re-inventing the internet

7/30/2019 Re-inventing the Internet

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Re-inventing the Internet

Vint Cerf

September 2012


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360#3

UCSBPDP

10

940

#2

SRI

#4

UTAH

#1

UCLASigma

7

The OriginalARPANET

Dec 1969


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Internet 1999


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Internet - Global Statistics 2010

(approx. 6 B mobiles and >1.5 Billion PCs)

888.2 Million

(ftp.isc.org/www/survey/reports/current/

Jan 2012)

2,267 Million Users

(InternetWorldStats.com, Dec 31, 2011)


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Regional Internet Statistics 12/31/2011

Region Internet

Population

%

penetrationAsia 1020 Mil. 26.2 %

Europe 500.0 Mil. 61.3 %

North Am. 273.1 Mil. 78.6 %LATAM/C 235.6 Mil. 39.5 %

Mid-East 77.0 Mil. 35.6 %

Oceania/Aus 23.9 Mil. 67.5 %

Africa 140.0 Mil. 13.5 %

TOTAL 2,267.0 Mil. 32.7 %


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Bob Kahns Open Architecture Idea

Each distinct network would have to stand on its own and no internal

changes could be required to any such network to connect it to theInternet.

Communications would be on a best effort basis. If a packet didn'tmake it to the final destination, it would shortly be retransmitted fromthe source.

Black boxes would be used to connect the networks; these would laterbe called gateways and routers. There would be no informationretained by the gateways about the individual flows of packets passingthrough them, thereby keeping them simple and avoiding complicatedadaptation and recovery from various failure modes.

There would be no global control at the operations level.


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Other key issues

Global addressing

Gateway functions to allow it to forward packets including routing using,handling interfaces, breaking packets into smaller pieces if necessary,etc.

Algorithms to recover from lost packets.

Providing "pipelining" so that multiple packets could be en route

End-end checksums, reassembly of packets from fragments anddetection of duplicates, if any.

Techniques for host to host flow control.

Interfacing with the various operating systems

There were also other secondary concerns, such as implementation

efficiency, internetwork performance


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Important Design Concepts

No particular application drives Internet design!

Layering (design factorization)

ARPANET layering (circa 1970)

Open Systems Interconnection (circa 1978)

Internet Protocol specification does not mention routing

IP Packets dont know what they carry or how they are carried

Non-national IP address structure

Best-efforts performance target + end-to-end principle

End/End Security (IPSEC)


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Role of Openness

Open Source - Linux, Chrome, Chrome OS, Android, show

source HTML

Open access - build a piece of Internet and connect it

No Intellectual Property claims for TCP/IP

Open Standards (e.g. IETF, etc.)

Commercial drivers (led to massive infrastructure investment)

Broadband open access (wholesale issue, net neutrality)


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Recent Changes to Internet

IPv6 - in parallel with IPv4 [IPv6 World Launch 6/6/2012]

Internationalized Domain Names

New gTLDs (2000 applications)

Domain Name System Security (DNSSEC)

Digitally-Signed Address Registration (RPKI)

Sensor Networks

Smart Grid

Mobile Devices


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Internationalized Top Level Domains


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Proposed Internationalized Domain Names


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Security Problems

Spam

Viruses/Worms/Trojan Horses

Infected websites

Infected thumb drives

Infected CD-ROMs, DVDs, etc.

DOS and DDOS attacks

Social Engineering

Poor passwords (re-usable especially)

Phishing, Pharming (DNS compromise)

IP address poaching

Spectacular human error (configuration esp.)


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Origins of Security Weaknesses

Weak operating systems

Nave Browsers (running with too much privilege)

Poor access control practices

Improper configuration of hosts and clients

Compromised lap/desktops + servers

Leading to BOTNETS

Hackers, Organized Crime, State-sponsored cyberwarfare


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Privacy Problems

Lax user behaviors (social networking, unsafe configuration)

Weak protection of personal data by business, government

Lost laptops, thumb drives

Weak security configuration of servers

Poor access controls

Bad business practices (sharing personal information)

Invasive devices

Mobiles with cameras and sound recording capacity

GPS tracking

RFID tracking

Closed Circuit TV surveillance (traffic, stores, public places)


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Cloud Collaboration

Multiple Data Centers (replication, responsiveness)

Dynamic capacity sharing

Data sharing (latest copy is always in the cloud

Video and audio conferencing with data sharing

Inter-Cloud interactions (new research area!) How to refer to other clouds?

How to refer to data in other clouds?

How to make data references persistent (unlike URLs)?

How to protect Clouds from various forms of attack (inside, outside)?

How to establish an access control regime (inside, between clouds)?

What semantics can we rely on with inter-cloud data exchange?

What notion ofobject would be useful for inter-cloud exchange?


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Internet Research Problems

Security at all levels

Internet Erlang formulas

QOS debates (smart

routers?)

Internationalized Domain

Names (ccTLDs & GTLDs)

Distributed Algorithms

Presence (multi-level)

Mobility, persistence

(processes, connections,

references)

Multihoming

Multipath routing

Broadcast utilization

Mesh and Sensor networks

Virtualization (net, storage,

processing)


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Internet Research Problems - 2

Authentication, Identity,

Authorization

Multi-core Processor Algorithms

Delay and Disruption Tolerance

Integration of Applications (e.g.

drag/drop gadgets in calendar)

Intellectual Property Protection

(tracking rights, enforcement)

Role of Layering

Governance

- Law Enforcement

- Policy Development

- Homologation

- Facilitation of electronic

commerce

- Privacy and confidentiality


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Mobile operation

Dynamic joining (new IP address?, Authentication?)

Dynamic Routing (Dynamic Topology)

Persistent connection (ID at TCP/UDP/RTP layer?)

Self-organization (security risks?)

New Routing Concepts

- OPENFLOW

- Content-directed Routing


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Performance

Latency, Throughput (cf: Greg Chessons work)

Resilience (AS partitioning)

Rate management vs CWND flow control

Route convergence

Addressing (Identification)

What objects should be addressable?

New bindings of IP to Identifiers (new DNS?)


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Policy Considerations

Broadband and wireless infrastructure

Non-discriminatory access (net neutrality)

Common Carriage style safe harbors regarding content

Permissionless innovation

Cloud computing efficiencies

Multi-lateral ICANN Affirmations

Continuation of IGF

Keeping the ITU focused on traditional telecommunication and standards

Coping with TLD expansion


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Challenges of the Digital Age

Intellectual property treatment

Digital material is easy to copy and distribute

Semantic Web

Complex objects that can only be rendered via computer

3D interactive objects

Complex spreadsheets

Interactive environments

BIT ROT!

Preserving interpretive programs (Windows 3000 and PPT 1997)

And the operating systems that run them

And the hardware that run the operating systems

For thousands of years!!


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Internet-enabled Devices


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The Data Will Come to Us!

Sensor networks everywhere!

Seismic, oceanographic, atmospheric, satellite

Smart buildings, instrumented highways

Video sensors (traffic, security)

The Smart Grid

Power metering applications

Hybrid and Plug-In vehicles

Injecting power into the Grid

Tracking usage for better lifestyle decisions

Office and building efficiencies


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Sergey Brins Challenge

Re-Invent the Internet so that:

No central registrations/assignments required

Essentially impossible to shut down

Anonymity can be protected

Freedom of expression can be protected

Protection from online harms is possible

The system is sustainable

WHAT WOULD THAT DESIGN LOOK LIKE?

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InterPlaNetary Internet


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MARS RECONAISSANCE ORBITER, MARS EXPRESS,

PHOENIX, MARS ROVERS, MARS SCIENCE LABORATORY


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Interplanetary Internet:InterPlaNet (IPN)

Planetary internets

Interplanetary Gateways

Interplanetary Long-Haul Architecture (RFC 4838)

Licklider Transport Protocol (LTP)

Bundle Protocol (RFC 5050)

Delayed Binding of Identifiers

Email-like behavior

TDRSS and NASA in-space routing

Delay and Disruption Tolerant Protocols Tactical Mobile applications (DARPA)

Civilian Mobile applications (SameNet!)

Deep Impact Testing October 2008

Space Station Testing July 2009 (and continuing)

EPOXI Testing October 2009 (aborted)

EPOXI visits Hartley-2 November 2010


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End-to-end information flow across the solar system

Layered architecture for evolvability andinteroperability

IP-like protocol suite tailored to operate over longround trip light times

Integrated communications and navigation services

S C ( 100 SS)


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Next Stop: Alpha Centauri (DARPA 100YSS)

re-inventing the internet

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