisted in front of the Reichstag on

reunion dayreunion day

The Brandenburg Gate TodayThe Brandenburg Gate Today

The End of the USSRThe End of the USSR Gorbachev became increasingly Gorbachev became increasingly

unpopular at home unpopular at home – failed to improve – failed to improve the the economyeconomy

Events in Eastern EuropeEvents in Eastern Europe brought brought about about calls for independence from the calls for independence from the republicsrepublics of the Soviet Union of the Soviet Union

August 1991August 1991: : Baltic States Baltic States and other and other soviet republics declare independencesoviet republics declare independence

This intensified hostility This intensified hostility Gorbachev Gorbachev

The Republics within the USSR The Republics within the USSR and Eastern Europeand Eastern Europe

The End of the USSRThe End of the USSR August 1991August 1991 – – attempted coup attempted coup

against Gorbachev by Communist against Gorbachev by Communist hardliners hardliners

Coup defeated by Coup defeated by Boris Yeltsin Boris Yeltsin – – Gorbachev was restored but he had Gorbachev was restored but he had lost his authoritylost his authority

25 December 199125 December 1991 – Gorbachev – Gorbachev resigned as presidentresigned as president

The CIS The CIS was established and the was established and the USSR ceased to existUSSR ceased to exist

Tanks on Red Square during the 1991 coup Tanks on Red Square during the 1991 coup attemptattempt

Mass demonstration in Moscow against the 1991 coup Mass demonstration in Moscow against the 1991 coup attemptattempt

Yeltsin stands on a tank in front of the Russian White House (Russian Yeltsin stands on a tank in front of the Russian White House (Russian Parliament) to defy the August Coup in 1991Parliament) to defy the August Coup in 1991

Five double-headed Five double-headed Russian coat-of-arms Russian coat-of-arms eagles eagles (below) (below) substituting the substituting the former state emblem former state emblem of the Soviet Union of the Soviet Union and the “CCCP” letters and the “CCCP” letters (above) in the facade (above) in the facade of the of the Grand Kremlin Grand Kremlin PalacePalace after the after the dissolution of the dissolution of the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Founded on 8 December 1991 Founded on 8 December 1991 Current Full MembersCurrent Full Members:: the Russian Federation the Russian Federation Republic of BelarusRepublic of Belarus Armenia Armenia AzerbaijanAzerbaijan Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Moldova Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Tajikistan UzbekistanUzbekistan Participating MemberParticipating Member: : Ukraine Ukraine Associate MemberAssociate Member: : TurkmenistanTurkmenistan Former MembersFormer Members: : GeorgiaGeorgia

The The Commonwealth of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)Independent States (CIS) and and

the the European UnionEuropean Union