re-emergence of bed bugs in the u.s. abelardo c. moncayo, ph.d. vector-borne disease section...
TRANSCRIPT
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Re-emergence of bed bugsin the U.S.
Abelardo C. Moncayo, Ph.D.
Vector-Borne Disease Section
Tennessee Department of Health
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Historical perspective Bed bugs have plagued humans for thousands of
years
Origin of relationship remains unclear Originally a problem for the wealthy Enhanced by fire and heated homes Present in literature as far back as 400 B.C.E.
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Decline of bed bugs
Three major factors:
DDT use in 1950s Improved vacuum cleaners Changes in home construction
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Current status targeted pest treatments + bans, frequent travel have
led to a bed bug resurgence in the U.S. 300% increase in cases from 2000 to 2001 70% increase in cases in 2002 and 2003 Orkin had a 20% increase in bed bug calls in 2004 Reports of bed bugs in 43 states last year Chemical companies are reluctant to enter the bed
bug market because of failure to control Difficult to detect, to treat, and often to identify
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Family Cimicidae : The bed bugs About 91 species in 22 genera
12 genera only parasitize bats 9 genera only parasitize birds 3 species parasitize humans
Cimex lectularius (worldwide) Cimex hemipterus (tropics) Leptocimex boueti (West Africa)
Other species of concern (may bite people) Bat bug (Cimex adjunctus) Swallow bug (Oeciacus vicarius) Chimney Swift Bug (Cimexopsis nyctalis)
Question of origin Humans in caves Bats in homes
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Human-biting bed bugs
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In Tennessee ??Cimex lectularius
Bed Bug
Cimex adjunctusBat Bug
Cimexopsis nyctalisChimney Swift Bug
Most likely 3 species
Oeciacus vicariusSwallow Bug
1 possible species
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BED BUG
Identification Adults 1/4 to 3/8” long Brown to reddish brown Oval shaped Flattened Beak-like mouthparts Small, stubby,
nonfunctional wing pads “Obnoxiously sweet” odor
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Habits
External parasites that feed on blood Humans are the preferred host !
However - also feed on birds, rodents, bats, pets Feed during the night with peak activity occurring
just before dawn Seek refuge during daylight in dark, protected areas Prefer dry fabric, wood, and paper surfaces Fast-moving
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Injury Painless bite Reaction to the injected saliva
(individual variability) Swelling Rows of welts Severe itching (hours to days)
No conclusive evidence of disease transmission
Hepatitis BChagas’ Disease
Anxiety
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Immediate Bite Reactions
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Delayed Reactions (> 24 hrs.)
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Life CycleEgg
Female can lay 1-12 eggs per day Deposited on rough surfaces or in
cracks and crevices Hatch in 6-17 days
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Life Cycle
Nymph 5 instars Require a
blood
meal to
molt
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Life CycleAdult May live for 12-18 months Total developmental time takes
21 days @ 86F and 120 days @ 65F
Nymphs and adults can survive for more than
a year without Food !!
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Feeding - Several Instars
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Engorged Nymphs-1 & 2
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Engorging Adults & N - 2
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Prevention
Don’t bring infested items into the home Inspect clothing and baggage of travelers Inspect secondhand beds, bedding, and furniture
Exclude alternative hosts (birds, bats, rodents, etc.) Caulk cracks & crevices in building’s exterior Repair or screen openings
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Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) Correctly identify the pest Thoroughly inspect the premises to locate
harborage sites Encourage sanitary conditions Apply insecticides to targeted sites
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Inspection tips:recognize common
signs Blood stains from crushed bugs Fecal spots Shed skins & eggshells Offensive, sweet, musty odor
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Inspection tips:common harborage sites
Cracks and crevices Mattress, box springs, bed frame Window and door frames Baseboards Carpet tack boards Electrical boxes Wall hangings Drapery pleats Loosened wallpaper Ceiling moldings
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Sanitation
Vacuum mattress and premises ** (dispose of vacuum bag) ** ??
Scrub mattress seams Dry clean or launder bedding and clothing in
hot water - Dry on high heat. Repair plaster cracks Glue loosened wallpaper Remove wild animal roosts and nests
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Chemical control Hundreds of products ‘registered’ for use on bed bugs in US Formulations
196 pressurized liquids 90 ready-to-use solutions 53 emulsifiable concentrates 47 dusts
Chemicals 196 Permethrin 140 Pyrethrins 12 variations of ‘-thrins’
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Insecticides
Residual insecticides Spot treat harborage sites Dust formulations useful for wall
voids and attics Use only an appropriately labeled
insecticide on mattresses No insecticides are labeled for use
on bedding or linens
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Misconceptions
ForeignersPoorHomelessReportsType O blood, etc…
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Bed Bug Emergency Response Plan (BBERP)