re wall construction
TRANSCRIPT
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REINFORCED EARTH
STRUCTURES
P . Suresh B .Tech.,
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The soils which have little tensile strength can be strengthened by the inclusion of materials with high tensile strength . The principle is same as adopted in reinforced concrete.
This mobilization of tensile strength is obtained by surface interaction between the soil and the reinforcement elements through friction and adhesion.
The reinforced earth technique is useful in urban locations where availability of land is minimum and construction is required with min disturbance to traffic.
If the soil is cohesion less like sand the resistance will be friction and if the soil is cohesive the bond stress will be adhesive.
BASIC CONCEPT OF REINFORCED EARTH
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It is very important to note that the total horizontal earth pressure is resisted by the frictional force between the soil and reinforcing element and the design will be made with required no. of layers vertically at adequate spacing
Hence there will not be any horizontal thrust on facia panels/blocks and these elements are non structural and are provided only to prevent erosion, loss of material at the face of re wall. The foundation provided for facia panels is only to take the self weight of panels, kerb over wall etc., but not for resisting the horizontal thrust.
The facia wall facilitates to keep the reinforcing elements at desired level and to retain fill material.
Compaction of fill material is not compulsory for walls without any vertical loads like gardens etc. For roads the compaction of fill shall be done as usual. But care must be taken that the compaction equipment like rollers etc should go not closer than 2m to wall facing
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Generally the size of square panels shall be 1500 x 1500mm. The thickness of panels shall be 180 mm and concrete grade of M35 shall be adopted. Nominal reinforcement consisting of 8mm Hysd bars shall be provided both ways at center
A leveling pad with m15 grade concrete shall be casted to provide a firm, level, and flat surface on which the facing units can be erected to the correct line, level. The width of footing is generally 600mm, and depth of 200mm. The leveling pad shall be cured for 24 hours prior to commencement of placing of panels.
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No plant or equipment with a weight of more than 1500 kg shall be allowed to operate within a distance of 1.50m from the facing
A light weight less than 1500kg vibratory roller or vibratory plate compactor may be used in this zone
Beyond a distance of 1.50m from the facing a static or vibratory roller of 8- 10 t may be used for compaction.
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CONCEPT OF REINFORCED EARTH
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SKETCH SHOWING ACTIVE AND RESISTANT ZONES
STABLE SLOPE STEEP SLOPE
EMBANKMENT
EXISTING G.L.
SOIL FORMATION
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COMPONENTS OF REINFORCED EARTH STRUCTURE
1) REINFORCING ELEMENT
2) SOIL BACK FILL
3) FACING ELEMENT
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TYPES OF REINFORCING ELEMENTS
Strips with metals like steel, aluminum, copper, polymers, glass fibre reinforced plastic etc.
Grids with steel, galvanized weld mesh, polymers (geo grids)
Sheet reinforcement with steel, fabric (geotextile)
Planks with timber, reinforced concrete, pre stressed concrete.
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SKETCH SHOWING COMPONENTS OF RE WALL
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The fill material for reinforced earth structures shall be
preferably cohesion less and it should have angle of
interface friction between the compacted fill and
reinforcing element not less than 30.
REQUIREMENT OF SELECTED FILL
Plasticity index should be less than 6
The size of fill material should not exceed 125 mm
The soil should be coarse grained, and not more than
10% of particles shall pass 75 micron sieve
The earth reinforcement coefficient of friction should
be higher than 0.40
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COEFFICIENT OF INTERACTION BETWEEN SOIL AND GEO GRID
S.NO TYPE OF SOIL COEFFICIENT Ǿ VALUE
1) CRUSHED ROCK,GRAVEL 0.90 TO 1.0 40 TO 50
2) SANDS 0.85 TO 0.95 28 TO 40
3) PULVERISED FUEL ASH 0.80 TO 0.85 --
4) CLAY 0.60 TO 0.70 < 12
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COMPONENTS OF RE WALS
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SKETCH SHOWING RE WALL DETAILS, DRAINAGE LAYER
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SKETCH SHOWING RE WALL SYSTEM
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MINIMUM LENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT
TYPE OF STRUCTURE MIN. REINFORCEMENT LENGTH
1)RETAINING WALLS 0.70 H (OR) MIN 3.0M
2)BRIDGE ABUTMENTS (0.60H+2) OR MIN 7.0 M
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SECTION SHOWING RE WALLS REINFORCEMENT
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SKETCH SHOWING WRAP AROUND GEOTEXTILE RE WALLS
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SKETCH SHOWING DIFFERENT TYPES OF RE WALLS
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TYPES OF FACING ELEMENTS
1)REINFORCED CONCRETE PRECAST
PANELS
2)PRECAST HOLLOW BLOCKS OR SOLID
BLOCKS
3) MILD STEEL SHEET
4) RUBBLE FACIA WITH WIRE MESH
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TYPICAL SKETCH SHOWING ONE TYPE OF FACIA PANELS
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SKETCH SHOWING TIE IN FACIA WALLS
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SKETCH SHOWING REINFORCEMENT CONNECTION WITH TIE
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PHOTO SHOWING CONNECTION OF REINFORCEMENT WITH TIE
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P.C.C. BED UNDER REINFORCED EARTH WALL
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INSIDE (EARTH FACE ) FACE OF RE WALL WITH FIRST ROW OF FACIA PANELS.
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PHOTO SHOWING FOUNDATION OF FACIA PANELS
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SKETCH SHOWING PLACEMENT OF FIRST ROW OF PANELS
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PHOTO SHOWING SCAFFOLDING FOR FIRST LAYER OF PANELS
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RAISING OF FACIA WALL WITH PRECAST PANELS
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SKETCH SHOWING JOINTING OF PANELS
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THE PANELS MAY BE GIVEN SLIGHT TILT TOWARDS SELECTED FILL TO ALLOW OUTWARD MOVEMENT SO
THAT IT WILL BE TRULY VERTICAL AFTER LOADING
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PHOTO SHOWING FURTHER LAYERS OF R.C.C. FACIA PANELS
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SKETCH SHOWING PLACEMENT OF R.C.C. FACIA PANELS
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SKETCH SHOWING IN SIDE OF FACIA PANELS DURING ERECTION
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PHOTO SHOWING CENTERING FOR CHECKING SPACING ,PLUMB
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STEEL REINFORCEMENT WITH STONE DUST FILL WITH R.C.C. FACIA PANELS
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STEEL FACIA PANELS WITH STEEL STRIPS AND FILL
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STEEL REINFORCEMENT WITH STEEL FACIA AND GRAVEL FILL
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CLOSE UP VIEW OF STEEL STRIP REINFORCEMENT ,FACIA PANELS
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RE WALL WITH CRUSHED AGGREGATE FILL, FACIA PANMELS
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RE WALL WITH STEEL REINFORCEMENT
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PHOTO SHOWING STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN SOIL ,FACIA PANEL
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STEEL REINFORCEMENT WITH R.C.C. FACIA PANELS
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CLOSEUP VIEW OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
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PHOTO SHOWING GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT WITH HOLLOW BLOCKS FACIA
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PHOTO SHOWING GEO SYNTHETIC REINFORCEMENT ,FACIA BLOCKS
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PHOTO SHOWING GEO GRID REINFORCEMENT, OVER LAP
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CLOSE UP VIEW OF GEO TEXTILE REINFORCEMENT
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GEO GRID REINFORCEMENT WITH PRECAST C.C.BLOCKS FACIA
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CLOSE UP VIEW OF GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT
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GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT WITH HOLLOW BLOCKS FACIA
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METAL REINFORCEMENT, STONE DUST FILL, HOLLOW BLOCKS FACIA
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DRAINAGE LAYER, SELECTED FILL, C.C. HOLLOW BLOCKS FACIA
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SPREADING OF GEO GRID
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SPREADING OF GEO GRID WITH FACIA BLOCKS
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SPREADING OF FILL MATERIAL (CRUSHED ROCK), GEOGRID
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STONE DUST FILL, R.C.C. FACIA PANELS
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PHOTO SHOWING COMPACTION OF FILL MATERIAL
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PHOTO SHOWING COMPACTION WITH PLATE COMPACTOR CLOSE TO FACIA WALLS
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PRECAST BLOCKS FACIA WITH STEEL REINFORCEMENT
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METAL REINFORCEMENT WITH PRECAST HOLLOW BLOCKS FACIA
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SPREADING OF SELECTED FILL STONE DUST
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GEOTEXTILE FIXED WITH FACIA WALLS AND ERECTION OF FACIA PANELS
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ERECTION OF FULL HIGHT FACIA WALLS
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ERECTION OF PRE-CAST FACIA PANELS
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ERECTION OF PRECAST FACIA PANELS WITH TIES
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ERECTION OF FULL HIGHT FACIA PANELS
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ERECTION OF FULL HIGHT FACIA PANEL
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COMPLETED RE WALL WITH FACIA PANELS
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PHOTO SHOWING TIMBER GRID RETAINING WALL
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COMPLETED BRIDGE ABUTMENT AS RE WALL
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COMPLETED BRIDGE ABUTMENT AS RE WALL WITH FULL HIGHT CONCRETE FACIA PANELS
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THANK YOU
P. SURESH. Deputy Executive Engineer
(R&B) sub division, Udayagiri.
CELL NO: 9440818349