readiness knowledge and skills exploration & social · pdf file ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Adapted From Burnett Junior High, Wylie, TX
Readiness Knowledge and Skills
Social Studies 8—STAAR Review
Exploration & Colonial Era 1492-1763
i
Reasons for Exploration
God – spread Christianity
Gold – gain wealth
Glory – fame and international recognition, nationalism
Leads to discovery of North America and its colonization
Important Dates
1607—Jamestown founded: 1st permanent English settlement
1620—Plymouth founded: Pilgrims traveled to Plymouth and
signed the Mayflower Compact to establish self-government
Early Representative Government
Virginia House of Burgesses—1st representative assembly in
North America
Mayflower Compact—signed by Pilgrim men, who agreed to
self-government through a social contract
Establishing Colonies
Religious and Political freedom
Economic Opportunity (Mercantilism and land ownership)
Settlement of the American Colonies
New England: settled by Pilgrims and Puritans to escape
religious persecution in England
Mid-Atlantic: Diversity & religious tolerance; NY—key trading
area; Quakers led by William Penn founded Pennsylvania
Lower South: Maryland founded by persecuted Catholics;
Georgia was created for outcasts and debtors
New England New England
Slavery Established
The need for cheap laborers to grow cash crops encouraged
white settlers to use African slaves
Farmers grew cash crops on plantations in the South and used
slaves so they could practice commercial agriculture cheaply.
Invention of the cotton gin made it even easier and cheaper
to grow cotton. This led to a higher demand for cotton and
thus, more slaves.
As America acquired more territory, the issue of slavery
became a controversial issue.
People of the Colonies
Thomas Hooker—founder of Connecticut, who adopted the
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, America’s first written
Constitution.
William Penn—founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers.
He supported freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and
sought peace with Native Americans.
Anne Hutchinson—banished from Massachusetts for preaching;
one of the founders of Rhode Island.
French and Indian War
British colonists wanted French land in North America
British fought against French and Native American allies
Native Americans fought against the British because they
were afraid the British would take their land
Treaty of Paris, 1763—Ended the French and Indian War
Britain was left in debt and began taxing the colonists to pay
for the war and the Proclamation of 1763 was established to
keep colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mts.
Triangular Trade
New England
Middle
Southern
Mercantilism
benefits Britain
Adapted From Burnett Junior High, Wylie, TX
Readiness Knowledge and Skills
Social Studies 8—STAAR Review Revolutionary Era
1763-1789
Increasing Tension with Britain
British Policy Definition Colonial Reaction
Proclamation of 1763
Forbade settlement west of Appalachians
Angry; ignored it, moved anyway
Sugar Act Tax on sugar “Taxation without representation”
Stamp Act Tax on documents Protests; formed the Sons of Liberty
Townshend Acts Tax on imports Boycotts; riots
Tea Act Tax on tea Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts Closed Boston Harbor
First Continental Congress
Revolutionary War
Lexington & Concord—first battles of the Revolution
British planned to arrest colonial leaders and seize weapons
Paul Revere made famous Midnight Ride to warn the militia
Known as the “shot heard ‘round the world”
Second Continental Congress
Chose Washington as commander of the Continental Army
Approved the creation of a Declaration of Independence
Became the nation’s first acting government
Declaration of Independence—July 4, 1776
written primarily by Thomas Jefferson
listed grievances against George III and claimed independence
from Britain based on the philosophies of John Locke
Saratoga—turning point of the war
convinced the French king to recognize and aide Americans
Valley Forge—harsh winter endured by Continental Army
Many deserted, Washington had to motivate his troops to stay
Marquis de Lafayette and Baron von Stueben arrive from
Europe to help train the army
Yorktown—last major battle of the war
French ships prevent British supplies from reaching Yorktown
British General Cornwallis is forced to surrender
Treaty of Paris, 1783—ended the American Revolution
The 13 colonies become independent from England
The boundary of the U.S. extends to the Mississippi River
Key Individuals of the American Revolution
George Washington—Commander-in-Chief of the Continental
Army; despite loses, kept his army together and motivated
Crispus Attucks—African American who was the first man to die
at the Boston Massacre
Samuel Adams—Boston patriot who established the
Committees of Correspondence to keep colonists informed of
British actions; Leader of the Sons of Liberty
Benjamin Franklin—author, publisher, inventor and diplomat
Patrick Henry—Virginia patriot who gave his famous speech
ending in, “give me liberty, or give me death!”
Thomas Paine—wrote Common Sense to justify the colonists’
independence; wrote American Crisis to motivate soldiers to
keep fighting despite losses and a hard winter at Valley Forge
Abigail Adams—wife of John Adams, known for her support of
women’s rights from letters to her husband
Wentworth Cheswell—African-American patriot; rode with Paul
Revere during the Midnight Ride; fought at Saratoga
Mercy Otis Warren—Patriot writer who supported
independence and convinced other to join the cause. First
woman historian of the American Revolution
James Armistead—African-American spy during the war; spied
on General Cornwallis’ camp
Bernardo de Galvez—Spaniard sailor who held off the British
fleet in New Orleans during the war
Haym Salomon—Jewish banker who spied on the British and
also helped finance the war
Marquis de Lafayette—French nobleman who helped train
American soldiers during the war
John Paul Jones—“father of the U.S. Navy”; Led raids on British
ships and famously said, “I have not yet begun to fight!”
King George III—King of England during the Revolutionary War
Constitutional Convention, 1787
Also called the Philadelphia Convention—Delegates met to
revise the Articles of Confederation; instead they wrote an
entirely new constitution and formed a new government.
Articles of Confederation
Adopted by the states in 1781 as the nation’s 1st constitution
Loose Confederation of states, each with one vote in Congress
Northwest Land Ordinance—set procedure for orderly
expansion of the U.S.
Weaknesses: no power to tax or raise an army; states printed
own money; Shay’s Rebellion was stopped by a state militia
New Ways of Thinking
The Enlightenment—belief that government’s sole purpose is to
protect the rights of its people; questioned Kings’ authority
First Great Awakening—religious revival; belief that God speaks
to all people, not just the wealthy or elite; questioned authority
Adapted From Burnett Junior High, Wylie, TX
Readiness Knowledge and Skills
Social Studies 8—STAAR Review Forming a New Nation
1783-1791
People and Documents that influenced American Government
Magna Carta, 1215—limited the power of the King; guaranteed
the right to a trial by jury
English Bill of Rights—frequent elections; guaranteed right to
bear arms, forbade cruel and unusual punishment; trial by jury
John Locke—wrote that govt is a social contract. Govt exists by
the consent of the people and must protect unalienable rights:
Life, Liberty, and Property
Charles de Montesquieu—French philosopher who defined the
principle of separation of powers and checks & balances in govt.
William Blackstone—defined individual rights in English law
that could not be violated, even by a king
Debate and Compromise over Representation in Congress
The Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise)
The 3/5ths Compromise—slaves were counted as 3/5ths (60%) of a white citizen for purposes of representation and taxation
7 Principles of the Constitution
Limited Government—everyone, even govt officials, are subject to the law
Popular Sovereignty—the government was created by the people in order to govern themselves; majority rules
Republicanism—the desires of the people are represented in government by elected representatives
Federalism—power of the government is shared between the states and the national government
7 Principles of the Constitution (cont’d)
Separation of Powers—splits the powers of govt into 3 branches
Checks and Balances—each branch makes sure the others are
working the way they are supposed to
Individual Rights—Bill of Rights protects personal freedoms
against the powers of the government
Ratification Debates
Federalists—support ratification (approval) of the Constitution
Anti-Federalist—oppose ratification of the Constitution
Federalists Anti-Federalists
Led by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
Led by Patrick Henry and George Mason
Favored a strong nat’l govt Favored strong state govt’s
Wrote Federalist Papers to gain support from the people
Wrote Anti-Federalist papers to gain support from people
Separation of Powers will safeguard against tyranny
Only a Bill of Rights will safeguard against tyranny
The Constitution was ratified in 1788 and the Bill of Rights were added in 1791.
Bill of Rights—first 10 Amendments to the Constitution
1st—Freedom of speech, press, religion, petition, and assembly
2nd—right to bear arms
3rd—protection from quartering of troops
4th—protection from unreasonable searches and seizures
5th—protection from double jeopardy and self-incrimination
6th—right to a speedy and public trial by jury in criminal cases
7th—right to a jury in civil cases
8th—No cruel or unusual punishment or excessive bail
9th—Protection of rights not stated in the Constitution
10th—Powers not listed belong to the states and/or people
Virginia Plan Representation based on
population
New Jersey Plan Equal representation for
all states
The Great Compromise
U.S. Congress
One house based on population (House of Representatives)
One house based on equal representation (Senate)
Adapted From Burnett Junior High, Wylie, TX
Readiness Knowledge and Skills
Social Studies 8—STAAR Review Early Republic
1789-1825
Development of Political Parties
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
Leaders Alexander Hamilton John Adams
Thomas Jefferson James Madison
Government Strong nat’l govt Weak nat’l govt
Constitution Loose interpretation Strict interpretation
Economy Based on industry Based on agriculture
Democracy Fear of mob rule Fear of rule by one or a few
Foreign Affairs Favored England Favored France
First 5 Presidents
George Washington—no Political Party
Hamilton’s Financial Plan—create a national bank; place a tariff on imported goods
Farewell address encouraged isolationism and no forming of political parties
John Adams—Federalist Party
XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts
Thomas Jefferson—Democratic-Republican
Marbury v. Madison (1803)—said that the Supreme Court had right to review all laws made by Congress; established the principle of Judicial Review
Louisiana Purchase (1803)—purchased from France for $15 million, doubled the size of the U.S.
James Madison—Democratic-Republican
War of 1812
James Monroe—Democratic-Republican
Monroe Doctrine—stated that Europe can no longer establish colonies in North or South America
U.S. promised to stay out of European affairs
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)—said that a state could not tax a national bank; increased the power of the Federal Govt.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)—said that federal government had the power to regulate trade between states
**John Marshall—One of the most influential Supreme Court Chief Justices; rulings increased the power of the national Govt.
War of 1812
Causes
England prevented trade with other countries
Impressment of U.S. sailors (forced to work on British ships)
England encouraged Native Americans to attack settlers
Effects
Foreign Affairs—America proved it could protect itself
Economy—U.S. became more independent of foreign trade; created their own goods, sparked the Industrial Revolution
Nationalism—Americans felt more patriotic about their country
Mercantilism v. Free Enterprise
Free enterprise—economic system where the people decide
what to make, buy, and sell
Mercantilism Free Enterprise
British imposed strict control of colonial economy
Govt. does not control but regulates trade to make it fair
Colonies discouraged from manufacturing goods
Americans free to produce whatever goods we want
Colonies forced to buy British goods
Americans can buy goods from any country
Colonial trade with other countries is restricted
Free trade: Americans can trade with any country
British controlled prices of goods
Consumer controls price of goods with supply & demand
Key Inventions
Cotton gin—removes seeds from cotton fiber; faster production Power loom—weaves cotton into textiles (fabric); demand for cotton increases Interchangeable parts—identical parts that can easily replace another; allows for easy assembly and repair; low skilled jobs Bessemer process—inexpensive mass production of steal Telegraph—uses Morse Code to send messages across a cable Plow and reaper—tools that improved agricultural production
Improvements in Transportation
Canals—helped link western farms to northern cities and made it easier to transport people and goods: Erie Canal in NY Steam boat—allowed for goods to travel faster Railroads—helped expand the growth of cities, trade, and the migration of people
Industrialization
Factors that led to Industrialization:
War of 1812–America was forced to make their own goods
Inventions changed the way goods were produced
Improvements in transportation–made it easier, faster and
cheaper to send goods to buyers
Main features of Industrialization:
More people worked, including women, children, & immigrants
People moved to cities to be near their jobs = Urbanization
Protective tariffs encouraged Americans to buy domestic goods
Adapted From Burnett Junior High, Wylie, TX
Readiness Knowledge and Skills
Social Studies 8—STAAR Review
Age of Jackson & Antebellum Era
1825-1860
Key issues during Jackson’s Presidency:
Election of 1828—Jackson defeats incumbent John Q. Adams; prior to the election, the Democratic-Republican party splits
Jacksonian Democracy—as champion of the common man, Jackson supported increased male suffrage (right to vote)
Spoils System—where an elected official hires his supporters into public office; allows average people to work in govt. jobs
Nullification Crisis—South Carolina, led by Vice-President John C. Calhoun, threatened secession if they could not nullify the Tariff of Abominations because it hurt Southern interests o Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser, created a plan to
satisfy both S. Carolina and Jackson, and thus, avoided war
War on the Bank—Jackson vetoed the renewal of the 2nd Bank of the U.S. and transferred its deposits into state banks. This both killed the bank and led to an economic panic
Whig Party—Political Party that opposed the policies of Andrew Jackson; led by Daniel Webster and Henry Clay
Reasons for Westward Expansion:
Manifest Destiny—the idea that America is destined to expand from “Sea to shining Sea” - the Atlantic to the Pacific
Wealth from rich farm lands, timber, minerals and gold Belief that Americans should own their own piece of land
Native American Policies
Indian Removal Act—law that would relocate 5 southeastern Native American tribes to Oklahoma
Worcester v. Georgia—Cherokee nation sued Georgia to keep their lands and won; however, Jackson did not enforce the ruling
Trail of Tears—harsh journey of the Cherokee into Indian Territory; estimated 4,000 out of 16,000 died along the way
Reform in America
Second Great Awakening—religious revival that focused on change and repairing moral wrongs; launched the Age of Reform:
Public Education
Horace Mann—believed all children should have an education
Labor Workers protested to get better wages, hours and conditions
Temperance
Social movement to stop the sale and consumption of alcohol
Prison/Hospital
Dorothea Dix—fought to rehabilitate prisoners and to
improve conditions for the mentally ill
Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson—stressed spiritual importance in life
Henry David Thoreau—wrote Civil Disobedience, refused to
pay tax that supported war with Mexico/expansion of slavery
Women’s Rights—sought equal treatment & suffrage for women
Susan B. Anthony—leader in women’s suffrage movement
Elizabeth Cady Stanton—author and women’s rights activist
Seneca Falls Convention—meeting in Seneca Falls, NY
Declaration of Sentiments drafted which defines the injustices of men toward women; demanded equal treatment in society
Abolition—the movement to end slavery
The North banned slavery and wanted the South to do the same
William Lloyd Garrison—published abolitionist newspaper The Liberator
Harriet Beecher Stowe—wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which portrayed the realities of slavery
Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth—both escaped slavery and became leading abolitionist speakers
Harriet Tubman—former slave and conductor of the Underground Railroad, escape routes into Canada
John Brown—militant abolitionist who killed slavery supporters in Kansas and led a raid on a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry
Compromises on Slavery
As the nation expanded, the question of whether slavery would be allowed in newly acquired territories was a continuous debate:
Missouri Compromise (1820)
admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
kept balance between free and slave states in Congress
prohibited slavery north of Missouri
Compromise of 1850
California becomes a free state
no slave trade in D.C.
popular sovereignty to determine slavery in Mexican Cession
Fugitive Slave Law helped slave owners recover their runaway
slaves from the North
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
replaced the Missouri Compromise
Slavery in each territory to be decided by popular sovereignty
“Bleeding Kansas”—Conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters in Kansas from 1854-1859
Adapted From Burnett Junior High, Wylie, TX
Readiness Knowledge and Skills
Social Studies 8—STAAR Review
Civil War & Reconstruction
1860-1877
Sectionalism
Tension between the North and South as each “section” of the country placed its own interests above the nation as a whole
Factors that increased Sectionalism:
Different Economies Abolitionist Movement o Industry in the North “Bleeding Kansas” o Agriculture in the South Dred Scott v Sandford
States’ Rights
Tariffs/Nullification Crisis
John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry
People of the Civil War/Reconstruction Era
Ulysses S. Grant—Commanding General of the Union army
William Carney—1st African-American awarded the Medal of Honor while serving as the flag bearer in the 54th Massachusetts Regiment at the Battle of Fort Wagner
Philip Bazaar—Latino Navy Seaman who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his valor in the Battle for Fort Fisher
Robert E. Lee—Commanding General of the Confederate army
Stonewall Jackson—Confederate General who won many victories despite the odds; accidently shot by one of his own men
Hiram Rhodes Revels—first African American to be elected to Congress (Senate)
Election of 1860
Republican Abraham Lincoln wins the Election of 1860
South Carolina secedes (withdraws) from the Union o Within months, 10 other states secede and form the
Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis becomes President of the Confederacy o Based on the idea of States’ Rights, he argues that states
voluntarily joined the Union and thus had the right to leave
Civil War—1861-1865
Fort Sumter—first shots of the Civil War
No casualties, but Ft. Sumter falls to Confederate forces
Battle of Antietam—bloodiest battle in the Civil War
Battle was inconclusive, but had nearly 23,000 casualties
Emancipation Proclamation—Decreed by Lincoln on Jan 1st, 1863
Set the slaves free in the “rebellious” southern states
Battle of Gettysburg—turning point of the war
Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address in honor of the dead soldiers stating the Union was worth fighting for
included ideas about liberty & equality; “new birth of freedom”
Siege of Vicksburg—Union gains control of the Mississippi River
Surrounds and splits Confederacy in two
Success of the Anaconda Plan
Election of 1864—Lincoln wins re-election
No punishment of the South; “with malice toward none...”
Promises to “bind up the nation’s wounds”
Civil War (cont’d)
Appomattox Courthouse—ends the Civil War
Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Union General Ulysses S. Grant
No prisoners taken; all soldiers sent home w food & supplies
Lincoln Assassinated
Five days after Lee’s surrender, Lincoln is shot in the head at
Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth
Andrew Johnson, the Vice-President, becomes President
Reconstruction—1865-1877
The process of re-admitting Southern States into the Union
Andrew Johnson—followed Lincoln’s goals Reconstruction
Ex-Confederates swore allegiance to the U.S. to avoid treason
States adopted the 13th Amendment to send members back to Congress
Freedman’s Bureau—established to help freed slaves (freedmen) with food, clothing, medical care, and education
“Black Codes”—series of laws in the South that limited the freedom of former slaves
Radical Republicans—Congressmen who sought reforms to:
punish and impose a new order on the South
grant citizenship rights to former slaves
Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution
13th Amendment—Slavery outlawed; all current slaves set Free
14th Amendment—Made all former slaves American Citizens
15th Amendment—Citizens regardless of race allowed to Vote
Western Territories
Homestead Act—offered 160 acres of land, free to anyone who agreed to live on and improve the land for 5 years
Morrill Act—land grant that established universities that taught agriculture and the mechanical arts (Texas A&M)
Dawes Act—Indian policy that broke up Indian reservations into individual land plots; forced cultural assimilation