1. WATER PROOFING:-

2. INTRODUCTION:- Being passage of water in building elements is the biggest problem in construction field; it is necessary to make the building totally resistant to the passage of water. This system or product that effectively prevents liquid water from passing through is called Waterproofing. Waterproofing is an important activity, which is to be executed with utmost care and supervision. Waterproofing shall be designed to prevent the water from percolating through a surface under pressure due to high water table or under gravity due to seepage.3. In this chapter each water proofing method is explained as follows:-

Area where waterproofing is required

Type of suitable waterproofing

Stage when waterproofing can be done

Execution methodology

Tools required

Material required

Protection after execution

4. Water proofing technology to be adopted in various areas

5.

3Swimming Pool/Water bodies (Internal)

1.Under tile waterproofing system 2.Cementitious Waterproofing3.Crystalline Water proofing system

4 Swimming Pool/Water bodies (External)

1.Bituminous Emulsion system2.Cementitious waterproofing system

5

RCC Walls in low water table areas

1.Bitumen sheet application system2.Bituminous emulsion system3.Cementitious waterproofing system4.Crystalline waterproofing system

Sl No Area/Project part Methodology

1 Toilets/ Bathrooms/Showers 1.Under tile Waterproofing 2.Bitumen Sheet application 3.Bituminous Emulsion system

2 Balconies and Utilities (Non Sunken)

1.Under tile Waterproofing 2.Bitumen Sheet application 3.Bituminous Emulsion system

5.WaterImpermeable RCC System (White Tanking)

6 SSM Walls – in Low water table areas

1.Bitumen Sheet application system2.Bituminous Emulsion System

7 RCC Structure in high water table areas

1.Water impermeable RCC System (White Tanking)2. Bitumen sheet application system (Black Tanking)

6.

7.14 Cementitious

horizontal surface on terrace

1. Flexible crack bridging and dirt resistantexternal paint

15 Planter box 1. Acrylic waterproofing system

16 OHT, UG Sump - Internal

1. Epoxy food grade coating system2. Crystalline waterproofing system3. Cementitious waterproofing system

17 Carwash Drain 1. Mortar admixture system

18 Expansion Joints

1. Expansion joints (Construction)2. Expansion joints (Sealing)3. Expansion joints epoxy bonded

8Terrace 1.Bitumen sheet application system

2.Cementitious water proofing system3.Crystalline Water proofing system.

9 Landscape above basement

1.Bitumen sheet application system2.Bitumen sheet application

10 Roof Garden 1.Bituminous sheet application system2.Drain Boards3.Bituminous emulsion system drain boards

11 Sloped Roof 1.Cementitious Water proofing system2.Crystalline Waterproofing system

12 Chejjas 1.Mortar Adhesive System.2.Acrylic water proofing system

13 External Plaster/ Shaft Plaster

1.Mortar Adhesive System

system. 19 Leaking Cracks/

Construction Joints

1. Water swell able infection resin

20 STP Internal 1. Cementitious waterproofing system

21 UG Sump, STP External

1. Bituminous emulsion system2. Cementitious waterproofing system

8. TYPES OF WATERPROOFING:-

1. Under Tile waterproofing 2. Bitumen sheet application system 3. Bituminous emulsion system 4. Cementitious waterproofing system 5. Crystalline waterproofing system 6. Epoxy Food grade coating system 7. Mortar admixture system 8. Acrylic Waterproofing system 9. Water Impermeable RCC System (White Tanking) 10. Bituminous sheet application system (Black Tanking) 11. Expansion joint treatment

9. UNDER TILE WATERPROOFING:-

10. Materials required:- 1. Sealing compound 2. Primer 3.Joint tape

11. Tools required:- 1. Roller brush

2. Putty blade 3. 4” brush 4. Grid blade

5. Mechanical stirrer 12. SURFACE PREPARATION:

All concealed pipe line work and its packing should be completed. Plastering done on walls to plumb, right angle and true alignment. SBR (NS) admixed screed completed to specified slope and in true

alignment. Wall tiling finished up to-skirting portion. Surface cleaned, primed and dry.

13. BORE PACKING:

When any PVC pipes are passing through the concrete which is exposed to water like toilets, bathroom, balconies, tanks etc. water will pass through that joint as it is weak due to poor bonding between the concrete and the PVC. So, some special treatment is required to make the joint impermeable. This treatment is called Bore Packing. The bore packing is done immediately after the internal plastering and plumbing work so that the area can be tested for leakage by ponding.

14. The inner sides of the cutouts in the RCC elements should be hacked and should be free from dust and debris

15. The epoxy bonding agent of approved make shall be mixed thoroughly. . 16. Applied over the hacked surface and to the inner side of the bore hole. 17. The approved non shrinkable compound is mixed with water as per the

manufacturer’s specification 18. Picture only 19. The down take pipes are positioned in the bore hole and packed with non

shrinkable compound20. Pictures only21. Pictures only22. Pictures only23. Pictures only24. Pictures only25. Methodology for Under Tile Water proofing:

Under Tile Waterproofing should start just before floor tiling.26. Liquid sealing primer is applied on the clean and dry surface and allowed

for drying as per the manufacturer’s instruction. 27. Sealing compound is applied in the corners to fix caulking strip28. A view of equal division of caulking strip to be placed in the wall & floor

junction29. Placing of Caulking strip b/n wall & floor junction30. Placing of Caulking strip in the skirting area beneath the vertical caulking

strip in the corner31. A view of caulking strip from 3 directions meeting at a junction 32. Application of Sealing coat before fixing the vertical caulking strip over the

2 horizontal strips33. Fixing the vertical caulking strip over the 2 horizontal strips34. Fine tuning of vertical caulking strip at the junction without air gaps35. Application of sealing coat in the hunching portion b/n dry & wet area36. Placing of caulking strip in the hunching portion b/n dry & wet area37. Fine tuning of caulking strip at the haunching portion without air gaps38. Application of sealing coat above the caulking strip39. Placing of Caulking strip peripherally around the flange40. Application of Liquid sealing coat to overlap the 2 parallel caulking strip41. Placing of caulking strip overlapping the other 2 strips42. Sealing Compound application:-

a) First coat application

1) Application of first coat in the skirting area 43. 2) Removal of masking tape from the EWC 44. 3) Application of sealing coat for getting 0.5mm thickness 45. 4) Application of first coat in the junction of wet & dry area

46. Second coat application 1) Second coat application of Liquid sealing coat on the floor to

get 1mm thickness 47. SECTION VIEW OF UNDER TILE WATERPROOFING a) Primer coat. b) First coat of 0.5mm thick. c) Second coat of 0.5+0.5= 1mm thickness. 48. WATERPROOFING FOR EWC

After waterproofing on the floor, EWC pipe to be properly filled peripherally with silicon, in order to avoid leakage in that area.

49. 1) Cleaning of V-groove around the EWC 50. 2) Removing the cleaned materials using brush 51. 3) Silicon application around the EWC in the V-groove 52. 4) Fine tuning using soap solution around EWC 53. 5) A finished view of the Silicon around EWC SUGGESTED BRANDS:

Sealing Compound - Saniflex, Schomburg Liquid sealing compound - Muraxin Sealing compound – WPM 002, Ardex Boscolastik, Bostik Primer – ASO unigrund, Schomburg Penetrating primer LF-Murexin Primer – WPM 265 Ardex Joint tape – Caro FB 200, Schomburg Joint sealing tape 27010, Ardex.

54. PROTECTIVE MEASURES:

This should be protected from any damage by executing tile work by

next itself. AREAS OF USAGE:

Toilets / Bathrooms / Showers (Non Sunken). Balconies and utilities (Non Sunken). Swimming pools / Water bodies- Internal.

55. BITUMEN SHEET APPLICATION SYSTEM:-

56. MATERIALS REQUIRED: 1. APP membrane2. Primer

TOOLS REQUIRED:

1.Torch and LPG cylinder 2.Coir brush and steel wire brush

3.Hammer 4.Chisel

5.4” brush SURFACE PREPARATION :

• Admixed sloped surface screed with sufficient slope should get completed.

• Hunching – corners and edges rounded ( 4cm to 8 cm dia.)• Structural surface should be sound, clean and even.• Surface primed and dry.• Flange pipes fixed.

57. Clean the surface properly so that three should not be any loose aggregate and oil.

58. Apply the primer over the surface at coverage of 0.3 kg/sqm. minimum on a dry surface.

59. Unroll the membrane roll and clean it properly 60. Start heating the membrane 61. SPECIAL ATTENTION :

Waterproofing to be taken 150 mm above FFL.

Waterproofing to be taken on the flange inside the pipe.

APP Overlaps to be terminated towards the slope direction.

Overlapping should be of 100 mm and it should be

ensured in two layers. AREAS OF USAGE:

RCC walls in low water table areas. SSM walls in low water table areas. Terrace. Landscape areas above basement. Roof Garden.

62. PROTECTIVE MEASURES

2 Layers of HDPE sheets can be fixed and backfilled with stone free soil by layers is adopted as protective measures for this type of

waterproofing. 63. BITUMINOUS EMULSION SYSTEM

64. MATERIALS REQUIRED:• Bituminous Emulsion• Primer

TOOLS REQUIRED:

• Coir brush and steel wire brush• Hammer• Chisel• 4” brush

SURFACE PREPARATION: Admixed slope concrete should get completed to carry out

the emulsion. Corners and edges are rounded (4cm to 8cm dia.). All flange pipes should be fixed. Surface primed and dry. Application surface must be cleaned, dry and free from

grease and loose particles. Surface may be damp but not saturated. 65. PROTECTIVE MEASURES:

2 Layers of HDPE Sheets can be placed and backfilled with stone free soil in layers. AREAS OF USAGE :

• Swimming pool/ water bodies external. • RCC Walls in low water table areas. • SSM Walls in low water table areas.• Terrace • Roof Garden • UG Sump, STP- External.

SUGGESTED BRANDS:• Protekt It 206,Fusion• Sonoshield HLM 5000, Degussa• Emufal TE, Texsa.• Cera Bitoplast, CCP• Nitoproof 100/120, Fosroc

66. CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING SYSTEM MATERIALS REQUIRED:

• Cementitious compound• TOOLS REQUIRED: • Mechanical stirrer• Vessel for mixing• Coir brush and steel wire brush

• Hammer• Chisel• 4” brush

68. SURFACE PREPARATION:

Construction joints treated with Cerabond EP, CCP while construction.

Pond the surface with water and mark identified weak joint / portion.

Groove to be made along all construction joints, cracks and weak portions..

Pressure grouting with grout and with hand pump should be done wherever leak or dampness is seen.

Groove packing with modified mortar after application of bonding coat.

Structural surface sound, clean and even. Corners edges rounded (4 cm to 8 cm dia).

69. picture only.70. picture only.71. picture only.72. picture only.73. picture only.74. picture only.75. METHODOLOGY :

The Ceralastic compound A is mixed with the clean water in the proportion of 1: 1 and is poured in to the bucket and the compound B is added slowly and stirred well to obtain a smooth lump free consistent slurry.

Apply the well-mixed Ceralatex slurry with brush or broom on to the prepared surface in minimum two layers.

Do not apply more than 1.5 mm per layer.

The next layer can be applied as soon as the proceeding one is dry enough to be wiped. The total thickness of 2 coats of Ceralastic would be 1.5 to

2mm. Ceralastic can be applied on dry or damp surfaces. Leave

the coating for 45 min before concrete, ensure concrete within 4 hours.76. PROTECTIVE MEASURES :

SBR Added plastering can be done for rest of the walls or PCC can be done in case of floors.

AREAS OF USAGE :

Swimming Pools/ Water bodies- External Swimming Pools/ Water bodies- Internal RCC walls in low water table areas. Terrace. Sloped Roof OHT, UG Sump Internal

SUGGESTED BRANDS:

• Master seal 550 EL, Degussa• Ceralastic ,CCP• Aquafin 2K/M, Schomburg • Brush bond RFX, Fosroc

77. CRYSTALLINE WATERPROOFING SYSTEM 78. MATERIALS REQUIRED:

• Crystalline compound TOOLS REQUIRED:

• Vessel for mixing• Stirrer• Brush

SURFACE PREPARATION:• Surfaces must be clean and sound.• Remove all oil, dirt, laitance and other contaminants

by water blasting. 79. METHODOLOGY:

3 Parts of powder (2 to 2.25 in case of Masterseal) shall be added to 1 part of clean water and mixed thoroughly with a slow speed drill equipped with stirring paddle.

Mix the material upto the quantity which can be consumed within 20 minutes.

The mixture can be applied in two coats over the concrete surface, which shall be made damp using moist curing.

This can be kept continuously moist for a minimum of 48 hours using water spray 3 to 4 times daily and the curing shall be carried out for seven days.

80. PROTECTIVE MEASURES :

The protective measures to be adopted for this type of waterproofing is that SBR admixed protective plaster on the wall of around 20 mm thick.

AREAS OF USAGE :

Swimming Pools/ Water bodies- Internal. RCC walls in low water table areas. Terrace. Sloped Roof. OHT, UG Sump- External.

SUGGESTED BRANDS:• Koester NB Grey, Chowglue• Master Seal 501/502, Degussa• Cera crystalline crete, CCP

81. EPOXY FOOD GRADE COATING SYSTEM

82. MATERIALS REQUIRED:

• Epoxy food grade compound• Primer

TOOLS REQUIRED:

• Pressure grouting machine• Roller• Sprayer

SURFACE PREPARATION:• Surfaces must be clean and sound.• Remove all oil, dirt, laitance and other contaminants

by water blasting. 83. METHODOLOGY :

Mix the component in the ratio of 1:1 with water until a homogeneous blend is obtained.

Wet the surface before the mix is applied to dry concrete. Care must be taken to fill voids and pin holing. A minimum of 2 coats is recommended. When finishing, it is necessary to lay the materials into the surface

to achieve required dry film thickness per coat. Allow to cure for 24 hrs. Care is ensured that the waterproofing membrane coating is not

damaged. At least 3 days cure is necessary before applying final coat.

84. SUGGESTED BRANDS:

• WPM 300 Ardex• Cerakota EPW, CCP

• Moisture seal, Bostik• Master seal 180 / SP 120, Degussa

PROTECTIVE MEASURES:

Protective measures not required since the epoxy forms the hard and smooth surface

AREAS OF USAGE: OHT, UG sump-internal

85. MORTAR ADMIXTURE SYSTEM 86. MATERIALS REQUIRED:

• Mortar admixture TOOLS REQUIRED:

• Vessel for mixing• Measuring jar• Straight edge

SURFACE PREPARATION:• Remove all oil, dirt, laitance and other contaminants using

wire brush.

87. METHODOLOGY:

Ensure that the absorbent surface such as concrete, brick, stone etc., is saturated.

• For vertical surfaces, it is preferable to apply Ceralatex SBR modified mortars in coats to a maximum thickness of 6 mm per coat, as greater thickness can lead to slumping. However, several coats can be applied provided suitable formwork is used

max thickness of 6 mm per coats to.• Level the surface with wooden or steel trowel as explained in

plastering.• The mixing proportion of latex is 300ml per bag of cement.

88. PROTECTIVE MEASURES :

Admixed Plaster and Screed is the final treatment. AREAS OF USAGE:

Car wash drain Chejjas External Plaster / Shaft Plaster

SUGGESTED BRANDS:• Ceralatex SBR, CCP• Rheomix, Degussa

89. WATER IMPERMEABLE RCC SYSTEM (WHITE TANKING METHOD)

90. White tanking method is a process of modifying the concrete to make it impermeable. The structural elements like shuttering, concrete, reinforcement and expansion joints should be designed properly to prevent the seepage of water through concrete.

91 MATERIALS REQUIRED:

1. Ready mix concrete specifically designed by the consultant

2. The admixtures suggested are as follows a. Rheomac 707, Degussa b. Rhoebuild SP1i, Degussa c. Microsilica, Degussa d. Supaflo 392. TYPES OF WHITE TANKING:

Construction with permissible separation cracks.

Construction with separation cracks of limited breadth

Construction with controlled separation cracks.

Construction with Permissible separation cracks

Cracks are expected to appear.

Additional reinforcement (Apart from the structural. reinforcement requirement) to minimize extensive cracks is avoided in that method

• Regular construction joint distances not required to be

maintained.

• Cracks, which appear within 28 days of curing, should be sealed

by pressure grouting.

• If the cracks are appearing in the construction joints, then GI

mesh is fixed and shot-creating is done as per structural engineer

93. Construction with separation cracks of limited breadth

• Concrete may develop cracks due to stress developed by hydration force, unequal thermal expansion of ingredients.

• In this method, to minimize the cracks, the reinforcement is generally increased by the consultant.

• By restricting the crack breadth to below 0.1 mm, the crack will close through carbonization.

• By placing additional reinforcement, extensive cracks can be minimized in the construction joints.

• This type of construction is suitable for raft foundations.

94. Construction with controlled separation cracks

• This system hinders the appearance of uncontrolled

separation of cracks that allows water to enter.• Avoidance of working stress (resulting from hydration force and

thermal load).• This kind of construction is a combination of design features,

concrete technology and constructional measures.• This type of construction is suitable for retaining walls.

95. Concrete shall be carried out as per the methodology instructed in the

Technology Manual and care should be taken as follows:

For Raft foundation:

Allowable breadth of cracks in mm

Submerged depth/ Thickness of structures

< = 0.2 < =2.5

< = 0.15 < = 5

< = 0.10 > 5

• Create an even PCC Surface with a uniform level to ensure similar thickness of the raft foundation.

• Create a smooth surface in the intersection of raft and PCC (For Eg: Using double layered Polyethylene foils thickness 0.2, 0.3 mm) along the floated PCC Surface.

• Formation of joints or deploying reinforcement to restrict the crack breadth.

For RCC Retaining Walls:

• The maximum distance between the construction joints should be twice the height of the retaining wall (For construction with controlled separation cracks).

96. PROTECTIVE MEASURES:

No Protective measures, only a protective coating can be applied to reduce the surface capillarity.

AREAS OF USAGE:

This type of waterproofing is applied in the areas like:• RCC Walls in low water table areas.• RCC Structure in high water table areas.

97. BLACK TANKING METHOD

98. The Black tanking can be defined as sealing the entire surface by means of a skin like protection over the entire surface as defined in DIN 18195 part 6.

99. MATERIALS REQUIRED :

• APP Bitumen sheet• Primer

TOOLS REQUIRED: • Torch and LPG cylinder• Coir brush and steel wire brush• Hammer• Chisel• 4” brush

SURFACE PREPARATION:

• Corners and edges are rounded• Structural surface sound, clean and even.• Surface primed and dry.

100. METHODOLOGY

• PCC and Block work• Surface Preparation• Primer Application• Bitumen sheet application

a. First Layer b. Second Layer

• Separation and Protection layer a. Horizontal

b. Vertical PCC and Block work:

• Excavation been done with suits to prepare the black tanking as in one horizontal level.

• PCC is made as a smooth surface with power float.• Block work has to be done along the external face of the retaining

wall footing by giving enough space for the thickness of waterproofing.• This Block work acts as the torching surface as well as the shuttering

of the retaining wall footing 101. Earth Formation To make the surface ready for Soling and PCC, levels to be thoroughly checked

with Auto level102. PCC with Power float finish

103. PCC with power float to get smooth finish for application of primer. Surface cleaning – Before application of primer over PCC, this will

ensure the proper bonding to the primer with PCC. 104. At the end portions – Block work, plastering and smooth haunching ensured at the end portions to avoid sharp edge between horizontal and vertical area.105. Primer application – Primer to be applied over the cleaned, dried pcc surface, this primer will ensure the proper bonding with bituminous sheet, while torching.106. Bitumen sheet application Laying of bituminous sheet, first layer – First layer bituminous sheet should be laid with minimum lap length of 10 cm.

107. Laying of bituminous sheet, second layer – Second layer laid over first layer.

108. Laying of first and second layer of bituminous sheet, at the boundaries – The same first and second layer procedure followed at boundaries for the vertical lining of bituminous sheet.

108. Horizontal and vertical connecting area – This view shows the connecting areas of Horizontal and Vertical .The important point is that the minimum lap length should be 10 cm.

109. PROTECTIVE MEASURES:

Protective screed for the floor area – To protect the water proofing membrane from the external heat or pedestrian movement…..

110. …….SBR admixed screeding is done on nominal reinforcement

111. Protective screed for walls –Bitu board is placed over the bitumen sheet113. Backfilling soil

Backfilling soil started with layer by layer with correct compaction (Max.30 cm)114. SUGGESTED BRANDS:

• 4 mm thick APP Bitumen sheet• Fusion 800 P, Fusion• Torchsheild• Aazil, Chowglue• Polyplus P, Percept• Roofseal, Bitumat• Moply FP, Texsa.

115. EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT

116. EXPANSION JOINT FILLER BOARDS:

These are closed cell, pre mould, compressive filler boards of suitable size which are inserted into the expansion joints.

• Permit the structure to expand or contract without developing the compressive stress along with the defined expansion joint.

• Excellent to concrete adhesion, extensibility, weathering and flow.

• It is fixed into position after concreting of one side along the expansion joint.

• Proper continuation of the successive expansion joint boards

should be ensured. 117. EXPANSION JOINT SEALING:

• It seals the expansion joints vertically and horizontally and does the following a. prevents the flow of water b. prevents ingress of foreign materials and debris. c. protects the joints filler materials

• It is a flexible material which can be seal expansion joints upto 50mm wide.

• The expansion joints should have equal and stable joint flanks which have been primed to enhance bonding with the flanks.

• The expansion joint board should be removed upto the desired depth.

• The joint should be properly cleaned using an air blower.• Backer rod should be placed at the desired depth in the

joint and polysulphide sealant injection should be done strictly as instructed by the manufacturer.118. After the sealant is applied, it is trimmed using a suitable tool and a neat finish is given (generally concave shaped finish).

• This system is generally used for horizontal expansion joints on terraces and podiums.

• The up stand beam and the cover slab are constructed as per the structural drawings. a. the up stand beam is first cast b. the expansion joint is then fixed into position. c. Then second up stand beam and the cover slab are cast over the expansion joint as a monolithic structure.

• The top of the cover slab and exposed area of the stand beam should be given the same waterproofing treatment, as given on the top of the terrace / podium (normally bitumen membrane torch on system).

119. SAFETY PONTS TO BE CONSIDERED:- During Vertical Bore packing

The immediate upper floor cutout holes to be closed properly to avoid falling of materials, water, etc.

In the immediate lower floor toilet, doors opening to be barricaded to avoid the entry of any person.

During horizontal bore packing

Proper firm platform to be provided like stool/table etc, inside the toilet while bore packing is happening.

While packing outside or inside the duct, the person should have a firm platform made using M.S jelly laid over the cup lock or H-frame staging.

Personnel should wear safety belt and get it hooked to a firm support like props or building elements.

During waterproof coating

Ensure the tradesmen adhere to the Personnel protective equipments.

After completion of waterproofing, door to be provided to avoid damage for water proof coating.

120. Checklist for Under -Tile Waterproofing 121. Checklist for Under -Tile Waterproofing122. Checklist for Under -Tile Waterproofing123. Checklist for Under -Tile Waterproofing

124. DAILY PRODUCTIVITY REPORT