reaction to trauma: myths and realities professor david a alexander ma(hons), c.psychol, phd, fbps,...
TRANSCRIPT
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REACTION TO REACTION TO TRAUMA: MYTHS TRAUMA: MYTHS AND REALITIESAND REALITIESProfessor David A Alexander
MA(Hons), C.Psychol, PhD, FBPS, FRSM, (Hon) FRCPsych
Aberdeen Centre for Trauma Research
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“Oh, give me a home, where the buffalo roam...”
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“Bummer of a birthmark, Hal."
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Primary features are:• experience of an abnormally stressful event
• persistent re-experiencing of that event
• persistent avoidance of reminders
• persistent hyperarousal (hypervigilance)
NB: Symptoms must have lasted for 1 month
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• 10% of all deaths in UK
• leading cause of death in young people
• for every death two permanently disabled
• high economic cost
‘The trauma epidemic’
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How common are post-traumatic conditions?
Best estimates (Alexander, 1997)
• Burn injuries - 45%
• RTAs - 18%
• Industrial accidents - 18%
• Major disasters - 50%
• Rape - 50%
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HOW DO PEOPLE REACT HOW DO PEOPLE REACT AFTER TRAUMA?AFTER TRAUMA?
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Individual reactions
Emotional Cognitive
SocialPhysical
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Individual reactions
Emotional
NumbnessFearDepressionGuiltAngerHelpless
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Individual reactions
Cognitive
False beliefsLoss of faithMemory/
concentrationFlashbacks
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Individual reactions
SocialAvoidanceIrritabilityWithdrawal
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Individual reactions
Physical
HyperarousalSleep problems
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At risk factors include...Trauma
• sudden, unexpected
• man made
• (perceived) threat to life
• extended exposure
• multiple deaths/mutilations
Survivor
• previous trauma
• psychiatric history
• severity (meaning) of injury
• lack of support
• other stresses
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HAVE YOU SOMEONE TO HAVE YOU SOMEONE TO GO HOME TO...?GO HOME TO...?
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• eviction
• leukaemic daughter
• redundancy
• physical ill health
• pending divorce
Yes, but...
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A team of trained counsellors is standing
by…
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““WATCHFUL WAITING”WATCHFUL WAITING”
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Phases of Response to Major Trauma
Warning
Impact
“Honeymoon”
Level of
Adju
stm
ent
Time Weeks Months
Previous Level of Adjustment
(Raphael [1986] “When disaster strikes”)
Disillusionment Enhanced Community and Individual Adjustment
“Second Disaster”
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