design strategies for gamified physical activity applications for older adults

Dennis L. Kappen: University of Ontario Institute of Technology, CanadaDr. Lennart E. Nacke : University of Waterloo CanadaDr. Kathrin M. Gerling: University of Lincoln United KingdomDr. Lia E. Tsotsos: Centre for Elder Research, Sheridan College, Canada

Twitter :3d_ideation

7/5/2016 Dennis L. Kappen Twitter :3d_ideation 2

7/5/2016 Dennis L. Kappen Twitter :3d_ideation; Dr. Lennart E. Nacke Twitter @acagamic 3

Reality Bites: Baby Boomer Generation

Source: Leslie Braunstein (2012)http://urbanland.uli.org/industry-sectors/many-shades-of-gray-baby-boomers-and-their-disparate-needs/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140926/dq140926b-eng.htm


Source: http://vintagefitness.com


Determining Motivational Characteristics ofOlder Adults towards Physical Activity andtechnology Physical Activity Applications which must be

Gamified and Adapted on demand

Designing playful collaborativeapplications that older adultscan engage in (Cza et al., 2008) Integration and configuration

of social media Prosumers: create and share

their own content with oneanother. (Waycott et al.,2013) Social spaces (spatial and

online) (Eklund, 2012) Overcome emotional

loneliness (McLaughlin et al.,2012)



Paying for a Trainer/Gym Membership is Expensive

Many Older Adults are on a Fixed Income

Physical Activity is not their First Choice

Lonely Environment at Home

Much research has been doneon the topic of positive aspectsof gaming and devices forolder adults. Rehabilitation (Flores et al.,

2008; Alankus et al., 2011) Exergame; Physical and

Cognitive training ( Gerling etal., 2010; Cho et al., 2002 ) Leisure and Entertainment

(Wu et al., 2012) Adult Training (Serious Games)


Image Source:http://techcrunch.com/2008/12/15/study-shows-playing-rts-games-keeps-old-brains-healthy/

QualitativeResearch

InterviewsSDT*

KEG* ThematicAnalysis

FocusGroups SDT + KEG

Qualitative Research Method Deductive Thematic Analysis (Feredey et al., 2006)


TheoreticalPositioning

DataCollection

Analysis

*SDT – Self-Determination Theory*KEG – Kaleidoscope of Effective Gamification

Relevant to SDT, do changes in intrinsic andextrinsic motivations of older adults facilitatefitness activity?


What are the underlying factors andchallenges that facilitate or prevent fitnessactivities for older adults in the context oftechnology-supported PA?


What are the challenges anddesign strategies for designingmotivated gamified physicalfitness activities andapplications?


Source: https://pixabay.com/en/old-man-adult-senior-people-care-660831/


Kaleidoscope ofEffectiveGamification(KEG) (2013)

Kappen, D.L. and Nacke, L.E. TheKaleidoscope of EffectiveGamification : DeconstructingGamification in BusinessApplications. Gamification 2013,(2013), 119–122.


Kaleidoscope ofEffectiveGamification(KEG)(2013)

PLAYERVIEWPOINT

DESIGNERVIEWPOINT


Kaleidoscope of Effective Gamification (KEG)(2013)


Kaleidoscope of Effective Gamification (KEG)(2013)

Motivated Behaviour Layer (MBL)


AG

E

50+

FITN

ESS

ACTIVEADULTS

COM

PUTE

R S

KIL

LS

INTERNETSAVVY

UNDERSTANDING MOTIVATIONS OF OLDER ADULTS TOENGAGE IN TECHNOLOGY FACILITATED PHYSICAL

ACTIVITY FROM AGE 50 ONWARDS

Active Lifestyle : engage in activity equivalent to walking more than 3 miles per day

Location Sheridan Elder Research Centre (SERC), Oakville

Participants 19 participants 45-60 minutes

Method Semi-structured interviews

Materials Audio recordings



Categorization of intrinsic and extrinsic fitness motivations based on the KEG +SDT

Need Satisfaction Discussion 3 groups of one physical trainer older adult facilitator

Focus on Physical Activity Motivations Barriers


Embracing DigitalTechnology Self-Determination Theory

+ Kaleidoscope model Autonomy Competence Relatedness

Collaboration vs.Competition


7/5/2016 Dennis L. Kappen Twitter :3d_ideation 25Mapping of Fitness Attributes from themes in relation to SDT and KEG


Motivations-Mental, Physical, and Contextual

Source: http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/growingstronger/exercises/stage2.html

7/5/2016 Dennis L. Kappen Twitter :3d_ideation 27PERFORMANCE BASED ACHIEVEMENT BASEDENGAGEMENT BASED

Intrinsic Motivation- Competence

7/5/2016 Dennis L. Kappen Twitter :3d_ideation 28CUSTOMIZATION INDEPENDENCEPURPOSE

Intrinsic Motivation- Autonomy

7/5/2016 Dennis L. Kappen Twitter :3d_ideation 29SHARING PREFERENCESRELATIONSHIPS

Intrinsic Motivation- Relatedness


Extrinsic Motivations Self-determined extrinsic motivation (Dacey et al.,2008)

Non self-determined extrinsic motivations (Dacey et al.,2008)

Tangible rewards Intangible rewards

Barriers to Entry (Fitness Activity)

Amotivation

Goal Setting and Accountability


Barriers/Amotivation Motivations Small achievable steps Simple routines that reinforce small

successes Praise, wellbeing and health are

rewarding Self-monitoring and external

feedback Togetherness and sociability at a

common workout place


Challenges: 10,000 steps a day exercise adherence Prioritizing Ability Appropriate Game Elements Technology Usage and Personal

Relationships Feedback

Limitations Active Older Adults Attitudes towards technology-

supported Physical Activity

7/5/2016 33Dennis L. Kappen Twitter :3d_ideation; Dr. Lennart E. Nacke Twitter @acagamic

www.gamefulplay.cawww.touchpoint.info

Twitter :3d_ideation7/5/2016 Dennis L. Kappen Twitter :3d_ideation 34

.com

www.yayimages.com/image/fileid/22735678 https://www.heartmath.org/articles-of-the-heart/science-of-the-heart/stress-and-cognitive-decline/ http://www.medpagetoday.com/resource-center/atrial-fibrillation/Cognitive-Decline-Without-

Stroke/a/47578 http://monsterwebsearch.com/tags/adult-home-care http://www.gamespot.com/news/68-of-us-households-gaming-youth-usage-rises-6211774 http://www.webpronews.com/mobile-games-survey-nearly-half-of-adults-are-mobile-gamers-2012-06 Czaja, S. J., & Lee, C. C. 2008. Information Technology and Older Adults. In: Sears, A. & Jacko, J.A. (Eds.):

The Human Computer Interaction Handbook. New York, New York, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. http://www.joystickdivision.com/2010/10/5_proven_ways_video_games_are.php http://www.shockmd.com/2009/08/13/motives-for-online-gaming/ Source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/how-gyms-are-tailoring-personal-training-for-

seniors/2015/03/17/9e56bf8c-c662-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html http://www.123rf.com/photo_7639131_healthy-elderly-woman-doing-dumbbell-exercise-with-personal-

trainer-at-home-smiling.html http://brainblogger.com/2014/10/24/exercise-reduces-the-risk-of-alzheimers-disease/ "Aerobics class" by Bill Branson (Photographer) - This image was released by the National Cancer

Institute, an agency part of the National Institutes of Health, with the ID 2375 (image) (next).This tagdoes not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. SeeCommons:Licensing for more information.English | Français | +/−. Licensed under Public Domain viaWikimedia Commons -https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerobics_class.jpg#/media/File:Aerobics_class.jpg

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