reactions alkynes

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Announcements • Chemistry in context #2 due Sunday March 22 at 10:00pm (instead of Friday) (upload it on blackboard!) • Lab report (Lab#3) due Friday March 20th • Lab #4 next week on Friday March 27 • Print (only; DO NOT SOLVE) MH#7, 8, 9, 10, 11 by next Monday. We will go over these homeworks during class. They will be part of your review for the test. You will give me these homeworks on Thursday before the test.

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Reacciones de Alquinos.Química

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Page 1: Reactions Alkynes

Announcements

• Chemistry in context #2 due Sunday March 22 at 10:00pm (instead of Friday) (upload it on blackboard!)

• Lab report (Lab#3) due Friday March 20th • Lab #4 next week on Friday March 27• Print (only; DO NOT SOLVE) MH#7, 8, 9, 10, 11 by

next Monday. We will go over these homeworks during class. They will be part of your review for the test. You will give me these homeworks on Thursday before the test.

Page 2: Reactions Alkynes

Nucleophiles and Electrophiles

• Nucleophiles– “Nucleus lover”– Substances that contain a pair of electrons available to form a

chemical bond – Nucleophilic atoms will have either lone pairs or pi bonds that can be

used to form new bonds to electrophiles

• Electrophiles.– “Electron lover” – Substances that are able to accept a pair of electrons to form a

chemical bond– Electrophilic atoms will have positive charge, a partial positive charge,

or be very polarizable

Page 3: Reactions Alkynes

Alkenes- Reactions

• Addition and elimination reactions• Addition

• Elimination

Page 4: Reactions Alkynes

Alkenes- reactions

• Alcohol dehydration• Occurs at high temperatures (180C) and with

H2SO4 as a catalizer

Page 5: Reactions Alkynes

How easily do alcohols go through dehydration?

Type of alcohol Tertiary Secondary Primary

Concentration of H2SO4

46% 62% 96%

It is easier for a tertiary alcohol to dehydrate

Page 6: Reactions Alkynes

Zaitzev´s rule

• The eliminated hydrogen in an elimination reaction is the one that belongs to the carbon with the most branches

• In other words, the carbon that is more likely to lose Hydrogens is the one with fewer Hydrogens

Page 7: Reactions Alkynes

Alkenes- Reactions

• Dehalogenation– React with strong bases like NaOH or KOH

Page 8: Reactions Alkynes

Alkenes- Reactions

• Dehalogenation (2 halogens)

Page 9: Reactions Alkynes

Alkenes- Reactions

• Dehydrogenation• Occurs when an alkane is exposed to:– High temperatures (500C)– A pressure of 30lb/in2 – Catalizers like SiO2 or Al2O3

Page 10: Reactions Alkynes

Alkenes- Reactions

• Dehydrohalogenation

Page 11: Reactions Alkynes

Alkenes- Reactions

• Ozonolysis• When an alkene is oxidized with ozone, an

unstable product is formed. These unstable products react with the hydrogen found in the air resulting in the formation of aldehydes and ketones

Page 12: Reactions Alkynes

Alkenes- Reactions- Ozonolysis

Page 13: Reactions Alkynes

Alkynes- Reactions

• Hydrogenation

Page 14: Reactions Alkynes

Alkynes- Reactions

• Halogenation• Similar to alkene halogenation

Page 15: Reactions Alkynes

Alkynes- Reactions

• Hydrohalogenation• Follows Markovnikov’s rule

Page 16: Reactions Alkynes

Alkynes- Reactions

• Hydration • Follows Markovnikov’s rule• The product is highly unstable so these

products convert into aldehydes or ketones

Page 17: Reactions Alkynes

Alkynes- Reactions

• Dehydrohalogenation

Page 18: Reactions Alkynes

Alkanes- Properties

• Solubility– Alkanes are non polar compounds (do not disolve in water)

• Boiling point– Alkanes are non polar covalent bonds– Contain Van der Walls forces– Low boiling point

• Boiling point is directly proportional to the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule. When the number of carbons increases, the molecule’s surface increases therefore you need to add more energy to break the forces of attraction

Page 19: Reactions Alkynes

Alkanes-properties

• Branching– The number of branches present in the molecule

decreases the boiling point• State of matter– Gases: Methane, ethane, propane, butane – Liquids: Pentaneheptadecane– Solids: Octadecane and on

Page 20: Reactions Alkynes

Alkenes- Properties

• Solubility– Non polar compounds (insoluble in water)

• Boiling point– Lower compared to the boiling point of alkanes

Page 21: Reactions Alkynes

Alkynes- Properties

• Solubility– Non polar compounds (not soluble in water)

• Boiling points– Greater compared to the boiling points of alkanes

• States of matter– Gases: methynebutyne– Liquid: pentynepentadecane– Solids hexadecane and on

Page 22: Reactions Alkynes
Page 23: Reactions Alkynes

Anuncios

• Reporte de laboratorio (Lab#3) para el viernes 20 de marzo (subirlo via blackboard)

• Lab #4 viernes 27 de marzo • Para el proximo lunes, imprimir (NO

RESUELVAN) Tareas #7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Las trabajaremos en clase la proixima semana. Seran parte de su repaso para el examen. Me entregaran las tareas el jueves antes del examen.

Page 24: Reactions Alkynes

Nuclefilos y Electrofilos

• Nucleofilos– “nucleus lover”– Substancias que contienen un par de electrones los cuales

pueden formar un enlace quimico– Estos atomos tienen ya sea pares de electrones o enlaces pi

• Electrofilos – “electron lover”– Substancias capaces de aceptar un par de electrones para formar

un enlace quimico– Estos atomos tienen ya sea carga positiva, carga positiva parcial o

son muy polares

Page 25: Reactions Alkynes

Alquenos- Reacciones

• Reacciones de adición y eliminación • Adicion

• Eliminacion

Page 26: Reactions Alkynes

Alquenos- Reacciones

• Deshidratación de alcoholes • Ocurre a altas temperaturas (180) y con

H2SO4 como catalizador

Page 27: Reactions Alkynes

Deshidratación de los alcoholes de acuerdo a su clasificacion?

Tipo de alcohol Terciario Secundario Primario

Concentracion de H2SO4

46% 62% 96%

Los alcoholes terciarios se deshidratan mas facilmente

Page 28: Reactions Alkynes

Regla de Zaitzev

• El hidrogeno eliminado en una reaccion de eliminacion es aquel que pertenezca al carbon con la mayor cantidad de ramificaciones

• En otras palabras, el carbon que perdera los hidrogenos es aquel que tenga menos hidrogenos

Page 29: Reactions Alkynes

Alquenos- Reacciones

• Dehalogenacion • Reacciona con bases fuertes como NaOH o

KOH

Page 30: Reactions Alkynes

Alquenos- Reacciones

• Dehaogenacion (2 halogenos)

Page 31: Reactions Alkynes

Alquenos- Reacciones

• Dehidrogenacion • Ocurre cuando los alquenos son expuestos a: – Altas temperaturas (500C)– Presion de 30lb/in2 – Presencia de catalizadores como SiO2 or Al2O3

Page 32: Reactions Alkynes

Alquenos- Reacciones

• Dehidrohalogenacion

Page 33: Reactions Alkynes

Alquenos- Reacciones

• Ozonolisis• Cuando un alqueno se oxida con ozono, un

producto inestable se forma. Este producto inestable reacciona con el hidrogeno que se encuentra en el aire lo que resulta en la formación de aldehidos y cetonas

Page 34: Reactions Alkynes

Alquenos- Reacciones- Ozonolisis

Page 35: Reactions Alkynes

Alquinos- Reacciones

• Hidrogenacion

Page 36: Reactions Alkynes

Alquinos- Reacciones

• Halogenacion• Parecida a la halogenacion de alquenos

Page 37: Reactions Alkynes

Alquinos-Reacciones

• Hidrohalogenacion • La regla de Markovnikov aplica

Page 38: Reactions Alkynes

Alquinos- Reacciones

• Hidratacion • La regla de Markovnikov aplica• El producto es inestable por lo que se

convierte en aldehidos y cetonas

Page 39: Reactions Alkynes

Alkynes- Reactions

• Dehidrohalogenacion

Page 40: Reactions Alkynes

Alcanos- Propiedades

• Solubilidad– Los alcanos son compuestos no polares (no se disuelven en agua )

• Punto de ebullicion– Los alcanos forman enlaces covalentes no polares – Por lo que contienen fuerzas de Van der Walls – Lo que les da un punto de ebullicion bajo

• El punto de ebullicion es directamente proporcional al numero de atomos de carbono presentes en la molecula. Cuando el numero de carbonos incrementa, la superficie de la molecula incrementa. Por lo tanto requeres de mas energia para romper las fuerzas de atraccion.

Page 41: Reactions Alkynes

Alcanos- Propiedades

• Ramificaciones– El numero de ramificaciones presentes en la

molecula disminuye el punto de ebullicion• Estado de la materia– Gases: Metano, etano, propano, butano – Liquidos: Pentanoheptadecano– Solidos: Octadecano en adelante

Page 42: Reactions Alkynes

Alquenos- Propiedades

• Solubilidad– Son compuestos no polares (insolubles en agua )

• Punto de ebullición– Es mas bajo a comparación de los alcanos

Page 43: Reactions Alkynes

Alquinos- Propiedades

• Solubilidad– Compuestos no polares (no son solubles en agua)

• Puntos de ebullicion– Mayores a comparacion de los alcanos

• Estados de la materia– Gases: metinobutino– Liquidos: pentinopentadecano– Solidos hexadecano en adelante

Page 44: Reactions Alkynes
Page 45: Reactions Alkynes
Page 46: Reactions Alkynes
Page 47: Reactions Alkynes

• Alcohols and Ethers: Synthesis of alcohols via mono-halogenated derivatives with NaOH and the Williamson Synthesis.

Page 48: Reactions Alkynes

• Aldehydes and Ketones: Partial (PCC) and total (Na2Cr2O7/H+) oxidation of alcohols

Page 49: Reactions Alkynes

• Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones with NaBH4. Reduction of Carboxylic Acids and Esters with LiAlH4.

• - PPT Fisher Esterification