reading _skill 1

READING COMPREHENSION

50 questions 55 minutes

The reading section consists of ± 5 passages from academic texts, 250-350

words each, with 10 questions per passage.

In this part of the test you will be given reading passages, and you will be asked

two types of questions about the reading passages:

1. Reading Comprehension questions

(ask you to answer questions about the information given in the reading passages)

2. Vocabulary questions

(ask you to identify the meanings of vocabulary words in the reading passages)

GENERAL STRATEGIES

Be familiar with the directions.

Do not spend too much time reading the passages!

Do not worry if a reading passage is on a topic that you are unfamiliar with.

Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet.

Time is definitely a factor in the Reading Comprehension section.

For Internal Use OnlyPusat Bahasa Unesa @ 2011

Skill 1 : OVERVIEW ITEMS

(MAIN IDEA/TOPIC, MAIN PURPOSE, ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS, TONE, PREVIOUS/FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS)

No Type Sample How to answer Tips1. Main idea/topic

(ask you what the a paragraph/passage is generally about)

1. What is the topic of the passage?

2. What is the subject of the passage?

3. What is the main idea of the passage?

4. What is the author's main point in the passage?

The answer to this type of questions can generally be determined by looking at the first sentence of each paragraph.

Don’t answer the initial overview question about a passage until you have answered the other questions.

The process of answering the detail questions may give you a clearer idea of the main idea/topic, purpose, organization of idea and the tone of the passage.

2. Organization of idea(ask you to determine how the ideas in one paragraph relate to the ideas in another paragraph)

1. How is the information in the passage organized?

2. How is the information in the second paragraph related to the information in the first paragraph?

3. Main purpose(ask why an author wrote a passage)

1. The author’s purpose in writing is to

2. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?

3. The main point of this passage is to

4. Why did the author write the passage?

4. Tone(ask you to determine the author’s feelings about the topic by the language that uses)

1. What tone does the author take in writing this passage?

2. The tone of this passage could best be described as

5. Previous or following paragraphs(asks you to demonstrate that you understand that good writing contains transitions from one paragraph to the next)

1. What topic would the following/preceding paragraph most likely deal with?

2. The paragraph before/after the passage most probably discusses

Previous/preceding:looking at the first sentence of the passagesFollowing/after:looking at the last sentence of the passages


Exercise:

Common types of calendars can be based on the Sun or the Moon. The solar calendar is based on the solar year. Since the solar year is 365.2422 days long, solar calendars consist of regular years of 365 days and have an extra day every fourth year, or leap year, to make up for the additional fractional amount. In a solar calendar, the waxing and waning of the Moon can take place at various stages each month.

The lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year. Since the lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days long, most lunar calendars have alternating months of twenty-nine and thirty days. A twelve-month lunar year thus has 354 days, 11 days shorter than a solar year.

1. What is the main idea of the passage?Common types of calendars can be based on the Sun or the Moon. The lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year.

(A) All calendars are the same(B) The solar calendar is based on the Sun(C) Different calendars have similar bases(D) The lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days long

2. How is the information in the passage organized?Common types of calendars can be based on the Sun or the Moon. The lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year.

(A) Characteristics of the solar calendar are outlined.(B) Two types of calendars are described(C) The strengths and weakness of the lunar calendar are described(D) The length of each existing calendar is contrasted.

Truman Capote's In Cold Blood (1966) is a well-known example of the "nonfiction novel," a popular type of writing based upon factual events in which the author attempts to describe the underlying forces, thoughts, and emotions that lead to actual events. In Capote's book, the author describes the sadistic murder of a family on a Kansas farm, often showing the point of view of the killers. To research the book, Capote interviewed the murderers, and he maintains that his book presents a faithful reconstruction of the incident.

3. The purpose of this passage is to Truman Capote's In Cold Blood (1966) is a well-known example of the "nonfiction novel," a popular type of writing based upon factual events in which the author attempts to describe the underlying forces, thoughts, and emotions that lead to actual events.

(A) discuss an example of a particular literary genre(B) tell the story of In Cold Blood (C) explain Truman Capote's reasons for writing In Cold Blood (D) describe how Truman Capote researched his nonfiction novel


4. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?Truman Capote's In Cold Blood (1966) is a well-known example of the "nonfiction novel," a popular type of writing based upon factual events in which the author attempts to describe the underlying forces, thoughts, and emotions that lead to actual events.

(A) Cold (B) Sadistic (C) Emotional (D) Descriptive

When a strong earthquake occurs on the ocean floor rather than on land, a tremendous force is exerted on the seawater and one or more large, destructive waves called tsunamis can be formed. Tsunamis are commonly called tidal waves in the United States, but this is really an inappropriate name in that the cause of the tsunami is an underground earthquake rather than the ocean's tides.

Far from land, a tsunami can move through the wide open vastness of the ocean at a speed of 600 miles (900 kilometers) per hour and often can travel tremendous distances without losing height and strength. When a tsunami reaches shallow coastal water, it can reach a height of 100 feet (30 meters) or more and can cause tremendous flooding and damage to coastal areas.

5. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discussesWhen a strong earthquake occurs on the ocean floor rather than on land

(A) tsunamis in various parts of the world(B) the negative effects of tsunamis(C) land-based earthquakes(D) the effect of tides on tsunamis

6. Which of the following is most likely the topic of the paragraph following the passage?When a tsunami reaches shallow coastal water, it can reach a height of 100 feet (30 meters) or more and can cause tremendous flooding and damage to coastal areas.

(A) The causes of tsunamis(B) The destructive effects of tsunamis on the coast(C) The differences between tsunamis and tidal waves(D) The distances covered by tsunamis


Skill 2 : INFERENCE, PURPOSE, DETAILS, NEGATIVE AND LINE ITEMS

No Type Sample How to answer Tips1. Inference

(ask you to find the implicit, inferred, or implied meaning of a passage to understand ideas that have not be directly stated by the author)

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

2. It can be inferred from the passage that

3. The author implies that

4. Which of the following does the passage imply?

1. Choose a key word in the question.

2. Scan the passage for the key word (or a related idea).

3. Carefully read the sentence that contains the key word.

4. Look for an answer that could be true, according to that sentence.

The answers to these questions are not directly provided in the passage (you must “read between the lines”)

You must make conclusions based indirectly on information in the passage.

2. Purpose Items(ask why the author of a passage mentions some piece of information, or includes a quotefrom a person or a study, or uses some particular word or phrase)

1. Why does the author mention _____?

2. The author refers to _____ to indicate that

3. The author quotes ____ in order to show

4. The phrase _____ in line ____ is mentioned to illustrate the effect of

3. Details(ask about explicit facts and details given in the passage)

1. According to the passage

2. It is stated in the passage

3. The passage indicates that

4. The author mentions that

4. Negative(ask you to determine which of the four choices is not given in the passage. These questions contain the words NOT, EXCEPT, or LEAST)

1. According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT

2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

3. Which of the following is the LEAST likely

Negative questions often take more time than other questions.

You may want to guess and come back to these questions if you have time.

5. Line(ask you to determine where in the passage a piece of information is found)

1. Where in the passage... ?

Choose the answer that contains the line numbers of a restatement of the question.

Exercise:


Eskimos need efficient and adequate means to travel across water in that the areas where they live are surrounded by oceans, bays, and inlets and dotted with lakes and seas. Two different types of boats have been developed by the Eskimos, each constructed to meet specific needs.

The kayak is something like a canoe that has been covered by a deck. A kayak is generally constructed with one opening in the deck for one rider; however, some kayaks are made for two. Because the deck of a kayak is covered over except for the hole (or holes) for its rider (or riders), a kayak can tip over in the water and roll back up without filling with water and sinking. One of the primary uses of the kayak is for hunting.

1. It is implied in the passage that if a kayak has two holes, then Keyword = hole Because the deck of a kayak is covered over except for the hole (or holes) for its rider (or riders) A hole for a rider

(A) it accommodates two riders(B) it is less stable than a kayak with one hole(C) it is as large as an umiak(D) it cannot be used on the ocean

No one yet has seriously suggested that "planktonburgers" may soon become popular around the world. As a possible farmed supplementary food source, however, plankton is gaining considerable interest among marine scientists.

One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a tiny shrimplike creature called krill. Growing to two or three inches long, krill provide the major food for the giant blue whale, the largest animal ever to inhabit the Earth, flealizing that this whale may grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily.

2. Why does the author mention "planktonburgers"? Keyword = planktonburgers No one yet has seriously suggested that "planktonburgers" may soon become popular around the world. As a possible farmed supplementary food source,…..

(A) To describe the appearance of one type of plankton(B) To illustrate how much plankton a whale consumes(C) To suggest plankton as a possible food source(D) To compare the food values of beef and plankton

Ice ages, those periods when ice covered extensive area of the Earth, are known to have occurred at least six times. Past ice ages can be recognized from rock strata that show evidence of foreign materials deposited by moving walls of ice or melting glaciers. Ice ages can also be recognized from land formations that have been produced from moving walls of ice, such a U-shaped valleys, sculptures landscapes, and polished rock faces.

3. According to the passage, what happens during an ice age? Keyword = Ice age Ice ages, those periods when ice covered extensive area of the Earth, are known to haveoccurred at least six times.


(A) Rock strata are recognized by geologists(B) Evidence of foreign materials is found.(C) Ice covers a large portion of the Earth’s surface(D) Ice melts six times

Blood plasma is a clear, almost colorless liquid. It consists of blood from which the red and white blood cells have been removed. It is often used in transfusions because a patient generally needs plasma portion of the blood more than the other components. Plasma differs in several important ways from whole blood. First of all, plasma can be mixed for all donors and does not have to be from the right blood group, as whole blood does. In addition, plasma can be dried and stored, while whole blood cannot.

4. All of the following are true about blood plasma EXCEPT that Keyword = blood plasma Blood plasma is a clear, almost colorless liquid

(A) It is a deeply colored liquid(B) Blood cells have been taken out of it (C) Patients are often transfused with it(D) It is generally more important to the patients than other parts of whole blood

5. Which of the following is NOT stated about blood? Keyword = blood In addition, plasma can be dried and stored, while whole blood cannot

(A) It is different from plasma(B) It cannot be dried(C) It is impossible to keep it in storage for a long time.(D) It is a clear, colorless liquid

Beavers generally live in family clusters consisting of six to ten members. One cluster would probably consist of two adults, one male and one female, and four to eight young beavers, or kits. A female beaver gives birth each spring to two to four babies at a time. These baby beavers live with their parents until they are two years old. In the springtime of their second year they are forced out of the family group to make room for the new babies. These two-year-old beavers then proceed to start new family clusters of their own.

6. Where in the passage does the author give the name of a baby beaver? Keyword = baby beaver One cluster would probably consist of two adults, one male and one female, and four to eight young beavers, or kits.

(A) Line 1(B) Line 2(C) Line 3(D) Lines 4-5


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Skill 3 : VOCABULARY ITEMS

No Type Sample How to answer Tips1. Word parts

(asked to determine the meaning of a long word by studying the word parts)

1. What is the meaning of

2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to

3. The phrase ___ in the first sentence is closest in meaning to

4. The word ___ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

1. Find the word in the passage.

2. Read the sentence that contains the word carefully.

3. Look for context clues to help you understand the meaning.

4. Choose the answer that the context indicates.

Read the sentence in which the word appears. If you were familiar with the word and guessed at the answer, make sure that the word that you chose fits with the word as it is used in the sentence.

If you were unfamiliar with the word, see if context clues in the sentence or in the sentences before or after help you guess the meaning.

2. Word meaning(asked to determine the meaning of a word, a word that you are not expected to know or a word that you see often in everyday English)

The following chart contains a few word parts that you will need to know to complete the exercises in this part of the text. A more complete list of word parts and exercises to practice them can be found in Appendix I at the back of the book.

A SHORT LIST OF WORD PARTS

PART MEANING EXAMPLECONTRA (against) contrast

MAL (bad) malcontentMIS (error) mistakeSUB (under) subwayDEC (ten) decade

MULTI (many) multipleSOL (one) soloTRI (three) triple

PART MEANING EXAMPLEDIC (say) dictate

DOMIN (master) dominantJUD (judge) judgment

MOR (death) mortalSPEC (see) spectatorTERR (earth) territoryVER (turn) divertVIV (live) revive


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Exercise:

Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo was a Portuguese-born explorer who is credited with the exploration of the coast of what is today the state of California. Sketchy military records from the period show that early in his career he served with the Spanish army from 1520 to 1524 in Spain's quest for subjugation of the people in what are today Cuba, Mexico, and Guatemala. Little is known of his activities over the next decades, but apparently he succeeded in rising up through the ranks of the military; in 1541, he was ordered by Antonio de Mendoza, the Spanish ruler of Mexico, to explore the western coast of North America. Cabrillo set out in June of 1542 in command of two ships, the San Salvador and the Victoria; he reached San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542, and claimed the terrain for Spain. The peninsula where he landed is today named Cabrillo Point in his honor; the area has been established as a national monument and park, and local residents each year hold a celebration and reenactment of Cabrillo's landing.

1. The word "subjugation" in line 4 is closest in meaning to Sub = under

(A) religion (B) flag (C) control (D) agreement

2. In line 5, the word "decades" is closest in meaning to Dec = ten

(A) months (B) centuries (C) long epoch (D) ten-year periods

3. In line 9, the word "terrain" is closest in meaning to Terr = earth

(A) land(B) population (C) minerals (D) prosperity

The black widow is the most dangerous spider living in the United States. It is most common in the southern parts of the country, but it can be found throughout the country. The black widow got its name because the female has been known to kill the male after mating and, as a result, becomes a widow.

The black widow is rather distinctive in appearance; it has a shiny globular body, the size and shape of a pea, and is marked on its underbelly with a red or yellow spot. The female is considerably more ample than the male, roughly four times large on the average.

If a human is bitten by a black widow, the spider’s poison can cause severe illness and pain. Black widow bites have occasionally proved deadly, but it is certainly not the


norm for black widow bites to be mortal.

4. In line 4, the word "widow" meansThe black widow got its name because the female has been known to kill the male after mating and, as a result, becomes a widow.

(A) a type of poison(B) the dead male spider(C) the human victim of the spider(D) a female whose mate has died

5. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "globular" in line 5?The black widow is rather distinctive in appearance; it has a shiny globular body, the size and shape of a pea.

(A) Earthen(B) Luminescent (C) Green in color (D) Round

6. The word "ample" in line 7 indicates that the spider isThe female is considerably more ample than the male, roughly four times large on the average.

(A) feminine(B) large in size(C) dotted with colors (D) normal


Skill 4 : REFERENCE ITEMS

No Type Sample How to answer1. Reference Items (ask

you to find the noun (called the referent) that a pronoun or other word refers to)

The pronoun ....... in line X refers to which o f the following?

1. Find the pronoun in the passage.

2. Look for nouns that come before the pronoun.

3. Read the part of the passage before the pronoun carefully.

Exercise:

The full moon that occurs nearest the equinox of the Sun has become known as the harvest moon. It is a bright moon which allows farmers to work late into the night for several nights; they can work when the moon is at its brightest to bring in the fall harvest. The harvest moon of course occurs at different times of the year in the northern and southern hemispheres. In the northern hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs in September at the time of the autumnal equinox. In the southern hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs in March at the time of the vernal equinox.

1. The pronoun "It" in line 2 refers to(A) the equinox(B) the Sun(C) the harvest moon(D) the night

2. The pronoun "they" in line 3 refers to(A) farmers(B) nights(C) times of the year(D) northern and southern hemispheres


Reading Exercise 1

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Having no language, infants cannot be told what they need to learn. Yet by the age of three they will have mastered the basic structure of their native language and will be well on their way to communicative competence. Acquiring their language is a most impressive intellectual feat. Students of how children learn language generally agree that the most remarkable aspect of this feat is the rapid acquisition of grammar. Nevertheless, the ability of children to conform to grammatical rules is only slightly more wonderful than their ability to learn words. It has been reckoned that the average high school graduate in the United States has a reading vocabulary of 80. 000 words, which includes idiomatic expressions and proper names of people and places. This vocabulary must have been learned over a period of 16 years. From the figures, it can be calculated that the average child learns at a rate of about 13 new words per day. Clearly a learning process of great complexity goes on at a rapid rate in children.

1. What is the main subject of the passage.(A) Language acquisition in children

(B) Teaching languages to children(C) How to memorize words(D) Communicating with infants

2. The word "feat" in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Experiment(B) Idea(C) Activity(D) Accomplishment

3. The word "reckoned' in line 7 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Suspected(B) Estimated(C) Proved(D) Said

4. In line 8, the word "which" refers to(A) their ability(B) reading vocabulary(C) idiomatic expression(D) learning process

5. According to the passage, what is impressive about the way children learn vocabulary.(A) They learn words before they learn

grammar(B) They learn even very long words.(C) They learn words very quickly.(D) They learn the most words in high

school.

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By the late nineteenth century, the focus for the engineers and builders of tunnels was beginning to shift from Europe to the United States and especially New York, where the rivers encircling Manhattan captured the imagination of tunnelers and challenged their ingenuity. The first to accept the challenge was a somewhat mysterious Californian named DeWitt Clinton Haskin, who turned up in New York in the 1870's with a proposal to tunnel through the silt under the Hudson River between Manhattan and Jersey City.

Haskin eventually abandoned the risky project. But a company organized by William McAdoo resumed the attack in I 902, working from both directions. McAdoo’s men were forced to blast when they ran into an unexpected ledge of rock, but with this obstacle surmounted. The two headings met in 1904 and McAdoo donned oilskins to become the Hudson’s first underwater bank - to - bank pedestrian. World's Work magazine proudly reported in 1906 that New York could now be described as a body of land surrounded by tunnels Three one - way shafts beneath the Hudson and two under the Harlem River were already holed through; three more Hudson tubes were being built. Eight separate tunnels were under construction beneath the East River.


6. According to the passage, DeWitt Clinton Haskin came from(A) Jersey City(B) Europe(C) California(D) New York

7. What does the author imply about DeWitt Clinton Haskin's background?(A) It did not qualify him to handle

explosives.(B) It was not something people knew much

about.(C) It included diverse work experiences.(D) It included many inferior projects.

8. According to the passage, when did William McAdoo begin to work on the Hudson River tunnel?(A) 1870(B) 1902(C) 1904(D) 1906

9. According to the passage, the workers tunneling for William McAdoo were surprised to find which of the following where they were working?(A) Oil (B) Silt (C) Rock (D) Shafts

Reading Exercise 2

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The term ‘virus’ is derived from the Latin word for poison or slime. It was originally applied to the noxious stench emanating from swamps that was thought to cause a variety of diseases in the centuries before microbes were discovered and specifically linked to illness. But it was not until almost the end of the nineteenth century that a true virus was proven to be the cause of a disease.

The nature of viruses made them impossible to detect for many years even after bacteria had been discovered and studied. Not only are viruses too small to be seen with a light microscope, they also cannot be detected through their biological activity, except as it occurs in conjunction with other organisms. In fact, viruses show no traces of biological activity by themselves. Unlike bacteria, they are not living agents in the strictest sense Viruses are very simple pieces of organic material composed only of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, enclosed in a coat of protein made up of simple structural units (some viruses also contain carbohydrates and lipids). They are parasites, requiring human, animal or plant cells to live. The virus replicates by attaching to a cell and injecting its nucleic acid.' once inside the cell, the DNA or RNA that contains the virus' genetic information takes over the cell's biological machinery, and the cell begins to manufacture viral proteins rather than its own.

1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?(A) New Developments in Viral Research(B) Exploring the Causes of Disease(C) DNA: Nature’s Building Block(D) Understanding Viruses

2. Before microbes were discovered It was believed that some diseases were caused by(A) germ-carrying insects(B) certain strains of bacteria(C) foul odors released from swamps(D) slimy creatures living near swamps

3. The word "proven" in line 4 is closest meaning to which of the following.(A) Shown(B) Feared(C) Imagined(D) Considered

4. The word “nature" in line 6 is closest in meaning to which of the following(A) Self-sufficiency(B) Shapes(C) Characteristics(D) Speed


5. All of the following may be components of a virus EXCEPT(A) RNA(B) plant cells(C) carbohydrates(D) a coat of protein

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Born in 1830 in rural Amherst, Massachusetts, Emily Dickinson spent her entire life in the household of her parents. Between 1858 and 1862, it was later discovered, she wrote like a person possessed, often producing a poem a day. It was also during this period that her life was transformed into the myth of Amherst.

Withdrawing more and more, keeping to her room sometimes even refusing to see visitors who called, she began to dress only in white-a habit that added to her reputation as an eccentric.

In their determination to read Dickinson's life in terms of a traditional romantic plot biographers have missed the unique pattern of her life-her struggle to create a female life not yet imagined by the culture in which she lived. Dickinson was not the innocent, lovelorn and emotionally fragile girl sentimentalized by the Dickinson myth and popularized by William Luce’s 1976 play, The BeIle of Amherst. Her decision to shut the door on Amherst society in the 1950's transformed her house into a kind of magical realm in which she was free to engage her poetic genius. Her seclusion was not the result of a failed love affairs but rather a part of a more general pattern of renunciation through which she, in her quest for self – sovereignty, carried on an argument with the Puritan fathers, attacking with wit and irony their cheerless Calvinist doctrine, their stern patriarchal God, and their rigid notions of "true womanhood."

6. What is the author's main purpose in the passage?(A) To interpret Emily Dickinson’s eccentric

behavior(B) To promote the popular myth of

Emily Dickinson(C) To discuss Emily Dickinson's failed love

affair(D) To describe the religious climate in

Emily Dickinson's time

7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as being one of Emily Dickinson's eccentricities?(A) Refusing to eat(B) Wearing only white(C) Avoiding visitors(D) Staying in her room

8. Why does the author mention William Luce's play The Belle of Amherst?(A) To give an example of the

sentimentalized Emily Dickinson myth(B) To show how popular Emily Dickinson's

poems have become(C) To show that Emily Dickinson was also

an actress

(D) To illustrate the theatrical quality of Emily Dickinson's poems

9. The author implies that many people attribute Emily Dickinson's seclusion to(A) physical illness(B) a failed love affair(C) religious fervor(D) her dislike of people

10. It can be inferred from the passage that Emily Dickinson lived in a society that was characterized by(A) strong Puritan beliefs(B) equality of men and women(C) the encouragement of nonconformity(D) the appreciation of poetic creativity


Reading Exercise 3

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There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world, even the seasonal changes, as unpredictable, and they sought through various means, to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.

Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances, and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.

Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this view, tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The origins of theater (B) The role of ritual in modern dance (C) The importance of storytelling (D) The variety of early religious activities

2. The word "they" in line 4 refers to (A) seasonal changes (B) natural forces (C) theories (D) human beings

3. What aspect of drama does the author discuss in the first paragraph? (A) The reason drama is often

unpredictable (B) The seasons in which dramas were

performed (C) The connection between myths and

dramatic plots (D) The importance of costumes in early

drama

4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a common element of theater and ritual?(A) Dance (B) Costumes (C) Music (D) Magic

5. Where in the passage does the author discuss the separation of the stage and the audience?(A) Lines 8-9(B) Lines 11-12 (C) Lines 13-14(D) Lines 18-20

6. The word "considerable" in line 14 is closest in meaning to (A) thoughtful (B) substantial (C) relational (D) ceremonial

7. The word "enactment" in line 15 is closest in meaning to (A) establishment (B) performance (C) authorization (D) season


8. The passage supports which of the following statements? (A) No one really knows how the theater

began. (B) Myths are no longer represented

dramatically. (C) Storytelling is an important part of

dance. (D) Dramatic activities require the use of

costumes.

9. The word "they" in line 16 refers to (A) mistakes (B) costumes (C) animals (D) performers

10. According to the passage, what is the main difference between ritual and drama? (A) Ritual uses music whereas drama does

not. (B) Ritual is shorter than drama. (C) Ritual requires fewer performers than

drama. (D) Ritual has a religious purpose and

drama does not.

Reading Exercise 4

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Panel painting, common in thirteenth -and fourteenth -century Europe, involved a painstaking, laborious process. Wooden planks were joined, covered with gesso to prepare the surface for painting, and then polished smooth with special tools. On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes. The successive layering of these meticulously applied paints produced the final, translucent colors.

Backgrounds of gold were made by carefully applying sheets of gold leaf, and then embellishing of decorating the gold leaf by punching it with a metal rod on which a pattern had been embossed. Every step in the process was slow and deliberate. The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes. It was, therefore, an ideal technique for emphasizing the hard linear edges and pure, fine areas of color that were so much a part of the overall aesthetic of the time. The notion that an artist could or would dash off an idea in a fit of spontaneous inspiration was completely alien to these deliberately produced works.

Furthermore, making these paintings was so time-consuming that it demanded assistance. All such work was done by collective enterprise in the workshops. The painter or master who is credited with having created painting may have designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist's hand applied every stroke of the brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been trained to imitate the artist's style, applied the paint. The carpenter's shop probably provided the frame and perhaps supplied the panel, and yet another shop supplied the gold. Thus, not only many hands, but also many shops were involved in the final product.

In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panel paintings have survived, and today many of them are housed in museum collections.

1. What aspect of panel paintings does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Famous examples(B) Different styles(C) Restoration(D) Production

2. According to the passage, what does the first step in making a panel painting?(A) Mixing the paint(B) Preparing the panel(C) Buying the gold leaf(D) Making ink drawings


3. The word "it" in line 4 refers to(A) chalk(B) composition(C) artist(D) surface

4. The word "deliberate" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) decisive(B) careful(C) natural(D) unusual

5. Which of the following processes produced the translucent colors found on panel paintings?(A) Joining wooden planks to form large

sheets(B) Polishing the gesso(C) Applying many layers of paint(D) Covering the background with gold leaf

6. What characteristic of tempera paint is mentioned in the passage?(A) It dries quickly(B) It is difficult to make(C) It dissolves easily(D) It has to be applied directly to wood

7. The word "demanded" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) ordered(B) reported(C) required(D) questioned

8. The "collective enterprise" mentioned in line 17 includes all of the following EXCEPT(A) supplying the gold leaf(B) building the panels(C) applying the paint(D) selling the painting

9. The word "imitate" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) copy(B) illustrate(C) promote(D) believe in

10. The author mentions all of the following as problems with the survival of panel painting EXCEPT(A) condition(B) theft(C) preservation(D) restoration

Reading Exercise 5

Line

5

10

15

20

No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common, one of the most obvious of which is a coma. A coma looks like a misty, patch of light with one or more tails often streaming from it in the direction away from the Sun. At the heart of a comet's coma lies a nucleus of solid material, typically no more than 10 kilometers across. The visible coma is a huge cloud of gas and dust that has escaped from the nucleus, which it then surrounds like an extended atmosphere. The coma can extend as far as a million kilometers outward from the nucleus. Around the coma there is often an even larger invisible envelope of hydrogen gas.

The most graphic proof that the grand spectacle of a comet develops from a relatively small and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dust was the close-up image obtained in 1986 by the European Giotto probe of the nucleus of Halley's Comet. It turned out to be a bit like a very dark asteroid, measuring 16 by 8 kilometers. Ices have evaporated from its outer layers to leave a crust of nearly black dust all over the surface. Bright jets of gas from evaporating ice burst out on the side facing the Sun, where the surface gets heated up, carrying dust with them. This is how the coma and the tails are created.

Comets grow tails only when they get warm enough for ice and dust to boil off. As a comet's orbit brings it closer to the Sun, first the coma grows and then two distinct tails usually form. One, the less common kind, contains electrically charged (i.e., ionized) atoms of gas, which are blown off directly in the direction away from the Sun by the magnetic field of the solar wind. The other tail is made of neutral dust particles, which get gently pushed back by the pressure of the sunlight itself. Unlike the ion tail, which is straight, the dust tail becomes curved as the particles follow their own orbits around the Sun.


1. The passage focuses on comets primarily in terms of their(A) orbital patterns(B) coma and tails(C) brightness(D) size

2. The word "identical" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) equally fast(B) exactly alike(C) near each other(D) invisible

3. The word "heart" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) center(B) edge(C) tail(D) beginning

4. It can be inferred from the passage that the nucleus of a comet is made up of(A) dust and gas(B) ice and dust(C) hydrogen gas(D) electrically charged atoms

5. The word "graphic" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) mathematical(B) popular(C) unusual(D) vivid

6. Why does the author mention the Giotto probe in paragraph 3?(A) It had a relatively small and

inconspicuous nucleus.(B) It was very similar to an asteroid.(C) It was covered with an unusual black

dust.(D) It provided visual evidence of the

makeup of a comet's nucleus.

7. Which of the following occurred as the ices from Halley's Comet evaporated?(A) Black dust was left on the comet's

surface.(B) The nucleus of the comet expanded.(C) The tail of the comet straightened out.(D) Jets of gas caused the comet to increase

its speed.

8. All of the following statements about the tails of comets are true EXCEPT:(A) They can contain electrically charged or

neutral particles.(B) They can be formed only when there is

sufficient heat.(C) They are formed before the coma

expands.(D) They always point in the direction

away from the Sun.

9. The word "distinct" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) visible(B) gaseous(C) separate(D) new

10. Compared to the tail of electrically charged atoms, the tail of neutral dust particles is relatively(A) long(B) curved(C) unpredictable(D) bright


WORD PARTS

Root Meaning Example Meaningalter Other, different alternative Another choiceanthro human anthropology The study of humankindaqua water aquarium Water container/tankastro star astronomer A person who studies starsauto self automobile Moving by itselfbio life biography A description of someone’s lifechron time synchronic Occurring at the same timecycle circle bicycle Two circles (wheels)demo people demographics A description of peopleDic, dict To speak, to say dictate To say words (out loud)equi equal equilibrium Balanceextra Over, in addition extraordinary Out of the ordinarygeo earth geography A description of the earthgraph To write phonograph A device that records soundshomo same homogeneous Of the same kind

Prefix Meaning Example Meaningab- Out of Absorb To take sth out of sthante- Before Antecedent Sbd/sth that existed in the past.anti- Against Antigovernment Against the governmentbi- Two Bidirectional In two or both directionscircum- Around Circumvent To avoid, to work around somethingco- , col- Together, with Cooperate To work togethercom- , con- Committee Congregate A group working together, to come

togetherdis- Not, take away Dissatisfied Not satisfiedem- , en- In, into, inside Enclose To surround, to includeex- Out, from external Outside, outerfor-, fore- Ahead, to the front forward aheadil- , im- Not illogical Not logicalim- , in- In, into inhale To breathe inin- , ir- Not Inconvenient,

irresponsibleNot convenient,Not responsible

inter- Between, among interstate Among states

Suffixes Meaning Example-able, -ible (adj) able lovable-al, -ical, -ial (adj) belonging to, pertaining to, having to do with magical-ance, -ence (n) State of being presence, absence-ant, -ent (n) sbd/sth who does sth student-er (n) Sbd who does sth worker-fic (adj) making, doing specific-ful (adj) full of Playful, joyful-fy (V) To add, to make simplify-hood (n) state, condition brotherhood-ic (adj) belonging to public-ion, -sion, tion (n) act, state Motion, decision


LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitive Simple Past

Past Participle

Meaning

awake awoke awoken be was been beat beat beat become became become begin began begun bend bent bent bite bit bitten bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought build built built burn burnt/

burnedburnt/burned

buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt/

dreameddreamt/dreamed

drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang hang

hunghanged

hunghanged

have had had hear heard heard hide hid hid hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept know knew known lay laid laid lead led led

Infinitive Simple Past

Past Participle

Meaning

learn learnt/learned

learnt/learned

leave left left let let let lie lay lain light lit lit lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid prove proved proved/

proven put put put read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen sell sold sold send sent sent shake shook shaken shine shone shone shoot shot shot show showed showed/

shown shut shut shut sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept slept smell smelt/

smelledsmelt/smelled

speak spoke spoken spend spent spent stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck stink stank/

stunkstunk

swear swore sworn swim swam swum take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrownunderstand

understood understood

wear wore worn win won won write wrote written


List of Irregular Nouns

Singular: Plural:

alumnus alumniaquarium aquariabacterium bacteriabaggage baggagechild childrencod codcrisis crisescurriculum curriculadeer deerfish fishfoot feetfungus fungihippopotamus hippopotamiman menmemorandum memorandamoose moose

Singular: Plural:

mouse miceneurosis neurosesnucleus nucleinews newsoasis oasesoctopus octopiox oxenperson peopleseries seriessheep sheepson-in-law sons-in-lawspecies speciessyllabus syllabithesis thesestooth teethwoman women

Plural nouns with no singular form

binocularscattleclogs contentsearningsglassesmedia

jeans pantspincers plierspolicepyjamas (US pajamas)scales

scissorsshearsshortsspectacles tongstrouserstweezers


List of Uncountable Words

1. advice2. air3. aluminum 4. baggage5. butter6. cloth clothing7. coal8. cotton9. currency10. dust11. energy12. equipment13. experience14. flour15. food16. furniture17. gas18. heat

19. homework20. ice21. impatience22. information23. knowledge24. leather25. luggage26. meat27. metal28. milk 29. money30. oil31. patience32. photography33. plastic 34. polish35. progress36. research

37. rice38. silk39. soap40. sugar41. steel 42. talent43. toothpaste44. traffic 45. travel46. vinegar47. weather48. water 49. wood50. wool51. work52. etc


SCORING TEP (Test of English Proficiency)

NUMBER CORRECTCONVERTED SCORE

SECTION 1CONVERTED SCORE

SECTION 2CONVERTED SCORE

SECTION 3

50 68 - 6749 67 - 6648 66 - 6547 65 - 6346 63 - 6145 62 - 6044 61 - 5943 60 - 5842 59 - 5741 58 - 5640 57 68 5539 57 67 5438 56 65 5437 55 63 5336 54 61 5235 54 60 5234 53 58 5133 52 57 5032 52 56 4931 51 55 4830 51 54 4829 50 53 4728 49 52 4627 49 51 4626 48 50 4525 48 49 4424 47 48 4323 47 47 4322 46 46 4221 45 45 4120 45 44 4019 44 43 3918 43 42 3817 42 41 3716 41 40 3615 41 40 3514 39 38 3413 38 37 3212 37 36 3111 35 35 3010 33 33 299 32 31 288 32 29 287 31 27 276 30 26 265 29 25 254 28 23 243 27 22 232 26 21 231 25 20 220 24 20 21

For example:

SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3

NUMBER CORRECT 30 28 43

CONVERTED SCORE 51 52 58


1. Add the three converted scores together : 51 + 52 + 58 = 1612. Divide the sum by 3 : 161/3 = 53.73. Then multiply by 10 : 53.7 x 10 = 537

The overall TOEFL Score in this example is 537


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