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Kenya R-PP Annexes Draft ver 2.5(i) April 26
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READINESS PREPARATION PROPOSAL
Kenya
ANNEXES
DRAFT v2.5(i) (26 April 2010)
Kenya R-PP Annexes Draft ver 2.5(i) April 26
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Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF)
Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) Annexes
KENYA
Date submitted (expected): May 2010
R-PP Annexes Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) .............................................................. 2
Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) Annexes ...................................................... 2
KENYA .......................................................................................................... 2
Date submitted (expected): May 2010 .................................................................. 2
R-PP Annexes Table of Contents ........................................................................ 2
Component 1 (Organize and Consult) .................................................................... 4
Annex 1a-1: Terms of reference and composition of the REDD+ Steering Committee .................... 4
Annex 1b-1: Consultation and Participation I Plan .............................................................. 5
Annex 1b-2: Consultation and Participation Workshops Table ................................................ 8
Annex 1b-3: Attendees at all workshops ......................................................................... 9
1b-3(1) REDD Stakeholders Workshop on RPP on 18th November 2009 Held at Utalii Hotel, Nairobi. .................................................................................................... 9
1b-3(2):- Participants list at stakeholders workshop held at Eldoret 2 March, 2010. Western, Nyanza and North Rift (Western Block) ................................................ 14
1b-3(3):- Participants list at stakeholders workshop, Mau 30th March 2010 .................. 16
1b-3(4):- Participants list at regional stakeholders forum for indigenous people, Mau 31st 2010 ...................................................................................................... 18
Annex 1b-4: Reports of all consultation workshops ............................................................ 20
1b-4(1) Report on stakeholders workshop held at Utalii Hotel, Nairobi, 18 November 2009 ........................................................................................................... 20
1b-4(2) Report on stakeholders workshop held Western, Nyanza and North Rift (Western Block) .................................................................................................... 23
1b-4(3) Report on People’s consultation workshop – Mau. 30/3/2010 ........................ 38
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1b-4(4) Report on regional stakeholders forum for indigenous people held at Mau. 31st March 2010 .............................................................................................. 46
1b-5: REDD+ Brochure for Kenya .................................................................................. 53
1b-6. KFS REDD+ Website Screenshot ............................................................................ 54
Component 2 (Prepare the REDD Strategy) ............................................................ 56
2a. Assessment of Land Use, Forest Policy and Governance ....................................... 56
Annex 2a-1: Forest Sector Background Paper ..................................................... 56
Annex 2a-2. List of on-going programs supporting forestry sector in Kenya ............................... 83
Annex 2a-3 Ongoing climate change and REDD+ related projects being implemented in Kenya ....... 87
2d. Social and Environmental Impacts ........................................................................... 98
2d-1: Terms of Reference for the “SESA” ......................................................... 98
Component 3 Annexes (Develop a Reference Scenario) ............................................ 99
Annex 3-1 Draft outline of Components 3-4 developed by the methodology subgroup, Feb 2010 99
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Component 1 (Organize and Consult)
Annex 1a-1: Terms of reference and composition of the REDD+ Steering Committee
Terms of reference for the Steering Committee
� Policy guidance and implementation of REDD activities
� National coordination of inter/intra-sectoral REDD activities
� Approval of REDD work plans and budgets
� Resource mobilization
� Ensure timely delivery of a national REDD strategy, national baseline emission level and an effective carbon monitoring system
� Monitoring and evaluation
� Quality control of REDD preparedness deliverables
� Provide mechanism for International collaboration with other REDD processes
Composition of the steering Committee
� Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife -Chairman
� Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
� Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Energy
� Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Local Government
� Director, Kenya Forestry Research Institute
� Director, Kenya Forest Service
� Director General, National Environment Management Authority
� Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
� Kenya Forest Working Group
� Universities
� UNDP/ UNEP – Co-Chair
� Donor coordination group – Chair of the Kenya Joint Assistance Strategy (env’t group )
As a result of the R-PP formulation process, it was recommended that a NACOFA representative sit on the SC, and this will be raised at the next SC meeting
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Annex 1b-1: Consultation and Participation I Plan
Participatory mechanisms to enhance consultations and stakeholder engagement:
The participation working group has identified several existing participatory mechanisms and structures that can enhance the consultation process as well as facilitate the active engagement of various stakeholder groups in the formulation of the R‐PP.
At the national level, the REDD technical working group has representation at the local level; the KFS structures, which include the 10 forest conservancies that have decentralized structures all the way to grassroots levels; Forest Conservation Committees (FCCs); National Alliance of Community Forest Associations; and the Kenya National Federation of Agricultural Producers.
At the Conservancy level, Head of Conservancies combined power with the Forest Conservation Committees to comprise representatives from: CFAs, KFS, National Environmental Management Authority, Agriculture, Provincial Administration, Timber Merchants Associations, and women & youth representatives.
At district level, there are KFS Zonal Managers, District Environment Committees (DECs), and representative of NRM ministries. At local levels, there are CFAs which comprise various forest user groups such as Water User Associations, Grazers, Village Forest Conservation Committee and also various government representations.1
FAN has more than 20 resource centres across the 10 forest conservancies that are managed primarily by CFAs and volunteers. These centers are used mainly for dissemination and outreach. Further, the organisation has an office at Njoro, on the edge of the Mau forest and at Webuye, lying between Kakamega and Mt. Elgon forests.
KFWG is a network of individuals and organizations with representation from the government, NGOs, local and international NGOs. They work with CFAs and other locally based institutions for social mobilization, advocacy and awareness raising on forestry related issues.
All of these channels will be explored to disseminate information, provide a forum for grassroots outreach, encourage participation, and establish a channel for feedback loops.
Communication Strategy
There are several channels and means of communication that will be used to reach out to key stakeholders and general public. This will include:
Radio programs built on the ongoing Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC) Mazingira Yetu radio program. This program is facilitated by FAN to disseminate information about sustainable management of the environment.
1 It is recognized that the identified structures lack resources to effectively implement their planned activities. We propose that the institutional assessment to be conducted under the formulation stage takes this into consideration. (see Initial Activities at the end of this component).
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Development and dissemination of IEC materials such as the information brochure, posters, leaflets, calendars, newsletters etc. All of these exist in KFS and other agencies including FAN and KFWG. It is expected that the REDD+ agenda will use this things
Community drama groups will be used to communicate the REDD+ message down to community levels
Public meetings known as Barazas will also be used as a medium of communication
The utilization of KFS, FAN KFWG’s website to disseminate information
Regional Workshop locations description
Western, Nyanza and North Rift (Western Block)
The rationale for clustering these three conservancies together was that they all consist of representative ecological areas in the country but are all in close proximity to one another: two water towers(Mt. Elgon and Cherangani Hills), an important tropical rainforest(Kakamega forest) and arid and semi‐arid areas (Baringo, West Pokot and Turkana). The Western Block also comprises a very diverse set of stakeholders, all with different interests in concepts such as REDD+. Stakeholders consist of indigenous peoples, pastoralists and other forest dependent communities, farmers, fisher‐folk, public institutions and the private sector. However these stakeholders have common user interest in any program that could potentially influence how forest resources are managed. It is important to note that there are ongoing forestry‐related projects within this cluster (World Bank funded Natural Resource Management Project and a Carbon Forestry Project financed by Hyundai Motors Corporation). Both projects support livelihood improvement activities for the local communities and will provide valuable lessons for the R‐PP process.
Mau block
The Mau conservancy will be treated as a special stand‐alone case due to its unique attributes: it is an expansive and diverse forest; it is the largest water catchment (water tower), with 12 rivers draining into 5 major lakes; and some lakes are trans‐boundary and recognized by the UN as Ramsar sites. One of the rivers within the Mau block supports the (Mara‐Serengeti ecosystem) of which a spectacular annual wildebeest migration has been declared one of the e Seven Wonders of the Modern World.
The conservancy comprises the Mau forest complex, which contains 21 forest blocks and a large number of other forest areas managed by communities and/or local governments and are not yet gazetted. This region is of significant importance to Kenya’s Sustainable Development Agenda including Vision 2030 and the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) as it supports agriculture, energy, and tourism sectors among others. On the other hand, it is one of the most deforested and degraded conservancy at the moment. Due to past illegal forest excisions, issues of land tenure are being brought to the forefront. There are several ongoing conservation efforts in the area that need coordination and goodwill for their success. This include a UNEP Community Integrated Forest Resource Management (COMIFORM) Project, a WWF supported Mara River Basin Project, Save The Mau Initiative supported by the Green Belt Movement, East Africa Breweries & Equity Bank, TUNZA Mau projected supported by USAID through Forest Action Network, and the Green Zone project supported by the African
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Development Bank among others.The Mau block consists of a diverse set of stakeholders that includes Indigenous Peoples as well as companies representing the logging, tea, wheat, pastoralism and tourism industries large
Central Highlands, Eastern, and Ewaso North (Central Kenya block).
The rationale for clustering these three conservancies into the Central Kenya block was that they contain the final two water towers (Mt. Kenya and Aberdare Ranges) not included in the Western and Mau blocks. The Central Kenya block has the largest concentration of Community Forest Associations (CFAs) involved in numerous conservation activities. These areas also experience high levels of deforestation and degradation especially in the water towers= areas. Population density is extremely high with strong negative impacts on natural resources usage and management. The increase in human populations has resulted in encroachment into the wildlife migration corridors and breeding areas, which have caused an increase in the number of human‐wildlife conflicts over time. Furthermore, the Central Kenya block has the highest concentration of charcoal and wood fuel consumption whereby the demand for charcoal far outweighs the supply. Lately there has been an attempt to explore alternative sources of energy to include biofuels, solar reflectors, and biogas. The severe droughts in the Ewaso North region always contributes to the massive migration of the pastoralist communities to the water catchment areas, creating additional social tensions and conflicts. One interesting observation in this cluster is the high concentration of trees on individual farm lands.
Coast Block.
Kenya’s coastal region has no water towers, but has significant forest areas that range from dry land forests, coastal mangroves and high water table forests that have their own biodiversity uniqueness. This region is 90% ASAL and faces similar challenges in terms of deforestation and general environmental degradation. There are numerous conservation efforts in this region including the Arabuko Soko forest, the Kaya forests and a carbon forestry project in Kwale.
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Annex 1b-2: Consultation and Participation Workshops Table
The table shows the number of w/shops undertaken at National level and in the ten forest conservancies, targeted participants and timeline, in addition to budget estimates for facilitating the planned events.
Cluster Target Stakeholders Venue Consultations
Timeline Budget KShs
Nat National stakeholders Utalii Hotel Nairobi
One workshop 18/9/2009
Western block
(Western, Nyanza, North Rift)
CFAs, CBOs, Civil society, PSional workshop, Public Institutions: total number of participants ‐ 50 people
Eldoret One workshop 2 March 2010
500,000
Mau block IP groups. Participants 50
Other stakeholders groups: PS, Public Institutions, civil society. Participants 50
Nakuru Two workshops, one focussing on
March 30th and 31st
1 million Kshs
Central, (Central, Eastern and Ewaso North)
CFAs, CBOs, Civil society, pastoralists, farmers, PS, Public Institutions: total participants ‐70
Embu One workshop April 24th 700,000
Coast Block Other stakeholders. Total # participants 40
Mombasa One workshop April 29th 400,000
Nairobi National Validation W/shop Participants 100
Nairobi One workshop May 3rd, 2010
1 million Kshs
TOTAL 3.6 million Kshs
48,000USD
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Annex 1b-3: Attendees at all workshops
1b-3(1) REDD Stakeholders Workshop on RPP on 18th November 2009 Held at Utalii Hotel, Nairobi.
List of Participants
Name Organization Position Telephone
e‐mail
1 Esau Omollo Kenya Forests Service (KFS )
Deputy Director 0733 788457
2 Kamau Julius Embassy of Finland, Nairobi
Forest Specialist 0710 607239
3 J.A. Odera Nyanza Forest Conservancy Committee
Chairman 0715 073348
4 D.G. Ndiritu Ewaso North Conservancy
Head of Conservancy
0721 331186
5 Wachihi J.M KFS Central Highlands Committee
HOC‐Central Highland
0729 014815
6 Hannah Wanjiru Green Africa Foundation
Environmentalist 0723 713213
7 John N. Ngugi Japanese International Cooperation Agency, Nairobi
Senior Programme Officer
0722 517254
johnngugi.ky.jica.go.jp
8 Yoich Inoue Japanese International Cooperation Agency, Nairobi
Representative 0736 203227
9 Dr. Ahmed Mohamed
Forest Conservancy Committee, North Eastern, Conservancy
Chairman 0721 626499
10
Nickson Sasine Kamoye
NASET(N/SOUTH)
Chairman
0727 501958
11
J.K. Ndambiri KFS‐ North Eastern Conservancy
Head of Conservancy
0722 300759
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Name Organization Position Telephone
e‐mail
12
Clement Kariuki National Association of Community Forest Associations
Chairman 0722 393017
13
Fredrick Njau Green Belt Movement
Programme Officer
0723 316548
14
S. K.Mibey KFS‐ Western Conservancy
Head of Conservancy
0721 254926
15
David Githaiga UNDP 0723 785123
David.githaiga.undp.org
16
Buzzard Roby USAID Environmental Officer
0722 335314
17
Enock W.Kanyanya
USAID Environmental Officer
0722 746312
18
David Maingi WWF 0723 786184
19
Zipporah Toroitith
MMMB‐KFS 0722 350310
20
Harri Seppanen MMMB‐KFS 0732 310895
21
Maara Nelson Mau Conservancy
0722 428683
22
Peter Moore Clinton foundation
020 3879714
23
Jackson Kimani Clinton Foundation
Director, Clinton Climate Initiative, Nairobi
020 2879714
24
Naftal Nyibut East African Wildlife Society
0723 866082
25
Ochino A.M Forest Action Network‐ Forest Sector NGO
0722 462535
26
F.K. Kariuki KFS CFO 0721 386107
27
Kai Windhorst Unique/Forestry Consultants
+256782‐586291
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Name Organization Position Telephone
e‐mail
28
D. Chandraselakharan
World Bank 12024588882
29
Haddy Sey World Bank Social Devt.Specialist
12024731610
30
Neeta Hooda WB Senior Carbon Finance Specialist
12024585182
31
Halake Dido Ewaso North Forest Conservancy
Chairman 0722 910120
32
D.O. Otieno KFS‐ Nyanza Coservancy
Head of Conservancy
0722 778553
33
Fred O. Ogombe KFS‐ North Rift Conservancy
Head of Conservancy
0721 669509
34
David Mutisya Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
Ass.Director 0735 690114
dmutisya20002yahoo.co.uk
35
John K Maina Ministry of Agriculture
Agricultural Engineer
0722 655161
36
Joshua Laichena Ministry of Devt of Northern Kenya & other Arid Lands
Economist 0726 465 599
37
John M Ngatia KFS‐ Planning Department
CFO 0711 562093
38
Erick F.N. Akotsi Ministry of Energy
Director, Renewable Energy
0721 367601
39
Ngari Alex Nature Kenya Conservation Programme Manager
0722 299021
40
Ben Ithagu NEMA Principal Programme Officer
0722 666542
41
Dr.Balozi B.K MOI UNIVERSITY
Lecturer 0733 805799
4 Cosmas K.P. KFS‐ Mau Head of 0733 hocman@kenyaforestserv
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Name Organization Position Telephone
e‐mail
2 Ikiugu Conservancy Conservancy 773823 ice.org
43
Kanyinke Sena Indigenous Peoples of Africa Coordinating Committee
Coordinator 0725 288402
44
Rosemary Murkomen
Sengwel Indigenous Development Project
0722 803817
45
Charity M.Munyasya
KFS‐Nairobi Conservancy
Head of Conservancy
0726 861778
46
P.M. Kariuki KFS Headquarters
Head, Corporate Planning Dept.
0722 801309
pmkariuki2yahoo.com
47
A.N. Gichu KFS Headquarters
Head, Climate Change Programme
0722 787403
48
Kefa M.Wamichue
KFS Headquarters
Head, MIS 0722 863364
49
Gabrielle Giannini
FAO Unifellow 0733 445599
50
Wamugunda Ben
Nairobi Forest Conservancy Committee
Chairman 0722 892692
51
Charles Situma Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing
0723 714388
52
Sang K. Joseph ERMIS AFRICA 0722 646043
Sang2ermisafrica.org
53
K.Senelwa KFS‐ Western Conservancy
0722 430883
ksenelwa2yahoo.co.uk
54
Ian Gordon International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology
0733 779835
55
William Omondi KEFRI Ass.Director 0733 227110
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Name Organization Position Telephone
e‐mail
56
Ezekiel Korir Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife
Assistant Director 0721‐950092
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1b-3(2):- Participants list at stakeholders workshop held at Eldoret 2 March, 2010. Western, Nyanza and North Rift (Western Block)
No Name Organization Tel No Box No Email Address
1. Francis Rono FCC North Rift 0726339235 592 Kapasabet
2. Peter Mireri Girassi Hills
Osienala
0721 444257 16 Magunga [email protected]
3. Treza N. Diffu Port Victoria Forest Association
FCC Western
0710490852 3 Port Victoria
4 Clement M’maitsi
Kibiri CFA
FCC Western IFECO, Action Group
072152530 9950308 Serem
5 Chisma Sylvester
Lugari CFA
FCC western
0724 559723 19 Lugari [email protected]
6 Rosymary J. Murkomen
Sengwer indigenous Development Project (S.D.P)
0722803817 177 Kapsowar
7 Pamela A. Khoyaa
Kofama CFA
FCC Nyanza
0728730388 265 Oyugis [email protected]
8 Peter Wandera
Port Victoria Community Association
NACOFA
0725810117 207 Port Victoria
9. Martin Musumba
Berma 0738855164 167 Butula
10 Mwai Muraguri
Busia
KFS Western
0722676627 1233 Kakamega
11 George Orero Community Action for Rural Development (CARD)
0722874054
0722421626
161 Suna Migori
12 Moses Leleu Laima
Sengwer I.D Project
0714443058 3894 Kitale
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13 Fred Marani Viagroforestry Programme
0733837154 2006 Kitale [email protected]
14 Beatrice Mbula
LVEMP II 072770092 9220 Kisumu [email protected]
15 Kanyinke Sena IPACC/IC 0725288402 59 Dolulunga, N.S
16 A.N. Nyaswabu
KFS North Rift 0721558963 250 Eldoret
17 Godfrey Kipkut Cheptais CFA Mt. Elgon
Western FCC
0715251519 28 Cheptais [email protected]
18 Lilly C.K. Tendet
Kimothon CFA
Teech‐Kea C.B.O
0720321544 5 Endebes
19 Paul N. Karanja
KFS Uasin Gishu 0722268029 41 Eldoret [email protected]
20 Zipporah Toroitich
KFS MMMB 0722350310 63163 Nairobi
21 Nolega Christine
RPK 0722389997 1401 Maraagoli
22 Godfrey Sokwny
CIPDP
Mt. Elgon
0719374862 4500 Kitale
23 Fred Matei CIPDP Mt. Elgon 0728133390 4500 Kitale [email protected]
24 Samuel Kamori
Raiply Forest Manager
0722607634 241 Eldoret
25 Joseph Mungai Raiply 0722203337 241 Eldoret [email protected]
26 Asetto Jack FAN
27 Wangeci KFS
28 Patrick Kariuki KFS
29 Kanyinke KFS
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1b-3(3):- Participants list at stakeholders workshop, Mau 30th March 2010
No Name Organization Tel No Box No Email Address
1. Annah Naramat Surua
Ogiek Peoples representative
0724206620 59 Narok Ololulunga
2 Judy Nagol Ogiek 0727073510 Enaibelibel 101 Narok
3. Rev. Fredrick Lemama
N.s.P.F 0711114071 210 Narok [email protected]
4 Pastor Joseoh L. Olokepet
N.S.P.F 0720644328 50 Ololulunga
5 Sophy Tanki OPDP 0729426977 117 Oloomirani
6 Cllr Johnson K. Meopi
Cllr NCC 0728411160 10 Elburgon [email protected]
7 Cllr Paul Gugo N.C.C Ogiek 0726167116 752 Njoro [email protected]
8. Francis Maritim Ogiek O.W.C 0720363385 46 Londiani [email protected]
9. Towett J. Kimaiyo
Ogiek Welfare Council
0726335732 7150 Nakuru [email protected]
10 Joseph K. Sang IPRA Program 0722646043 17347 Nakuru
11 Shadrack Lenjir N.S.C.O 0728106606 33 Ololulunga
12 Cllr David Kipsang Sitienei
O.W.C 0725332898 45 Keringet
13 Thomas K. Too Ecosystem and social economic Development
0720690548 13084 Nakuru
14 Eunice Lenachuru
Ilchamus Developemtn consortium
0722232007 18175 Najuru
15 Kiplangat Cheruiyot
Ogiek peoples Development program
0722984810 Box 180 Olenguro
16 Kanyinke Sena IPACC/IC 0725288 402 59 Ololulunga
17 Rev. Paul K. Emoi
F.G.C.K 0721999502 Box 19 Elburgon
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18. Simon Parkesui Ogiek Cultural (OGP)
0728089577 Box 210 Narok
19 Christiana Saiti Louwa
Elmolo Forum 0722662798 Loiyangalani box 7683-00100
20 Daniel Kobei OPDP 0722433757 Box 424 Egerton
21 Mwajuma Z. Abdi
FAN 0722705443 6353 Nairobi mabdi@jankeny
22 Simotwo S. Martin
Chepkitale indigenous peoples development
0722866483 4300 Kitale [email protected]
23 Joseph M. Barngatuny
Moriashoni 0726916360
0752916360
200 elburgon
24 Raphae Sigei Mariashoni 0728773727 200 elburgon
25 Peter Mukira KFS Nakuru 0722889830 [email protected]
26 Nickson Ole Kamoye
NASECT 0727501958 100 Ololulunga
27 Davis Ole Tamooh
NESDEN 0726474419 Box 1025 Narok
28 Mary Simat MAWEED 722857793 711 Nakuru maweedm257@gmaika
29 David Kipsang Sitieme
O.W.C 0725332898 44 Konigol
30 Patrick M. Kariuki
KFS 0722801309 30513 Nairobi
31 Alred N. Gichu KFS 0722787403 30513- Nairobi
32 Charles Ngunjiri KFS 0722241692 30513 Nairobi
33 Lucy Wangeci KFS 0720812835 30513 Nairobi
34 Jacob Munene KFS 0722 443380 30513 Nairobi
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1b-3(4):- Participants list at regional stakeholders forum for indigenous people, Mau 31st 2010
No Name Organization Tel No Box No Email Address
1. Jackson Ledama Sumpel
Olare CFA 0729862377 76 Kilogoris
2 Paul Chepkwony Tulwap CFA 0724955940 123 Londiani
3. Leposo Ole Mutii Maa Habitat Restoration Unit
0726247977 110 -40700 Kilogoris
4 Emmajean Seile Tulwap CFA 0728443721 98 Londiani
5 Lucy Wangeshi Molem 0713291547 1 Londiani
6 John M. Makori Moilem 0722538491 1 Londiani
7 Simon Chege Kinuthia
Kemfa 0724972955 260 Elburgon
8. Kiprono Kimoking County council Koibatek
0723148118 18 Eldamaravine
9. John Kirorei Enkotokentim CFA
0721951427 39 Ololunga
10 Julius Korir Sekengei
Lamaiyat CFA 0728800924 17 Amalo [email protected]
11 James K. Tangus Socofona CFA 0724644558 Box 60 Amalo
12 Olemetetek K. Simeon
Olare/olosentu
0727775980 76 Kilgoris
13 Hollun Parsol Kamoye
Mau FCC 0735342083 100,20503 [email protected]
14 Albert Lagat Mau FCC member
0722941290 13478-00100 Nairobi
15 Leonard P. Ochieng
MOA 0729362706 Box 530 Nakuru
16 Kanyinke Sena IPACC/IC 0725288 402 59 Ololulunga
17 Edward Tikani CC Nakuru 0722845468 138 Nakuru
18.
John Ndungu Mugameli 0724588665 Box 616 Njoro
19 Tecla Chumba Nacofa/Chem 0722398342 Box 495 [email protected]
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usus CFA Eldama Ravine
20 Elizabeth Wangari
KEFA 0722532689 320 Njoro [email protected]
21 Joseph K. Mutai County Council of Kipsigis
0721519466 Box 154 Kericho
Kipsicon.jambo.com
22 David Seur Contry Council of Transmara
0733269252 11 Kilgoris [email protected]
23 Sarah Higgins Lake Naivasha Riparian Association
0723 786007 1011 Naivasha 20117
24 Maara N. Tanui Mau conservancy
07222428683
Box 536 Egerton
25 Peter Mukira KFS Nakuru 0722889830 [email protected]
26 Ole Sopai Narok 0721627410 53 Narok
27 Alfred A. Sai Londiani CFA 0721 936450 Box Londiani
30 Patrick M. Kariuki
KFS 0722801309 30513 Nairobi
31 Alred N. Gichu KFS 0722787403 30513- Nairobi
32 Charles Ngunjiri KFS 0722241692 30513 Nairobi
33 Lucy Wangeci KFS 0720812835 30513 Nairobi
34 Jacob Munene KFS 0722 443380 30513 Nairobi
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Annex 1b-4: Reports of all consultation workshops
1b-4(1) Report on stakeholders workshop held at Utalii Hotel, Nairobi, 18 November 2009
COMMENTS ‐ REDD STAKEHOLDERS WORKSHOP, 18th Nov, Utalii Hotel
NO
NAME
INSTITUTION
COMMENT/REMARK
1 Dr.Balozi, Moi University
MOI UNIVERSITY
The scientists should package the models in easily understood format to enable farmers estimate for instance the amount of Carbon in an acre of woodlot.
2 Dr. Ahmed Mohamed
FCC‐Chairman,
North Eastern
“Let us thoroughly cook well the REDD issues before consulting communities or raising it with them. We should only consult communities when everything is ready including funding. Otherwise communities are fatigued by many promising projects that never start. Avoid potential frustrations of local communities at grass root levels by not presenting issues too early thus raising false expectations.
Let us use existing local channels in place for example District Development Committees &FCC before we approach communities. Any issue on deforestation is highly welcome at grassroots level”
3 Mr. Ogombe
KFS What are the lessons learnt from Kyoto Principles that will guide the formulation and implementation of REDD?”
“The institutional and policy arrangement should not only be confirmed into a particular country but refer to other related policies under United Nation Conventions.”
“local authorities role in the management of forests in ASAL regions which are still under trustlands needs to be clarified
Governance issues on forestry should be an opportunity for introducing important reforms in the sector
4 William Omondi
KEFRI We should form a Methodology Working Group to discuss data collection and verification issues which can be used and are nationally recognized. This is due to the fact that many institutions in Kenya have data which has never been used and whose quality cannot be guaranteed any longer. Some of the data also needs to be harmonized.
5 Clement Kariuki
NACOFA What mechanisms are in place to ensure maximum benefit sharing through REDD?
What message is there for me to take back to the community on REDD
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after the meeting?
6 Zipporah KFS “Cost of any methodology is expensive. Can simple effective, relevant methods be established that are site‐specific? Can we have homegrown kenyanized REDD Methodologies?”
7 J.A. Odera
NYANZA F.C.C
‐“Presentations provided have been on resources inventory using aerial photos and satellite imageries based on high tech (expensive) approaches that can only be bank rolled by foreign governments, World Bank, FAO etc. Can we come up with methods that can be afforded by the forest service with the help of communities and other collaborating agencies?” Can the methodologies be simplified to a level of community uptake? How do we internalize the methodologies?
How far down should we engage participation – what unit at grass‐root level?
Can there be exposure to REDD pilot activities on the ground? Working demos examples in Kenya and surrounding regions and documents to be circulated.
8 Gabriele Giannini‐FAO;
FAO Institutional arrangements,
What is the involvement of communities and local authorities?”
‐Regulation on fuel wood need to be done according to the presentation, but I understand that charcoal regulations are already done
‐drivers of deforestation are present both under the working group on policy and the working group methodology. If these groups are to be formed officially it is important to clearly define which of the two will deal with drivers of deforestation in order to avoid overlapping
9 Wamugunda Ben
120,000 HA of plantation being affected by zoning
“Are there plans of expanding plantation?”
“Are we stuck with the view that indigenous forests cannot pave way to plantations despite the shortages (eg. Poles, timber and transport of timber Chile, Malawi and Congo?)”.
When shall we start opening sawmills given that sawmilling was suspended by the Government 10 years ago.
10 Hannah Wanjiru
Green Africa foundation
Assessments of risks or challenges that the stakeholders may face during the REDD process Proposal Preparation. Some may be,
Policy‐overlapping mandate in the government sectors, the policies cannot be changed within a day. Is there a strategy to handle this?
Community not willing to participate.
Political will
Property right, private investors not willing to participate.
REDD is with us, do we wait for 2012? Let us take stock on the issues and
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develop a monitoring system to assist in understanding where we are.
I suggest we discuss the issues in house in terms of different ecological zones and package them to eco‐zone specifically.
What is the number of targeted groups/communities that will be involved?
Has there been a pioneer project?
What is the message that will go to communities to attract their participation?
What do communities stand to gain from REDD?
Why should they participate?
Kenya needs strong political will if we have to succeed in REDD.
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1b-4(2) Report on stakeholders workshop held Western, Nyanza and North Rift (Western Block)
1.0 INTRODUCTION Country Context: The State of Kenya Forestry Sector:
Kenya's economy has a very strong dependence on the natural environment and in particular, forestry resources. Forestry underpins most sectors, including agriculture, horticulture, tourism, wildlife, and the energy. In some rural areas, for instance, the forests contribute over 75% of the cash income and provide almost all of household's energy requirements.
Forests are very important in the lives of Kenyans because they:
Catch, store and release water, essential for human and wildlife, agriculture and industry.
Help protect and enrich soils, and reduce the severity of floods and landslides.
Moderate climate and help slow down human induced climate change such as global warming.
Protect biodiversity and shelter at least half of the world's known plant and animal species.
This is a genetic resource of unknown value that could advance medicine, food production and materials development. Many pollinator and predators of agricultural pests inhabit forest at some point in their life cycles. Provide local communities with building materials, fodder, firewood, fruits, gum and resins, medicine and sacred sites. Reduce poverty by providing forest related activities and employment to local communities. Provide food security through use of non wood forest product (wild fruits, meat, vegetables, herbal medicine etc) Provide wood including timber, poles and paper Support the agriculture, energy, and tourism sectors
Forest and Climate Change
There is growing recognition within the international community that deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries play a significant role in Climate change. Forests are responsible for about 20% of global warming. When trees are growing they absorb carbon d i o x i d e from the atmosphere but when they a re destroyed, t h e y release all the carbon d i o x i d e back into the atmosphere, causing global warming. Although Kenya is classified as a low forest cover country nevertheless; it loses about 54,000 hectares of forest cover every year. The major reasons for this loss are: conversion of forest land to agriculture and other uses, illegal logging, charcoal burning, forest fires and shifting cultivation. Loss of forest is severe in both the major water towers and the Arid and Semi Arid zones, where charcoal burning is rampant. If the country has to positively contribute to global climate change efforts, it is important that these causes are adequately addressed through interventions that provide for continued delivery of livelihood means while also securing our valued forest resources. Vision 2030, the country's economic blueprint,
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identifies forestry as one of the key drivers of the economy through its support t to the primary y sector s including agriculture, infrastructure, tourism and energy.
Under this vision, the country aims to protect the five water towers (Mt. Kenya, Aberdares, Mau, Cherangani and Mt. Elgon) and increase the forest cover to 10% through an aggressive afforestation, reforestation and restoration programs. In addition, the country is addressing climate change through the development of a National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS). This strategy provides a framework for re-orienting national programmes towards a low carbon development pathway. NCCRS has identified the forestry sector as a strong vehicle for supporting this effort.
What is REDD?
REDD is an abbreviation for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, Sustainable Management of Forests and Enhancement of Forest carbon stocks in Developing Countries. The basic idea in is that tropical developing countries like Kenya will be encouraged through incentives to: reduce the rate of deforestation and forest degradation; conserve their forests through sustainable management; and to increase areas under forest cover.
Kenya is currently participating in a program called Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) housed in the World Bank. This program will assist the country in developing a national strategy for REDD implementation and it consists of two phases, where the first phase involves the Formulation of a Readiness Preparation Proposal (RPP) and where phase two consists of the implementation of the various activities outlined in the R-PP which are development of (i) a national strategy, (II) a reference scenario, and (iii) an effective monitoring verification and reporting system to measure performance of activities to reduce emissions
In the first phase, the Readiness Preparation Proposal provides a road map for taking stock of the current situation with regards to deforestation and forest degradation, and provides an overview of how the country intents to address this. The R-PP proposes work to be undertaken and funded to prepare the following core components of REDD readiness'.
An assessment of the situation with respect to deforestation forest degradation, and relevant governance issues;
Strategy options (a set of actions to reduce deforestation and/or forest degradation),
A institutional and legal implementation framework necessary to realize these options;
A monitoring system to measure, report and verify (MRV) the effect of the strategies.
A multi stakeholder consultation and participant plan outlining the participation and inclusion of relevant stakeholders in the planning and decision making process of REDD
In light of the foregoing, the Kenya Forest Service and other stakeholders such as FAN and the KFWG have organized a series of national conservancy based workshops to
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address item (e) as above i.e. development of a multi stakeholder consultation and participant plan outlining the participation and inclusion of relevant stakeholders in the planning and decision making process of REDD. The regions being targeted are all the ten conservancies in the country beginning with Nyanza, Western and North Rift.
Therefore, the first national stakeholder consultation and participation workshop was held at the Race course Inn, Eldoret town on 2nd-March 2010. This report details the proceedings of the workshop.
2.0 PROCEEDINGS The meeting began with the usual preliminaries on house keeping, welcoming of participants introductions by participants and opening remarks and adoption of the time table by Mr. Patrick Kariuki, head of planning at KFS
The Head of Conservancy for North Rift Mr. Fred Ogombe was represented by Mr. Alfred Nyaswabu who officially opened the meeting. His speech mainly delved on
Forest reforms through implementation of the new Forest Act 2005
the new law devolves governance to communities adjacent to the forest resource through community institutions called CFAs
concentrate efforts on climate change effects redress, of which REDD is among the efforts
would also want to learn, share experiences and network with participants from different regions because climate change is a cross cutting issue and cuts across all sectors therefore requiring consultative and collaborative efforts
already existing reports on forest degradation in Marakwet forest which needs to be halted
CFAs and community groups adjacent to most forest resources are not empowered yet and needs to be conversant with the salient provisions of the Forest Act 2005 so as to engage in PFM and ultimately REDD activities
2.1 WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES
The objectives were as follows
Introduction to REDD+ as a climate change mitigation process
Share information on the on going REDD readiness activities in Kenya
Discuss the roles and responsibilities among various stakeholders
Discuss the opportunities and challenges related to REDD implementation
The workshop began with the following presentations
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2.2 PRESENTATIONS
2.2.1 WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE by Alfred Gichu-KFS
Is a change of climate attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere.
The human activities release dangerous gases that warm the earth more than is required, thus causing climate change”
Causes Climate Change?
The main cause of climate change is the unlimited burning of fossil fuels – coal, oil and natural gas to satisfy our hunger for energy for industries, cars, airplanes, etc
However, about 20% is caused by deforestation and forest degradation. expanding agriculture, forest fires, excisions, construction projects, and other activities directly result in loss of forests
Climate Change Manifestations
Climate change will manifest in
Reduced precipitation
High intensity of rainfall
Flooding
Drought
Sea level rise
Desertification
These will have serious impacts on key economic sectors (agriculture, energy, infrastructure, health etc).
Clarifications regarding the gases that cause climate change-green house gas effect, carbon dioxide involve 70% from
2.2.2 CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION: OPPORTUNITIES IN THE FOREST SECTOR by Alfred Gichu-KFS
Forests and climate change
Forests currently store more than one trillion tons of carbon, twice the amount floating free in the atmosphere.
Forest can store from 20 - 100 times more carbon than other vegetation on the same land area, or around 30 - 60 tons of carbon per hectare.
Almost six billion tons of carbon dioxide lost into the atmosphere each year or about 20% of the total GHG emissions.
Preventing this stored carbon from escaping is important for the carbon balance.
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Forests have four major roles:
contribute about 20% of global GHG emissions when cleared, overused or degraded;
Kenya is reported to be losing 54,000 ha through DD
they possess a major mitigation potential through their carbon pools and sinks.
react sensitively to a changing climate and are therefore a major victim of climate change;
when managed sustainably, they produce woodfuels as an alternative to fossil fuels;
Mitigation Options
maintaining or increasing the forest area through reduction of D &D and through afforestation/ reforestation;
maintaining or increasing the stand-level carbon density through the reduction of forest degradation and through planting, tree improvement, or other appropriate techniques;
maintaining or increasing the landscape-level carbon density using forest conservation, longer forest rotations, fire management, and protection against insects;
Increasing off-site carbon stocks in wood products and
Enhancing product substitution using forest-derived biomass to substitute products with high fossil fuel requirements, and increasing the use of biomass-derived energy .
Opportunities in Kenya
Conservation and management of existing forest areas
Rehabilitation of degraded forest areas
Renewable energy from biomass
Plantation forestry development.
Rehabilitation of degraded sites in ASALs.
Agroforestry within farmlands
2.2.3 PLENARY QUESTIONS by Asetto Jack-FAN
Other gases that cause climate change effects include methane as well not only carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, water vapor and CFCs
Does tea conserve as much carbon as the forest vegetation?
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What new opportunities exists in the REDD proposals? Conservation, rehabilitation and alternativeforms. What new approach is being advanced by KFS through the REDD approach? What went wrong with earlier approaches?
Responses: the government policies, reforms have not worked-mitigation process needs to address deforestation and degradation, bring stakeholders together to provide solutions, through incentives-climate change mitigation system approaches. Some reasons include 70% of use of biomass energy by increasing population, halt the drivers of deforestation/degradation and identify what went wrong as stakeholders
-Suggestion from Gwassi hills -every home should have a forest, stakeholder participation; global convergence in matters of opinion regarding climate change mitigation, the new arrangement is not left to the government alone or institutions-will resolve the problem
4. Can riverine tree plantation help in climate change control?
Response: removal of forests in the riverine areas has effects on climate change
NCCRS-national climate change response strategy-ministry of environment and mineral resources, national REDD+ implementation strategy-KFS, strategy on sustainable agricultural practices-ministry of agriculture
Response-need to tie up the forest policies with other sectors e.g. fisheries
5. Traditional cultural forest management-globalization changes destroyed our traditional approaches-what can the government do?
Response-forest based/dependant communities’ involvement to capture traditional knowledge systems, merging of these forms of knowledge with modern ones,
-Heading towards a low carbon development path, carbon emission reduction strategies, -Millenium Development Goals achievement, balance between development and culture/tradition maintenance
-devolvement of power to the grassroots, amplifying community voices through involvement of CFAs in resource management-increased access and control of resources
6. Budalangi, during dyke construction, they cut down all the trees, soil erosion has worsened, siltation
7. KFS issuance of permits?
8. Increase in anthropogenic activities, population increase, land sub division, leaving no area for plantation of trees or afforestation activities
9. Forests as a land use practice and in mitigation of GHGs, need to include other players/sectors-what are the current arrangements?
10. Government contribution to climate change effects e.g receipt of mixed signals, NEMA saying this and KFS saying that
11. Eucalyptus is being planted in the wetlands, especially in nyanza (rivers awachtende,kuja-migori,yala,awach kibuon), shoreline wetlands are also encroached-has the debate on eucalyptus, finally ended? is it clear now on the best way forward?
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2.2.4 Incentive schemes by Alfred Gichu-KFS
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Voluntary Carbon Markets
REDD+
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM)
Used as a mechanism to offset emission reduction targets in Annex 1 Parties.
Can also be used as a standard to develop projects for offsetting emissions in the voluntary market.
Only afforestation and reforestation activities on areas not under forest by 1990 are allowed.
Possibilities for small scale community based activities .
Rehabilitation of degraded sites in gazetted and trustland forests, agroforestry, riverine rehabilitation are possible areas for CDM activities.
Associated with high transaction costs and stringent eligibility criteria
VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKET
Less stringent procedures compared to CDM
More attractive to communities than CDM as the project costs are reduced
Benefits similar to CDM
Easier to develop as community based projects
A lot of interest in the country now within areas that are jointly managed by KFS and community Forest Associations.
REDD
Allows activities that reduce deforestation and forest degradation, forest management and conservation to participate as eligible activities in climate change mitigation
Will go into implementation after 2012
This program together with CDM allows sector wide activities to participate in CC mitigation
The policy frameworks and positive incentives are still under discussions .
Countries are being encouraged to undertake preparatory activities in readiness for its implementation
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2.2.5 CARBON TRADING INITIATIVES IN KENYA by Alfred Gichu-KFS
The GBM currently coordinating a carbon financed community based reforestation prog. (1,800 ha Mt Kenya/ Aberdares)
Farmers around Mt. Kenya and Laikipia District implementing carbon financed community based reforestation prog.
ESCONET involved in afforestation and reforestation activities in Kikuyu escarpment
KFS and partners supporting community afforestation prog of 500 ha in Kakamega forest
KFS is developing a consultative national strategy for REDD implementation
Development of a REDD project in Rukinga Wildlife sanctuary covering 30,000 ha
PLENARY QUESTION
Where is the desk office where communities are to send proposals to or where funding is to be secured/sourced
2.2.6 WHAT IS REDD by Patrick Kariuki-KFS
REDD an acronym for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation
A proposed CC mitigation process in the forest sector
Seeks to reduce current deforestation and forest degradation trends in tropical countries, conserve available carbon stocks and where possible increase them.
REDD is about addressing the key drivers of deforestation and the underlying causes
Both incentive based process and performance based.
Participatory and country driven.
International Framework
Derives mandate from COP 13, Bali, Indonesia
REDD must be part of a post-2012 agreement
Members affirmed the urgent need to take meaningful action to reduce emissions from DD
Support capacity-building, technical assistance and transfer of technology relating to technical and institutional needs of developing countries;
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Explore a range of actions, identify options and undertake demonstration activities; and
Mobilize resources to support the efforts.
The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility formed to build the capacity of developing countries to tap into any future system of positive incentives for REDD (Readiness Activities).
2.2.7 REDD IN KENYA by Kanyinke-consultant
Causes of deforestation in Kenya
Unsustainable utilization
expansion of agricultural land, settlement, and dev’t
Institutional failures (Weak governance ,capacity to enforce the law, forest management plans, PFM)
Poverty and inadequate resource mobilization
Forest fires and Overgrazing
Property rights in forest resources
Unsustainable charcoal production
Possible interventions
Strengthened forest and env’t sector governance
increased Afforestation and reforestation efforts
Preventing further forest fragmentation
Agric. Intensification to increase farm incomes
diversification and support to alternative livelihoods
energy efficiency, conservation , alternative energy sources
Promotion of nature based micro enterprises
Public education and awareness
Improvement on fire monitoring and management
efficiency in wood utilization
Readiness Activities
Readiness activities include
A national strategy for implementation with strategy options and the institutional and legal implementation framework,
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Development of an historical emission reference Scenario for greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from deforestation and/or forest degradation; and
A monitoring system to measure, report and verify (MRV) the effect of the REDD strategy on GHG emissions, livelihoods
Progress Made So Far
The country has embarked on a process of developing a REDD Readiness Package ( A strategy, an emission reference Scenario and a monitoring system to assess performance
Participation Agreement and a Grant Agreement with PC of the FCPF signed to support development of the Readiness activities.
Formulation of the REDD Preparation Proposal that will inform the framework for developing the Readiness activities has started. Refer to next slide
A multi-institutional consultative forum for discussions established.
A National REDD Technical Working Group established to coordinate activities leading to formulation of the packages.
A consultation and Participation Plan developed to engage communities.
Readiness Preparation Proposal
Summarizes the activities that would need to be undertaken to make the country 'ready' to participate in REDD. R-PP would propose work to be undertaken and funded to prepare the following core components of ‘REDD readiness’:
An assessment of the situation with respect to DD;
REDD strategy options that addresses the drivers of deforestation and degradation identified in the assessment above) and the REDD institutional and legal implementation framework necessary to realize these options;
A reference scenario for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from deforestation and/or forest degradation; and
A monitoring system to measure, report and verify (MRV) the effect of the REDD strategy on GHG emissions, livelihoods and biodiversity.
Kenya REDD+ Management structure
Kenya has established a functional multi stakeholder Technical Working Group (TWG)
The TWG is divided into three sub groups
o Consultation and Participation subgroup
o Methodology subgroup
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o Policy and Institutional Subgroup
A REDD+ secretariat exists within the KFS
Kenya is in the process of forming a national REDD+ steering committee
Key Tasks for Sub-Groups
Policy and Institutional Issues
o Development of national REDD Strategy, including identification of drivers of deforestation and degradation;
o Institutional dimensions of REDD: national, regional and local-level institutions; legal framework; governance dimensions, benefit-sharing mechanisms, land tenure, etc.
Methodology - Reference Scenario ,Monitoring, Reporting ,Verification system, Biomass estimation
Consultation and Participation - National dialogue, including participation of civil society and the private sector ,elaboration of a national consultation, participation and outreach plan; identification of participatory mechanisms.
Likely impacts
1. Positive impacts
o Environmental services
o Improved livelihoods
o Land rights
o Improved forestry governance
o Increased financial flows into the forestry sector
o Low carbon development
Negative impacts
o land tenure rights for forest communities
o Disruption of livelihoods/cultures
o Trade offs?
o Political trade offs
o Legal and institutional
o Economic
o Social
Roles and responsibilities
Active stakeholders and not passive beneficiaries.
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Roles and responsibilities in forest management and governance
Roles and responsibilities in Monitoring, Reporting and verification
Consultation and Participation
What are the burning issues?
Role of Traditional Knowledge Systems in governance, monitoring etc?
Effective lines of consultation/participation.?
Voluntary, encourage consensus building
Gender inclusive
Recognise rights to inclusion and deliberate inclusion of minority groups
A continuous process
Set up grievance and conflict resolution mechanisms
Enhance transparency accountability and respect
3.0 ANNEXES:- GROUP WORK
GROUP I REQUIRED TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION
“What are the main social considerations that REDD process must address?”
Responses:
Land tenure and food security
Employment
Income generation
Social equity access and benefit sharing
Gender issues
Intergenerational equity
Cultural values including crime
Literacy levels- disparity awareness and capacity building
Conflicts
governance structures within the communities
Sustainable forest management e.g. user rights
Development of relevant policies guidelines and practices
Health issues e.g. HIV/AIDs
Population dynamics e.g migration, population growth etc
Indigenous knowledge promotion
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Conversion of forest land
Illegal activities e.g. fires deforestation
Biodiversity enhanced conservation
Provision of environmental services e.g. water quality and quantity
Promotion of Agroforestry and farm forestry
Payment for environmental services (PES)
Poverty
GROUP II REQUIRED TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION
“Whom do you think are the key stakeholders in REDD implementation and what role can they play?”
Key stakeholders
Community /CFAs
KFS
Development partners
GOK- Ministry of environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of land, Ministry of water, Forest Wildlife, Ministry of Finacne,Kengen
Civil society
Farmers
Research institutions
Learning institutions
Local authorities
Private sector e.g. panpaper industry, tea industry,sugar induatry,Raiply and KPLC
Politicians
Churches/faith based organizations
Forest dwellers
Media
Ministry of Northern Kenya (ASAL)
PMs Office
Ministry of planning
Roles
Forest sector governance
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Forest protection
Reaforestation
Community/sensititization, forest adjacent, indigenous forest dwellers
Afforestation
Community mobilization
Data collection and analysis- research institutions
Provision of technical services- KFS, research institutions, development partners, GoK
Formulation and implementation of policies, (influence /implementation, GOK, civil society, KFS, CFAS)
Monitoring of stakeholders activities – KFS, GoK, CFAs, civil society
Land use planning- ministry of land, ministry of agriculture
Community and resource mobilization – civil society, faith based originations, politicians, KFS, CFAs, Development partners
Creating partnership at various levels- GOK Development partners, CFAs, civil society
GROUP III REQUIRED TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION
“What are the main causes of deforestation in the region and how can these be addressed?”
Responses
1. High demand of wood fuel in the fishing industry and households
Solution
Education and awareness
Own farm afforestation
Encourage use of alternative source of energy e.g solar cookers
Promotion of energy efficient jikos
Involving women in policy making concerning afforestation
2. Poor allocation of Resources for conservation
Solution
Lobby the government to allocate funds
Partnership with NGOs, private sector, community etc
3. Poverty and ignorance
Solution
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Empower the community to access existing funding opportunities (CDF, KKV, Youth fund, wome enterprise)
Education on entrepreneurship skills
Adoption of appropriate technology
4) Political interference
Solution
Pressure groups
Strengthen governance institutions
5) lack of conservation friendly land policy
Solution
Lobby for enactment of comprehensive land policies
6) High demand for timber, charcoal, firewood
Solution
Efficient conversion (raiply)
9) intergeneration change in value attached on trees
Solution
Cultural values
Indigenous knowledge
Other causes:
10) inadequate linkage between research and reality/ extension
11) natural disasters (localised)
12) forest fires
13) human displacement (refugee camps)
14)Greed-wealth considerations
15) Brick making
16) Poor governance
17) Lack of valuing forest resources(market failure)
18) overgrazing
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1b-4(3) Report on People’s consultation workshop – Mau. 30/3/2010
Introductions by participants and Opening remarks
Welcoming of participants
The chairman thanked all the participants for availing themselves despite their busy schedules. He informed them that this was a participatory workshop for all. The workshop is more on consultations and not teachings
Adoption of the time table
The Chairman took the members through the programme that was to guide them the whole day.
INCENTIVE SCHEMES IN CLIMATE CHANGE
The participants were taken through this session by Mr. Gichu.
The presentation highlighted three main incentives in forestry
Clean Development Mechanism
Voluntary Carbon Markets
REDD
1. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
CDM is a mechanism designed as part of the Kyoto Protocol. In Kenya is coordinated through NEMA.
The presenter talked about the some of the CDM benefits
Attract capital for projects
Provides a tool for technology transfer
Help define investment priorities in project that meet sustainable development goals
Sustainable ways of energy products
Increasing energy efficiency and conservation
Poverty alleviation
Project eligibility for CDM will be in areas that were not forested by 1990 and are likely to meet the CDM definition of afforestation and reforestation. The process supports those who do not protect or are conservation forests.
2. Voluntary Carbon Markets
They are less stringent procedures compared to CDM
More attractive to communities than CDM project
Benefits similar to CDM
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Easier to develop as a community
3. REDD
INTRODUCTION TO REDD by Kariuki and Kanyinke Sena.
REDD allow activities that reduce deforestration and degradation.
The participants were taken through the background of REDD. REDD came from UNFCC meeting in 1992 Indonesia. In this meeting the UNFCC agreed to tackle Climate Change through mitigation and adaptation.
In 1997 Kyoto protocol agreed that developed countries should pay for reduction of emission. UNFCC in Bali conference come up with REDD Plus.
37 countries agreed to the deal and Kenya was one of them. Our main task as Kenya is to find out what contributes to destruction of forests. We should also come up with way of measuring how much we contribute to carbon emission.
The participants were take through the following topics on REDD
Key causes
Possible interventions
International Framework
REDD Readiness
Progress so far
Key Tasks for Sub Group
Discussions
The participants wanted to know if China and America will reduce their emission as they contribute to 80 percent. And how is Kenya suppose to reduce and most of the industries are closed.
Response- Kenya will use technology that will deal with emission from the industry and will also plant more trees to help observe the carbon.
We are the GMOs era with the GHG what is the relations?
Genetically modified Organics: maize production has increased even without rains through this technology where the scientists are making seeds. However there are side effects and the agriculture sector is discussing this issue.
What is KFS doing regarding the issue of Prosopsis which has no benefit to the communities?
The answer will come from the group discussion.
Questions raised
What will we be paid by the polluter of the environment
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How shall we assist the grassroots to understand REDD so that REDD can succeed
Can seeds be provided for our nurseries because the communities are not getting seeds and are going to the forest to uproot seedlings and is this degradation
To maintain the forest landscape the Ogiek cultural values incorporates in the forest management, during establishment of plantations we very well know the colonial and 1st governments decided this without consultations, thus we now see the impacts on certain communities livelihoods , yet its in the community which is ordinarily they occupy and own, will they be given 1st priority.
Why has the government been issuing permits for logs and charcoal transportation while knowing that our forests have degraded from 12% to 1.7%
Ever since the communities have been sensitized about forest conservation and since the people are not able to access seeds, it has resulted into uprooting “saplings” thus degradation of the forest into the future can you assist in seeds acquisition
As a mitigation measure can you document issues on indigenous knowledge
What mitigation measures are there in place as a security to resource tenure
Taking into account the prosopis Juliflora issue around Lake Baring parts how will forest department and World Bank deal with this issue
What are the benefits of REDD to pastoralists communities especially those without forests
The ogiek community culture is related to certain tree and animal species and their destruction destroys their culture- what consideration will REDD give to the Ogiek
How will you help the communities without straining
If other communities are in the implementation level, why is it that it is now crating awareness
Are there areas in Kenya that area already participating in incentive programmes
What type of trees do VCM encourage communities to plant
What kind of trees should be planted in order to get rain
Way forward to prevent soil erosion in our country
How do property rights contribute to deforestation
Does VCM work with individuals
Has it ever occurred to Kenya Forest Service that the introduction of exotic trees is one of the major causes of climate change
That the forest cover at the onset of colonization was 30% and not 12% and further that destruction of forest cover amounts to historical injustice
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How can the REDD process be interpreted in simple and local language for the purpose of the community to understand
Which institution in Kenya coordinates REDD
Responses
The ministry of Environment and Natural resources coordinates climate change. REDD is a process lead by leaders in forest management and MENR delegated the responsibilities to KFS. MENR and NEMA are active participants in the TWG. Indigenous people have been invited in the TWG and Kenya has organized a workshop which is this for the indigenous groups. All other organizations are actively involved.
The small grant – under the facility. How will the communities benefit or individual benefit from grant or REDD
How has REDD been legalized in Kenya
How was Technical Working Group (TWA) and steering committee formed
How will the Kenyans living outside forest areas going to benefit from REDD given forest resources are national resources
Do you have programs for ToTs so that the grassroots can be reached and get informed
Has this process been able to identify the need to create awareness to our MPs especially pastoralists MPS
Some people would want to give out several acres of land to the REDD process what are the dangers
Observations
Ogiek are the best People for planting trees, so they should be employed in plating the important trees in these country
Forest stations have been vandalized and vacated, Kenya forest service should work on reviving these stations so that work can become easier in these regions
Big companies like Raiply Panpaper mills are the worst in destroying our environment
The number of representations should be increased in communities and civil society so that the confidence of donor community does not go down
The FAN is not representing the indigenous people properly
Group 3
The main social consideration that REDD process should address
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To ensure the involvement of the indigenous people in the management/employment
There will be no relocation of indigenous people in the REDD Area, instead it should respect IP land tenure
That the REDD should not interfere nor destroy the indigenous people economic support e.g bee keeping herbal medicine and livestock
Accessibility to important social cultural site e.g religious and ceremonial site
No planting of exotic trees species in water catchment areas and biological hot spots
Support the establishment of focal points where IPs can receive and share information of the general implementation of REDD e.g Narok, Nakuru Baringo etc
Staff establish and support social amenities e.g roads, schools, health, centres and micro enterprises
The REDD process should respect rights and attachments, leading to equitable benefits sharing
Group 2
Key stakeholders
The Kenya government through the KFS
Local authorities
Indigenous people/forest dwellers
Private sectors- water industry, flower industry, tea industry
UN and specialized agencies
Civil societies
Political and local leaders, religious and local leaders, women , youths
Timber industries
Roles
Government role:
- provide security
Formulation /implementation of policies
Should take in consideration declaration of UNDrip in formulation and implementation of policies
Facilitate an incentive schemes that rewards IPs for practicing Agroforestry in their lands
Indigenous communities
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Incorporating our IPs knowledge /traditional in government policies
To identify species areas for planting various species of indigenous trees
The community to be kept vigilant to ensure forest security
Active participation of IPs and especially IPs women
Ensuring gender participation
Embarrassing Agro-forests not only in the forest demarcated areas
Promoting reforestation by planting trees to reduce deforestation /degradation
To ensure safety in honey harvesting and other forest activities
The IPs to have the right Abs(financial, other benefit generics, social projects)
Roles of UN/specialized agencies
Fundraising
Joining partnerships
Role of the timber industry
Should there be any logging the communities should benefit
The areas where trees have been harvested the trees should be replaced/planted
Creation of jobs and engaging IPs in planting and trees management
Role of water industry..
Tea industry…
Flower industry…
Role of Civil societies
Advocating and empowering the communities on the current forest resource management and legal framework
Role of Leaders
Political – participate fully in policy making taking into considerations IPs links
Local leaders
Women
Youth
Religious
All of them should be included in the REDD process and participate actively
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Group 1
Question “What are the main causes of deforestation in the region. How can these be addressed”
Causes of DD
1. Excision for farming and settlement
Remedy
Acquire land for landless from big land owners
Proper urban planning to prevent spill over of informal settlement in agricultural land
Develop and enact legislature act to support the land policy
Strengthening forest governance in enforcing forest Act 2005
Enhance food security by proving good farming techniques and inputs providing irrigation and avoid rainfed agriculture
2. Charcoal burning /firewood
Remedy
Enhance alternative energy sources e.g biogas, windmill and solar energy
Develop and regulate policy guidelines on charcoal burning
Develop energy saving stoves/jikos
Tackle poverty and unemployment
3. Spontaneous fires
Remedy
Develop a fire prevention policy
Training communities on fire management
4. Overgrazing
Remedy
controlled grazing
Reduce stock
5. Other
Remedy
Increase community policy
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Increase forest range package
Public education and awareness to local communities
Promote Agroforestry
Strictly enforcing the forest Act 2005
Multi-nationals should be encouraged to plant trees
Innovation to reduce over reliance on timber and timber products
6. Poverty
Remedy
Explore alternative sources of income I,e
Micro-finance
Education facilities
Tackle unemployment
Social welfare/activities
7. Breakdown of traditional forest management practices
Remedy
Communities assisted to revert back to traditional forest management practices and improve inter-generational learning process
8. Poor governance
Retrain foresters
Strengthen governance structures e.g CFSs , FCCs etc
Improve infrastructure round the forest
Allocate more funds
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1b-4(4) Report on regional stakeholders forum for indigenous people held at Mau. 31st March 2010
Welcome note given by Mr. Gichu who stressed on tree planting as a back up for this workshop. He requested the chairman to take the participants through the workshop programme.
Mr. Gichu welcomed the participants to the meeting:
Mr. Kariuki took the participants through introductions and workshop objectives
The participants were drawn from Mau conservancy i.e Nakuru, Koibatek, Kericho , Narok and Transmara.
WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES
Opening remarks from the assistant Head of Conservancy
He welcomed and thanked all participants for attending the workshop. He said Mau is more affected by climate change. Most of the economic sectors are affected and forest plays a major role in climate change. Its our mandate see forests are restored. When we talk of deforestation we realize some tree species have disappeared. In the new forest act we have changed the way we operate. Communities are now more involved in forest conservation we have been able to define the roles of all stakeholder and the process is still on going.
As we embrace the concept of REDD we should be able to deal with the underlying caused in forest destructions in Mau. We should stop the blame game on destruction. We need to work together to restore Mau.
Kenya is an agricultural country, so we need to tackle the issue of climate change.
Presentation on the mechanism of forestry CDM projects
Question
If you have planted less than one hectare of trees will it be legible for CDM
Response
No- it has to be above one hectare of land. A tree will be 5 meters at maturity. In the CDM a tree will be 2 meters minimal for it to be legible for CDM
Question
Farmers have been planting trees along borders- will it be eligible for CDM , Yes even if it’s a single line, however the project concentrates in group projects as opposed to individual farmers
The carbon stocks generated by project need to be secure over the long period of time almost permanent( over 20 years)
Questions and answers
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Q: How will the money flow come to individuals participating in REDD – the national strategy will define the procedure of how this money will flow back to individuals (national REDD Management framework)
A: There are 37 countries participating in the REDD proposal. 14 developed countries have put money in a basket through World Bank. REDD implementation will begin in 2013- at the moment we are in the process of developing proposals. As a country we are still preparing a proposal to access the funds.
Definition of a tree
A tree is a plant with a definite trunk )FAO is still discussing the definition
Most botanists define tree as woody plats having a single stem and growing at least 10 feet tall
Is bamboo a tree or grass
Q: Are plants like bougainvillea with big stems tree
A: According to CDM we are talking of the height of a tree which should be 2m. it depends on a particular forest, but it should not be a shrub. There was a suggestion that we should all give out definitions of a tree
Q: What is REDD structure
A:Refer to the TWG structure which explains the REDD. It stated with consultative forums spearheaded by Ministry of environment specifically NEMA. KFS is a focal point at the moment. The Director KFS invited all the ministries and civil societies who have clear objective in environment to constitute a technical working group. There is still a steering committee to be formed. It is important to have a consultative group at a lower level in as much as we have one at the higher level. This is what we are doing now.
Q: What is the present GoK position on the eucalyptus spp considering the Minister of Environment statements on Eucalyptus
A: Eucalyptus tree has generated a lot of debate in the country; KFS has done a research on the same in Transmara where rivers have not dried up.
KFS has provided guidelines and the same guidelines would provide with information on where to grow and under different conditions
This tree has served all fuel wood purposes, plant eucalyptus in separate areas and don’t do it along the borders where crops are planted. There would have been serious landslides in Kisii if it were not for the Eucalyptus
Q: What are the effects of green house gases on climate change
A: There are six greenhouse gases, -carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, sulphure Hexaflouride. (SF6), Hydroflorocarbon (HCF6), Perflorocarbon, 75% is caused by carbon dioxide, the green houses gases form a layer in the upper atmosphere such that when the rays of the sun are emitted the greenhouse gases cause the rays not to reach the earth service and a lot of heat is generated. Because of the greenhouse gases the rays
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are trapped causing global warming. The global warming is responsible for climate change. Carbon dioxide is most common gas.
Q: Carbon absorption which species does best the indigenous or exotic
A: The faster a tree grows the more carbon it absorbs from the atmosphere, blue gum is the best in terms of absorption of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Q: Which areas are more affected low lands or highlands in terms of climate change
A: Areas with minimal rainfall (the savannas) will be worse affected than areas receiving more than 2000 mm.
Group 2
Question for discussion: “ Whom do you think are the key stakeholders in REDD and what role can they play”
Definition of red
R- Reducing
E- Emission
D- Deforestation
D- Forest degradation
Sustainable forest management
Increasing forest cover
Key stakeholder their roles
KFS policy formulation and enforcement
Fire management and control
Sensitization of communities
NEMA assesses and audit environmental impacts
Land owner (farmer) ensure sustainable land use
Implementation of formulated policies
Min of agriculture and livestock provision of extension services for sustainable land use
Policy formulation and implementation
Coordination of farming /rearing activities
Provincial administration mobilization of communities and security
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Policy enforcement
Civil society (CBOs, NGOs, CFAs( Policy advocacy and sensitization
Conflict resolution
Min of finance provision of financial support, monitoring and evaluation of activities
Min of local government financial support to afforestation activities, e.g licensing and monitoring
Min of water formulation of WRUA policies
Min of gender and social services mobilization of youth and women groups
Gender sensitization
Ensure gender balance governance
Sponsors /donors for financial support and capacity building
To ensure sustainable and effective REDD implementation there is need for effective transparency accountability and efficient collaboration among the stakeholders -with clear sharing of information flow, and with clear action plans and implementation time -frame
Group3
Social consideration to be considered by REDD
Positive aspects
Encourage natural economic practices e.g beekeeping, herbal medicine
Sensitize the community on the wise use of the forest resources
Research on other cheaper alternative sources of energy that is efficient and environment friendly
Respect peoples culture and enhance their cultural knowledge
Involve the community in the participatory process so as to cultivate sense of ownership
Negative aspects
Allow community members to continue collecting firewood
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Provide access to charcoal or give alternative source of livelihood
Give assurance and build trust among the community members for them to be responsible
Recommendations:
If there has to be relocation it must be legal and with consent
Employ the local people to protect the forest and guard against the intruders (outsiders)
Create awareness and empower the community to completely own the process
Avoid bad politics
Full implementation of the Forest Act
Group 1
Causes of deforestation and their remedy
1) Encroachment of forest for agricultural use
Remedy:
Promote agro-forestry
Control of forest excision
Enlighten community on importance of conserving forest
2) Cutting trees for domestic use (fuel)
Remedy
promote alternative use energy e.g biogas, energy saving jikos, brickets
3) Logging for commercial use e.g timber , wood carvings, herbal use etc
Remedy
Enlighten the herbsman on proper ways of extracting their products without destroying the main trees
Stringent measures to be taken against illegal loggers
Lifting of the ban of plantation logging
4) Overgrazing
Remedy
Introducing of few but productive breed
Improve pasture managements e.g hay puddocking
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5) Charcoal burning
Remedy
Proper regulation of charcoal production
Introduction of kilns
Promote alternative use of energy e.g biogas
Introduction of woodlots in shambas
6) Fire outbreaks
Remedy
Community awareness creation
Quick response to fire outbreaks and fire management
7) Drought due to climate change
Remedy
Increase of tree cover
8) Infrastructure e.g roads electricity
Remedy
Proper planning
8) Corruption ; greed
Impunity i.e remove impunity
Proper land policy
Improve moral attitude
Create political goodwill
Provincial Director of Agriculture Rift Valley- Mr. Ochieng
The Ministry of agriculture has been vey encouraged by the farmers.
Out of the concerns raised in degradation of land and a policy was raised to engage on farm forestry to enlighten the farmers and stakeholders to engage on tree improvement. As a province we have taken this initiative very seriously and that is why he was present today.
There are able personnel in the district covering district up to locational levels. There is importance of joining hands with KFS to ensure that the farmers and
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communities in general engage in farming in general. We sent a circular to all farmers to engage the communities and stakeholders in tree planting in whatever activities they have. Trees have been planted e.g over 3000 trees in Tranzoia east, kwanza about 6000. This is not going to end at district level but cascade this activity to location levels. Min of agriculture will take lead and will ensure that trees are planted fully to increase the forest cover. Plant trees within the farm and those compatible with general agricultural practices to solve the problem of climate change. He has done 1000 tree seeddlings1000 year old and this has totally changed the environment in this place, no soil erosion is taking place. Environmental issues should not be taken as a ministry affair. Mangoes are also trees by definition and should also be encouraged to plant.
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1b-5: REDD+ Brochure for Kenya
Brochure available at
http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Feb2010/Kenya_MAGAZINE_REDD%2B.pdf
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1b-6. KFS REDD+ Website Screenshot
277 Hits registered by April 19th, 2010 on the general Information ad Events page:
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In addition, the REDD+ brochure, the R-PP template, and the Outline of the C&P I plan are all linked here.
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Component 2 (Prepare the REDD Strategy)
2a. Assessment of Land Use, Forest Policy and Governance
Annex 2a-1: Forest Sector Background Paper
‘Assessment of land use and forest policy and governance in the forest sector in Kenya’
Table of Contents
Introduction ....................................................................................... 57
The context ........................................................................................ 57
Current status of forests in Kenya ................................................................................ 57
Forest sector Governance, policy and institutional context ................................................. 62
Underlying causes of deforestation and degradation (drivers of change) ............ 67
Governance drivers ................................................................................................. 69
Policy drivers ......................................................................................................... 71
Economic drivers: ................................................................................................... 72
Technology drivers .................................................................................................. 74
Other drivers ......................................................................................................... 74
Summary of the main drivers of deforestation and degradation ............................................ 75
Analysis of measures to address deforestation and forest degradation ............... 75
Recent policies and strategies to address deforestation and forest degradation ......................... 75
Impact of other on-going GoK policies and programs ......................................................... 77
Lessons learned that can guide REDD+ strategies ......................................... 77
Major knowledge gaps ........................................................................... 78
Consultation on the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and lessons learned ............................................................................................. 81
References ......................................................................................... 81
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Introduction The purpose of this paper is to provide background information on the status of the forest resources in Kenya, describe the policy environment and challenges in the sector, and describe the trends in forest degradation, deforestation, and enhancement (afforestation/reforestation) in the past. The drivers of forest degradation, destruction, and enhancement are discussed and past efforts to address the drivers are analyzed. The lessons learned from past experience provide a basis for identifying promising REDD+ strategies.
The paper has been developed through a broad based consultative process involving a series of discussions by the technical REDD+ working group representing various institutions and organizations within Kenya, regional consultative meetings with stakeholders around the country, interviews with key stakeholders in the sector, and a review of existing literature
The context
Current status of forests in Kenya
Over 80% of the land area of Kenya consists of arid and semi arid lands (ASALs) where population density is low and livelihoods are mainly based on livestock. Woody vegetation in those areas is sparse and consists of dry bush and open wooded grassland. Most of the rural population lives in the remaining 20% where rainfall is higher and soils are suited to agriculture and this is also the area where most of the closed canopy forest occurs. Only about 12% of the land area is climatically suited to closed canopy forest. At present closed canopy forest occurs on just 2% of the land are due to progressive clearance for agriculture. Much of this area is protected, either as Forest Reserves managed by the Kenya Forest Service (KFS), or as National Parks managed by Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), or as trust land forests managed by Local Authorities.
The map below is an extract from the Global Forest Cover map produced as part of FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000
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In addition to the indigenous forests, there are approximately 107,000 ha of publicly owned industrial plantation forests under the management of KFS and an estimated 90,000 ha of private industrial plantations and fuelwood plantations serving mainly the tea industry. Plantations are located mainly in the higher elevations, and in many cases were planted as buffers surrounding indigenous forest reserves that were conserved for their water catchment and biodiversity values. The plantations are located in areas with high agricultural potential with high rainfall and fertile volcanic soils, where rural population densities are high.
The Government industrial plantations under management of KFS consist of mainly of Cupressus lusitanica and Pinus patula. They are degraded and slow-growing due to under-management and the area has been progressively reducing due to failure to replant after clear-felling or conversion to agriculture. Private plantations on the other hand are generally well managed and although their size is expanding, the extent is still small compared to government plantations.
Table 1. Areas of forest in Kenya and rate of change since 1990
Category of forest resource (using FAO definitions)2
Area (‘000 Ha) Annual change 1990 to 2010 (‘000 Ha)
1990 2000 2005 2010
2 FAO definitions used in table 1:
Indigenous Forests: A group of trees whose crowns are largely contiguous and include the ecosystem that makes it up and a tree canopy cover of over 10% and the canopy is essentially of indigenous tree species growing under natural conditions and excludes planted indigenous plantation forests. The forest is delineated through legal gazzetment. The area includes Mangroves and bamboo ecosystems.
Plantation forests: All areas of systematically planted, man-managed tree resource composed of primarily exotic species. Categories include both young and mature plantations that have been established for commercial timber production. It includes clear felled areas within plantations and excludes all plantations of non-timber such as tea and coffee. It includes associated land cover/use such as roads, fire-breaks and building infrastructure if they are too small to be clearly mapped off the satellite imagery.
Open woodlands: Land classified as forest with trees higher than 5 metres and canopy cover of between 10% – 40% or trees able to reach these threshold in situ or with a combined cover of shrubs bushes and trees above 10%. (It does not include land that is predominantly agricultural or urban land use.
Bush lands: Communities typically composed of tall, woody self supporting single and multi-stemmed plants branching at or near ground with in most cases no clearly definable structure. Total canopy cover >10% with canopy height between 2-5M
Farms with trees: Trees found on privately owned farmlands
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Indigenous closed Canopy Forest
1240 1190 1 165 1140 ‐5
Indigenous Mangroves 80 80 80 80 0
Open woodlands 2150 2100 2075 2050 ‐5
Public Plantation Forests 170 134 119 107 ‐3.15
Private Plantation forests 68 78 83 90 +1.1
Sub‐total Forest land (total of above categories)
3708 3582 2357 3467 ‐12.05
Bush‐land 24800 24635 24570 24510 ‐14.5
Farms with Trees 9420 10020 10320 10385 +48.25
Total Area of Kenya 58037 58037 58037 58037 0
Source: FAO Forest Resource Assessment 2010. Country Report for Kenya.
Table 1 shows the data currently available on the status of the forest resources in Kenya as reported in the FAO Forest Resources Assessment Country Reports for Kenya 2005 and 2010 (draft). The data however are based on old information from the Kenya Forest Master Plan 1994 (KFMP 1994) and the projections made at that time. The data should therefore be regarded as tentative estimates and more up to data information is urgently required for planning.
Table 1 shows an annual reduction in 12,050 ha forest land in the period 1990-2010. The Indigenous closed canopy category and the Open Woodlands categories both reduced by 5,000 ha per year. This was due mainly to conversion of forest to agriculture. The state owned industrial plantations reduced by 3,150 ha per year partly due to conversion to agriculture and partly to failure to reforest after clearfelling. Forest fires also had a role in destruction of forests during this period (discussed further below). Private plantations have increased during the period. Bush-land has decreased in area by 14,500 ha per year due mainly to clearance for agriculture ha. The area of “Farms with trees” has increased annually by 48,500 ha as agriculture has expanded due to conversion of forest areas to agriculture, and due to the positive impact of farm forestry extension efforts of the past two decades which have encouraged on-farm tree planting.
Degradation of forests over the period 1990 to 2010 is an important factor which is not reflected in the above figures on forest areas. The remaining indigenous forests managed by KFS and KWS have been degraded by decades of illegal logging of valuable timber trees resulting in reduced carbon stock and biodiversity value. Public plantations have been degraded through inappropriate silviculture or neglect resulting in reduced carbon stocks. Trustland forests under the control of local authorities continue to be degraded through over exploitation for timber, poles, charcoal and fuel wood, and through unregulated grazing.
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Estimates of carbon in Kenyan forests are provided in the FAO Forest Resource Assessment report for Kenya (FAO 2010). FAO estimates an average of 110.76 metric tonnes per ha in above-ground carbon and 26.59 tonnes of C in below-ground biomass or approximately 137 tonnes of carbon per ha. The annual loss of 12,000 ha of forest therefore results in a loss of approximately 1.6 million tons of carbon per year. Carbon losses from “Other Woodlands” (i.e. trees in grasslands and bushland) amount to 406 thousand metric tonnes of C, assuming annual loss of 33,500 ha of Other Woodland and assuming above-ground biomass of 9.77 metric tonnes of C per ha and 2.34 tonnes C in below ground biomass.
Table 3 Carbon stock in “forest” and “other woodland” categories
Source: FAO Forest Resource Assessment 2010. Country Report for Kenya.
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Figure 1. Location of gazetted Forest Reserves managed by KFS.
Role and importance of forests to the economy
Kenya’s forest resources are of immense importance for the environmental and ecosystem services they provide, for their contribution to economic development, for their contribution to rural livelihoods. The contribution of forests in water catchments is critical to Kenya’s rural and urban water supplies, and approximately 70% of power is hydro generated. Much of Kenya’s biodiversity and wildlife resources depend on forests, woodlands and bushland forest, and are a major factor in attracting tourism. A large rural population depends on woodland and bush resources to provide firewood, charcoal and other forest products which are critical to rural livelihoods.
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The plantation resources make a substantial contribution to economic development in Kenya and are potentially a resource for economic development in the wider region. It was estimated that in the mid 1990s the sawmilling industry provided 30,000 direct jobs and 300,000 indirect jobs. In 2007, the forest sector was estimated to contribute about 1% to GDP (Ksh 16.4 billion) to the economy, and that more than 10% of households living within 5 kms from forest reserves depend on them for subsistence resources (FAO, 2007).
Forest sector Governance, policy and institutional context
Forest Policy and legislation
Both the Forest Policy and Forests Act have recently been revised and updated and together provide a new framework for forestry governance in Kenya. The new policy is still in draft form although the revised Forests Act 2005 has been passed by parliament and came into force in 2007. The new framework is the result of almost two decades of planning and consultation and paves the way for a new era in Kenya forestry.
The draft policy is driven by the following factors:
The importance of forests to the national economy
The need to address deficiencies including inadequate financial resources and the lack of an enabling policy and legislation
Recognition that increasing population and poverty continue to exert pressure on the country’s forest resources
Recognition that Kenya is a low forest cover country by international standards and that it aims to attain at least 10% forest cover within the next decade.
The key elements of the new policy and legislation are:
A greatly enhanced role for communities through Community Forest Associations and other mechanisms
A focus on livelihoods and sharing benefits from forests more equitably
Forest management planning that is guided by professionalism, is science based, and uses an eco-system approach.
Appropriate incentives to promote sustainable use and management of forest resources.
Establishment of semi-autonomous Kenya Forest Service as a new institution to replace the Forest Department with an expanded mandate in the management of all types of forests.
Promotion of commercial tree growing
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Excision of gazetted forests will require EIA and parliamentary approval
Management plans are required for all major forest ecosystems
Establishment of a Forest Management and Conservation Fund
Payments for ecosystem services
Commitments to Sustainable Forest Management
Commitment to environment role of forests including water values, biodiversity values, climate change values
The new Act became operational in 2007. The subsidiary legislation and the operating rules and regulations required to implement the new Act effectively are currently at various stages of development. Four sets of regulations have been gazetted to date - the Farm forestry rules, Participation in forest Management rules, Forest charcoal regulations, and Forest harvesting rules.15 further sets of regulations or subsidiary legislation remain to be developed.
Other national laws and regulations impacting on forest resources in Kenya are as follows:
(a) The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (EMCA), 1999. This act provides a framework for environmental and social development, harmonises the various sector specific legislation impacting on environment and the management of natural resources.
(b) The Water Act, 2002. The Act provides for regulation of riverine forests, catchment forests, and protection of wells and springs in the forest and supports the user pays principle (for water benefits) and therefore opens opportunities for catchment forest management and conservation by forest communities, and revenue generation through payments for ecosystem services.
(c) The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act, Cap 376, Date? Wildlife resources occurring in forests are covered by the act and therefore it has implications for forest sector.
(d)The Agriculture Act, Cap 318. The Act’s relevance for forests is that it regulates destruction of vegetation for agricultural expansion that is one of the main drivers of forest degradation and destruction, and therefore can complement the forests act.
(e) The Antiques and Monuments Act, Cap 215. Has implications for coastal Kaya forests3.
(f) The Local Government Act, Cap 265. Substantial areas of forest are under the Local Councils in trust lands and the Act empowers County Councils to make by-laws to control cutting of timber, destruction of trees and shrubs and afforestation.
(g)The Fisheries Act, Cap 378. The Act has implications for coastal mangrove forests.
3 Kaya forests are forests regarded as sacred by coastal peoples where traditional rites are practiced
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(h) Trust Land Act (?)
Other national and international commitments and plans which have an impact on the forest governance framework are the international conventions signed by GoK and a number of broader national level plans and strategies. The relevant international conventions are the CBD, CITES, UNFCCC, and UNCCD. The relevant national strategies are the Vision 2030, Climate Change strategy, The Arid and Semi Arid Lands policy, the Livestock Development policy, Charcoal policy. The relevance of these strategies are discussed below.
Institutional arrangements in the forestry sector
A significant change introduced by the new Forests Act 2005 was the creation of a new institution, the Kenya Forest Service (KFS) as the institution responsible for the forestry sector. Under the new Act, the KFS is a “body corporate” under the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife that reports to a Board. The Board is drawn from a wide base and about half of its membership consists of ex-officio members with the remainder appointed by the Minister responsible for Forests. The ex-officio members are the Permanent Secretaries of the Ministries responsible for Forestry, Water, Finance and Local Government; the Directors of KFS, KWS, KEFRI and NEMA. The members directly appointed by the Minister are eight other persons representing forest industry, forest communities, law enforcement, Kenya Forestry Society, environment related NGOs, forestry education and research, and conservation. The KFS became operational in 2007. The organizational structure is devolved to Conservancies (Figure 2)
The KFS has a broad mandate that includes regulation of the sector, management of natural and plantation forests, protection of forests and forestry extension. Currently KFS manages most of the reserved forests but under the new Act can devolve its forest management functions to communities, private companies, individuals or other entities through concessions or other arrangements. Significant areas of gazetted forests are currently under the management of Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and Local Councils.
Capacity within institutions in the Kenyan forest sector
Technical competence within the forestry sector in Kenya is high due to a long history in forestry and well established institutions offering technical forestry education. Moi and Kenyatta Universities offer degree courses in forestry, and The Forestry College at Londiani offers certificate and diploma courses. There is a large number of trained foresters working both in the technical forestry institutions such as KFS and Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) and in civil society organizations who have an interest in forests and natural resources management.
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Capacity of civil society organizations working in the forestry sector in Kenya is strong and is a valuable resource for implementation of potential RPP activities. Civil Society is effectively engaged with the forestry sector through several well established and highly competent local organizations such as Forest Action Network (FAN), Kenya Forest Working Group (KFWG), Nature Kenya, The National Alliance of Community Forest Associations, the Greenbelt Movement, and the local offices of WWF and IUCN. Those organizations played a strong advocacy role on behalf of forest sector stakeholders during the late 1990s when there were serious public concerns about increasing forest destruction and its negative environmental impacts. At that time KFWG, FAN and the Forestry Department together prepared the Forests Bill (2000) which for the first time placed strong emphasis on Community Participation in the future of forest management.
The timber processing sector is represented by the Timber Manufacturers Association. Capacity in timber processing industry has declined dramatically over the past two decades with most of the larger sawmills closing down. A logging ban in state plantations has been in place for the past 10 years which starved the industry of raw material and drove many of the larger sawmills out of business. In the 1990s, poor governance by FD weakened the existing industry by starving the larger millers of timber while allocating roundwood resources to middlemen or small sawmillers. This resulted in a temporary proliferation of inefficient small mills and closing down of
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larger more efficient mills. At present, the capacity in the timber processing industry is weak and most sawn wood is imported from Tanzania or Malawi.
Tenure and ownership of forests
Table 4 shows most forest is either in public ownership (mainly managed by KFS and KWS) or owned by local communities (managed in trust lands by Local Authorities). Public and community forest lands have declined in area since 1990 mainly due to excision while private forestry is increasing due to increased private sector interest in commercial planting and to expansion of farm forestry.
Private forests are the responsibility of the owners and are not subject to KFS interference except in a case where the forest is mismanaged in which case it can be declared a provisional forest and becomes subject to regulation. Trees on private farms are not subject to state regulation. Local Authority forests are not regulated by the KFS unless requested to do so by a Local Authority.
Table 4 Categories of Forest ownership in Kenya
Categories of ownership Forest area (1000 hectares)
1990 2000 2005 2010
Public ownership 1,490 1 404 1 364 1 364
Private ownership 2,218 2 178 2 158 2103
...of which owned by individuals 1 2 5 10
...of which owned by private business entities and institutions
67 76 78 80
...of which owned by local communities (includes trustland forests managed by Local Authorities)
2 150 2 100 2 075 2013
...of which owned by indigenous / tribal communities
Other types of ownership
TOTAL 3,708 3,582 3,522 3,467
Source: FAO Forest Resource Assessment 2010. Country Report for Kenya.
The role of communities
Communities have traditionally exercised rights of access to resources in forests and these rights have been strengthened in the new Forests Act and Policy. The new provisions are aimed at improving livelihoods providing increasing the direct benefits from forests to local communities and thereby reduce the pressure to convert forests to agriculture. The new measures make provision for involvement of communities in forest management and more equitable sharing of benefits
One of the mechanisms for community empowerment and benefit sharing is through the Community Forest Associations (CFAs), which are a new concept introduced to implement the provisions of the new Act. KFS can devolve management of forest
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areas to CFAs under certain conditions. CFA members need training and other forms of capacity building to operate effectively. However few CFAs have been set up to date, and progress is slow although KFS has plans in place to get the process underway. The subsidiary legislation community participation have recently been gazetted (GoK 2010).
Access to forest resources, participation in forest management and benefit sharing arrangements between communities and KFS are elaborated in the subsidiary legislation. Benefits include access to firewood and other resources in natural forests and participation in non resident cultivation (through the taungya system) in plantations. The recent finalisation of the subsidiary legislation in this regard provides the basis for rapid progress in operationalising these provisions. Community expectations are high and there is potential for conflict over issues such as sharing revenue from timber sales or revenue from payments for ecosystem services.
Private sector involvement
On-farm tree planting has gained momentum in recent years as a result of agroforestry extension efforts over the past two decades and this is set to increase with efforts to achieve the National Plan (Vision 2030) target of 10% of land area covered in trees.
Wood processing is primarily a private sector activity and in recent years a number of saw-millers have established fast-growing plantations as a means of securing future timber supplies.
Sawmillers and other private companies have expressed interest in taking concessions on state plantations as this is now permitted through the 2005 Forests Act and elaborated in the recently gazetted subsidiary legislation (GOK 2010). No concession arrangements have been agreed to date but the subsidiary legislation now provides the basis for progress in this regard and it is possible that significant areas of state plantations will be transferred to private sector management in the future.
Significant areas of plantation forest have been established by the tea industry for use as fuelwood in drying and processing tea. The plantations are mainly fast growing eucalyptus managed on short rotations. The extent of these plantations is not known but the total area of private plantations is estimated in the FAO FRA 2010 report at 90,000 ha but this is a tentative figure.
Underlying causes of deforestation and degradation (drivers of change) A detailed list of drivers of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation is provided below. The list was generated in a series of meetings of the Policy subgroup of the REDD+ Technical Working Group, and is based on a review of reports of several previous analyses of drivers of deforestation carried out over the past decade and on the experience of the members of the working group and builds on the list of drivers described in the R-PIN. The drivers are grouped into six categories – governance
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drivers, policy drivers, economic drivers, technology drivers, cultural drivers and others. They are discussed individually in the following sub-sections.
Table 2. Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation
GOVERNANCE DRIVERS Poor governance, incl weak institutions, corruption, illegal logging, weak law enforcement.
Weak community participation in forest management
Inadequate benefit sharing from forest resources (including revenue sharing)
Local authorities do not value their forests
Communal land systems ‐ lack of private ownership of the resources/land
Unclear tenure and access to forest resources (e.g. Local Authority forests )
De‐gazetting forest lands (Note this was an important driver of deforestation in the past although it is now addressed through the Forest Act)
POLICY DRIVERS: Allowing grazing in forest reserves during droughts causes degradation ‐
Agricultural policies urging farmers to produce more cash crops for export
Banning Taungya system has slowed reforestation
The focus on gazetted forests has led to reduced attention on dry land woodlands and other types of forests including coast and riparian forests.
Bad administration of the Taungya system
Harvesting ban in plantation forests
OTHER GOK POLICIES Inadequate of integration of the forest sector into the economy and national accounting
ECONOMIC DRIVERS: Poverty (broad issue ‐ focus on livelihoods)
Reliance on charcoal fuel / Unsustainable charcoal production/large urban market for charcoal fuel
High prices for agricultural products
Subsidies/Incentives‐ tax exemption for fertilizers, for farming tractors (this driver is similar to high prices for agric above…incorporate in above)
Fixing timber prices at too low levels
Population pressures causing clearing (Competing land uses), including agricultural expansion
Conversion of coastal forest to other uses
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS: Lack of security of supply of timber to the sawmilling industry (low investment in timber processing technology, poor timber conversion
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ratios)
Lack of knowledge and use of appropriate technology in tree growing, and nurseries production
Lack of knowledge by the population about impacts of deforestation.
Lack of knowledge on tree planting and lack of access to information (ref. Uganda success in tree planting partly due to provision of good extension information)
Improved saw milling technology
CULTURAL DRIVERS: The cultural urge to own land
OTHER CAUSES: (anthropogenic)
Fires used in agric clearing, inadequate capacity to manage fires
Wildlife damage (elephants and other)
Droughts
Governance drivers
Poor governance, including weak institutions, corruption, illegal logging, weak law enforcement
Weak governance in public administration in general and in the forest sector in particular is regarded as a key driver of deforestation and degradation in Kenya and is linked to many of the other underlying causes. Since the mid 1980s the strength of the Forest Department has declined. Political interference in forest administration increased, government funding declined, law enforcement declined, and staff morale declined. During this period, silvicultural treatments were reduced, and a substantial backlog of areas to be reforested increased. During this period also, substantial areas of gazetted forest reserves were excised and converted to agriculture. The timber processing industry declined as roundwood supplies from plantations dried up.
The reforms of the policy and forests act were aimed at addressing these weaknesses and improving governance in the forest sector.
Weak community participation in forest management
Until the recent policy and legislative reforms, forest dependent communities had little or no role in management of forests and were often excluded entirely. The new arrangements enable communities to be fully involved and it is expected that this will lead to better management and protection of forest resources. Little progress has been made to date in operationalising the new provisions and opportunities exist for supporting this through REDD+.
Inadequate benefit sharing from forest resources (including revenue sharing)
When communities benefit little from the forests, they place little value on the resource and the incentive to protect and conserve the resource is less. In the past,
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communities were often excluded from forests entirely and derived no direct benefits. The new draft policy recognizes the important role that forests play in livelihoods and protects the traditional interests of communities to user rights for resources such as water, medicinal herbs, honey, fuel wood, construction material and fodder.
Forest adjacent communities have lobbied for revenue sharing from plantations and although this is not specifically provided for in the Act, it is also not excluded. Lack of revenue sharing is regarded as an important aspect of this driver of forest degradation and destruction.
Local authority forests on trust lands are degraded and poorly managed
An estimated 100,000 ha4 of forest occurs in trust lands managed by Local Councils. Generally the forests are degraded or totally destroyed by unregulated exploitation or encroachment for agriculture. Forestry is a low priority issue for councils and they do not have the technical capacity to manage the forests. Trust lands are regarded as common property by local people and consequently the forest resource is exploited without regard for sustainability.
The new forest governance procedures have attempted to address this weakness by requiring Local Councils to develop management plans and to manage their forests sustainably. Under the Act, if a Local Authority forest is not being properly managed it can be declared a “provisional forest” by KFS whereupon it receives technical and management support from KFS until such time as it is well managed whereupon jurisdiction is returned to the Local Council.
These procedures introduced by the new Act have not been operationalised as yet and provide an opportunity for action under REDD+ as carbon stock in Local Authority forests can be substantially increased through better management. In addition, the trust land forests (held in trust for communities by Local Councils) provide an opportunity for engagement of communities in forest management and for increasing the livelihood benefits of those forests.
De‐gazetting (or excisions) of forest lands
A major cause of the reduction in the forest estate in the 1990s and early 2000’s was through de-gazetting of forest reserves (i.e. change of status from protected to non- protected), usually for agriculture or settlement. Many excisions were done to legalise agricultural encroachments and settlement that had already occurred but during the 1990’s the pace of excision increased and were often motivated by individual political interests or private gain and were not in the public interest. A survey in 1999 found that over 55,700 hectares of forests in the East and West of the Rift Valley were either excised or proposed for excision between 1994 and 19995, and in 2001 the government excised a total 67,000 hectares in the period leading up to national elections.
4 Wass 1996
5 Njuguna P., Mbegera M, Mbithi D, 1999. Reconnaissance survey of forest blocks in west and east of Rift Valley. Permanent Presidential Commission on Soil and Afforestation.
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The new Forests Act has successfully addressed this driver by introducing new legal requirements for excisions. Under the new Act, protection of gazetted forests is greatly strengthened. Any variation of forest boundaries requires approval by the local forest conservation committee, KFS and of parliament. It also requires public consultation, an independent EIA, and the loss of forest must not prejudice biodiversity conservation. In the past, the only legal requirement was the publication of a gazette notice 28 days prior to excision, during which time objections could be submitted in writing, but there was no legally defined procedure for dealing with objections and consequently objections had no impact.
The new measures have worked well and no excisions have taken place since the Act came into force in 2007.
Policy drivers
Allowing grazing in forest reserves during droughts
The practice of permitting grazing in forest reserves during drought periods degrades the forest by destroying the undergrowth and preventing regeneration of young trees. However it does contribute substantially to livelihoods and is a vital safety net for pastoralists. There are opportunities for developing forest management systems through REDD+ that incorporate provision for grazing, thereby increasing the potential carbon stock while providing important livelihood benefits.
Agricultural policies urging farmers to produce more cash crops for export
Conflicting government policies aim to produce more cash crops for export while others aim to increase the percentage of land area under forest. Policies need to be realigned so that they are in harmony.
Poor administration of the Shamba (taungya) system has reduced the incentive to reforest cleared plantation areas
The shamba system (or taungya) system was commonly used by foresters as a method of plantation establishment and reforestation. It involved growing agricultural crops along with the trees for the first couple of years until the trees shade out the crops. It significantly reduces the cost of forest establishment as weeding costs are borne by the cultivator, and moreover provides significant benefits to cultivators in the form of food. The system was often abused and young trees were often neglected or deliberately cut to enable cultivation to continue beyond the usual 3-year period. This slowed down reforestation progress and resulted in vast areas under cultivation within forest reserves. The shamba system was poorly managed in the 1990s and was banned by presidential decree. It was subsequently replaced by a modified system referred to as non-residential cultivation (NRC). This too was banned after a few years and is currently being replaced with a redesigned system being referred to as the Plantation Establishment and Livelihood Improvement Scheme (PELIS) which currently covers over 8,000 hectares6.
6 http://www.kenyaforestservice.org/index.php?view=article&catid=71:kfs-core-programmes&id=96:plantation-and-enterprise-division&format=pdf
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Focus on gazetted forests and insufficient attention to dry land woodlands and other types of forests
The Forest sector traditionally focused on the closed canopy forests in the wetter regions of the country and on the valuable plantations resources. Forest and woodland resources in ASALs have important livelihood benefits especially for fuelwood and charcoal but have been neglected in forest policy and funding. ASALs cover about 80% of Kenya’s total land surface and hold 25% of the human population. Dry-land forests are mainly on trust lands and are unmanaged and degraded by unregulated exploitation.
The neglect of these areas in the past has been addressed ASAL strategy (GoK 2005) and in the new draft forest policy which recognizes the importance of ASAL wood resources in human livelihoods and the importance of ASAL biodiversity resources. These policies call for sustainable management of woody resources in ASALS, promotion of wood based micro enterprises, tree planting, rehabilitation of degraded areas, promotion of sustainable charcoal production and creation of community forest associations to manage and regulate woodland use.
The ASAL strategy is a 10-year plan for management of natural resources in the ASALs which provides for integrated natural resources management and development in the ASAL areas7. Improved management of wood resources in ASALs can increase the carbon stock, provide increased livelihood benefits to local people, and enhance their role as habitat for biodiversity. REDD+ presents opportunities for achieving those targets within the context of the GoK ASAL strategy.
Harvesting ban in plantation forests
A ban on harvesting in plantation forests was introduced as a temporary measure in 1999 to reduce rampant illegal harvesting in plantation forests. The ban has remained in place since then despite the new governance measures introduced since the mid 2000s. Although the ban is only partially effective, it has reduced felling and maintained carbon stocks. However, it has had other negative effects on the forestry sector, and overall it is regarded as a driver of forest destruction in other forests. As well as increasing pressures on the natural forests to supply timber, it has penalized licensed saw-millers, deprived them of raw materials, and reduced the incentive to invest in more efficient machinery leaving the processing sector to small inefficient operators with low conversion ratios. As a consequence, much of the sawn wood in the market is milled by chainsaws with a very low sawnwood conversion ratio.
Economic drivers:
Poverty, population pressure and agricultural expansion.
Clearance of agriculture has been one of the most important causes of deforestation and forest degradation. It is a complex issue with inter related underlying causes including poverty, population expansion, continuing reliance on subsistence agriculture, lack of alternative livelihood opportunities, competition for land, and weak governance of forest resources. The rural population is concentrated in the areas
7 GoK 2005. Arid and Semi Arid Lands, National Vision and Strategy, Natural Resources Management 2005-2015.
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with the highest agricultural potential that have good rainfall and fertile volcanic soils. These are the same areas where closed canopy forest occurs, and there has been a history of conflict between forest authorities and forest adjacent communities due to past restrictions on access to resource and encroachment for agriculture.
Agricultural encroachment into forest reserves was often subsequently regularized by excisions which encouraged further encroachment. Weak governance resulted in weak law enforcement enabling cultivators to remain in the forest. They were often encouraged by politicians seeking political favour.
The recent changes in forest policy and legislation have made it much more difficult to excise forest land and have strengthened community access rights. This makes it more difficult to encroach and reduces the incentive to do so. However the economic incentives to convert forest land to agriculture remain high as the potential benefits under agriculture are much greater to the individual than the benefits under forest. There are opportunities to change the economic incentive regime through REDD+.
High prices for agricultural products
This driver is related to the poverty drivers discussed above and is a consequence of high population and relatively small area of productive forest land. Agriculture is productive and profitable in high potential areas as agricultural production fetches high prices. Forestry is not as profitable as the revenues are not shared with the community, making agriculture a more attractive land use option for local people.
Fixing timber prices at low levels
It has been normal in the past for the Forestry Department to set prices for roundwood. Prices were generally set at low levels which may have helped the timber users but acts as a disincentive to producers. The low price of roundwood from the forest made forestry an uneconomic option when compared to agriculture.
Reliance on charcoal fuel / Unsustainable charcoal production/large urban market for charcoal fuel
Charcoal is the most important form of cooking fuel for the majority of the population of Kenya. 2.5 million people depend directly or indirectly on the charcoal industry which is worth Ksh. 32 billion per annum. Charcoal production is concentrated in dryland areas where tree species are suitable for charcoal and where poverty levels are high. Reliance on charcoal is likely to continue in the future and switching to alternative cleaner fuels such as LPG or electricity is unlikely to gain momentum in the short term due to the cost of alternatives.
The new legislation on charcoal production and transportation will facilitate regulation of the industry and raise efficiency in production. The new legislation presents opportunities for addressing the issue through REDD+ by activities that will improve efficiency in charcoal conversion and subsequent use in cooking, and by reducing pressure on dryland woodland resources by promoting sustainable charcoal production.
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Conversion of coastal forest to other uses
Coastal forests consisting of high biodiversity forests and mangroves that are important to fish industry. The coral rag forest is under pressure from urban and tourism development and the mangrove forests are under pressure from unsustainable use to supply the pole market. Is this a key driver?
Technology drivers
Lack of information and knowledge on tree growing
Information on tree growing and forestry is not readily available and this is regarded as a disincentive to growing trees. Information is needed in a user friendly form on issues such as matching tree species to site, which species to grow, silviculture of common commercial and agroforestry species, land preparation techniques, fire protection and other aspects of successful tree growing. Provision of such information in Uganda has had a very positive impact on expanding afforestation 8 and opportunities exist to provide similar information for Kenya through REDD+.
Lack of knowledge by the population about impacts of deforestation
Awareness among Kenyans of the value of forests has increased considerably over the past decade, due to the efforts of awareness and advocacy groups such as FAN and KFWG, and this has had a substantial impact on reducing pressure on forests. However, inadequate awareness is still regarded as an important driver of deforestation and awareness and advocacy efforts need to be sustained to reduce pressure on forests.
Low grade sawmilling technology
Sawmilling technology in Kenya is inefficient and wasteful. Roundwood conversion efficiency is low by international standards resulting in large quantities of waste wood. Wood processing efficiency has declined since the early 1990s as larger sawmillers who depended on the Forest Department for roundwood supplies failed to secure long-term supplies and as a consequence did not invest in upgraded machinery and equipment. A number of larger mills closed and were replaced by smaller less efficient mills. The logging ban resulted in closure of many sawmills.
Other drivers
Fires used in agric clearing, inadequate capacity to manage fires
The FAO forest resources assessment for 2010 shows average annual area burned in forest reserves between 1988 and 2008 of 1283 ha of plantations and 1428 ha of natural forests. No data is available for forest fires in other woodlands. Most fires are
88 SPGS Tree Planting Guidelines for Uganda
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wildfires that occur due to natural causes or to accidental fires spreading from agricultural land clearance or burning for grazing.
Wildlife damage (elephants and other)
Elephants destroy and degrade forests and their numbers are increasing <statistics>. At Amboselli and Tsavo, elephants are blamed for destruction of the trees in the woodland savannah and degradation of the dry woodlands and for destroying trees in closed canopy forests in Aberdares and Mt Kenya areas, elephants are blamed for destruction of forest.
Summary of the main drivers of deforestation and degradation
Many of the drivers of deforestation and degradation are interlinked. Some are much more important than others. The principle drivers can be summarized in order of importance are as follows:
Clearance for agriculture (linked to rural poverty)
Unsustainable utilization (including timber harvesting, charcoal production, grazing in forests)
Poor governance and institutional failures in the forest sector
Analysis of measures to address deforestation and forest degradation
Recent policies and strategies to address deforestation and forest degradation
Implementation of past policies and strategies to address deforestation and forest degradation was constrained by weak institutions, poor governance and lack of capacity to implement the measures effectively. However, a number of measures implemented in the recent past have had positive impacts in reducing deforestation and degradation and can be regarded as drivers of increase in carbon stock.
Table 3. Measures that have reduced deforestation and degradation (drivers of increase in carbon stock)
POLICY DRIVERS: KFS reforestation programs
Charcoal regulation measures introduced
Increasing political awareness of value of forests, impacts of climate change, and of the negative aspects of loss of forests
International agenda driving interest in reforestation
Decentralization of forest management and increase in participatory forest management
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Chief Act abolished in 1997 which ended the requirement to get permission from the chief before cutting their trees
Government efforts to achieve international conservation area targets
GoK development focus on livelihoods and sustainable development
GOVERNANCE DRIVERS:
Forests Act 2005 passed
Institutional changes reforming the forestry sector
Reform of the taungya (shamba) system
Donor support for forestry activities
ECONOMIC DRIVERS:
Valuing of forest resources and public realization of the value of forests
Establishment of plantation forests
Tea plantations require wood fuel for drying tea
Streamlining the charcoal industry
Awareness of potential funding from environmental services, including carbon activities
KPLC has started to purchase poles from Kenyan producers instead of importing.
CULTURAL DRIVERS/FOREST PRACTICES:
Traditional regard for groves and Kayas
Cultural tree planting practices
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS:
Availability of high yielding clones/seedlings of eucalyptus
International demand for bio‐fuels
Availability of appropriate technology to monitor forests
Integrated wood harvesting
Improved charcoal production and utilization technologies
Production of high quality germplasm
Other drivers Extension programs
The comprehensive reforms in forest governance introduced over the past 5 years in Kenya are aimed at overcoming the trend of forest destruction and degradation in the past and overcoming past deficiencies. The reforms were carefully formulated over the last two decades and were based on comprehensive research and detailed data collection and therefore most promising strategy for REDD+ is to provide support for the implementation of the current reforms.
A comprehensive series of programs and sub programs have been developed by KFS to operationalise the reforms. Most are at an early stage of development and would benefit from support through REDD+. Reforms related to community participation are
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already underway with support from a number of sources and institutional support is being provided by FINNIDA. However, additional support is required in those and in other aspects of the reforms. Annex 1 lists on-going programs being implemented with support from development partner, and Annex 2 lists climate change programs relevant to REDD+.
Impact of other on-going GoK policies and programs
As indicated earlier, other sector policies and programs have impacts on the forest and land castrategy, the water policy, ASAL policy, livestock policy and environment policy. The multi-sectoral participation in the REDD technical working group and The REDD Steering will facilitate a coordinated approach to REDD implementation. The more broad-based national development strategy paper Vision 2030 is relevant as it contains targets for forest rehabilitation and reforestation. The planned revision of the Land Act, and the proposed new constitution may also have an impact on forest cover through changes in land tenure arrangements or changes in fiscal policies.
Lessons learned that can guide REDD+ strategies The new forest governance measures and associated programs are at an early stage of implementation and have not begun to show results yet. However, two notable achievements to date are the success of the new legislation on stopping excisions and the governments U-turn on settlement of the Mau forest complex.
Impact of the new Forest Act on forest excisions. No excisions have occurred since the legislation was introduced in 2007. This was one of the main causes of forest destruction and has been successfully addressed through the changes in the law requiring parliamentary approval for excisions.
Reforestation of the Mau Forest Complex. The excision of over 67,000 of the Mau Forest complex for agricultural settlement in the early 2000’s was reversed in 2009/10 and the forest is currently being replanted. There is a strong commitment at present in government to protect and restore forests and correct the ills of the past. This remarkable change in policy and attitudes in society at large to forest loss is due to growing recognition of the negative environmental impacts of forest loss and to the awareness and advocacy efforts of the civil society organizations and to pressures from the international community.
Civil Society organizations have had a major role in raising awareness, and of changing attitudes and behavior of both politicians and civil society in general. They had an important role in facilitating dialogue between the stakeholders during the formulation of the new policy and legislation, bringing together politicians, technical forestry staff and the general public, and giving a voice to marginalized forest adjacent communities.
The most promising aspects of the recent reforms are as follows:
Strengthening the KFS. KFS as an independent Service working closely in partnership with communities, the private sector and other arms of government, has the potential
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to radically improve governance in the sector, enable trends in forest destruction to be reversed, and to enable the benefits of sustainable forest management to be realized . The Service still faces challenges in building its institutional capacity and ability to implement its mandate. Supporting the KFS institution in a range of activities will strengthen governance of the forestry sector in Kenya. For example: support in building its institutional capacity, support in development of operational guidelines, subsidiary legislation, rules and regulations; operationalising community forest management arrangements; developing and piloting arrangements for involvement of the private sector; benefit sharing arrangements; assistance in developing forest management plans; and many other tasks which KFS faces at present
Community participation and benefit sharing. This is a major theme of the new governance arrangements and is expected to reduce pressures on forests. This theme has a number of interlinked components including benefit sharing arrangements, involvement in decision making through consultative processes, protecting customary access, and enabling equitable and fair partnerships. The modalities for operationalising the role of communities and piloting the new arrangements are under development. The RPP can make a significant contribution by supporting this process through piloting new arrangements and building capacity of both the KFS and local communities to operationalise the new arrangements.
Participation of the private sector. The new arrangements support a stronger role for the private sector but concession and other types of arrangements to facilitate this are still under development. Commercial plantations managed by the private sector are likely to be much more productive and carry much higher carbon stocks than at present if managed by the private sector. The RPP can support KFS in developing and pilot such arrangements.
Sustainable Forest Management. The new arrangements support sustainable forest management (SFM) which brings greater social and environmental benefits as well as resulting in higher carbon stock in forests. The RPP can support implementation of SFM.
<others>
Major knowledge gaps
Existing studies and data sources
The forestry sector has been extensively studied and analyzed over the past two decades leading up to the recent revision of the Forests Act and Forestry Policy. The process started with the Kenya Forestry Master Plan (KFMP) which was produced in 1994 after 5 years of analytical studies that examined every aspect of forestry in Kenya. The Master Plan (along with a restructuring plan produced in 19979) became the blueprint for reforms in the sector but due to the long delays in implementing the reforms, the Masterplan data has become outdated and in need of revision. However, several important additional studies have been carried out in the intervening period, the most important of which are:
9 Price Waterhouse 1997. Reorganisation of the management of Industrial Plantations and restructuring options for forestry department. KFD with support from World Bank.
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Inventories of indigenous forests and other studies carried out by the Kenya Indigenous Forests Inventory (KIFCON) project with support of DFID. (Wass 1995)
FD plantation inventory updates carried out during the Kenya Forestry Development Project in the mid 1990s with WB assistance
Vegetation mapping carried out by the FAO Africover project using remote sensing
A number of detailed assessments of forest status were carried out in specific ecosystems including the Aberdares, Mt Kenya, Mau Forest and Mt Elgon
Statistics collected annually by Kenya National Bureau of Standards which provide information on the contribution of the forest sector to the national economy, and other relevant socio economic data
Strategic Environment Assessment of the Forest Act and associated studies, carried out in 2006 with assistance from the World Bank.
A number of studies on participatory forest management (PFM) carried out by the Forestry Department as a basis for a PFM strategy
Strategic planning documents (and associated background studies) for the ASALs, the charcoal sector and the livestock sector
Other recent studies relevant to REDD+ are as follows:
An analysis of the extent to which Kenya’s forest legislation and policy is linked to the GoK Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (2003-2007) and the draft 2030 Vision for Kenya. The analysis identified factors that foster or hinder the establishment of effective linkages and enhance the presence and influence of forestry in wider planning instruments with a view to strengthening financial, institutional and policy support for forestry-based poverty alleviation (FAO 2007)
In 1999, the Forests Action network (FAN) carried out a case study on the underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation in the Mau Forest in Kenya. (Obare and Wangwe 1999). A study on Forest Law enforcement and governance in Kenya jointly prepared by the Kenya Forest Service (KFS) and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources in 2007, supported by the Government of Finland, World Bank and World Conservation Union (IUCN) .(Mathu 2007).
<Other relevant data sources to be added here>
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Information gaps
Inadequate data on forest resources. Despite the many studies on the forest resources there is no consolidated database of forest resource information10. The quality of existing data is variable with good data on some areas such as Mau Forest, Mt Kenya, Mt Elgon and Aberdares forests, and poor data on others such as KFS plantations, forests on private forest land, or the extent of trees outside forests. FINNIDA is supporting an update of the KFS plantation inventory but information is also needed on private plantations, trees outside forests and indigenous forests.
Data gaps related to governance drivers of deforestation and degradation. There is inadequate information on the current domestic timber requirements, the current domestic supply, the timber value chain, adequacy or deficiency and understand timber import and export dynamics, supply and demand modeling. In relation to the logging ban currently in force, there is inadequate information on the economic impacts.
Data gaps relevant to the unsustainable production of charcoal. Information is required to provide a better understanding of the charcoal value chain.
Community related drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. Many aspects of community participation have already been researched but the following information gaps have been noted:
Several initiatives are already underway to increase the role of communities in forest management but the methodology for monitoring and evaluating the impact of increased community participation has not been developed.
The new Forests Act provides for benefit sharing arrangements but at present no formal arrangements have been agreed between communities and KFS. The mechanisms need to be developed and implemented on a pilot basis and the lessons learned documented. Some private companies such as PPM have experience of benefit sharing with communities but their experience has not been documented.
Manuals are required for capacity building of CFAs
Livelihoods related drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. Alternative livelihood initiatives are proposed as a means of reducing pressure on forests from forest dependent communities and from clearance for agriculture, but there is inadequate information on what works and what does not work. There is also inadequate information on the impact of forestry on livelihoods and the wider economy. Disaggregated information is required that enables an assessment of the contribution of forestry to GDP.
Forest degradation due to over grazing. There is inadequate information on appropriate forest management systems that incorporate grazing, levels of livestock carrying capacity and sustainable solutions to over grazing in the ASAL areas.
10 The data on the status of Kenya forests provided in the most recent FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment Report for Kenya (FAO 2009) is still based on Kenya Forestry Master plan data from 1994, as there is no more recent comprehensive dataset available.
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Consultation on the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and lessons learned This paper was developed through a broad-based consultative process involving review of the relevant previous studies, discussions with the technical REDD+ working group representing various institutions and organizations within Kenya, discussions at regional consultative meetings with stakeholders around the country, and interviews with representatives of forest adjacent communities, state and private forest managers, wood processing industries and forest biodiversity conservation.
The drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and analysis of current and previous strategies to address deforestation and forest degradation will be discussed further during the consultations during the consultative process of R-PP implementation described in section 1b and the analysis will continue to inform strategic approaches to implementation of REDD+ strategies during implementation.
References
FAO 2007. Linking national forest programmes and poverty reduction strategies. Kenya. Scott Geller, Rosalie McConnell, John Wanyiri. FAO Forestry Department. Forestry Policy and Institutions Service
FAO, 2009. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010, Country Report, Kenya.
Forestry Department, MENR, 2007. Reorganisation of management of industrial plantations and restructuring options for the Forestry Department . Final Report June 2007
Gachanga M, 2003. Public perceptions of forests as a motor for change: the case of Kenya. Unasylva 213, Vol 55.
GoK. (Undated). Draft National Land Policy. National Land policy Secretariat.
GoK Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 1994. Kenya Forest Master Plan
GoK 2002. The First national communication of Kenya to the conference of parties to the UNFCC. Ministry of Environment and natural Resources National Environment Secretariat.
GoK. 2005. Arid and Semi Arid Lands (ASAL) National Vision and Strategy 2005 ‐ 2015
GoK 2005. The Forests Act 2005
GoK, 2007. Strategic Environment Assessment of the Kenya Forests Act (2005). Main Report, prepared for the Government of Kenya and The World Bank. FRR / IDL / Matrix Consultants
GoK. 2007. Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2007 on Forest Policy. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.
GoK 2009. The National Climate Change Response Strategy.Camco Advisory Services (Kenya) Ltd.
GOK and the World Bank 2007: Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Kenya Forest Act (2005),
Kariuki J.G., Machua J.M., Luvanda A.M. and Kigomo J.N., 2008. Baseline survey of woodland utilization and degradation around Kakuma refugee camp. JOFCA/KEFRI Project technical report No 1.
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GOK 2010. The Forests Act 2005. (No. 7 of 2005). The forests (Participation in sustainable forest management) Rules, 2009. Arrangement of rules.
Kagombe K, Gitonga J. 2005. Plantation establishment in Kenya. A case study on the shamba system. Kenya Forestry Department, MENR.
Lambrechts C, Woodley B, Church C, Gachanja M, 2003. Aerial survey of the destruction of the Aberdares range forests. UNEP
Mathu W, 2007. Forest law enforcement and governance in Kenya. A study jointly prepared by the Kenya Forest Service (KFS) of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources; Study conducted under the supervision of the AAS/AFORNET and supported by the Government of Finland, World Bank and World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Njuguna P., Mbegera M, Mbithi D, 1999. Reconnaissance survey of forest blocks in west and east of Rift Valley. Permanent Presidential Commission on Soil and Afforestation.
Obare L. and Wangwe J.B., 1999. The Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation: The Case Study of MauForest in Kenya. Forest Action Network (FAN). In Verolme, Hans J.H., Moussa, Juliette, April 1999. Addressing the Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation ‐ Case Studies, Analysis and Policy Recommendations. Biodiversity Action Network, Washington, DC, USA. x + 141 pp
Price Waterhouse 1997. Reorganisation of the management of Industrial Plantations and restructuring options for forestry department. KFD with support from World Bank
UNEP 2009. Kenya atlas of out changing environment. DEWA/UNEP, Nairobi.
Wass, P., 1995. Kenya’s Indigenous Forests: Status, Management, and Conservation. IUCN,
Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK.
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Annex 2a-2. List of on-going programs supporting forestry sector in Kenya
Agency Project Title Contents
ADB Green Zones Development Support Project
Forestry conservation; watershed management and support to forest adjacent communities
World Bank IDA
NRM Forest sector institutional reforms; community participation and benefit sharing; community and private sector investment in commercial forestry.
Finland Miti Mingi Maisha Bora ‐ Support to Forest Sector Reform in Kenya
Forest sector institutional reforms, forest information systems, PFM in ASALs. Forest sector policy, KFS institutional change, Management of gazetted forest reserves, Improved livelihoods in ASALs (including bio‐energy).
Japan/World Bank
Support to Community Based Farm Forestry Enterprises Project (using Japan Social Development Fund (JSDF))
Strengthening networks Forestry Farmer Field Schools (FFS), establishment of new FFS, sub‐grants to FFS for assessing and testing new farm forestry based enterprises, assessment of linkages between farmer groups and pivate sector regarding trading, processing and micro‐finance, investment in foretry related enterprises, training, publicity and dissemination of information.
JICA Regional Training Course on Mitigating Climate Change through Social Forestry
Training for forest sector staff from 18 countries in East and Southern Africa including Kenya.
USAID Forest/ rangeland Rehabilitation and Environmental Management Strengthening (FORREMS)
Forest sector institutional reforms, Forest Transaction Advisor. Support to development of CFAs and management plans in Mukugodo and Arabuko Sokoko forests.
FAO National Forest Program Facility; FAO‐Netherlands Partnership Program (FNPP)
Subsidiary legislation; PFM guidelines; Integrated Natural Resources Assessment (INRA), KFS website
Spain Community Based Integrated Forest Resource Conservation and Management Project in the Masaai Mau Forest.
Support forest management plan, early piloting of REDD in Maasai Mau (40 000 ha)
Sweden and Norway
Mount Elgon Regional Ecosystem Conservation project
France Rehabilitation of the Aberdares Forest
Rehabilitation of the degraded area ‐ technical assistance to GBM
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Finland ‐ Local Cooperation Fund (LCF)
Commercial Agroforestry commercial agro forestry for small scale farmers in Bondo and South Nandi Districts
Finland ‐ (LCF)
On Farm tree planting & Environmental education in schools
Poverty reduction through on farm tree planting and environmental education in schools within the Mau Watershed
Finland ‐ (LCF)
Community‐ Led Agro forestry Tree planting in Migori District
Finland ‐ (LCF)
Conservation for sustainable living
Linking Community based conservation and livelihood Natural products to conscientious consumer markets for sustained poverty alleviation
Finland ‐ (LCF)
Environmental Education and Action
Schoool puppetry programme on environment
Finland ‐ (LCF)
Institutional strengthening Strengthening governance structures and organs of forest society and increasing profile in environmental management
Finland ‐ (LCF)
Post election violence on forests in Western Kenya
NGO‐ Facilitated support to Kenya forestry sector in addressing impacts of post election violence on forests in western Kenya
Finland (funding for NGOs)
Community forest mapping and governance
Participatory mapping of forest areas in three communities by using 3D mapping as a tool and preparing forest management plans
GEF‐UNDP/PPG
Strengthening the protected Area network of the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenya
Improved community environment and natural resource governance and use, to build capacity and achieve local control and national benefits in biodiversity and land management, to support alternative livelihoods and sustainable income generating activities.
KNH/NABU Improved livelihoods for sustainable natural resources management in Arabuko‐Sokoke Forest, Kenya
Development of technologies that link human well being and sound natural resources management as a way of reducing poverty
Finland ‐ Local Cooperation Fund (LCF)
Conservation for sustainable living: capacity building, nature‐based enterprises and business support to conserve the Dakatcha woodland by and for local communities
Strengthening institutional and advocacy capabilities of CBOs, improving livelihoods through development of basic ecotourism infrastructure
CEF‐CDTF Improved Natural Resource management of the Cherangani
Strengthening decision making among the local communities and government agencies in
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Hills Forest managing, regulating and monitoring use of natural resources
DoF/Birdlife Denmark
Joint Environmental Management for Livelihood Improvement at Important Bird Areas
Support sustainable nature‐based enterprises; strengthen advocacy capabilities for sustainabe IBA management
DFID Improving Livelihoods through sustainable government, NGO, Private partnerships in South and North Nandi Forest
Maintanance of partnerships and management processes to form a basis for future sustainablilty of project initiatives
EC/RSPB Instituting effective monitoring of Protected Areas ( IBAs) as a contribution to reducing the rate of Biodiversity loss in Africa
Enpower biodiversity‐rich and resource‐poor African countries to meet CBD obligations and target to reduce biodiversity loss by 2010
CEF‐CDTF South and North Nandi forests environmental conservation and livelihoods improvement
Restoration of water catchment value, promote good governance & management of forests, and sustainable land use practices
Biota Three year bird monitoring in Kakamega forest
Investing in Community Based Capacity to Monitor Kakamega Forest
CEPF Instituting a standardized sustainable biodiversity monitoring system in the eastern Arc/ Coastal Forests Hotspots
Improving biological knowledge of species and sites in which they occur (hotspots)
CEF‐CDTF Advocating for the establishment of Community Conserved Areas in Yala, Dunga, Tana Delta and Sabaki River Mouth Wetland Important Bird Areas (IBAs), Kenya
Establishment of Community Conserved Areas to enhance sustainable use of natural resources in unprotected areas
CEPF Instituting a biodiversity monitoring system of Globally Threatened Species in Dakatcha woodland
Focuses on critically‐endangered species and small‐scale efforts to increase connectivity of biologically important habitat patches
CEPF Promoting conservation through trees for carbon sequestration and livelihoods improvements in Mandunguni Forest Reserve, Malindi District, Kenya
Development of a pilot model for voluntary carbon trading to enhance sustainable financing for conservation of the forest
USAID Enhanced Sustainability at ASF through improves natural resources management by and for stakeholders
Advancing participatory Forest Mangement, diversifying nature‐based enterprises, and strengthening institutional and partneship development.
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PACT Increasing Local Communities economic benefits for Sustainable natural resource Management
Building enterpreneurship capacity of business owners , enhancing biodiversity conservation by and for local communities while maximising incomes for sustainable livelihoods and biodiversity
KNH/NABU Children and Sustainable Development: Investing in Education, and Social and Economic Empowerment to conserve globally threatened biodiversity in Arabuko‐Sokoke Forest, Kenya
Education and awareness on NRM, adoption of income‐generating activities and ecotourism for conservation and livelihoods
Swedbio Conservation, Policy and Development: awareness, training, and monitoring the impact of people and environmental change on important bird areas to guide monitoring, management and policy development in Kenya.
Promoting sustainable use of biodiversity to enhance the livelihoods of local communities, and empowering local communities to participate in biodiversity policy making and implementation
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Annex 2a-3 Ongoing climate change and REDD+ related projects being implemented in Kenya
Project, Proponents and Background
Location, Social issues and Ownership
Land type and extension and Design elements
Source of carbon change
& Project Activities
Co‐Benefits, Project Risks & General issues
Kasigau Corridor REDD Project‐ Rukinga Sanctuary
Proponents:Rukinga ranching Co. Wildlide Works, Wildrlife Works Carbon and tech support by Calcarbon Ltd.
Background:
Wildlife Works started a conserv. project in ’98, leasing land from ranch. Ranch wanted to sell to non bio friendly buyer so WW then purchased maj. shares in 2000 to be able to begin carbon project.
Location:
SEKenya 150 Kms NW of Mombasa in Coast Province (between Tsavo E and Tsavo W)
Social context:
35,000 people live within 5 kms of project boundary. Two communities Taita and Duruma
Ownership:
Leasehold from GoK by Rukinga ranching Co. Ltd. Whose majority shareholder is BenBo Intl an offshore trust established by one of Wildworks main investors.
30,186 ha. in semi arid area. Was primary forest historically.
Montane forest 1% remain (due to ag) tropical dryland forest 86% project indigenous savannah 8%
4.6% project had been cleared slash and burn for maize
Qualifies as HCVF
Design Elements:
Have designated ‘out’ areas not counted in project (BOMAS) clearings for cattle 30m radius. Feel they may continue to find more. Access roads were excluded buffering 15m either side
Afforestation not possible due to lack of water and fragile
1. Fragmentation of montane areas due to illegal harvest for poles and fuelwood
2. drylands w. 5‐7 m avg. canopy. 50 species‐ very little impacted despite cattle, ecotourism. Some damage from elephants
3. grasslands in historic conditions
4. Ag encroachment area was abandoned, so native bush returning (slopes so returns eventually to montane, not to grass).
Illegal charcoal turns best hardwood into bags of coal for same. Meat poaching
Baseline:
Co Benefits:
Biodiversity‐ wildlife
Focus on local job creation and training eg carbon Forest inventory “income generating ecofriendly activities in the Project Zone
‐investing proceeds back in alternative livelihood creation in areas SURROUNDING project (reduce pressure)
Project Risks:
‐Change in legislation (expropriation risk v. low as project gains visibility and stature)
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Project, Proponents and Background
Location, Social issues and Ownership
Land type and extension and Design elements
Source of carbon change
& Project Activities
Co‐Benefits, Project Risks & General issues
Wildlife works has 100 local people employed there.
Enviro Mngmt and Coord Act 8 1999‐ passed an enviro audit by NEMA.
Registration of Titles Act govern the terms of title deed by which Rukinga Ranching Co is owner of the Ranch.
Launched project with join KFS press
Land gazetted in 1970s as a private group ranch for grazing.
For long term bens: “The project has executed a Carbon Easement on the Project Area, so that the owners of the land must take into consideration the carbon values and it is our intention to get the easement registered against the title deed of the land, although there is no mechanism as of yet for that in Kenyan law.” (pg 48)
Carbon rights11
ecosystem. (tho page 38 mention nursery and reforestation efforts on slopes)
Link to KARI (Kenya Ag Res Instit) for climate appropriate cash crop (jojoba)
Launch of VCS REDD standard (late 2008) enabled the project to start, attract outside finance.
Unplanned slash and burn ag expansion is baseline scenario.
‐ Population growth estimates that relate to ag conversion‐ patches of clearing.12
Project Activities: (pg 34)
‐Forest and Biodiversity monitoring (control illegal cattle, etc)
‐clothing factory
‐Nurseries and organic greenhouse
‐Ecotourism
‐ Dryland farming (training)
‐ insufficient income due to weak/unclear carbon market
‐crop failure outside (leading to tree poaching in project)
‐cattle grazer invasion (better rangers needed)
‐drought (worsening due to CC)
‐fire (fought via education re: fallows)
11 At present it is not common practice to register a Carbon Easement against title in Kenya although the Environment Act did envisage such a concept, but not explicitly.
Wildlife Works has committed written approval from the landowners that should such a possibility exist they would cooperate fully with Wildlife Works in ensuring the successful registration. 12 The difference between the 2006 and 2026 populations gave us the total new persons on the landscape in the Project Zone from start to end of Crediting period, which when multiplied by the per head per year deforestation rate (D) gave us a total deforested hectares over the Project crediting period
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Project, Proponents and Background
Location, Social issues and Ownership
Land type and extension and Design elements
Source of carbon change
& Project Activities
Co‐Benefits, Project Risks & General issues
release.
‐ Schools and bursaries
‐ Carbon Leakage mitigation (train local staff in inventories, easements)
Forest Again. Reforestation Project in Kenya.
Proponents:
Eco2librium (lead),
Kenya Forest Service, Kakamega Environmental Education Programme, National Museum of Kenya, Moi University, and BIOTA‐East Africa
Background:
This project is being proposed by two partnering organizations:
Location:
Western province of Kenya, within the established boundaries of the Kakamega National Forest‐ along the northeastern edge of the Lake Victoria basin. Project areas are south central Kakamega Forest.
Social Context:
Kakamega National Forest is surrounded by at least 57 villages (< 5 km). These communities are primarily subsistence agriculturalists. Within this province the Human Poverty Index is 36% with child mortality (< 5 years) at 14% (3rd highest
Land type:
There are two sites for reforestation:
Ilhoro (376 ha)
Kisaina site (114 ha)
Topography of sites include flat to rolling hills that vary in elevation from 1425‐1500 m. Reforestation sites have similar hydrology, soils, and precipitation patterns.
Ilhoro site is classified as non‐residential agriculture that has been abandoned since the 1980’s and has been used for the last 20‐30 years for grazing of cattle and goats from neighboring communities.
The Kakamega forest is low to mid elevation and is one of the few remaining rainforests in the series of fragmented forests in East Africa.
Baseline:
Due to socio‐economic, demographic, and institutional conditions, the most plausible land use projection for project areas is continual degradation of cleared forest land (e.g. fuelwood collection, charcoal production) and non‐forested (e.g. grazing, fodder collection) national “forest” land in this area. There remains a very high demand for timber products, forest‐related income, and grazing in forested and cleared areas. This demand is coming
Co Benefits:
Biodiversity‐ wildlife. Contains highland/montane species.
Funds from offsets are predicted to provide for over200 jobs both directly and indirectly related to reforestation over 40 years. In addition, 25‐40% of the offset revenues will fund the expansion of KEEP activities: developing nontimber sources of forest‐related income (e.g. butterflies, honey, medicines), HIV/AIDS health programs,
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Project, Proponents and Background
Location, Social issues and Ownership
Land type and extension and Design elements
Source of carbon change
& Project Activities
Co‐Benefits, Project Risks & General issues
Eco2librium (EC02) and Kakamega Env Education Programme (KEEP). EC02 is a Limited Liability Company registered in Idaho (it was formerly an academic organization). It works on energy and resource conservation research and consulting, carbon management and offset development. Over the last 6 years, EC02 and KEEP have worked together to conserve the Kakamega
Forest. ECO2 has been conducting wildlife and forest conservation research for over 10 years. EC02 has also been engaged in carbon
in Kenya). The adjusted annual income (PPP) is $557. The two districts (Kakamega and Vihiga) have an estimated population of 735,000 and
608,000 people respectively.
Ownership:
Project sites are located within the boundaries of Kakamega National Forest and all land is owned and managed by the Kenya Forest Service.
Grass is the dominant vegetation with mean coverage of 59.5% and non‐permanent shrubs at 40.5%. Mean shrub height was 1.625 meters.
Kisaina site is classified as cleared forest grass/shrub land. Parts of this site are also used for grazing of cattle and goats. Shrubs are the dominant vegetation with mean coverage of 57.5% and grass at 42.5%. Mean shrub height was 1.7 m.
Design elements:
Four criteria were used to select reforestation project sites:
1. Currently non‐ forested areas with no residents (two project sites are classified as shrub/bush and failed non‐residential agriculture cleared at least 30 years ago)
from a dense and growing population with high poverty levels and less available land to cultivate. Demand is primarily for wood to cook and build, bark for medicines, and grazing.
Project Activities:
Restore 490 hectares with indigenous forests (enhancing riverine habitat and general biodiversity)
Additionally a “Green Rangers” program will be implemented that consists of employing youth ‐ that currently turns to the forest for income through the production and selling of charcoal and/or grazing ‐ from the communities to monitor planted seedlings for survival, and are paid based on seedling survival.
In preparation: a national workshop in May 2008 with
conservation education, and capacity building to enhance tourism and provide management assistance to the KFS forest station. Eco2 will also use offset funds to help leverage additional funds for clean water and micro‐hydropower development.
Project Risks:
‐ reduced rainfall (seasonally and yearly),
‐ grazing of cattle on reforested lands,
‐ wood collection (fuelwood, medicines, timber)
‐ organizational changes in primary stakeholders
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Project, Proponents and Background
Location, Social issues and Ownership
Land type and extension and Design elements
Source of carbon change
& Project Activities
Co‐Benefits, Project Risks & General issues
management activities developing carbon inventories. For this project they assembled a Project Management Team (PMT) composed by organizations that are responsible for managing a certain aspect of the project.
.
2. Planted areas to form natural forest corridors between the main forest islands (Kakamega and Yala); bordered by indigenous forest, secondary indigenous forest, or plantations (hardwood and softwood).
3. Within the proposed protected use core area of the KIFCON management plan (1994) and current Kenya Forest Service Participatory Management Plan.
4. Accessible to the KEEP/CFA nurseries and forest station, thus facilitating transportation of seedlings and monitoring.
major stakeholders to discuss obstacles, possibilities and potential roles. The organizational structure was developed via a Project Management Team (PMT), preparations for upgrading the community forest association CFA nurseries (who will provide seedlings on a contractual basis), and mobilization of KEEP for community outreach and education. Private funds were awarded to measure reference forest carbon and complete the community studies. Habitat analyses, GIS work, and baseline conditions at project site were completed. Desk and site validation of project by Rainforest Alliance was completed. The PMT met to discuss all the logistical procedures associated with community outreach, capacity building, planting and long‐term maintenance, and financials.
(Eco2librium and KEEP)
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Project, Proponents and Background
Location, Social issues and Ownership
Land type and extension and Design elements
Source of carbon change
& Project Activities
Co‐Benefits, Project Risks & General issues
Aberdare Range/ Mt. Kenya Small Scale Reforestation Initiative
Proponents:
Green Belt Movement on behalf of Community Forest Associations (CFAs) in association with the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Kenya Forest Service (KFS); Govt of Canada, IBRD as trustee for the BioCarbon Fund.
7 PDD’s
Background:
Location:
North Imenti / Lari / Kinangop / Kieni / Central Imenti Constituency, Kenya
catchment areas of the Tana River within the Aberdare and Mt. Kenya Reserve Forests (gazetted).
Kamae‐Kipipiri site (227.1 ha). Lari & Kinangop Constituency
Social Context
Ownership: CA’s have exclusive forest user rights including environmental services like carbon rights in the framework of a Community Forest Mngmt Agreemt under
Land type:
Grassland converted to forested land
Design elements:
Communities form CA’s (constituency Community Associations or Community Forest Associations).
CA’s develop forest management plans in which CAs have exclusive forest user rights to all NTFPs.
Additional revenue will be generated from the sale of carbon (depending on growth rate and contractual agreements). CA’s assigns the verified emission reductions to the Green Belt Movement (GBM) and in exchange GBM covers i) direct project development related costs; ii) the entire charges for the
Baseline:
Project Activities:
reforest environmentally sensitive lands in the catchment areas of the Tana River within the Aberdare and Mt. Kenya Reserve Forests.
Co Benefits:
income generation opportunities for CA members to plant and tend the seedlings during the first two years. This will provide income of approximately 10 Ksh per tree (US$130 / ha) directly to the groups involved in the tree planting. This represents a significant amount of income since the annual income in Kenya is less than a dollar per person in rural areas.
Project Risks:
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Project, Proponents and Background
Location, Social issues and Ownership
Land type and extension and Design elements
Source of carbon change
& Project Activities
Co‐Benefits, Project Risks & General issues
2005 Forest Act. The Community Associations of Lari, South and North Kinangop (CFAs) have allowed GBM to act on their behalf to quantify, and trade the carbon sequestered in the licensed gazetted forest.
Community Forest Management Agreements; iii) introduces income generating activities and iv) provides financial incentives to sustain community bursaries. The above order indicates revenue utilization priorities.
Machakos & Kitui Local Community Forest Initiative
Proponents:
Local communities , community based organizations.Bureau of Environmental Analysis International (listed as buyer) BEA International (listed as facilitator)
Background:
KG doc says it is ongoing in 2005, but
Location:
KG doc says Not available
Social Context:
Ownership:
Land Type:
KG doc says Not available
Design elements:
KG doc says structure of deal is Not available on
No value or amount of deal info
No info on financial flow disbursement
Baseline:
Project Activities:
Forestation projects
Co Benefits:
Project Risks:
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Project, Proponents and Background
Location, Social issues and Ownership
Land type and extension and Design elements
Source of carbon change
& Project Activities
Co‐Benefits, Project Risks & General issues
no date of deal agreed
Kwale Forestry Project
Proponents:
Background:
KG doc says it is in planning stage in 2005
Location:
KG doc says no information availabl
Social Context:
Ownership:
Land Type:
Design elements:
Baseline:
Project Activities:
Co Benefits:
Project Risks:
Osentu Agroforestry & Ecotourism Project
Proponents:
(KG lists as sellers:) Local communities through three community based organisations
(KG lists Buyers as Olosho Onyok Association, Kenya Forest Service & GreenBelt Movement
Location:
Narok River Basin, Narok District, Rift Valley Province
Social Context:
Local communities through three community based organisations
Ownership:
Land Type:
Design elements:
Government Payment for reforestation and carbon credits (funded through the CDM office).
Funds are distributed directly to the implementing groups: they purchase seedlings and distribute to the people for free, keeping records, providing oversight and
Baseline:
Project Activities:
Measures include:
1)tree planting along river basin
2)control of over exploitation of natural resources by provision of seedling and community forestry
3)promote eco‐tourism through demarcation of conservation zone
Co Benefits:
Project Risks:
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Project, Proponents and Background
Location, Social issues and Ownership
Land type and extension and Design elements
Source of carbon change
& Project Activities
Co‐Benefits, Project Risks & General issues
Background:
Olosho Onyok: provides funding; Kenya Forest Service: provides technical leadership, materials and capacity building; GreenBelt Movement: funding, seedlings, capacity building and training.
Joseph ole Mpoe, P. O. Box 34 Narok
(Deal Information provided:)
22 May 2008 for Olosho Onyok funds,
Oct 2007 for Kenya Forest Service
rewarding the best efforts.
Bamburi‐Lafarge Fuel Conversion
Proponents:
KG doc says seller is:
Manufacturing Plant, local communities.
KG doc says Buyer is: Lafarge International, Bamburi Cement Company Ltd.
Location:
Kenyan Coast (Mombasa and outlying districts)
Social Context:
Ownership:
Land Type:
Design elements:
1) The manufacturing plant is implementing conversion to coal to reduce carbon emissions. The fuel to be used will be firewood.
2) the company is implementing a project to support local communities to grow tree stands on their
Baseline:
Project Activities:
The local communities are getting seedlings and getting educated on tree husbandry. When full conversion is done the tree will be paid for at commercial rates.
Co Benefits:
Project Risks:
Lafarge company is bearing carrying out the project.
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Project, Proponents and Background
Location, Social issues and Ownership
Land type and extension and Design elements
Source of carbon change
& Project Activities
Co‐Benefits, Project Risks & General issues
Contact person Ms. Sabine Bear.
Background:
KG Value amount of deal:
Ksh 100 million (Approx US$ 1.5 million).
farms, which it will purchase at premium prices for use as fuel for its plants.
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
(bundled carbon plus other ecosystem services)
Proponents:
KG doc says seller is:
Local communities and collaborating organisations (usually CBOs) KG doc says Buyer is:
Various buyers (mainly study projects in technical areas of Carbon, few instances of actual implementation.
Location:
Various locations
Social Context:
Ownership:
KG doc has no info on amount of deal
Land Type:
Design elements:
Electronic guides for land/carbon surveillance, project targeting, measurement and monitoring of soil, vegetation & socio‐economics in landscapes, capacity building.
Baseline:
Project Activities:
ICRAF leads multi‐disciplinary teams in research in this full ecosystem accounting (including for soil carbon, trees outside the target area).
Co Benefits:
Project Risks:
The ICRAF also hosts the ASB partnership which working along various themes (Dr. Brent Swallows is the Global ASB coordinator).
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Project, Proponents and Background
Location, Social issues and Ownership
Land type and extension and Design elements
Source of carbon change
& Project Activities
Co‐Benefits, Project Risks & General issues
Background:
Lou Verchot, P. O. Box 30677‐00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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2d. Social and Environmental Impacts
2d-1: Terms of Reference for the “SESA”
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Component 3 Annexes (Develop a Reference Scenario)
Annex 3-1 Draft outline of Components 3-4 developed by the methodology subgroup, Feb 2010
Methodology Subgroup Breakout Session
Tuesday, February 2, 2010
Director’s Boardroom
Members of Methodology Working Group:
Present:
Esa Haabsalo (MMMB)
Neeta Hooda (WB)
Jackson Kimani (Clinton Foundation)
Mwangi Kinyanjui (DRSRS)
Julius Muchemi (ERMIS)
Kefa Wamichue (KFS)
Absent:
Joshua Lichena (Ministry of Development for Northern Kenya and Arid Lands)
Charles Ksituma (DRSRS)
Gabriele Gnini (FAO)
David Githaiga (UNDP)
Ian Gordon (ICIPE)
DRAFT OUTLINE OF COMPONENT 3
Background Information
Current forest cover and management zones in Kenya (insert KFS atlas maps)
Recent rates of deforestation: 12,000 ha/yr (FAO FRA2005) emphasize importance of REDD+ in Kenya (including enhancement of carbon stocks and sustainable forest management)
History of National Communications re: LULUCF?
Drivers of land use change in Kenya (forest loss, forest gain): conversion to agriculture, illegal logging for charcoal production (conversion to grassland), fires
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Forest Definition for Kenya: propose available options available, suggest 15%? Potentially different definitions for different agroecological zones that Kenya has defined?
Framework for Developing Reference Scenario: IPCC
Forest to nonforest
Nonforest to forest
Forest remaining as forest covers enhancement of carbon stocks (A/R, sustainable forest management), forest degradation
Goal of Component 3
Develop reference scenario that forecasts emissions and removals of CO2 into the future in the absence of REDD+ incentives. Involves two sub-goals:
Quantification of historic emissions/removals from deforestation, degradation, and enhancement of C stocks (DDE) for the period 2000 to 2009 at a national scale using the IPCC framework; and
Development of future trajectories of emissions/removals over different time periods and under different economic and development scenarios.
Activities to Accomplish Goal
ACTIVITY 1: Obtain historic data for changes in forest area and carbon stocks
Activity 1a: Identify and enhance capacity, staffing and technological capabilities within relevant groups
Determine hierarchical management structure for developing the reference emission level
National Level (KFS, DRSRS, Climate Change Office, Kenya Soil Survey)
Meso-level (ERMIS, NGOs, plantation companies, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kenya Forest Research Institute, Kenya Forestry College, Kenyeta Univ of Agriculture and Technology’s Department of Geomatic Engineering)
Local level (communities/CFAs)
Identify additional staffing needs and develop coordination among groups
What new positions need to be established for the national REDD+ program related to developing the REL?
Additional GIS staff at DRSRS – dedicated, full-time team of 5-7 staff
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~ 10-15 carbon stock inventory teams (one team per conservatory?)
Determine how various groups will collaborate/coordinate to share data and information
Who is responsible for what
Potentially utilize existing communication technology to develop web mapping tool that links local community centers to national database at KFS
Identify technological needs
Imagery acquisition:
Potentially acquire panchromatic SPOT imagery (10-m resolution): available for 1999 to present, 8-day basis
Other potential imagery sources e.g. aerial photos, AFRICOVER (Landsat-based)
Digital 3-D models developed from local knowledge of land cover?
Improved internet connections (high speed, fiber optic)
Desktop computer + peripherals for each staff member
External data storage on dedicated server
GIS software (GIS, ERDAS, IDRISI, ENVI)
Data management software
Updated inventory equipment (handheld GPS devices, distance measuring equipment, laser range finders, clinometers, dbh tapes, etc.)
Identify training needs
Remote Sensing/GIS:
Send key staff to remote sensing conferences
Training on use of GIS software + new extensions
Training to university students on GIS component
Training on emerging remote sensing methods for identifying forest degradation
Training of staff on information management and technology
Carbon stock measurement: Training on use and maintenance of field equipment + plot measurement
Kenya Forestry College students
Local communities
KFS staff
Training of KFS staff on use of IPCC methodologies for calculating emissions/removals
Training of staff on monitoring other co-benefits e.g. biodiversity
Activity 1b: Quantify area changes: deforestation, forestation and forest degradation at national and sub-national scales
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Identify standards for developing a national basemap
Map Projection
Map Scale
Datum
Metadata standards
Data Management System for compiling national databases
Determine time period for historical reference scenario
Identify whether existing data products are available/appropriate for use in developing historical reference scenario
Acquire imagery for reference time period and classify each map into forest/non-forest according to forest definition
Develop 2 products:
Map of deforestation (due to agricultural conversion, fire, intensive fuelwood collection)
Map of forestation
Perform accuracy assessment on historical reference time period for recent year and assume same for previous years (>80%)
On recent year map, stratify existing forest areas based on spectral characteristics of lands that were deforested and forested over the reference time period to inform carbon stock field sampling
Identify historical rate of forest degradation, planting trees outside forests:
Investigate emerging technologies in remote sensing for detecting forest degradation (Souza/Asner)
Investigate local community mapping approaches and sampling strategies for assessing historical trend of forest degradation and tree planting
Activity 1c: Quantify carbon stock changes: develop emission/removal factors for deforestation, forest degradation, and enhancement of carbon stocks
Identify key carbon pools to include in historic estimate of emissions/removals
Aboveground biomass
Belowground biomass (estimate based on IPCC equation)
Soils where relevant
Dead wood where relevant
Litter exclude, likely not significant
Identify whether existing inventory data are available/appropriate for use in developing historical reference scenario – if so, compile into central database
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If existing data not appropriate, collect new data:
Plantations:
Growth and yield tables – not as precise for estimating carbon
Develop local biomass regression equations for plantation species (more accurate)
Natural forests + savannas/open woodlands:
Verify pantropical biomass equations for Kenyan forests
Acquire local equations developed for Kenyan savannas/open woodlands
Identify sampling strategy: use remote sensing information about where lands were deforested in past, sample in forest lands with similar spectral characteristics
Identify number of field plots required to achieve given level of accuracy and precision
Conduct field campaign
Trees outside forests:
Develop strategy for sampling local communities on historical changes in tree cover in e.g. ag lands
Investigate use of historical aerial imagery
Compile field data on carbon stocks into central database
Activity 1d: combine area changes with emission/removal factors
Use IPCC methodologies
Assess uncertainty in emissions/removals using IPCC approach
ACTIVITY 2: Develop future trajectory under different economic/development scenarios
Vision 2030: how will forest cover change over time? Plans to reduce deforestation/increase forest cover to 10%?
ACTIVITY 3: Subject REL to internal and external verification
DRAFT OUTLINE OF COMPONENT 4 (MRV)
Background Information
MRV system monitors the performance of REDD+ interventions
Goal of Component 4
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Develop a monitoring, reporting and verification system that allows for transparent accounting of emissions and removals of CO2 through time that can be compared against the projected reference scenario
Develop a monitoring system that allows for transparent monitoring of other social and environmental impacts (SESA)
Activities to Accomplish Goal
ACTIVITY 1: Outline management framework for national MRV system
Develop organizational flowchart to identify which institutions/ministries are responsible for which component of MRV process
KFS has ownership
Role of other groups: Kenya Wildlife Service, local communities/CFAs, universities
ACTIVITY 2: Evaluate monitoring systems that are already in place in other countries to identify learning opportunities
US methodology for quantifying enhancement of carbon stocks in extended rotation plantation systems
Regional knowledge sharing, e.g. Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia
ACTIVITY 3: Identify new data that will come on board in the near future that could be used for future monitoring (e.g., satellite monitoring system out of ROC)
ACTIVITY 4: Design monitoring system
Identify frequency of monitoring
Identify population of interest, stratify into monitoring strata
Natural forests
Plantations
Trees outside forests
Locations of forest-dependent communities + buffer zones
Develop plan for assessing uncertainty
Accuracy
Precision
Bias
Develop data archiving system
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Develop system to harmonize use of different datasets through time and how to handle decisions about changing monitoring options over time
ACTIVITY 5: Design reporting system
Determine levels of accuracy and precision for reporting emissions/removals
Look into available reporting frameworks (e.g. IPCC GHG inventory)
Design reporting framework that summarizes data, estimation methods and uncertainty
ACTIVITY 6: Design verification system
Look into available systems
ACTIVITY 7: Test monitoring system in pilot areas to identify potential issues
Subject monitoring events to pilot verification audit
ACTION ITEMS:
Kefa: identification of forest ownership issues in Kenya, how KFS defines forest+trees on farmland, new forest laws (CFA role)
Kefa or Jackson: Send Winrock atlas booklet (UNEP)
Kefa: Forest zone boundaries (72 zones with stations within) used to identify who needs to be trained/capacity building
Esa: local equations developed for biomass of savanna/open woodlands by 4 growth forms (Timo Pukkala reference)
Kefa: concept note with Jackson (Clinton Foundation) and KFS (Kefa) on carbon accounting system
James: follow up on acquisition of panchromatic SPOT 10m imagery for whole country since 1999-present. Processed to show NDVI.
Julius: provide info on what has been done with 6 pilot communities re: 3-D models
Kefa: draft a flowchart of linkages between remote sensing, carbon stocks, hierarchy of who is doing what where and how it all links together up to Climate Change Office
Winrock: get Kenya’s NC from UNFCCC
REDD+ POLICY OPTIONS:
Extended rotations on plantations?
Policy made to stop conversion of plantations to agriculture demonstrates that certain policies introduced in the past have slowed down land use change. Highlight governance issues.
Improve efficiency on supply side and demand side of cookstove fuel
CONSULTATIONS: what methodology-specific information needs to be included?
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Use CFAs for monitoring certain components
How have local communities been involved in monitoring processes and how do they see their role?
Issue of monitoring trees outside of forests – enhancement of stocks – degradation. Big community aspect.