rcf products

7/28/2019 Rcf Products

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Fertilizers

Suphala(15:15:15)| Print |

RCF produces two grades of complex fertilizers at its Trombay

unit. They are commonly known as Suphala, which has almost become ageneric name for NP/NPK complexes in the farming households of the country.

Suphala 15:15:15Suphala 15:15:15(also called S15) is a unique complex, granular, natural colorfertilizer

The major plant nutrients, Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Potash are present in equalproportion(15% each). Homogeneous granules keep the nutrients in exactproportion and assure even availability to the individual plants. The absorption ofeach nutrient is enhanced by the presence of other nutrients.

The granules are spherical, uniform(2 to 4 mm size) and free flowing, whichfacilitate their uniform application to the soil.

S15 can be easily applied by seed drill. Due to their density, the granules are notblown away by wind or mechanically washed out by irrigation water.

On application of Suphala 15:15:15 the readily available forms of nutrients likenitrate nitrogen, water soluble phosphate and potash are immediately availableto the crops. This helps in establishing strong roots and promotes desired growth

of the crops in the early stages.

The other forms of nutrients like ammonical nitrogen, citrate-soluble phosphate

and temporarily held potash in Suphala keep the nutrients available to the soilsfor a longer period. These nutrients are released gradually which assures highnutrient status in the soil for a longer period and thereby ensures healthy andluxuriant growth of the crops.

Suphala 15:15:15 also contains secondary plant nutrients like Calcium,Magnesium and Sulphur which are helpful for the improvement of the soil andalso facilitate efficient uptake of other nutrients by the plants.

This product has found wide acceptance in cultivation of cash crops likesugarcane, cotton, jute, as well as fruit crops. It is extremely effective in

improving the yield of plantation crops like tea and coffee.
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Suphala 15:15:15 is packed in 50 kg golden yellow colored bag which isavailable with the authorized dealers of the RCF throughout the country.

Field trials on various crops in varied climatic conditions and different types ofsoil have proved the usefulness of this product in short and long duration crops.

It is concentrated fertilizer containing the plant nutrients in chemicalcombinations which reduces the cost of application, transportation, handling and

storage.

Suphala leaves a residual effect in the soil which is beneficial to all crops.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

Color : Natural

Form: Granular.

Bulk density: 1100 gms/Litre.

Solubility: 730 gms/Litre.

Total Nitrogen by weight: 15%.a)Ammonical Nitrogen: 8%b)Nitrate Nitrogen:7%

Total Phosphorous (P2O5) by weight 15%a)Water soluble P2O5 : 4.5 %.b)Citrate soluble P2O5: 10.5%

Total Potash(K20)by weight. 15%.Moisture : 1%

Micro-nutrients:a)Sulfate as SO4:2.5%.

b)MgO : 150ppm. c)Iron as Fe: 0.20% by weight.

PRODUCTION PROCESS:

The process technology is based on three reactor system designed by KEMIRAO.Y. Finland to produce Suphala 15:15:15 grade with four modified spherodizers(Granular cum drier). RCF has a capacity to produce 4 Lakh MT of S-15 per

Annum.

Suphala 15:15:15 is manufactured by chemically treating rock phosphate with

Nitric acid and also with Ammonia and Potassium Chloride.

Nitrogen Availabity


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Phosphorous Availability

View of S-15:15:15 Plant

Fertilizers

Ujwala Urea(46%)| Print |
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RCFs Ujjwala urea is a chemical fertilizer produced in white roundprill form containing 46% nitrogen. It is 100% water soluble and is suitable for

any type of soil or crop. It can be applied through sowing, broadcasting orspraying. Ujjwala urea should be applied to different crops in two to three splitdoses.

Ujjwala urea is packed in 50 kg white coloured bag which is available withthe authorized dealers of the RCF throughout the country.

Percentage of bi-uret in Ujjwala urea is very less hence it can be sprayed on thecrops.

Specifications:

Nitrogen : 46% min by wtMoisture : 1% max by wtBi-uret : 1% max by wt

Size : 1 mm to 2.8mm. 90% minbelow 1 mm 5% max.

above 2.8 mm 5% max.

NITROGEN AVAILABILITY TO THE CROP


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PICTURE OF RCFS THAL UREA PLANT. UREA PRODUCTION CAPACITY

OF 17.07 LAC MT/ANNUM


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Fertilizers

Biola(PSB)| Print |

This multifaceted bio-fertilizer solublizes the fixed phosphorus in the soil and makesit available to the crops. Bacteria multiply very fast in the soil and this helps to

improve the texture and structure of the soil. This also helps to enhance the growthof the crops and also induces resistance against various pests and diseases.

Important features/characteristics of Biola

1. Biola facilitates easy and early seed germination.

2. The bacteria from Biola releases organic acids in the soil which helps todecrease the pH of the soil and also helps to dissolve the fixed Phosphorous andmake it available to the crops.

3. Biola initiates early and easy root development and also increases the

efficiency of the roots.

4. Biola application improves the soil status and thus increases crop yield.

5. Biola application also helps to save money required for buying expensivePhosphatic fertilizers.

RCF shall be introducing Azatobactor and Rhizobium culture Bio Fertilizers innear future.

Precautions:

Biola should be used before expiry date. Seed treatments with pesticides may be done before applying Biola. Biola should be stored in a cool, dry and shady area so as to keep it away

from radiation.

Biola should not be mixed with pesticides & chemical fertilizers whileapplication.
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It should be used completely once packing is opened so as to retain thebacterial count in Biola.

Method of application of BIOLA for different crops

NOTE: RCF SHALL BE INTRODUCING AZATOBACTER & RHIZOBIUMCULTURE BIO-FERTILIZERS IN NEAR FUTURE.

Sr.No Crops Method of Application Concentration

1 All cereals, pulses& Oilseeds

Treat the seeds withBiola and keep it fordrying in shade beforesowing.

Take 250gms ofBiola, mix with water& treat 10kg. seeds.

2 Vegetable crops &

flowering plants.

Dip the roots of the

saplings with earth ballin Biola solution for five

minutes beforetransplanting.

One kg Biola in 10

liters of water may betaken for dipping the

roots.

3 Sets of Sugarcane Dip the sets ofsugarcane in Biola

solution for 20 minutes& keep it for drying inshade before planting.

Take 5 kg Biola in 50liters of water for

making a standardsolution.

4 Land Preparation Use half dose ofcompost while landpreparation.

One kg Biola shouldbe mixed in onecartload of compostor Farm yard manure.

5 Application of Biolain sugarcane whileearthing up.

Earthing up is doneafter applying Biola atthe rootzone.

10kg Biola may bemixed with 500kgcompost or Farm yardmanure.

6 Fruitgrafts/saplings.

Apply Biola mixed withcompost at the base ofthe fruit grafts/saplings

by ring method.

100gms of Biolamixed with 5kgcompost or Farm yard

manure after first

shower of monsoon.


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Fertilizers

Sujala 19:19:19| Print |

Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd, manufactures 100% water soluble

fertilizers containing all the three major plant nutrients i.e. Nitrogen, Phosphorusand Potash for crops grown in green houses as well as other field crops. Sujala isavailable in two forms Foilar grade and drip grade.

1) Foliar, suitable for spraying and

2) Drip grade which is suitable for application through drip irrigation system.

Use of Sujala either through drip or foliar prevents deterioration of soil texture assoil complexion and mechanical damage to the crop is eliminated.

The major features of Sujala foliar and drip grades are as follows.

SUJALA 19:19:19 DRIP

* Sujala reaches directly at the root zone along with required water through drip.* As Sujala is salt free, the drip system does not get clogged thus enhancing lifeof the micro irrigation system.

* Sujala has a long shelf life and can be stored and used as and when required.* Proportion of air, moisture and nutrients through Sujala are effectivelymaintained at the root zone resulting into quality and bumper yield.

Features:

* Total Nitrogen 100% soluble in water* Amide Nitrogen 10.5%

* Amonical Nitrogen 4.5%

*Nitrate Nitrogen 4.0%* Total Phosphorus 100% soluble in water.

* Total Potassium 100% soluble in water.* Free from harmful Sodium and Chlorine.*Nutrients are totally absorbed due to salt free features.

Doses and Application:

Sr.No Sensitivityof Crops

Concentration Application for different Crops
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1 Highlysensitive

crops

2 gms/litre ofwater

Grapes,capsicum,tomatoes, flowers &vegetables grown in green houses. Leafy

vegetables, chilly,brinjal,okra, ornamentalplants, kitchen garden crops, flowering plants,annuals etc.

2 Mediumsensitivecrops

3 gms/litre ofwater

Cucurbits, melons, cotton, beans etc.

3 Low

sensitivecrops

5 gms/litre of

water

Coffee, tea, fruit trees, sugarcane, ornamental

palms, Bamboo, avenue trees, ground nut,soybean, green gram, sunflowers ,safflower,cereals etc.

Number of Sujala applications/doses are to be given as and when required indifferent stages of the crops, depending upon variety, duration and irrigation

requirement of the crops.

STAGE: Tillering, flowering, Fruit setting/bearing, Fruit maturity, Pruning, Picking

etc. Doses recommended should be implemented with reference to theenvironment, temperature, crop species and drip system used.

Intervals between doses vary with reference to above factors, doses and time ofapplication of Sujala 19:19:19 for different crops through drip irrigation isdependent upon what type of technology is used drip irrigation system isinstalled.

The actual number of Sujala applications/doses will depend on the different

stages of the crops and also upon variety, duration and irrigation requirement ofthe crops.

Stages of Application:Tillering, flowering, Fruit setting/bearing, Fruit maturity, Pruning, Picking etc.

Doses recommended should be implemented with reference to the environment,temperature, crop species and drip system used.

Intervals between doses vary with reference to above factors, doses and time ofapplication of Sujala 19:19:19 for different crops through drip irrigation isdependent upon what type of technology is used and the drip irrigation systeminstalled.

SUJALA 19:19:19 FOLIAR(100% water soluble foilar fertilizer)

Sujala is the best Foliar fertilizer for crops like paddy, wheat, pulses andvegetables for green house cultivation, nurseries, kitchen gardens and for alltypes of field crops.

Use of Sujala results in cost saving and at the same time significantly increasesthe yield.


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Features:

Sujala contains 100% water soluble N, P and K in 19:19:19 ratio and it is freefrom salts like sodium and chlorides and neutral in nature. Hence, it is 100%soluble even in hard water and gets fully and immediately absorbed by plants.

Sujala contains major plant nutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potashalong with secondary Nutrients like Sulphur and Magnesium.

All crops need Sulfur, which is normally deficient in the soil. Hence, Sujalasupplements the Sulfur requirement of the plants.

Use of Sujala results in saving of fertilizer cost by 30 to 40% and also increasesyield by 20% to 40% depending upon the type of crop.

Sujala can be mixed with any pesticides. And thus labor cost of additional spraycan be avoided.

Sujala has a long shelf life and thus can be stored and used as and whenrequired.

Methods of Applications of SUJALA (19:19:19) FOLIAR

Sr.No. Crops Stages for FoilarApplication of Sujala

ConcentrationGMS/Litres ofwater

No ofspraysper acre

1 All cerealsa) At Tilering stage.

b) One week beforeflowering.

c) After emergenceof panicle.

5 3

2 All Oil seed cropsa) 30 days aftersowing.

b) One week before

flowering.

c) One week afterflowering.

5 3

3 All fruit cropsa) one week beforeflowering.

b) One week after

5 3


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flowering.

c) At the time offruit bearing.

4 Vegetable crops Brinjal,

Tomatoes, Capsicum,chili, okra, cabbage,cauliflower, gourds,beans etc.

a) 20 days afterafter sowing ortransplanting.

b) One week beforeflowering.

c) One week afterflowering/fruitsetting.

5 3

5 Leafy vegetables At the interval of 20-25 days after sowing

till harvesting.

5 ----

6 Floriculture Once in a week till

last harvesting.

2.5 ----

7 Flowering and vegetable

crops in green houses.

Once in a week till

last harvest.

2.5 ----

8 Nursery plants,ornamental plants andkitchen garden crops.

Once in a week tilllast harvest.

2.5 ----

9 Coffeea) 15-20 days after

transplanting.

b) Pre blossom.

c) Post blossom.

5 3

10 Tea After eachharvesting

5 ----

11 Lawns Once in a month 5

NOTE: PRESENTLY RCF HAS A CAPACITY OF PRODUCING 3000 MT PER ANNUM

OFSUJALA 19:19:19 IN DRIP AND FOLIAR GRADES. RCF IS INTRODUCINGFOLLOWING NEW DRIP GRADES VERY SOON.

SUJALA 0:0:52

SUJALA 12:61:0

SUJALA 0:52:34

SUJALA 13:0:45


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Sujala 1 Kg Pouch

Sujala 1kg Pouch

Fertilizers

Microla(Micronutrients)| Print |

Over a period of years, we have been cultivating different crops inthe field which has resulted in the depletion of essential micro-nutrients in the

soil. This has in turn affected the productivity of the soil. This fact has also beenvalidated in the soil analysis reports drawn over a period of time indicating thatthe micronutrients in the soils are on the decline, resulting in lowering the qualityand yields of the crops.

CFs R&D ( Agri-Division) has come out with a unique liquid micronutrient fertilizersuitable for variety of crops. This product helps to retain and achieve the quality ofthe produce and also ensures bumper yields. The composition of Microla varies in

different states due to the requirement of various micronutrients in the particular

soil of the state.

Contents of Microla and its functions

Sr.No.MicronutrientsMajor Functions

1 Zn Produces hormones in the crops & enhances flowering.

2 Fe Increases chlorophyll contents & plant food production.

3 Cu Increases chlorophyll contents & improves the health of the
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crops.

4 Bo Stops flower & fruit drop & increases yield.

5 Mo Nitrogen stabilization and increases proteins.

6 Mn Increases chlorophyll & stimulates bio-chemical activities inthe plant.

The composition of all the six micronutrients mentioned above differs from state to

state depending upon the soil type, cropping pattern, agro-climatic zones.

COMPOSITION OF MICRO-NUTRIENTS FOR MAHARASHTRA STATE

Sr.NoMicronutrientsPercentage

1 Zn 3.0%

2 Fe 2.5%

3 Cu 1.0%

4 Bo 0.5%

5 Mo 0.1%

6 Mn 1.0%

COMPOSITION OF MICRO-NUTRIENTS FOR GUJARAT STATE


1 Zn 4.0%

2 Fe 2.0%

3 Cu 0.3%

4 Bo 0.5%

5 Mo --

6 Mn 0.5%

COMPOSITION OF MICRO-NUTRIENTS FOR KARNATAKA STATE



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1 Zn 3.0%

2 Fe 2.0%

3 Cu ---

4 Bo 0.5%

5 Mo ---

6 Mn 1.0%

Important Functions of Microla

Healthy & disease free balanced growth, quality yield.

Enhances the efficiency of major plant nutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphorous & Potash.

Increases the disease resistance in the crops.

Improves the quality, size, color and taste of the Seed grain, flowers, leaves andfruits.

Increases the yield of cereals, oilseeds, pulses, fruit trees, vegetables flowers, cash

crops like Tea, Coffee, Sugarcane and cotton etc.

Methods of Application of Microla

Sr.No.Crops Stages for FoilarApplication of Microla

Concentrationml/litres of water

No ofSprays per

acre

1 Cereal crops a) first spray after 30 daysof sowing.

b) Second spray after 60day.

2.5 2

2 All Oil seed crops a) first spray after 45 days.

b) Second spray after 75days.

2.5 2

3 All fruit trees a) on emergence ofblossom.

b) During fruit set.

2.5 2


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4 All fruit vegetablecrops

a) on emergence of

blossom.


2.5 2

5 Leafy vegetables spray after 30 days ofsowing. 2.5 2

6 Outdoor floweringcrops

a) on emergence of buds.

b) After each picking.

2.5 ---

7 Flowering crops ingreen houses



2.5 ---

8 Vegetable crops ingreen house



2.5 ---

9 Ornamentalfoliage plants

Once in month 2.5 12

10 Coffee a) On emergence ofblossom.


5 2

11 Tea Recommended if soils aredeficient in micronutrients.

5 ---

12 Sugarcane a) first spray after 60 dayof planting.

b) Second spray after 120

days.

5

Note:Spraying should be done preferably early in the morning or in the evening.Microla is available with our authorized dealers in 500ml, 1 Litre and 5 litre packs.

Industrial Products| Print |R.C.F pioneered the manufacture of basic chemicals such as Methanol, SodiumNitrate, Sodium Nitrite, Ammonium bicarbonate, Methylamines, Dimethyl

Formamide, Dimethylacetamide. Today R.C.F is the only manufacture of DMF inIndia.

PACKAGING AND MODES OF TRANSPORT:
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Product characteristics, consumer needs , economy to the consumers and safety

are the primary considerations in determining the type of packaging and modesof transportation for each of the products.

Chemicals having vapour pressure like Anhydrous Ammonia and Methylamines

are transported in bulk ,in specially designed mobile pressure vessels. inaccordance with the norms set for liquefiable gases under pressure.

Requirements of smaller consumers are met in cylinders.

Tankers are also employed for transport of Methanol, Dimethyl Formamide,Dimethylacetamide, acids and solutions of Methylamines and Ammonium Nitrate.

Transporters and consumers are given guidelines for safety and methods of

storing, loading and unloading.

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS DIVISION:

RCF took the advantage of manufacturing industrial products since its fertilizermanufacturing process already incorporated Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Sulphuric

Acid plants.

ISO CERTIFICATION:

RCF has obtained following certification

1.ISO 9001-2000

2.ISO- 14001-1996

3.OHSAS 18001

1)Ammonium Bicarbonate

2) Ammonium Nitrate (Melt)

3)Anhydrous Ammonia 3a)Refrigerant Ammonia

4)Argon

5) Amines (Anhydrous and Solution)

- Monomethylamine

- Dimethylamine

- Trimethylamine

6)Calcium Carbonate(Dry & Purified) 6a)Chalk (Sludge & impure)

7)Dimethyl Formamide(DMF)
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8)Dimethylacetamide(DMAC)

9)Formic Acid

10)Phospho Gypsum

11)Dilute Nitric Acid(58%)

12)Concentrated Nitric Acid (98%,72% & 68%)

13)Methanol

14)Sodium Nitrite

15)Sodium Nitrate

16)Sulphuric Acid For captive consumption

17)Chickton (Liquid Acidifier)

Ammonium Bicarbonate| Print |Specifications:

Ammonium Bicarbonate % by wt. min. (dry basis) 99

Chlorides (as Cl) % by wt. max. 0.01

Sulphate (as SO4) % by wt. max. 0.01

Iron (as Fe) % by wt. max. 0.002

Non Volatile Matter % by wt. max. 0.01

Heavy Metals (as Pb) ppm. max. 2.50

Copper (as Cu) ppm. max. 10

Arsenic (as As2O3) ppm. max. 1.0

Tarry MatterPasses Test

Packing:

25 kg double laminated woven sacks made of high density polyethyline (HDPE)

with LDPE inner liner.

Uses:1. Substitute for yeast in baking.2. Production of Ammonium salts.

3. Ingredient of Fire extinguishing compounds.4. Pharmaceuticals.5. Dyes and Pigments.
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6. Degreasing textiles.7. Inflater for rubber.

8. Food Additive.9. In cooling baths.10. In compost heaps to accelerate decomposition.

11. Manufacture of ceramics.

12. Chrome Leather tanning.13. In the Manufacture of catalysts.

Industries Served:

Fabrication, Lamp industries, Aircraft and missile industries.

Ammonium Nitrate(Melt)| Print |Specifications:

Ammonium Nitrate Solution can be processed to manufacture Ammonium Nitrate

in Crystalline, Granular, Flaked or Prilled Forms.

pH 4.5 to 5.5

Temprature oC 90

AN Conc % min 80

CaO ppm. max 3000

Packing:Ammonium Nitrate Solution is transported in stainless steel insulated tankers.

Uses:1. Explosives.

2. Pyrotechnics.3. Herbicides and insecticides.4. Manufacture of nitrous oxide.

5. Absorbent for nitrogen oxides.6. Ingredient of freezing mixtures.7. Oxidizer in solid rocket propellants.

8. Nutrient for antibiotics and yeast.9. Catalyst.

10. In compost heaps to accelerate decomposition.11. Manufacture of ceramics.12. Chrome Leather tanning.13. In the Manufacture of catalysts.

Industries Served:

Explosives.
http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/72-ammp-nitrate-melthttp://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/72-ammp-nitrate-melt?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/72-ammp-nitrate-melt?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/72-ammp-nitrate-melt?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/72-ammp-nitrate-melt


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Anhydrous Ammonia and Refrigerant Grade Ammonia| Print |Specifications:Ammonium Nitrate Solution can be processed to manufacture Ammonium Nitratein Crystalline, Granular, Flaked or Prilled Forms.

Anhydrous Ammonia Conforms to IS: 662-1980 (1st Revision)

In Refrigerant Grade Ammonia - Moisture % by wt. 0.03

Packing:Rail wagons and road tankers.

Uses:1. Production of Nitric acid, Urea, Hydrazine Hydrate/ Acrylonitrile andmethylamines.

2. Nitriding of Steel.3. As a refrigerant solvent and reaction medium.4. Yeast Nutrient.

5. Rocket fuel.6. Reducing Agent for ores.

Industries Served:Fertilizer, Refrigeration, Chemicals, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals.

Argon| Print |Specifications(Trombay):

Minimum % 99.9997 %

Total Hydrocarbons ppm 1

Nitrogen 2

Purity % by wt. max. 99.5

Oil content % by wt. max. 0.002

Moisture % by wt. max. 0.5

Residue on evaporation% by wt. max. 0.05

Pyridine Nil

Napthalene Nil

Phosphine Passes the test

S. Compds. Passes the test

Phenolic Compds.

Passes the test
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Specifications(Thal):

Minimum % Ultra high purity 99.999 %

Liquid Nitrogen - Purity 99.9%

Packing:Argon is available in R.C.F.'S or its distributors returnable cylinders of 6.23 Nm 3

capacity with a pressure of 138 kg. per sq.cm. (2000 lbs./ sq.in.). Thesecylinders are painted peacock blue as required under the regulations.

Uses:

1. Insert gas shield in arc welding.2. Aircarft and Missile industries.

3. Electric lamps.

4. Tiranium and Zirconium refining.5. Flushing molten metals to eliminate porosity in the castings.

6. Geiger counting tubes.7. Lamp Industries.8. Refining of copper.

9. Laboratory and Research Medical Application.10. Nucleur Applications.11. Cryogenics and Refrigeration.12. Gas Chromatography and Gas analysis.

Industries Served:

Fabrication, Lamp industries, Aircraft and missile industries.

Monomethylamine| Print |Specifications:

Anhydrous

Aqueous

Trimethylamine % by wt. min. 99.5

Water % by wt. max. 0.3

Ammonia % by wt. max. 0.15

Other Amines % by wt. max. 0.35

Ammonia Traces

MMA % by wt. min. 40
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Packing:

Anhydrous Monomethylamine and Aqueous solution are offered in bulk insuitable road tankers. Aqueous solution is also supplied in MS Drums of 200 litrecapacity containing 170 kg of solution. Smaller requirements of Anhydrous

Monomethylamine are supplied in cylinders.

Uses:1. Dimethoate.2. Carbaryl (I-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) - used as asystemic instecticide.3. Sodium N-Methyl dithiocarbamate - used as a soil disenfactant.4. Anthraquinone dericatives - used as dyestuff.5. Theophyline Caffeine, Ephedrine and Neosynerphine used in drugs and

pharmaceuticals.6. Monomethylamine nitrate - used in explosives.7. Methyl Diethanol amines.

6. Monomethylamine Hydrochloride.

MMA also has direct applications as stabilising agent for natural rubber latex, asa corrosion inhibitor to protect aluminium from hydrochloric acid.

Industries Served:

Explosives, Pesticides, Dyestuff, Drugs, Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals.

Dimethylamine| Print |Specifications:

Anhydrous

Dimethylamine % by wt. min. 99.5

Water % by wt. max. 0.3Ammonia % by wt. max. 0.02

Other Amines % by wt. max. 0.20

Aqueous

Ammonia Traces

DMA % by wt. max. 0.2

TMA % by wt. max. 0.1
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Packing:Anhydrous Trimethylamine and Aqueous solution are offered in bulk in suitableroad tankers. Aqueous solution is also supplied in MS Drums of 200 litre capacitycontaining 170 kg of solution. Smaller requirements of AnhydrousTrimethylamine are supplied in cylinders.

Uses:

1. Choline Chloride.2. Ion-exchange Resins.3. Fatty Chloride Derivatives, Cationic retarders and other quarternary

ammonium compounds used as textile auxilaries.

4. Cetrimide, a disinfectant & germicidal.5. Antihistamines like Benedryl, tranqulizers like Sparine:local anasthetics like

Tetracine and other such drugs and pharmaceuticals.6. TMA Hydrochloride.TMA also serves as a catalyst in various processes. As an acid inhibitor in the

manufacture of Sulpha Drugs or in reactions where HCl is released and isrequired to be removed.

Industries Served:Ion-exchange resins, Choline Chloride for Poultry, Pharmaceuticals.

Calcium Carbonate| Print |

Dry Purified & Unpurified Chalk

DMA % by wt. max. 0.1

TMA % by wt. max. 30

COMPOSITION PURIFIED CHALK UNPURIFIED CHALK

% Moisture wt 0.5% 0.5%

% of purity as Caco3 95-99 80-85

Ammonical Nitrogen NH 200 ppm max 2 to 5

Nitrate Nitrogen No3-N 200 ppm max 1 to 4Total P2O5 %wt 0.04 to 0.1 2 to 6

Silica % wt 0.12-0.2 0.5-1.5

Flourine as F % wt. 0.1 max. 200-600 ppm

Iron as Fe 3 ppm max. 300-500 ppm

Colour White Off-white
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Typical analysis of purified precipitated Dry Chalk.

Industries Served:

Rubber Industry, PVC industry, Paper and Paints industry.Dry unpurified chalk is used in road construction activities for binding.

Chalk (Sludge & Impure)

Specifications:

Packing:Loose in Trucks.

Purity as CaCO3 99.0%

pH 7.6

Moisture 0.4%

Total P2O5 0.21%Flourine as CaF2 0.02%

Ammonical-N Not traceable

Nitrate-N 0.21%

Silica as SiO2 0.09%

Iron as Fe2O3 0.019

Al as Al2O3 0.08%

Mg as MgO Not traceable

Chloride 0.02%

Loss on ignition 44.60%Whiteness 72.92%

Brightness 81.09%

Bulk Density 1.098%

Particle size50% -15.52 micron

95%- 41.38 micron100%passing through-90 micron

CaCO3 % 70-75

Moisture % 20-25

P2O5 % 2-5

Fluorine % 0.1

Iron % 0.01Colour Off-white


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Uses:

1. Effluent Treatment.

2. Neutralisation in chemical reactions.

3. For soil amendment in acid soils.

4. As a filler in organic manure.

5. As filler in tiles, linoleum, pencils, rubber and plastic goods and extenders in

paints & inks.

6. As a filler in road development and construction.

Industries Served:

Effluent Treatment, Agriculture, Paints, Tiles.

Calcium Carbonate| Print |

Dry Purified & Unpurified Chalk

Typical analysis of purified precipitated Dry Chalk.

COMPOSITION PURIFIED CHALK UNPURIFIED CHALK

% Moisture wt 0.5% 0.5%

% of purity as Caco3 95-99 80-85

Ammonical Nitrogen NH 200 ppm max 2 to 5

Nitrate Nitrogen No3-N 200 ppm max 1 to 4

Total P2O5 %wt 0.04 to 0.1 2 to 6

Silica % wt 0.12-0.2 0.5-1.5

Flourine as F % wt. 0.1 max. 200-600 ppm

Iron as Fe 3 ppm max. 300-500 ppm

Colour White Off-white

Purity as CaCO3 99.0%

pH 7.6

Moisture 0.4%

Total P2O5 0.21%

Flourine as CaF2 0.02%

Ammonical-N Not traceable
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Industries Served:

Rubber Industry, PVC industry, Paper and Paints industry.

Dry unpurified chalk is used in road construction activities for binding.

Chalk (Sludge & Impure)Specifications:

Packing:Loose in Trucks.

Uses:

Nitrate-N 0.21%

Silica as SiO2 0.09%

Iron as Fe2O3 0.019

Al as Al2O3 0.08%

Mg as MgO Not traceableChloride 0.02%

Loss on ignition 44.60%

Whiteness 72.92%

Brightness 81.09%

Bulk Density 1.098%

Particle size50% -15.52 micron

95%- 41.38 micron100%passing through-90 micron

CaCO3 % 70-75

Moisture % 20-25

P2O5 % 2-5

Fluorine % 0.1

Iron % 0.01

Colour Off-white


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1. Effluent Treatment.

2. Neutralisation in chemical reactions.

3. For soil amendment in acid soils.

4. As a filler in organic manure.

5. As filler in tiles, linoleum, pencils, rubber and plastic goods and extenders inpaints & inks.

6. As a filler in road development and construction.

Industries Served:

Effluent Treatment, Agriculture, Paints, Tiles.

Dimethyl Formamide(DMF)| Print |Specifications:

Appearance Clear, free of suspendedmatters

- -

pH range 20% aqueous - - 6.5 to 9.0

Colour APHA max 5

Methanol ppm max 30

Water % wt. max 0.08

Conductivity 20%

aqueous

% wt. max 15

Basicity as DMA ppm max 10

Acidity as Formic acid ppm max 5

DMAC impurity in DMF ppm max 100

Purity % wt. min 99.85

Density gm/cc at

20oC

0.946 to 0.949

Refractive index at20oC

1.4270 to1.4285
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Packing:

Stainless steel road tankers, 200 kg HM HDPE drums.

Uses:

1. DMF is widely used in the production and processing of polymers,Spinningsolvent for polyacrylonitrile fibre and polyurethane fibre (spandex) andprocessing solvent for production of polyurethane artificial and synthetic leather.

2. DMF is used for the separation and refining of acetylene from crude olefingas.

3. DMF is used in extracting butadiene from the C4 distillate obtained bynaptha cracking, etc. and in separating isoprene from C5 distillate.

4. Used as a solvent for recovery of H2S or SO2 or elimination of HCl, Cl, HBretc. in hydrocarbons.

5. DMF is also used in extracting solvent of aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleumrefining.

6. Gases like acetylene that are difficult to liquefy and handle safely can bestored and transported easily by dissolving them in DMF with a porous carrier

solid (Ex. Calcium Silicate).

7. DMF is widely used as a solvent for reaction. Generally acetylation,

chlorination, sulfonation and various condensation and polymerization reactions

are among those where DMF is used as a solvent.

8. It is an excellent solvent for sulfonamide, vitamins, nitrofuran,quinoline,adrenaline, amine chlorides, etc. It is widely used in the production ofpharmaceuticals as a reaction solvent, extracting solvent and crystallizing bath.

9. DMF easily dissolves basic dye pigments nitroso pigments, phthalocyanine

pigments, azo pigments and acid dye metal salts. It is also used as a solvent ofcolouring agent or an infiltrating ink for various films, wood,leather, resins etc.


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10. DMF alone or as mixed with methylene chloride, is used as a remover of

varnish or lacquers.

Industries Served:

Pharmaceuticals, Dyestuff and Pigment, Polymers

Dimethyl Acetamide(DMAC)| Print |

Specifications:

Packing:

Stainless steel road tankers, 200 kg HM HDPE drums.

Uses:

1. As a solvent in Acrylic Fibre.

2. Solvent in the manufacture of polyester films.

3. As a solvent in Paint stripping because of its very rapid removal action.

4. Both as a solvent as reactant in drug industry.

Industries Served:

Acrylic Fibre, Polyster Films and Drugs.

Formic Acid| Print |

PH Range 20% aqueous 4.0 to 5.0

Colour max 10


Acetic Acid % by wt. max. 0.1

Purity % by wt. min. 99.75

Density gm/cc 0.935 - 0.942

Refractive index at 25oC 1.4358 to 1.4360

DMAC impurity in DMF max 100

Conductivity 20% aqueous micro mhos 40
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Specifications:

Packing:

RCF's quality Formic Acid is available in the market in Sealed 35 kg attractiveHDFE carboys and in tanker load.

Uses:

1. Coagulant for obtaining rubber from latex.

2. For regulation of pH in leather dyeing and in various leather processingoperations. Souring, Retaining, Acidification, Neutralization, Post dyeing

operations, Deliming, Pickling of pelt, Fixing of dyes, Dye levelling.

3. Raw material for production of P-Amino Salicylic Acid,

Theophyline,Metronidazole, Vitamin B-1, Antibiotics-Acriflavin.

4. Pentaerythritol as raw material.

5. Dyeing, Alkali Binding Agent in Azoic Dyes, Printing, Dye fixing agent forSulphur black dyes.

6. Formulation of Electroplating, Baths and nickel plating, pickling ofsteel,carpet industry, Active ingredient in paint stripper, Intermediates for plantprotection agents, PVC plasticizers, Antioxidants for rubber.

Industries Served:

Textiles, Rubber, Pharmaceuticals, Leather, Dyes and Chemicals.

Phospho Gypsum| Print |Specifications:

Purity as (HCOOH)% min. 85 90 85

Sulphates (as SO4) % max 0.003 0.003 0.003

Chlorides (as Cl) % max 0.003 0.003 0.003

Non volatile matter % max. 0.008 0.008 0.008

Appearance Clear Clear Clear

(CaSO4)2H2O % on dry basis 95

Silica % less than 0.5

P2O5 % less than 0.5

Water soluble P2O5 % less than 0.15
http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/82-phospho-gypsumhttp://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/82-phospho-gypsum?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/82-phospho-gypsum?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/82-phospho-gypsum?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/82-phospho-gypsum


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Packing:

Loose in trucks or in railway wagons.

Uses:

1. Used as filler in paper, paints, nutrient in growing yeast, insecticides.2. Treatment of soil particularly those used for leguminous crops and in the

culture of groundnuts.3. When mixed with manure, it acts to stabilize the volatile and dissolvednitrogenous compound, thus preventing their loss by volatilization and leaching.The major use in arid climate is neutralization of black alkali soils by the reactionwith alkali carbonates that cause this condition.4. For manufacture of Plaster of Paris.

5. For Manufacture of fire proof wall boards for building construction.6. For manufacturing cement.

Dilute Nitric Acid(58%)| Print |Specifications:

Packing:

Stainless Steel tankers.

Uses:

1. Organic synthesis (Dyes/Drugs/Explosives, Cellulose nitrate, nitrate salts).

2. Photo engraving.

Fluorine % less than 0.0002

Ash % by wt. max. 0.5

Free Moisture % About 20

Nitric Acid (HN03) % by wt. min. 58-60

Sulphate (as SO4) % by wt. max. 0.002

Nitrous Acid (HN02) % by wt. max. 0.009

Chlorides (HCl) % by wt. max. 0.002


Arsenic < 0.1

Heavy Metals (as lead) Negligible Passes Test
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3. Refining of Silver.

4. Medicine.

5. Preparation of nitro compounds.

6. Oxidizer in liquid rocket propellants.

Industries Served:

Explosives, Dyes, Drugs, Pharmaceuticals, Jewellery.

Concentrated Nitric Acid (98%, 72% & 68%)| Print |

Specifications:

Packing:Aluminium or Stainless Steel tankers. Also available for sale in concentration of68-72 % for domestic markets and exports.

Uses:

1. Organic synthesis (Dyes/Drugs/Explosives, Cellulose nitrate, nitrate salts).

2. Photo engraving.3. Metallurgy.4. Etching steel

5. Ore floatation.6. Medicine.7. Preparation of nitro compounds.

8. Oxidizer in liquid rocket propellants.

Industries Served:

Explosives, Dyes, Drugs, Pharmaceuticals, Acrylic Fibre.

Methanol| Print |

Specifications:

Nitric Acid (HN03) % by wt. min. 98.5

Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) % by wt. max. 0.2

Nitrous Acid (HN02) % by wt. max. 0.02

Chloride as Cl % by wt. max. 0.01

Methanol Content % by wt. min. 99.85
http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/84-con-nitric-acidhttp://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/84-con-nitric-acid?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/84-con-nitric-acid?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/85-methanolhttp://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/85-methanol?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/85-methanol?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/85-methanol?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/85-methanolhttp://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/84-con-nitric-acid?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/84-con-nitric-acid


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Corrosive sulphur passes test as per ASTMD 130 - 94 conforms to IS:517:1967and BS:506:1966Alkalinity to phenlphthalein passes BSS

Passes copper corrosive test and meets aviation grade.

Packing:

Road tankers. MS Drums.

Uses:

1. Production of Formaldehyde.2. Automotive Antifreeze.3. Chemical Synthesis (Methylamines/Methyl - Chloride/Methyl Methacrylate).

4. General Solvents (including surface coatings, paint removers, inks andadhesives.5. Aviation Fuel (for water injection).

6. Denaturant for Ethyl Alcohol.

Density at 20oC gm / cc min. 0.792

gm / cc max. 0.795

Water % by wt. max.

Distillation by range at 760mm of Hg

max. (64.5oC to 65.5

oC) 1

oC

Colour Hazen max. 15

Residue on evaporation ppm max. 10

Acidity as Formic Acid ppm max. 30

Acetone (Aldehyde/Ketone) Miscible in all proportions withoutdevelopment of turbidity

Carbonisable matter Apha max 50

Permagnate Test Passes Test

Sulphur total ppm max. 10


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7. Rocket Fuel.8. Dehydrator for Natural gas.

Industries Served:

Formaldehyde, DMT, Dyes, Drugs, Paints, Pesticides and Civil Aviation.

Sodium Nitrite| Print |

Specifications:

Packing:

50 kg polyethylene lined bags.

Uses:

1. Dyestuff manufacture and diazotizing.2. Organic synthesis.3. Rubber accelerators and rubber additive.4. Preparation of Nitric Oxide.5. Reagent in analytical chemistry.6. Pharmaceuticals.7. Photographic reagent.8. Pickling.9. Colour fixative.10. Dyeing and printing of textile fabrics.

11. Bleaching flax, silk and linen.

12. Rust-proofing and anti-corrosive.13. Blackening of steel.

14. Metal detinning and cleaning.15. Cutting oils.16. Heat transfer salts.

17. Medicine.

Industries Served:

NaNO2 % by wt. min. 97

NaNO3 % by wt. max. 1.0

Insoluble matter in water % by wt. max. 0.1

Alkalinity as Na2O % by wt. max. 0.2

Heavy Metals

Including Fe (as Pb) % by wt. max. 0.005

Iron as Fe2O3 % by wt. max. 0.002

Moisture and volatile matter % by wt. max. 1.0
http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/86-sodium-nitritehttp://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/86-sodium-nitrite?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/86-sodium-nitrite?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/86-sodium-nitrite?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/86-sodium-nitrite


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Rubber, Textiles, Pharmaceuticals.

Sodium Nitrate| Print |

Specifications:

Packing:

50 kg polyethylene lined bags.

Uses:

1. Oxidizing agent.2. Oxidizer in solid rocket propellants.3. Fertilizer.4. Flux.5. Glass Manufacture.6. Pharmaceuticals.7. Pyrotechnics.8. Medicine.

9. Refrigerant.

10. Matches.11. Dynamite.12. Military Explosives and gases.13. Manufacturing sodium salts and nitrates.

14. Cutting oils.

Industries Served:

Glass, Explosives.

Sulphuric Acid-For captive consumption| Print |

Specifications:

NaNO2 % by wt. max. 1.0

Fe(NO3)2 % by wt. max. 0.003


Purity % by wt. min. 99

Sulphuric Acid (as H2SO4) % by wt. 98 min.

Sp. gr. at 25oC 1.83 to 1.84

http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/87-sodium-nitratehttp://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/87-sodium-nitrate?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/87-sodium-nitrate?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/88-sulphuric-acidhttp://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/88-sulphuric-acid?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/88-sulphuric-acid?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/88-sulphuric-acid?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/88-sulphuric-acidhttp://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/87-sodium-nitrate?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/87-sodium-nitrate


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Packing:

Mild Steel road tankers.

Uses:

1. Petroleum Refining.2. Paints and pigments.3. Iron and steel.

4. Rayon and Cellulose films.5. Non-ferrous metallurgy.6. Textile finishing.

7. Industrial Explosives.8. Sulfating and sulfonating agents.9. Dehydrating agent in Nitration.10. Dyes.

Industries Served:

Petroleum, Paint, Rayon, Textiles, Dyes, Fertilizers.

Chickton(Liquid Acidifier)| Print |

Ingredients:

Formic Acid with Buffer and Stabiliser.

Recommended Dosage:

1ml in Four litres of drinking water.

Packing:

1.0 litre and 30.0 litre HDPE container.

Precaution:

For poultry use not for Human Consumption.

Uses:

A Total Solution For Gut Acidification in Poultry, is a cost effective acidifier ofFormic acid with buffer and stabilisers.It lowers the pH of the Gastro-Intestinal tract, Inhibiting the growth of the

Pathogenic Bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium and Campylobacter inthe Digestive tract.

Promoting the growth of the friendly bacteria. The acid interfere with the Cell
http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/89-chicktonhttp://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/89-chickton?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/89-chickton?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/89-chickton?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/products/ind-products/50-articles/art-ind-products/89-chickton


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membrane causing increase in the Feed conversion, reduced mortality, gain inweight and in profit margin.

Industries Served:

Poultry.

RCF

Strengths- Skilled manpower, Brand Equity, Wide portfolio of Products andflexibility, R &D centre, Farmers training institute

Weakness- Import Price fluctuations of Raw materials Rock Phosphate, Sulphur, DAP,MOP, MAP etc natural gas, Old infrastructure

Opputunities- Alternative Coal gas feed stock, diversification by mining and manfof r/m and fertilizers, international collaborations, demand supply gap,Cleandevelopment mechanisam CDM earning carbon credits CER

THE HABER PROCESS

This page describes the Haber Process for the manufacture ofammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, and then goes on toexplain the reasons for the conditions used in the process. Itlooks at the effect of temperature, pressure and catalyst on thecomposition of the equilibrium mixture, the rate of the reactionand the economics of the process.

Important: If you aren't sure about usingLe Chatelier'sPrincipleor about the effect of changing conditions onratesof reactionyou should explore these links before you go on.

When you are reading this page, if you find that you aren'tunderstanding the effect of changing one of the conditionson the position of equilibrium or on the rate of the reaction,come back and follow up these links.
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicratesmenu.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicratesmenu.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicratesmenu.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicratesmenu.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicratesmenu.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicratesmenu.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier.html#top


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A brief summary of the Haber Process

The Haber Process combines nitrogen from the air withhydrogen derived mainly from natural gas (methane) intoammonia. The reaction is reversible and the productionof ammonia is exothermic.

A flow scheme for the Haber Process looks like this:

Some notes on the conditions

The catalyst

The catalyst is actually slightly more complicated thanpure iron. It has potassium hydroxide added to it as a

promoter - a substance that increases its efficiency.

The pressure

The pressure varies from one manufacturing plant toanother, but is always high. You can't go far wrong in an


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exam quoting 200 atmospheres.

Recycl ing

At each pass of the gases through the reactor, only about15% of the nitrogen and hydrogen converts to ammonia.(This figure also varies from plant to plant.) By continualrecycling of the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen, theoverall conversion is about 98%.

Explaining the conditions

The proportions of nitrogen and hydrogen

The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen going into thereactor is in the ratio of 1 volume of nitrogen to 3volumes of hydrogen.

Avogadro's Law says that equal volumes of gases at thesame temperature and pressure contain equal numbersof molecules. That means that the gases are going intothe reactor in the ratio of 1 molecule of nitrogen to 3 ofhydrogen.

That is the proportion demanded by the equation.

In some reactions you might choose to use an excess ofone of the reactants. You would do this if it is particularlyimportant to use up as much as possible of the otherreactant - if, for example, it was much more expensive.That doesn't apply in this case.

There is always a down-side to using anything other than

the equation proportions. If you have an excess of onereactant there will be molecules passing through thereactor which can't possibly react because there isn'tanything for them to react with. This wastes reactorspace - particularly space on the surface of the catalyst.


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The temperature

Equi l ibr ium cons iderat ions

You need to shift the position of the equilibrium as far aspossible to the right in order to produce the maximumpossible amount of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture.

The forward reaction (the production of ammonia) isexothermic.

According to Le Chatelier's Principle, this will be favoured

if you lower the temperature. The system will respond bymoving the position of equilibrium to counteract this - inother words by producing more heat.

In order to get as much ammonia as possible in theequilibrium mixture, you need as low a temperature aspossible. However, 400 - 450C isn't a low temperature!

Rate con siderat ions

The lower the temperature you use, the slower thereaction becomes. A manufacturer is trying to produce asmuch ammonia as possible per day. It makes no senseto try to achieve an equilibrium mixture which contains avery high proportion of ammonia if it takes several yearsfor the reaction to reach that equilibrium.

You need the gases to reach equilibrium within the veryshort time that they will be in contact with the catalyst inthe reactor.

The compromise

400 - 450C is a compromise temperature producing areasonably high proportion of ammonia in the equilibriummixture (even if it is only 15%), but in a very short time.


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The pressure


Notice that there are 4 molecules on the left-hand side ofthe equation, but only 2 on the right.

According to Le Chatelier's Principle, if you increase thepressure the system will respond by favouring thereaction which produces fewer molecules. That willcause the pressure to fall again.

In order to get as much ammonia as possible in theequilibrium mixture, you need as high a pressure aspossible. 200 atmospheres is a high pressure, but notamazingly high.


Increasing the pressure brings the molecules closertogether. In this particular instance, it will increase their

chances of hitting and sticking to the surface of thecatalyst where they can react. The higher the pressurethe better in terms of the rate of a gas reaction.

Economic cons iderat ions

Very high pressures are very expensive to produce ontwo counts.

You have to build extremely strong pipes and

containment vessels to withstand the very high pressure.That increases your capital costs when the plant is built.

High pressures cost a lot to produce and maintain. Thatmeans that the running costs of your plant are very high.


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The compromise

200 atmospheres is a compromise pressure chosen oneconomic grounds. If the pressure used is too high, thecost of generating it exceeds the price you can get for theextra ammonia produced.

The catalyst


The catalyst has no effect whatsoever on the position ofthe equilibrium. Adding a catalyst doesn't produce any

greater percentage of ammonia in the equilibriummixture. Its only function is to speed up the reaction.


In the absence of a catalyst the reaction is so slow thatvirtually no reaction happens in any sensible time. Thecatalyst ensures that the reaction is fast enough for adynamic equilibrium to be set up within the very shorttime that the gases are actually in the reactor.

Separating the ammonia

When the gases leave the reactor they are hot and at avery high pressure. Ammonia is easily liquefied underpressure as long as it isn't too hot, and so thetemperature of the mixture is lowered enough for theammonia to turn to a liquid. The nitrogen and hydrogen

remain as gases even under these high pressures, andcan be recycled.

LE CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE

This page looks at Le Chatelier's Principle and explains

how to apply it to reactions in a state of dynamic


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equilibrium. It covers changes to the position of

equilibrium if you change concentration, pressure or

temperature. It also explains very briefly why catalysts

have no effect on the position of equilibrium.

Important: If you aren't sure about the words dynamicequilibrium orposition of equilibrium you should readtheintroductory pagebefore you go on

It is important in understanding everything on this page torealise that Le Chatelier's Principle is no more than a usefulguide to help you work out what happens when you change theconditions in a reaction in dynamic equilibrium. It doesn't explainanything. I'll keep coming back to that point!

Using Le Chatelier's Principle

A statement of Le Chatelier's Principle

If a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing theconditions, the position of equilibrium moves tocounteract the change.

Using Le Chatelier's Principle with a change ofconcentration

Suppose you have an equilibrium established between foursubstances A, B, C and D.

Note: In case you wonder, the reason for choosing thisequation rather than having just A + B on the left-hand side is

because further down this page I need an equation which hasdifferent numbers of molecules on each side. I am going to usethat same equation throughout this page.

What would happen i f you ch anged the condi tions by

increasing the concentrat ion of A?
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/introduction.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/introduction.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/introduction.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/introduction.html#top


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According to Le Chatelier, the position of equilibrium will move insuch a way as to counteract the change. That means that theposition of equilibrium will move so that the concentration of Adecreases again - by reacting it with B and turning it into C + D.The position of equilibrium moves to the right.

This is a useful way of converting the maximum possible amountof B into C and D. You might use it if, for example, B was arelatively expensive material whereas A was cheap and plentiful.

What would happen i f you ch anged the condi t ions b y

decreasing the concentrat ion of A?

According to Le Chatelier, the position of equilibrium will moveso that the concentration of A increases again. That means thatmore C and D will react to replace the A that has been removed.The position of equilibrium moves to the left.

This is esssentially what happens if you remove one of theproducts of the reaction as soon as it is formed. If, for example,you removed C as soon as it was formed, the position ofequilibrium would move to the right to replace it. If you kept onremoving it, the equilibrium position would keep on movingrightwards - turning this into a one-way reaction.

Important

This isn't in any way an explanation of why the position ofequilibrium moves in the ways described. All Le Chatelier'sPrinciple gives you is a quick way of working out what happens.

Note: If you know about equilibrium constants, you will findamore detailed explanationof the effect of a change of
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concentration by following this link. If you don't know anythingabout equilibrium constants, you should ignore this link.

If you choose to follow it, return to this page via the BACKbutton on your browser or via the equilibrium menu.

Using Le Chatelier's Principle with a change of pressure

This only applies to reactions involving gases:


increasing the pressure?

According to Le Chatelier, the position of equilibrium will move insuch a way as to counteract the change. That means that theposition of equilibrium will move so that the pressure is reducedagain.

Pressure is caused by gas molecules hitting the sides of theircontainer. The more molecules you have in the container, thehigher the pressure will be. The system can reduce the pressureby reacting in such a way as to produce fewer molecules.

In this case, there are 3 molecules on the left-hand side of theequation, but only 2 on the right. By forming more C and D, thesystem causes the pressure to reduce.

Increasing the pressure on a gas reaction shifts the position ofequilibrium towards the side with fewer molecules.


decreasing the pressure?

The equilibrium will move in such a way that the pressureincreases again. It can do that by producing more molecules. Inthis case, the position of equilibrium will move towards the left-


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hand side of the reaction.

What happens i f there are the same num ber of mo lecules

on bo th sides of the equi l ibr ium react ion?

In this case, increasing the pressure has no effect whatsoeveron the position of the equilibrium. Because you have the samenumbers of molecules on both sides, the equilibrium can't movein any way that will reduce the pressure again.

Important

Again, this isn't an explanation of why the position of equilibriummoves in the ways described. You will find a rathermathematical treatment of the explanation by following the linkbelow.

Note: You will find adetailed explanationby following this link.If you don't know anything about equilibrium constants(particularly Kp), you should ignore this link. The same thingapplies if you don't like things to be too mathematical! If you area UK A' level student, you won't need this explanation.

If you choose to follow the link, return to this page via the BACKbutton on your browser or via the equilibrium menu.

Using Le Chatelier's Principle with a change of temperature

For this, you need to know whether heat is given out orabsorbed during the reaction. Assume that our forward reactionis exothermic (heat is evolved):

This shows that 250 kJ is evolved (hence the negative sign)when 1 mole of A reacts completely with 2 moles of B. For
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reversible reactions, the value is always given as if the reactionwas one-way in the forward direction.

The back reaction (the conversion of C and D into A and B)would be endothermic by exactly the same amount.


increasing th e temperature?

According to Le Chatelier, the position of equilibrium will move insuch a way as to counteract the change. That means that theposition of equilibrium will move so that the temperature isreduced again.

Suppose the system is in equilibrium at 300C, and you increasethe temperature to 500C. How can the reaction counteract the

change you have made? How can it cool itself down again?

To cool down, it needs to absorb the extra heat that you havejust put in. In the case we are looking at, the backreaction absorbs heat. The position of equilibrium thereforemoves to the left. The new equilibrium mixture contains more Aand B, and less C and D.

If you were aiming to make as much C and D as possible,increasing the temperature on a reversible reaction where theforward reaction is exothermic isn't a good idea!



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decreasing the temperature?

The equilibrium will move in such a way that the temperatureincreases again.

Suppose the system is in equilibrium at 500C and you reducethe temperature to 400C. The reaction will tend to heat itself upagain to return to the original temperature. It can do that byfavouring the exothermic reaction.

The position of equilibrium will move to the right. More A and Bare converted into C and D at the lower temperature.

Summary

Increasing the temperature of a system in dynamicequilibrium favours the endothermic reaction. The systemcounteracts the change you have made by absorbing theextra heat.

Decreasing the temperature of a system in dynamicequilibrium favours the exothermic reaction. The system

counteracts the change you have made by producingmore heat.

Important

Again, this isn't in any way an explanation of why the position ofequilibrium moves in the ways described. It is only a way ofhelping you to work out what happens.

Note: I am not going to attempt an explanation of thisanywhere on the site. To do it properly is far too difficult for thislevel. It is possible to come up with an explanation of sorts bylooking at how the rate constants for the forward and backreactions change relative to each other by using the Arrheniusequation, but this isn't a standard way of doing it, and is liable toconfuse those of you going on to do a Chemistry degree. If youaren't going to do a Chemistry degree, you won't need to knowabout this anyway!


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Le Chatelier's Principle and catalysts

Catalysts have sneaked onto this page under false pretences,because adding a catalyst makes absolutely no di f ference tothe posi t ion of equi l ibr ium, and Le Chatelier's Principledoesn't apply to them.

This is because a catalyst speeds up the forward and backreaction to the same extent. Because adding a catalyst doesn'taffect the relative rates of the two reactions, it can't affect theposition of equilibrium. So why use a catalyst?

For a dynamic equilibrium to be set up, the rates of the forward

reaction and the back reaction have to become equal. Thisdoesn't happen instantly. For a very slow reaction, it could takeyears! A catalyst speeds up the rate at which a reaction reachesdynamic equilibrium.

Note: You might try imagining how long it would take toestablish a dynamic equilibrium if you took the visual model ontheintroductory pageand reduced the chances of the colourschanging by a factor of 1000 - from 3 in 6 to 3 in 6000 and from1 in 6 to 1 in 6000.

Starting with blue squares, by the end of the time taken for the

examples on that page, you would most probably still haveentirely blue squares. Eventually, though, you would end upwith the same sort of patterns as before - containing 25% blueand 75% orange squares.

Questions to test your understanding

If this is the first set of questions you have done, please read

theintroductory pagebefore you start. You will need to use the BACKBUTTON on your browser to come back here afterwards.

questions on Le Chatelier's Principle

answers
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/introduction.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/introduction.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/introduction.html#tophttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/questions.htmlhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/questions.htmlhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/questions/q-lechatelier.pdfhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/questions/q-lechatelier.pdfhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/questions/a-lechatelier.pdfhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/questions/a-lechatelier.pdfhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/questions/a-lechatelier.pdfhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/questions/q-lechatelier.pdfhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/questions.htmlhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/introduction.html#top


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