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Caekwad's Oriental SeriesPublished under the Authority ofthe Maharaja Sayajirao Universityof Baroda.General Editor :B. J. Sandesara,M, A., Ph, D.N0. 134A DICTI0NARYOFSANSKRIT 0IRAMMAR



A DICTI0NARYOFSANSKRIT 0BRAMMARbyMahimahopadhyayaKASHINATH VASUDEV ABHYANKAR, M.A.Retired Professor of Sanskrit, Gujarat College, Ahmedabad.Hon. Profecr of Sanskrit, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, PoongORIENTAL INSTITUTEBARODA1961


First Edition : 1000 Copies.Printed (on behalf of tbe M - S. University of Baroda Press)by M. N. Chapekar, Aryasanskriti Mudranalaya, 1575l 2Sadashiv, Tilak Road, Pcona 2, ard Published on beualf ofthe Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda by Dr. 13hogilal,]. Sandesara, Director, Oriental Institute, Baroda, March, 196I-Price Rs. 29= 00Copies can be had from-Manager,The University Publications SaIes Unit,M. S. University of Baroda Press ( sadhana Press ),near Palace Gate, Palace Road, BARODA.


D ED1CATEDtoThe Memory ofthe late MahamahopadhyayaWASUDEV SHASTRI ABHYANKARrmy father, whose example has inspiredme to undertake this and similarother works on Sanskrit Grammar.



FOREWORDWe take this opportunity to place before the world of Sanskritseholars this Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar, which, we are confident,will be an indispensable reference book for all students working inthis field as well as allied branches of knowledge.Prof. Kashinath Vasudev Abhyankar has the good fortune toinherit traditional Sanskrit leanning from his father, Mahamahop-dhyaya Pandit Vasudevashastri Abhyankar, who is well known for histranslations of The Brahmastra Sakara Bhasya and The PatafjalaMahabhasya. Prof. Abhyankar had a brilliant academiccareer and isa reputed teacher and a very well known scholar of Sanskrit Grammarand Prakrit language and literature. He has himself edited several books,and is at present bringing out revised editioms of The Patanjala Mah-bhasya and Paribhasendusekhara and has compiled a Paribhasasangrahaall"of which are being published by the Bhandarkar Oriental ResearchInstitute, Poona. His exhaustive introduction to The Patanjala Maha-bhasya is enough to show that he is pre-eminently qualified for pre-paring this Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar, which is a valuableproduct of a life-time of devoted scholarship.We are thankful to the University Grants Commission and theState Government for the liberal financial assistance they have giventowards publication of this work.Oriental Institute, Baroda, B. ]. SANDESARA17-3-1961. Director



1NTRODUCTIONObject of this DictionaryNo apology is needed for undertaking the compilation of the present* Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar , which, although concise, is expectedto meet the needs of Sanskrit scholars and research students ofVyakaranaand other Shastras by serving as a useful reference book in their study ofand research work in, any branch of Sanskrit learning. The manyindependent treatises in the several Shastras and the learned commentariesupon them, as also the commentaries on classical poems and dramas, arc.infact, full of grammatical explanations of words and constructions, involvinga liberal use of grammatical expressions and technical terms at severalplaces. The elementary knowledge of grammar which a general scholar.ofSanskrit possesses, is not found sufficient for his understanding fully thegrammatical references in these books, especially so at present, when thepractice of sending young boys to the Tolls and Sanskrit Pathashalas tostudy the standard classical works with commentaries along with somestandard elementary treatises on grammar, has already stopped.. Thenumber of Sanskrit Pandits and Shastris,who had to obtain asound footing i!grammar before they undertook the study of the higher texts of the severalShastras, and who therefore could be consulted by young scholars andresearch workers in the several Shastras, has also diminished considerably.The usual Sanskrit Dictionaries such as those of Monier Williams, WS.Apteand others are found of no avail in supplying explanations of the gramma-tical technigue which confronts modern scholars at every step in theircritical reading of the several Sanskrit texts. In these circumstances it isonly the technical dictionaries of the type of the present * Dictionary ofSanskrit Grammar ' that can render a valuable assistance to scholars andresearch workers in their reading of the higher Sanskrit texts in the severalShastras.Beginnings of Sanskrit GrammarEvery science has necessarily its own terminology and a specialvocabulary. The remark is true with respect to Sanskrit Grammar orVyakaranaSastra which has developed as a science during the last twothousand years and has got several technical terms and mumerous wordswith a special grammatical significance. The origin of grammar can well-nigh be traced to the Period of the Brahmanas i. e about 2000 B.C., whenVedic scholars began to discuss the meaning of the inspire Vedic hymnsby carefully showing disconnected, the words of the Vedic hymnsand noting down the differences in accents as also the changes caused bytheir coalescence in the continuous recital or the Samhitapatha. They alsotried to explain the sense of the Vedic words by tracing them back to theroots ofsuitable senses and laid down rules for their proper and correct


3xpronunciation. These three pursuits viz. (a) the discussion of the features ofhe Pada text, (b) the derivation of words, and c) directions regarding thcproper pronunciation of the Vedic words, were carried on.with vigour witha view to preserving the Vedic texts intact, and the treatises dealing. withthese three branches were respectively called by the names Prtisakhya,Nirukta and Siks, all of which could rightly be called Vyakaraa .9rGrammar, as they were devoted to determining the correct words as dis-tinguished from the incorrect ones. Although a number of books weewritten by Vedic scholars in these three branchcs, not more than five or sixPratisakhya works, a solitary Nirukta work, and a few Siks works are theonly available works at present.Development of Sanskrit GrammarIn course of time, on the analogy of the derivation of words, ananalysis of the word into its constituent elements such as the base, the afiix,the augments and the modifications, was undertaken by grammarians. Thisseparation of the different elements of a word constituted Vykarana orgrammar, which was developed as an art by ancient grammarians likeApisali, Skaayana and others before Paini. It was Prini who carriedit to perfection, and his work, the AStadhyayi, compact yct exhaustivc, andlaconic ye clear,is simply a marvellous product of art by a man of amazingintelligence. As a result, the works on grammar by all ancient scholarswho fourished before Patini disappeared in course of time lcaving only afew guotations behind them. Pini was followed by a number of grammar-ians who wrote popular treatiscs on grammar, bascd, no doubt, on Pipini'sgrammar, some of which, in their turn came to have auxiliary w rks,glosses and explanatory commentaries. These different trcatiscs, written bySarvavarman, Candragomin, Devanandin, Palyakirti Stkatyana, Hemacan-dra, KramadiSvara, Jumaranandin, Supad:na and others with their auxi-liary works and commentaries, came to be looked upon as different systcmsof grammar. These treatises present two kinds of treatment : Some ofthem are arrangcd in Stras in the same manner as the Asidhyy ofPanini which treats one after another the several grammatical clements suchas technical terms, padas of roots, case-relations, compound words, krtafixes, taddhita affixes, substitutes, accents and cuphonic changes whileothers give a topic-wise treatment following in that respect the ancicntgrammarians before Pahini such as Indra, Vedic Skatayana and others whotreated one after another the different topics of grammar such as the eu-phonic changes, declension, conjugation,compound formation, mouns derivedfrom roots, nouns derived from nouns and the like. The special featurc ofall these grammars was that they entircly omitted the Vedic peculiariticsand accents.Sanskrit Grammar as a ScienceThe Subject of Sanskrit grammar was first treated as a science by the twoepoch*naking grammarians, first by Katyyana a few centuries aftei Panini,


x!and then by Patafijali, the exponent of Katyayana who lived in the secondcentury B. C. It was carried to perfection by the stalwart grammarianBhartphari of the seventh century A. D. Later grammarians, prominentamong whom were.jayditya, Vamana, Kaiyaga, Haradatta, Bhattoj, Kon-dabhatta and Nagesa, developed by their substantial contributions, the workof Panini as a science to such an extent that the number of smaller andgreater works well nigh rose to eight hundred and that of the authors tofour hundred. The grammar of Panini, which is looked upon as thestandard one at present gives about a hundred technical terms, more thantwo hundred suffixes, about two thousand primary roots and more thanfive thousand special words arranged in more than two hundred and fiftyclasses according to the special grammatical peculiarities shown by eachclass- The number of independent primary words, besides these fivethousand special words, if roughly estimated, may exceed even twenty-fivethousand. Besides these primary roots, primary nouns, affixes and tech-nical terms in the different Shastras, there is a vast number of secondaryroots and secondary nouns, which is rather impossible even to be appro-ximately determined.Nature and Scope of this DictionaryThe preparation of a comprehensive dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar,a subject which has been developed fully by Sanskrit Grammarians for thelast two thousand years, is certainly a stupendous work which can only bedone by a band of grammarians who have got a sound footing in the sub-ject. In the light of what has been said above, the present dictionary is onlyan honest and humble attempt in that direction made by the compiler whowas inspired to undertake this rather arduous venture by his close study ofthe subject for more than sixty years according to the traditional method ofthe East, combined with the critical and comparative method of the West.As the work was done single-handed, and finished within a limitedtime with a view to making it available to students and scholars of Sans-krit at as early a date as possible, the number of books consulted was alimited one. The number of entries is more than four thousand out ofwhich the important ones are in the form of short articles supplying verybriefiy the necessary information from the different sources with guota-tions from or references to the original works. All the standard works ingrammar have been carefully consulted including the available Pratis-khya works, the Mahabhsya, the Ksik, the,Vakyapadya, the Siddhnta-Kaumudi and others. The Katantra, the Sakatyana, the Jainendra, theHaima and other grammars, as also the different Paribhasa works havebeen consulted at important places. Minor works and commentaries arenot consulted as the important words and topics occurring therein havebeen mostly included here on account of their occurrence in the majorworks. Attention is, of course, paid to grammatical importance andsignificance, and only such such words and such senses of them as have agrammatical significance, have been included in the present dictionaryalong with affixes, augments, substitutes and technical terms mostly given


xiiin Pnini's grammar. Names of authors and books, printed as well asfound in a manuscript form, have been included as fair as practicable inthe present work. A scrupulous attention has been Paid to the Pratisakhyaworks, the Mahabhasya and the Ksika which are locked upon as Supremely authoritative in the field of Sanskrit grammar.. [t just be admittedthat the scholarly index works of Dr. BCthlingk and Dr. Renou were foundvery useful in providing references to standard gjanmar worksTh3 abbreviations for the titles of books consulted and those of gra-mmatical terms are given separately at the beginning of the Present* Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar.' Names of books and authors havebeen sometimes given in the Roman script and sometimes in the Deva-nagari script.ConclusionAcknowledgements are due to Mr. M. N. Chapekar, AryasanskritiMudranalaya, Poona, who has given ample co-operation in getting thisDictionary printed in the shortest possible time. For facility of printing,accents of Vedic passages and words are not shown, nor italics have beenused for Sanskrit terms written in the Roman script nor the breaking ofa word at the end of a line is done scrupulously at the end of a syllable ora constituent part. In spite of all possible care, some slips have crept infor which the indulgence of the reader is craved. It is cxpected thatSamskrit scholars will make full use of this work and offer their valuablesuggestions for future undertakings of this type.A sincere sense of gratitude must be conveyed to Dr. Bhogilal J-Sandesara, the Director of the Oriental Institute, Baroda, at whose initia-tive the project of this * Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar,' undertakensome years ago, but postponed from time to time, was not only pursuedwith vigour, but completed and turned into a volume in the GaekwadOriental Series.601-2 Sadashiv Peth,Laxmi Road, Poona 2.Varshapratipada, Shake 1883.17-3-61.K. V. ABHYANKAB.


HINTS FOR THE USE OF THIS DICTIONARYl. Words in this dictionary are arranged in the serial order of theSanskrit alphabet which is current everywhere, viz. the fourteen vowelsbeginning with and ending with , and then the thirtythree consonants.consisting of the five guttural, the five palatal,the five cerebral, the five den-tal and the five labial consonants and then the four semi-vowels and thefour ants is taken as a combination of and , and as one of and .2. Words are given in their noun-base ( ) such as ,, etc., without the addition of any case affix.3. At places of option where any one of the anusvara and theparasavarna could be used, the anusvara is consistently used, and a placeafter the vowels and before the consonants is assigned to it in the alpha-betical order. For example, the words containing anusvara such as , ,, , , , , , , , etc., are all placed after and before , etc.4, Each word entered, has got only one paragraph assigned to it,although the explanation of the word may cover sometimes a full pageOr 11Ore.5. The meaning or meanings of a word are given immediatelyafter it, and therefore no capital letter is used at the beginning of the wordwith which each meaning begins. _6. The various senses of a word are given one after another withserial numbers placed before them. The several senses of a word arearranged as far as possible in their chronological order oforigin.7. The various senses are usually illustrated with Guotations fromstandard authors with full references as fair as possible. From among thePratisakhya works, the Rkprtisakhya is generally guoted,while from amongthe numerous grammar works, the Mahabhasya and the Kasika areguoted profusely.8. The first figure in references, which is generally the Romanone, refers to the main section such as the adhyaya or the Karlda or thePatala, while the next one refers to the subordinate sections, such as thestaha or the Sitra or the like. When there are three figures they refer tothe adhyaya, the pada and the Sutra in the case of Panini, and to theMandala,.the Sukta and the stanza in the case of the Rksarhhit.9.' When a particular form is illustrated, the illustration beginswith the abbreviation *e.g.'; while usually, when the sense given is illustra-ted, the explanation or the quotation in Sanskrit begins with the abbrevia-tion *cf',


xiv10. Bach of the different senses of a word or of the uses of a wordin different ways, begins with a separate numbcr.(!), (2), (3), etc.: whenhowever, the same sense is given with different shades of it, by words whichare practically synonymous, no separate numbers arc given, the shades ofsensis being separated by a colon, or by a comma11. As the senscs given in such dictionaries are more or lesstechnical or conventional, the literal or the usual scnse of the words is givenonly when it is allied to the conventional scnsc-12.Sat.skrit words are generally given in the Devanagari script;when, however, the Roman script is used, the diacritical marks which arein current use at present, are employed.LIST OF WORKS AND AUTHORS CONSULTED( In order of abbreviations used )A. Pr.=Atharvaveda Pratisakhya.Asadhyayi=Paninis Astidhyayf.Bh. Vr.= Bhagvrtti ot Purusottarma-deva. _Bhar. Sks = Bharadvaja SikSa.C. Vy., Can. Vy. = Cindra Vyaka-raha_Dhatuvrtti = Madhaviya Dhituvrtti.Durgacarya - Durgacarya's commen-tary on the Nirukta.Durgasirhha=Durgasirhha's Katantra-Suitravptti. _Durgh. Vr = Durghatavrtti of Sara-nadeva. -Hem.=Hemacandra's Sabdanusasana.Hem. Pari.=Hemacandra's Paribh-sapatha as given by Hemaharhsa-gani.Jain., Jain. Vy.=Jainendra Vyaka-rana by Pjyapada Devanandin.Jain. Pari. =Jainendra Paribhavrttiby K. V. Abhyankar.Kaiy., Kaiyata == Kaiyata'sbhasyapradipa.Kalapa - Kalapa-Vyakaranasutra.Kas.=Kasika ofJayaditya and Vam-anaMaha-Ks. viv. = Ksikavivaraapafijiki,known by the name Nyasa.Kat. = Katantra Vyakaraha Sutra.i Kar. Pari. Durg. = Katantra Paribh-savrtti by Durgasimha.Kiv. Prak.= Kivyapraksa of Marn-mata.Laghumajts =Nagesa.M. Bh. = Mahabhya of Patanjalion the Sttras of Panini (IDr.Kiclhorn's edition ).Mahibhasya Vol. VII =The Volurncof the introduction in Marathi tothe Pataijala Mahabhasya, wiittenby K. V. Abhyankar and publi-shed by the :?. E. Society, Poona.Mahbhasyadipik= commentary onthe Mahibhasya by Bhartrhari.Muktavali = Nyayamuktvalt ofWiSvamathapaficinana.Laghumajusa of| Nandikesvara=Nandikesvarakrika.Nir.= Nirukta of Yaska.Ta.5ea_kaBHL __-_| Nyasa=Ksikavivaraapafjik, a corn-entary.om the Kasikavrtti byJinendrabuddhi, called Nysa.P, Pan=Paninis Asdhyay.


Padamafijar = Padamafijari, a com-mentary on the Kasikavrtti byHaradatta.Pan. Sik.=Siks of Pnini.Par. Bhas. = Paribhasbhaskara ofHaribhaskara Agnihotr.Par. Sek. = Paribhasendusekhara ofNagesa.Paramalaghumajus = Paramala-ghumajtis ofNagesabhatta.Pari. Sang. = Paribhassaragraha byK. V. Abhyankar.Phit Sutra=Santanava's Phisutra.Pradipa = Kaiyata's Mahabhsyapra-dipa.Purusottam=Purusottamadevas Pari-bhagavrtti. _R. Pr. =Rgvedapratisakhya by Sau-naka ( Sanskrit SahityaparisadEdition, Calcutta.)R. T. = Rktantra Pratisakhya.R. V., Rgveda, Rk. Sarhh =Rgveda-, sarhhit.Sabdakaustubha = Sabdakaustubha, of Bhattoj Diksita.Sak. =Sakayana's Sabdanussana.Sak. Pari = Sakatyana Paribhas-patha.S. K. Sid.Kau. =Siddhantakaumudi.Siradeva Srradeva's Paribhas-vrtti.Siva Sttra = Mahesvarastras.xvSing-Prak. = SringrapraksaBhoja.T. Pr.=Taittiriya Pratisakhya.Tait. Safnh.=Taittiriya Sarhhit.Tattvabodh. = TattvabodhinUfinendrasarasvati.Tattvacintamani = Tattvacintamaniof Gangesopadhyaya.Tribhasyaratna = commentary onthe Taittiriya Prtisakhya.Uddyota Mahabhasya-Pradipod-dyota by Nagesa.Un. Sttra = Undistrapaficapadi.Un. Sttravr. = UnadistravrttiUjjwaladatta.Upamanyu = Nandikesvarakarik-bhasya by Upamanyu .Uvvata = Uvvaa's Bhasya on thePratisakhya works. _V. Pr. = Vajasaneyi Pratisakhya.Vaidikbharana = commentary onthe Taittiriya Pratisakhya.Vaiyakaranabhsana=Kondabhatta'sVaiyakarajabhishasara.Vak. Pad. =Vikyapadya of Bhartp-hari.Wak. Pad. tika = Commentary onBhartphari's Vakyapadya.V., Vart. = Varttikas on the Suitrasof Panini as given in the Maha-bhasya (Dr. Kielhorn's edition.)Vydi=Vydiparibhassicana.ofbyby


ABBREVIATIONS USED.abl. ablative case.above a reference to some preced-ing word, not necessarily on thesame page.acc. accusative case.adj. adjective.adv. adverb.Ahn. AhnikaMahabhasya.aor. aorist.Atm or Atmanep. Atmanepada.caus, causal.cf. confer, compare.com. commentary.compa compound.cond. conditional.conj. conjugation.dat. dative case.deside desiderative.dual. dual number.ed. edition.e.g exempli gratia, for example.etc. et cctera, and others.f., fem. feminine.freg. frequentative.fut. future.gen. genitive case.gend. gender.gr. grammar,i.e. id est, that is.imperf imperfect.impera imperative.of the Patafijala| ind. indeclinable.inf. infinitive.ins., inst. instrumental case.krt. krt (affix).lit. literally.loc. ) locative case.masc. masculine gender.ms. manuscript.neut. neuter gender.nom. nominative case.Pan. Panini,p-p.p. past passive participle.Parasmai. Parasmaipada.pari. paribhas.part. participle.pass passive voice.perf perfect.pers. person.pl. plural.pres. present tense.prOn pronoun.Sec. Second.sing singular.Subj. subjunctive.suf. suffix.tad, taddhita affix.Vart. Varttika (onPanini).Wed. Vedic.vide seev !- varia lectio, another reading.the Sutra ofvoc. vocative case.


A Dictionary 0 Sanskrit Grammar. (1)the first letter of the alphabetin Sanskrit and its derived langua-ges, representing the sound a ():(2) the vowel a () representing ingrammatical treatises, except whenPrescribed as an affix or an aug-ment or a substitute,all its eighteenvarieties caused by accentuationor nasalisation or lengthening: (3)Personal ending a () of the perf.sec-pl.and first and third pers.sing.:(4) krt affix c () prescribed espe-cially after the denominative andSecondary roots in the sense of theyerbal activity e. g. , ,, etc.cf. etc. (P.III3.102-100); (5) sign of the aoristmentioned as a? () or ca? ()by Panini in P. III i.48 to 59 e.g., : (6) conjugationalsign uentioned as S2 () or & ()by Panini in P. III.1.68, 77. e.g., etc.; (7) augment a() as prescribed by P. VI.1.58;e- g. , : (8) augment a!() prefixed to a root in the im-perf. and aorist tenses and in theconditional mood e. g. , , cf. P. VI.4.71: (8) ;afix c () prescribed as , ,,, , , , , , , , , , etc.in the third Adhyaya of PahinisAstadhyayi; (9) tad. affix a ()mentioned by Panini as , , |, etc. in the fourth and thefifth chapters of the Agadhyay ofPanini; (10) the samsntaaffix a(), as also statcd in the form ofthe samsnta affixes ( , ,,, , , and ) by Pniniin V.4. 73 to 121 ; (11) substitute a() accentcd grave for before case-affixes beginning withthe ins. case: (12) remnant ()of the negative particle afterthe clision of the consonantn () by P. vi. 3.73. ( ') nasal utterance called and written as a dot above thevowel preceding it. cf. : it is pronounced after avowel as immersed in it. Theanusvra is considered (l> as onlya nasalization of the precedingvowel being in a way completelyamalgamated with it. cf. T. Pr. V.1 1,31 ; XV. 1; XXII. 14 ; (2) asa nasal addition to the precedingvowel, many times prescribed ingrammar as ta! ( ) or htti ( )which is changed into anusvara inwhich case it is looked upon as asort ofa vowel, while, it is lookedupon as a consonant when it ischanged into a cognate of thefollowing consonant () or re-tained as ) (). cf. P. VIII.4.58;(3) as a kind cfconsonant of thetype of nasalized half g () as des-cribed in some treatises of theYajurveda Prtiakhya: cf also R.Pr,1.22 V. Pr.14.148-9. The vowelelement of the anusvra becamemore prevalent later on in Pali,Prakrit, Apabhrarhsa and in thespoken modern languages whilethe consonantal element becamemore predominant in classicalSanskrit. the same as or or prescrib-ed by the rule -


_|, also a class of words ( ) visarga called visarjanjya in 2 P. II.2.1 and the followingP. II.2.2 and 3; c. g. ;:, etc.headed by which have theirlast vowel accentcd acute whenthcy stand at the end of a tat-purusa compound with the word as the first member, cf P.W. 2. 193.ancient worksand shown in Writingby two dots, one below the other,exactly of the same size, like thepair ofbreasts ofa maiden as jocu-larly expressed by Durgasirhha.cf. : | - | ( on !.1.16). is always a dependcnt letterincluded among the Ayogavhaletters and it is looked upon as avowel whcn it forms a part of thcpreceding vowel; while it is lookcdupon as a consonant when it ischanged into the jihvamliya orthe Upadhmaniya letter.< (Bh. I. Ahnika 1. a term used by the ancientgrammarians in the sense of theParasmaipada and the Atmame-pada affixes. The word is notfound in Painis Asgadhyay.The Warttikakara has used theword in his Warttika on P. III. 2.127 evidently in thesense of Pada affixes referring tothe Atmanepada as explained byKaiyata in the words - : | The word occursin theSlokavarttika ' quoted by Patajali in his Maha-bhasya on P. III.1.85, where Nagesa writes - | - | Theword is found in the sense ofPada in the Mahabhagya on P.III. 1.40. The commentator onPuspastra explains the word as :. Theauthor of the Kasik on P. WI.2.134 has cited the reading instead of -: and made the remark .This remark shows that in an-cient times meant i. e.a word in the genitive case. Thissense gave rise to, or was basedupon, an allied serse, wiz. themeaning of *' i. e. possession.Possibly the sense * possession 'further developed into the furthersense *possession of the fruit orresult for self or others referringto the affixes which possessedthat sense. The old sense *'of the word *' having goneout of use, and the sense ''having come in vogue, the word*' must have been substitutedfor the word *' by somegrammarians before the time ofthe Kasikakaras. As Patanjalihas dropped the Sutra (VI. 2.134),it cannot be said definitelywhether the change of readingtook place before Patafijali orafter him. (l) taking a secondary sense;implication; lit. moving for a sensewhich is near about; the same as. The word is explainedas , employment or currentusage, by Patafijali; cf. | | M. Bh. I. 1. 1.Wart. 4; ( 2 ) substitution of theletter for : cf. I, P.IV.1.1 Vart, 7. lit.origin; one that originates,augment, : i Th6


78word is used in the sense of addi-tional phonetic element * :, cf : M. Bh. on Siva-stra 5: cf. also - | Siva Sutra 5 Vart. 15.The Rk Pratisakhya gives in as an instance of. cf.R. Pr. IV. 37. In the Nirukta- is given as the sense of theprefix '' ; cf: The com.on the Nirukta explains the word as . a term used by later gramm-arians in connection with such arule on which another rule dependscf. Pari.Sekh. on Pari. 97, as also M. Bh.on P. III. 1.26. Therelationship known as - occurs several times in gra-mmar which states the inferiorityof the dependent as noticed inthe world. instruction; original enuncia-tion; first or original precepts orteaching: cf. S.K. on T the rule P. I. 3.2. cf. ; M.Bh. on Ahn. I. Virt. 15. For diff-erence between and see: cf. also : | -, : f Kasik on P.I. 3.2; cf also Vyadi. Pari. 5; (2)ermployment (of a word) for otherscf. : | : Kas. on P. I. 4. 70. such a word as is found inthe original instruction. occurrence in the origi-nal statement before the applica-tion of any affixes etc., cf. - :, M. Bh. on P..1.56, Vart. 23. statement to the effectthat a word should be lookedupon as occurring in the originalinstruction although it is notthere. See .cf. P. VII. 1 58. Vart. 1. name of a sarhdhi which isdescribed as in R.Pr: e. g. . See . penultimate letter,. as definedin the rule P. I.1. 65, e. g. see , , , etc.: lit. that which is placed near the lastletter. a word or a noun whichhas got the penultimate letteromitted: cf. P. IV. 1. 28. a letter or a phonetic elem-ent substituted for a visarga foll-owed by the first or the secondletter of the labial class. Visarga issimply letting the breath out ofthe mouth. Where the visarga isfollowed by the first or the secondletter of the labial class, its pronun-ciation is coloured by labialutterance. This coloured utterancecannot be made independently;hence this utterance called * - ' ( similar to a sound blownfrom the mouth ) is not put in, asan independent letter, in thc - attributed to . Patafij-ali, however, has referred to suchdependent utterances by the term. See : cf. 8 | ' s -: | . isalso called . See. proposition, statement, Theremark * :* is of frequ-ent occurrence in the VyakaranaMahabhasya in connection withstatements that are defective andhave to be refuted or corrected; cf.M.Bh. on P.1.1.21,46,50; I.2.5 etc.


79 lit.a word placed near; an adjo-ining word. In Panini's grammar, |the term is applied to such |words as are put in the locativecase by Panini in his rules prescri-bing krt affixes in rules from i II.1, 90 to III. 4 end: cf. P. III. 1. 92: e. g. in P. III. 2.1. The word is also |used in the sense of an adjoiningword connected in sense. e. g.o as also dered as a *resultant vowel or astan emergent vowel'. The ancientterm was and possibly it re-ferred to the extension of and into their constituent parts +,-+ etc. the vowel being of aweak grade but becoming strongafer the merging of the subsc-guent vowel into it 9:8 cf. : P. III. 2.8 Vart.1- Forthe words taking this sarhprasraha


378 < ?o' change, see P. VI. ] .13 to .9.According to some grammarians, the term is applied to thesubstituted vowels while accordingto others the term refers to theoperation of the substitution: cf., M. Bh. on P. I. 1.16. The sub-stitution of the sarhprasirahavowel is to be given preference inthe formation of a word; , cf. Pari. Sek.Pari. 1 19.i the relative supe*rior strength of the sarhprasarathaChange in comparison with other* operations occurring simultane-otisly. The phrase - is often used in the Mah-bhasya which is based upon thedictum of the superior strength ofthe sarhprasarana substitution," which is announced by the writerof the Warttikas; P. VI. 1.17Vart, 2. , See . with senses ( of the twowords ) merely connected witheach other and not complctelymixed into ,cach other; cf. . ... : ) , M. Bh. on P. II. 1,1. Vart,4,This s connectcd with the: definition out of the two de-finitions and citedwith respect to the word . (1) lit.connection in general:cf. P.III. 4.I. The wordis explained by the general term: cf. -' : Kas. on P.III.4.1 ; (2) context,cf. M. Bh. on P. I.2.43. Vart. 5.* _ - name given by convention' by grammarians to the fourthpada of the third adhyaya ofPinis Asdhyay which beginswith the stra P.III. 4.1. relative term; the termrefers to words connected in sucha way by their meaning that ifone of thern is uttered, the otherhas to be anticipated and under-stood; e. g. , , , etc.cf. ! | cf. also M.Bh. onI 1.71 ; cf. also - M. Bh. on P. I. 2.43 Vart.5; I. 2.48 Vart, 4, (1) a 1erm used in Pinini'sgrammar for the case-affix of thevocative singular; cf. P. II. 3, 49; the vocative is,however, not looked upon as aseparate case, but the designation is given to the nominativecase, having the sense of (2) the word is also used in thegeneral sense of i. e. addre-ssing or calling: cf. :(II. 3.49) :M. Bh. on P. I. 2.33. calling or address which isgiven as ome of the additionalsenses of the nominative caseaffixes ( cf. P. II. 3, 47 )in addition to those given inthc rule - P. II. 3.46: cf. - K. on P. II. 3.47. iit. possibility. The word isused in the general sense of thepossibility of the application of arule or of the occurrence ofa rule;cf. .M.Bh. on VI, 4.49 Vrt.: Pari. Sek.Pari. 100; cf. also | | Sira-


379 -deva Pari. 35. (!) closcly connected; : P. IV. 4.90; (2)joint, conjoint; the term is usedfrequently in connection withtwo or more consonants in juxta-position; cf. T. Pr.XXII. 15. _ connection in general; theword is used as a technical termin the grammar of Panini, in thesense of two or more consonantscoming closely together unsepara-ted by any vowcl: cf. cf P. I. 1.7; cf also V. Pr. I. 48. the elision of the first ofthe conjunct consonants if it is or , provided the conjunct con-sonants are at the end of a wordor followed by a consonant whichis not a semi-vowel nor a nasal;c. g. , from the root ;cf. | P. VIII. 2.99. the clision of the finalof thc conjunct consonants whenthey are at the end of a wordprovided they are not formed of as the first member and anyconsonant except as the secondmember: e.g- , etc.: cf. | , P.VIII.2.23,24. lit. concealment; slurring overa consonant by practically mergingits sound into that of the follow-ing one; the technical term -f is also used in the same. sense; e. g. ; cf. . R. Pr. VI. 5. - name of a small: , treatise on roots and their mean-. ings written by : a grammarian, mamed | who has also-: writtef a commentary on the.. Sabdakaustubha called and ,ct.H one of the external efforts inthc production of a sound whenthe gullet is a little bit contractedas at the time of the utterance ofthe third, fourth and the fifth ofthe class-consonants; cf. : Uddyota on P. I. 1.9. conventional: lit. knownwidely among the people, as aresult, of course, of convention; cf. Nir. I. 12. _ apprehension: cf. -. lit. covered or concealed;nameof an internal effort in the produc-tion ofsound which is accompani-ed with a laryngeal hum; cf. : cf also | S.K.onP.I.1.9;cf. also - | Sabdakaus on F. I. 1.9. _ very closely held togetherjust as the sound of the consonantin the vowel , cf. where Uvvatahas explained the word as; cf Uvvata on V. Pr. IV.148. _ lit. contact, connection; (1)contact of the air passing upthrough the gullet and strikingthe several places which producethe sound, which is ofthree kinds,hard, middling and soft: cf. , : | - ] :- | - | }com. on. 'T, Pr. XXIII. 1 ; .(2)syntactical connection between, words themselves which exists'be-, tween pairs of words as between


380nouns and adjectives as also be-tween .verbs and the karakas,which is necessary for understand-ing the meaning of a sentenceSome Mimamsakas and Logicianshold that sarhsarga itselfis the me-aning of a sentence. The syntacti-cal relation between two words isdescribed to be of two kinds - of the type of and of the type of ,, and the like. words syntactically connectedwith each other, and hence, cap-able of expressing the sense of asentence;cf. : Vakya-padya II. 2.| the theory, that themeaning of a sentence is a novelthing ( ), held bysome Mim-rhsakas who believe that wordsconnected with activity displaytheir phenomenal capacity ( - ) after the recalling of thesenses of words by the recallingcapacity ( ). (1)preparation such as (a)thatof a word by placing the affixafter the base and accomplishingall the necessary changes, or (b)that of a sentence by placing allwords connected mutually bysyntax and then explaining theirformation; these two views arerespectively called the and the ; (2) gramma-tical formation; cf. : -: Uvvata on V.Pr. I.1; cf. also etc. Nir.I. a short handbook ondeclension and case-relationswritten by a grammarian namedSadhusundara, who lived in thecentury. lit. formed by combination orcompact the term is used in thePrtiSikhyas for diphthongs whichare combinations, in fact, of twovowels which are completelymixed being produced with asingle effort. The diphthongsand also, are called . a peculiar phonetic elementdescribed along with another onenamcd both ofwhich have gotnodefinite place of utterance in themouth; cf. !: | . I com. on R.T.11. a combination or collection ofthe Swaras or musical notes forpurposes of singing the Samahymns. a tone in which two or moreaccents or tones are mixed upwith one another, cf BharadwajaSik. unnecessary contraction of theplace ()asalsooftheinstrument( ), which results into a faultof utterance called ; cf. - R. Pr.XIV.2. position of words or parts ofwords in the formation ofa wordduite near each other which resultsinto the natural phonetic coale-scence of the preceding and thefollowing letters. Originally whenthe Vedic hymns or the runningprose passages of the Yajur-veda were split up into theirdifferent constituent parts name-ly the words or padas by thePadakaras, the word or came into use as contrast-cd with the . The writers ofof the Pratisakhyas have consegu-ently defined as ,beginning of the eighteenthwhile Panini who further split up


381-xthe padas into bases ( ) andaffixes ( ) and mentionedseveral augments and substitutes,the phonetic combinations, whichresulted inside the word or pada,had to be explained by reason of theclose vicinity of the several phone-tic units forming the base, theaffix, the augment, the substituteand the like, and he had to definethe word rather differentlywhich he did in the words : : cf P.I.4.109: cf. also | Sabdakau-stubha on Maheshvara Sttra 5.1. the running text or theoriginal text of the four Vedas asoriginally composed. This text,which was the original one, wassplit up into its constituent padasCr separate words by ancient sages, and others,with a viewto facilitating the understanding ofit, and consequently to preservingit in the oral tradition.The originalwas called of which the and the which werecomparatively older than the otherartificial recitations such as the, and others, are foundmentioned in the Pratiskhyaworks. augment added to the roots , as also to roots which endin before affixes of the aoristtense: e.g. , , ,cf P. VII. 2.73. a root which, by virtue of thenature of its meaning i.e. verbalactivity, requires or expects anobject which is covered by theactivity: a transitive root. In thepassive voice of these roots theobject is expressed by the verbaltermination and hence it is put inthe nominative case. accompanied by tha gualify-g words such as the differentKrakas or causal agents for theVerbal activity: cf. | ! ' M. Bh.ofP.ff. )Wrt. 9. capable of beingunderstood on being mentioneOnly once.justas the notion ofgenus9r generality which is so ufder-stood the phrase iscited as a definition of : cf. , M.Bh.on P.IV.1.63. or G the maxin op99nvention of the non-applicationof a grammatical rule of Operatonany longer when, on conflict with39therit has been once set aside.The maxim is M. Bh.on P. . ] 56,4.?. 2, VI.3.42 etc. cf also Par.Sek. Pari. 40. accompanied by aWord qualifying the verbal acti-wity sometimes a verb with sucha.wordmakes a sentence:cf. - | [M.B}.on P. II.1.1 Wrt, 9 or accompanied by aPrePositign which is called:cf P. VIII. 1.68: .also ( M.Bh. ca P| VIII.1.68. a short term or made upgf the of in P.III.I.5, and the of inP.III.4.78 with a view to includeall affixes from to : cf, , M. Bh. onP.VI,1.9 Vart. 7; cf also M. Bh.on P. VIII.2.22. tad affix prescribed after theword in the sense of collection:e. g. : cf. : P,IV,2.43


Vart, 3 for which there is an alfer-native reading : forfacility of grammatical operations is recommended with prefer-ence in the Mahabhasya , cf : M.Bh. on P. IV.2.43 Vart. 3: (2) is given as a tech-nical term for in the Prati-khya works: cf. ] R.T.27. a short term used for the affixes ( ) and ( ) which' are applied to roots to form the' present and the future participles;* cf. P III. 2. 127: cf also : F III. 3. 14. prescribed subsequently;occurring after the preceding has ]taken place: cf. : ; although thewords and : are separate'still it is habitual to take themcombined in an adjectival senseand make the word anadjective to the word as in the' dictum P. VI. 1.* 158 Vrt. 9. the compara-tively superior strength of a subse-Guent accent which prevails by theemoval of the accent obtaining' before in the process of the forma-tion of a word; cf VI. 1. 158 Vart., 9. See above.f existence, supreme or universal_existence the Uiti par excellencewhich is advocated to be the finalsense of all words and expressionsin the language by Bhartphariand other grmmarians after himwho discussed the interpretationof words. The grammarians believethat the ultimate sense of a wordis which appears manifold and,limited in our everyday experiencedue to different limitations such as * 8 * ** : *382 _ deSa, kala and others. Seen fromthe static viewpoint, appearsas while, from the dynamicviewpoint it appears as a . This is the soul of everything andit is the same as or or: cf. Vakyapadiya II. 12.The static existence, further, is .called or individual withreference to the object, and with reference to the commonform possessed by individuals. an aspect of of the type.ofthe static existence possessed bysubstantives as contrasted with the dynamic type of exist-ence possessed by verbs; cf. - ! . Nir.I: cf also :: R.Pr. XII. 8. V. Pr. VIII.50. qualities of a substantivesuch as , , , or , and cf. M. Bh. onP. I. 1.38 Vrt. 6, also on P. I.2.64 Vrt, 53. the word meaning :cf. S | : :M.Bh. on P. I. 4. 57. name of commentary workon the Sarasvataprakriy. the locative case prescrib>ed by the rule P. II.3.37 as scen in ; cf. | ` | . M, Bh.on P.I.2.49 Virt. 2. On accountof the frequent occurrence of theword in a large number ofexamples of this locative absolute,the term is used bymodern grammarians for thebetter word in the Maba-bhasya: cf. M.Bh. on P,VI.4.23 asalso on P.VIII. 3.61..._' __


-388- name of a modern" grammarian of the seventeenthcentury who has written a gloss' on Prtisakhya works called -.- a grammarian of theseventeenth century who haswritten a commentary on theSuitras of Panini and a briefcommentary on the Mahabh-sya called or - which is incomplete. . () a prominent gram-< marian of the latter half of theeighteerth century who was aresident of Nagpur and whosegloss on the Laghusabdenduse-khara by name is wellknown to scholars.| name of a commentary -written by on theLaghuabdendusekhara ofNageSa. lit. belonging to the samePlace; the word is used in thesense ofimmediately near:or guiteia proximity: cf. - Pari.5ck. Pari.108. tad, affix proposedby the Warttikakra in the senseof something inthat'; e.g. ; cf. - P. V. 4.7 Vrt. 2.The standard affix in such casesis ( ) by the rule ... : P. V. 4.7. (l)desiderative affix applied toany root in the sense of desire;e. g. , , : cf: P.III.1.7; (2) applied in specific sensespossessed by the root to the roots , , , , , and: e.g. , , ,, , , : cf., P. III. 1. 5 and 6. The roots towhich is applied are redupli-that or from |cated and the reduplicated formending with ( ) is lookedupon as a different root from theoriginal one for purposes of con-jugation, which takes, however,comjugational affixes of the samePada as the original root; cf. III. 1.32. graver, comparatively moregrave; a term used in connectionwith a grave accent which isfollowed by a vowel with anacute or circumflex accent; e.g.the vowel of in : cf. M. Bh. on P. I. 2.33. behaviour like that of theaffix in point of its specific fea-tures, viz. causing reduplication inthe case of the previous root.bythe rule WI.1.9, as also thesubstitution of for in thereduplicated syllable ( ) , byP. VII. 4.79. This isprescribed in the case of a rootending in ( ) before theaorist sign ( ) . cf. VII. 4.93. a term used in connec-tion with Panini's first seven booksand a guarter of the eighth, ascontrasted with the term Tripadj,which is used for the last threequarters of the eighth book. Therules or operations given in theTripadi, are stated to be asiddhaor invalid for purposes of theapplication of the rules in theprevious portion, Viz. the Sapada-saptadhyayi, and hence in theformation of' words all the rulesgiven in the first seven chaptersand a quarter, are applied first andthen a way is prepared for therules of the last three quarters.It is a striking thing that the rules


384in the Tripad mostly concern thepadas or formed words, thsPro*ince, in fact, of the Pratisakhyatreatises, and hence they should:as a matter of fact, be applicableto words after their formationand evidently to accomplish thisobject, Panini has laid down theconvention of the invalidity inGuestion by the rule P. VIII. 2,1.o - - together with a word thatis, put before, and not with any suffixiike placed bgfre: 9f { , . P.VIII. 1 26; } }P. V. 2.87. _ the seventh of the vowels statedin the alphabet; a word used forthe vowel r ( ) by ancientgrammarians: cf. : : R. Pr. I.14. ( 1 ) the seventh case; thelocative case: a term used for thelocative case by ancient grammar-ians and Panini; cf. v. Pr. III 139; cf. P. I. 1. 19. or P. V. 3. 10;cf also Kas. on P. II. 3.2: ( 2 )the seventh of the moods andtenses; the optative mood; cf. Kat.III. 1, 20; Hemacandra III. 3. 7. lit, the seven accents; theterm refers to the seven accentsformed of the subdivisions of thethree main Wedic accents , and vi2 , ,, , , ,and: cf ( : ' : !: ' : ' | : | M. Bh onP. I. 2. 33. It is possible thatthese seven accents which wereturned into the seven notesof the chantings of the sa-mans developed into the sevenmusical notes which have tradition-ally come down to the presentday known as : cf. ! Pan.Siksa. The Vajasaneyi Pratisakhyamentions the seven accents differen-tly: cf. | -------: Uvvata on V.Pr.I.l l4. a term used for the firstseven chapters or books of Paninisgrammar; cf. _ : M. Bh. on P. VI 1.'158Vart. 1. equal in number , to somethinggiven: cf. cf.K.. on P. I. 3.10. a Jain scholar of greatrepute who is believed to havewritten, besides many well-knownreligious books such as etc. on Jainism, a. treatise on grammar called Cint-mani Vyakarana. a treatise on thephilosophy of Vyakarana writtenas a commentary by the author on his own Krikas on thesubject. utterance together ofseveral vocal elements or words;verbal concomitance; cf - ... Par. Sek. Pari. 71. repetition of an action; in-tensity of an action. : Kas. on P. III. 1. 22. the omission of words whichhave already occurred before inthe recital of the Pada and otherPaghas or recitals, with a view toavoiding an unnecessary repetitioncf. R.Pr.X.12.


385 (1) having an identical sense;S. K. on P.WI. 4.11.cf *** the province or thejuris- : | - | Kas. on P. I. 3. 42: (2)mutually connected in meaning insuch a way that the meanings areconnected together or commixedtogether; : - | ) | : | Kas. ]on P. II. 1. I: cf also : (3) connected withdiction of the rule (F. IV. 1. 82), all the three wordsin which continue further on,and become valid in every ruleupto the end of the second padaof the fifth adhyaya; cf. I | -: | | | | Ks. on P.IV.1.82.relationship of senses, as between | appearing together, pre-the activity and the subject,object,instrument etc., or as between themaster and the servant or thesenting themselves together cf. _ | M. Bh. on P. I. 1.3 Vart 6.Possessor and the possessed: cf. : | (I) combination as contras-: or ,or , but not in the sentence | : (4) capable of ex-pressing the sense e. g. a wordwith the sandhis well observed; cf. | | | S. K. on IV.I. 82; rf also etc.Balamanorama on the above. that which can be justified;justifiable; -, Kas. on P. V. 2. 118.ted with disjunction or sepa-ration; (2) the enumeration ofthe letters ' of the alphabet in aparticular order so as to facilitatetheir combination, technicallytermed : cf. : l | :M.Bh. Ahnika l Wart. 15. cf. also : :Uddyota onthe Bhasya mentioned above; (3)contact; cf R. Pr. XIV.24. name given by Sradeva |tad. affix applied to theand other grammarians to the firstpada of the second adhyaya ofPaninis Asgadhyy which beginswith the sutra : P.II.1.1. a case which is appro-word to form the word :meaning * this year '; cf. | : , : M.Bh.on P. V. 3.22 Virt. 3.priate to express the sense of the | concourse, coming in closetad. affix prescribed; e.g. |quarters; cf. R.T. 224. :: cf. P. IV.1.92: | , , reply to remove the | ;objection conclusion.cf P. IV. 2.1 ; cf. -| common: the same: cf. - | M. Bh. on P. IV. 3.134 Vart. 2. the rule P. II. |1.l.cf. 49 | : W. Pr. I. 80. M. Bh.on Ahmika 1.


386 having got the same agent:the word is used in connectionwith actions ( ) having thesame , agent of the activity; cf. P. III. 3. 158. the same word as contrastedwith f a compound wordwhich consists oftwo or more words.cf. P. VIII.4.1. simple vowels or monoph-thongs , and as contrastedwith diphthongs ( ); cf R. Pr. I. 11, cf. also - T. Pr. [. 2. Some writersofPrtiskhyas held as andnot as ; cf -- - !gloss on T. Pr. I. 2. words which have gotthe same individual object ( )referred to by means of their ownsense,and which are put in the samecase; co-ordinate words; cf. : P. I. 2.42:cf.: f : [ Kas. on P. I, 2.42. having got the samewording to operate on the wordis used in connection with opera-tions which occur in the Sameword or wording as contrastedwith ;cf. S. K. on P. VI. 4.22: cf. also Kas. on P.VI,4,22. restoration of the resultant tothe original, as for instance, resto-ration of the padapatha and thekramapatha to the Samhitapgha:cf. A. Pr. III. I.7. traditional enumeration orlist of words or letters; cf. -, , etc.;cf : V.Pr. VIII.1. : T. Pr. I.l : cf also : -: Nir.I.i. : | Conn.on T. Pr. I. 1._K_~ _ superimposed: secondarynotion. placing together at one place,simultaneous application,generallywith a view that the two or morethings so placed, should always gotogether although in a fewinstances they may notgo together:cf. ! | | M. Bh.on P.IV.2.59;cf. also M. Bh. on P. I.4.1.[ placing together of two ormore words so as to express acomposite sense ; compound com-position cf. : Although the word in itsderivafive sense is applicable toany wording which has a compositesense (), still it is by conventionapplied to the only byvirtue of the Adhikarastra : which enumeratesin its province the cempoundwords only. The Mahabhisya-kira has mentioned only fourprincipal kinds of these compo-unds and defined them; cf. , ) | l M.Bh. on P.II.1.6; cf. alsoM.Bh. on P.II.1.20, II.1.49,II.2.6,II.4.26, V.1.9. Later grammarianshave given many subdivisions ofthese compounds as for example, and (with -, etc.as also ,and so on) -, , , -, and so on. a short anonymous treatise


387on compounds which is very popu-lar and useful for beginners. Thework is attributed to andcalled also as . The workis studied and committed tomemory by beginners of Sanskrit ]studies in the PathaSalas of the oldtype. a metrical work oncompounds which has no authormentioned in or assigned to it. (l) a short treatise on com-pounds by ; (2) asmall compendium on compoundswritten by a grammarian narned. a short treatise on compo-unds by :. secondary suffixes which areprescribed at the end of compoundsin specific cases and which are look-ed upon as taddhita affixes;e.g.theSamasnta ( ), causing elisionof the last syllable of the compo-und word, is added to compoundscalled : e.g. ,etc. P.W.4.73. Samasanta isadded to compounds ending with,, , and ,and to wordsending with , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , etc :underspecific conditions; cf P.V.4.68 to86. ( ) is added at the endof the tatpuru8a compounds tothe words , and , underspecific conditions; cf. P.V-!.86,' 87: ( ) is added at the endof tatpurusa compounds endingin , , , , and and under specific conditions tothose ending in , , , ,, and as also to wordsending in and in the neutergender in Vedic Literature, and tothe word underspecific condi-tions: cf. P.V. 4.91 to 105: isadded at the end of com-pounds ending in , , , , ,, and and at the end of compounds ending withthe words , , , and etc. as also at the end ofwords ending in or with anyof the class consonants except< nasals, cf. P.V.4.106-ll2; ( ) isadded to Bahuvrihi compoundsending with and as limbsof the body, as also with ,while , and are addedto specified words under specialconditions; the Samasnta affix ( ) is added at the end ofa Bahuvrhi compound ending in, and , the Samasanta affix is added at the end of thepeculiar Bahuvrihi compoundformed of , etc. when theyare repeated and when they showa fight with the instruments offight exchanged; cf. P. V.4. l 13-128. Besides these affixes, a general affix is added necessarilyor optionally as specified in P.V.4.15 1-159. a substitute for aword or its part at the end of acompound prescribed for certainspecified words under specifiedconditions; e. g- for , for , for , for , for , and , for ,, for , for : cf P. V.4.129-150. the acute accent pres-cribed in general at the end ofcompounds excepting the Pahu-vrhi and some specified compo-unds: cf. P.VI.1.223 and VI.2. ]to end. - collection, collective notionwhich is one of the four senses ofthe indeclinable |. The collective


388 motion by nature being single, thedvandva compound formed ofwords showing such a collectiontakes the neuter gender and singu-lar number affixescf. - : : SiradevaPari. 16: cf. also P. II.2.29 andII. 1. 51. accumulation which is one ofthe four senses of the indeclinable and which means the anticipationofam allied another by the expressmention of or.e, in which sensethe Dwamdva compound prescrib-ed by the rule does nottake place: cf. : | M. Bh. on P. II.2.29 Wart. 15. aggregate, totality, collectionof individual members: cf. alsocf. M.Bh. Ahnika 1 Vart, 14: cf. also Par.Sek.Pari.108. specific individual mentionor discussion; the term is used .inconnection with the several sec.tions of the third Kana or bookof Bhartrharis Vakyapadya. , simultaneous presenta-tion of different grammaticaloperations; cf. - | Ks,6n P.VI.4.22. presenting themselves si-multaneously; the word is used inconnection with two grammaticaloperations which present them-selves simultaneously. aggregate, group or collec-tion} one of the prominent sensesin which the tad. affixes andothers are prescribed. Theseaffixes are called # 9- 8-, ( ) similarly ,, , , , , etc. cf. P. IV. 2.37 to 51. connected, the word was usedby ancient grammarians in thesense of : cf. R.T. 27. Undi affix mentioned in therule P. VII. 2.7.e.g.: cf. Uadi.III.70., ( ) Undi affix e.g., , , cf. Undi III.70-77. name of a comparativelymodern lucid commentary writtenby Tarnatha Tarkavicaspati onthe Siddhantakaumudi. called also ,name of a voluminous grammarwork ascribed to king Bhoja inthe eleventh century. The gram-mar is based very closely on Pani-ni's Asadhyayi, consisting of eightchapters or books. Although theaffixes, the augments and the sub-stitutes are much the same, theorder of the Sttras is considerablychanged. By the anxiety of theauthor to bring together, the nece-ssary portions of the Ganapatha,the Undiptha and the Pari-bhass, which the author' hasincluded in his eight chapters, thebook instead of being easy to un-derstand, has lost the element ofbrevity and become tedious forreading. Hence it is that it is notstudied widely. For details see pp.392, 393 Vyakarana MahabhasyaVo]. VII. D. E. Society's edition. ( 1) having the same form forpractical purposes such as the form po.sessed by , and orthe form possessed by the affixes, , , , and others; (2)having the same form even literally,but possessed of different senses;e. g the words , , etc.


389 | | : ) | M. Bh. onP. I. 2.64. lit. at all places, on all occa-sions; the word is used in connec-tion with an essential applicationof a rule and not optionally insome cases; cf. Kas. onP. IW. 1.18: cf. also P. VIII.4.45 Vart. 1, WHII. 4.51. etc. at all costs, in any case, in allplaces; cf. M. Bh. onP. I. 1.69 Wart 4: cf. also : : XII.2. pronoun: lit. standing forany noun. There is no definitionas such given, of the word pron-oun, but the words, called pro-nouns, are enumerated in Panini'sgrammar one after another inthe class or group headed by ( , , , , words end-ing in the affixes and , etc.)which appear to be pronounsprimarily. Some words such as ,, , , , , , , etc are treated as pronounsunder certain conditions. In anycase, attention has to be paid tothe literal sense of the term , which is an ancient term and noneof these words when standing as aproper noun, is to be treated as apronoun: cf. P. I.1.27, cf. also :M.Bh. on P. I. 1. 27 Vart. 2; ( 2 ), The word means also acommon term, a gencral term; cf. , M. Bh. on P. VI. 4.174 Vart 4. a term used in Painis: . grammar, for the first five case-affixes , , , and as alsofor the nom. and acc. pl. afix ( ) of the neuter gender. Theterm appears to be an old one,which was used, by a specific men-tion, for the first five case-affixeswhich caused a special change inthe base before them in the caseofmany words; cf. I P.I.1.42-48. For detailssee Vyakaratamahabhasya Vol.WHI. D. E. Society's ed. p. 239footnote. grave accent ( ) fotthe whole word, generally for averbal form or a word in the voca-tive case, if preceded by anotherword which is not a verb. Theterrn is used in contrast with the grave accent for theremaining vowels of a word whena particular vowel is definitely fix-ed as an acute or an independentSwarita or circumflex; cf. P.WIII.1.28 to 74. a substitute for the entireword and not for a part of it.This doctrine of every-where is advocated by gramma-rians in consonance with theirdoctrine of ; cf. - | | M.Bh. on P. I. 1.20, WII.;.27. a general prohibition ofevery grammatical operation thatpresents itself; cf. : | M.Bh. on P.VI.1.115. a presentation of all thesubstitutes for all the original onesindiscriminately; an application inall cases irrespective of any specialconsideration: cf. - : M.Bh.on P.I. 1. 50 Wart. l and 12; cf alsoM.Bh. on P.I.1.60, I.3.2, 3,10etc


3 any noun-base irrespec-tive of any discrimination; cf. M.Bh. on P. III. 1.1 1Wart, 3. a commentary on NageSa'sParibhasendusekhara written by agrammarian of the nineteenth cen-tury named or .The work is incomplete. the whole orifice of themouth as a place of utterance, asfor example for the vowel : cf. I M.Bh. onP. I. 1.9 Vart. 2. spelt as also; aBuddhist grammarian who is beli-eved to have redacted or revisedthe grammar work Durghatvrtti ofSaranadeva. the personal affixes in gene-ral pertaining to all the ten laka-ras , etc., cf. !Kas.on P.III. 3.144. use in all the genders; cf. | | : | | the elision of the entire word-ing instead of the final letter only,which is prescribed by P. I.1. 52,cf. | M Bh. on P. VI. 4.154. spelt as also, the re-puted author of the KitantraVyakarana. He is believed to havebeen a contemporary of the poetGunadbya at theSitavahana court,and to have revised and redactedthe Katantra Sttras already exist-ing for the benefit of his patron.With him began the Katantraschool of grammar, the main con-tribution to which was made by who wrote a scholarly glosson the Katantra Sitras. For detailssee ,c_~_ -lit ending with allcases the term is used as an adje-ctive of the word and refersto a compound which can be dis-solved by putting the first memberin any case: cf | : :: - M. Bh. on P.I.1.56. conventional name givento the first pida of the eighthadhyaya of Papini's Astadhyaywhich begins with the Sutra VIII.1.1. lit. a group or a class ofwords beginning with the word as the first word in thelist; the term is used in general asa synonymous term with Sarva-nman; cf. Kas. on P.I.1.27.c-x - a substitute for the entirewordung instead of the final letteras prescribed by the rule P.I.1.52; cf. P.I.1.55. the grave accent for theentire word. See . final of all those that aredenoted or enumerated; cf. / M.Bh.om P. IV.2.67. all theconstituent membersof which (compound) are subordi-nated to duite a different wordand not mutually in the mannerof one member to another. TheBahuvrihi compound, as contrast-ed with other compounds, is des-cribed to be such an one, as all itsmembers are subordinate in senseto another word; cf. ;KS. on P.VI. 3.82. a term used bythe authors of the Kasik in conne-ction with the application of arule irrespective of all limitations


891and not of any one limitation: cf. -: Ks. on P.III. 2.75;cf alsoKS. on P.II.1.32, III.2.10l, WII.1.38. inclusive of the notion ofgender; the word is used in con-nection with the sense of a Prati-padika or a crude base asinclusive of the notion of gender |and number: cf. | M. Bh. on P. II. 2 24Wrt. 8. with the notion of mumberincluded in the sense of the baseitself; see . belonging to the same class ofletters; cf. | | : | CandraI. I. 2. cognate, homophonic: a lctterbelonging to the same technicalcategory of letters possessing anidentical place of utteratce andinternal effort cf. P. 1, 1. 9. For example, the eigh-teen varieties of , due to itsshort, long and protracted natureas also due to its accents andnasalization, are savarna to eachother. The vowels and areprescribed to be considered asSavarna although their place ofutterance difers. The consonantsin each class of consonants aresavarna to one another, but bythe utterance of one, anothercannot be taken except whenthe vowel has been appliedto the first. Thus standsfor , , , and . cf. P. 1, I. 9: P. I. 1. 69.and || taking or including the |cognate letters; a convention ofgrammarians to understand by theutterance of a vowel like , or all the 18 types of it which arelooked upon as cognate ( ),as also to understand all the fiveconsonants of a class by the utter-ance of the first consonant with added to it: e. g. denoting allthe five consonants , , , and: cf. : P.I. 1.69. the lengthened form of avowel which is substituted for twocognate vowels coming near eachother; cf. :. P. VI.l. 10l. of the same kind;the same accent. with the suitable case-affixadded; cf. M. Bh. in Ahnika 1. possessed of the same number, or : cf. : : | M.Bh. on P. II. 2. 24 Vrt. 8. having got an identical placeof utterance; the word is muchused in the Pratisakhya works; cf. R. Pr. XIII. 5.t more sasthana i. e. neareramong those that have the samesthana or place of production; cf. : M.Bh. on P. I. 1.48 Vart. 3. lit. connected with a vowel;the term is used in connectionwith a consonant as connectedwith a vowel for purposes ofsyllabication, the vowel beingeuther the previous one or thesucceeding one. going together: occurringtogether; e. g. ( where is taken as the preposition and not the pronoun which isthe fem. base of on account ofthe paribhaa : -having


392 ): cf. Pari.Sck.Pari.103. the same as ,the de-sire to put guite closely with eachother: cf. | - M. Bh on P.I. 2.64 Vart 19, I. 2.105 Vart. 5. simultaneous expression ofwords as found in the Dvandvacompound; cf. : Hem.III. 1.117. a rule or a topic concerningnumber: cf. - ,M. Bh. on P. II. 2 24 Vart. 8,9. a student of ; theword occurs in the Mahabhasyaalong with , and it maytherefore mean a student of thestupendous work mamed the Sarh-graha of which is believedto have " consisted ofsmall num-erous stralike assertions, withan exhaustive gloss thereon. See. lit. placed as a deposit,i.e. without any special purposefor the time being: the word isused in connection with a wordin a rule which apparently issuperfluous; cf. M. Bh. on P. VII. 1.81 ;cf also M. Bh. on III. 2.107, VI.1.8; VII. 2.86. (l) what is actually expre-ssed .or found in the context: cf. M. Bh onP. VI. 1.177 Vart. 1: (2) original,found in the original context ofPrakrti; cf. T. Pr. II.6 (3) of the present time: cf.Purus. Pari. 15. original, as belonging to theSarmhitapatha of the Sitras andnot introduced for some additionalpurpose without forming a partof the actual affix; cf. | M. Bh. on P. IV. 4.9. together with the affix =which is inserted in a pronotiafter its last vowel; cf. | :M. Bh. on P. VII. 2.107: cf.Talso : | K,on P. WII. 2.108. possessed of an expectancyin meaning: cf. M. Bh.on P. III. 2.114. possessed of the augment: cf. : M. Bh. onP. I. 1.20 Vart. 5, also on P. I.1.46; cf also the verse | , guoted in the Mahabha-Sya to support the view that aug-Iments are*not inserted, butaword with an augment replacesa word withoutthat augment; cf.M. Bh. on P. I.1.20 Vart 5. (l) tad. affix in the sense ofentirety with respect to the occu-rrence of a thing where it wasnot before e. g. , cf. P. V. 4.52, 53:(2) tad.affix in the sense of *hand-ing over or *entrusting': e.g., , cf. P. V. 4.55.' . of a substantive, belongingto the object: cf. , |Nir. VI. 16. instrument of an activity: c. M. Bh. onI. 1.42; cf also M. Bh. on I. 4.23.See the word above. most efficient in the accom-plishment ofan action; the karakacalled Karana: cf. |P. I. 4.42. See the word .


393 the same as or which see above: cf. |: M. Bh. on P. I.3. i Wart. 1; cf also and itsopp6-site maxim also, M. Bh. 6n P VI. 1.135.Wrt. 9, cf also Siradeva pari. 128,129.I common, conveying a com-on notion;_cf Nir II. 13. a scholar of grammar whowas a pupil of andwho wrote a short work ongrammar named . nasalized; uttered partlythrough the nose: cf. M. Bh. onP. VI. 1. 67. or an affix or a rootor the like, to which a mute letterhas been attached; cf. Par.Sek, Pari.81. an injunction accompaniedby a rule or rules of exception. Itis a convention that an injunctiverule gets its sense completed whenprohibitions or exceptions to ithave been fully considered: hencethe convention runs, - Par. Sek.Pari 63; cf also : M. Bh. on P. IV. 3.155, VI, 2. 177; VIII. 1. 68. with an expectancy in sense;although in grammar expectancyis at the root of, and forms a sortof ' a connecting link for, thevarious kinds of relations whichexist between the different wordsof a sentence which has to give acomposite sense, yet, if a wordoutside a compound is connect-ed with a word inside a compound, especially with a second50or further member, the sensebecomes ambiguous; and expect-ancy in such cases is lookedupon as a fault; e. g. Raghu XT. When, however,in spite of the fault of expectancythe sense is clear, the compoundis admissible; cf. , I M. Bh.on P II.1.1 ; cf. also the expression : often used byCOtmmentator8. prescribed in the seventhchapter or Adhyaya of the Asg-dhyay: cf. [ M.Bh. om P.VI.4.62, ' M.Bh.on P.VI.1.70. furnished with or object;a transitive root;the term is used inthe Sakatyana, Haimacandra andCandra grammars; cf. CndraI.4.100, Hema. III.3.21, Skag.IV. 3.55. together with the reduplica-tive syllable: cf. P.VIII. 4. 21. the case-ending() of the geni-tive plural with the augm(:nt prefixed; cf. P.VII. 1.33. an anonymous ancientwork of the type of thePratisakhyaworks dealing with the euphonicchanges and accents in the pada-patha of the Samaveda. equalization of tones; cf. ! lit. capacity of a word toexpress its sense the word is, how-ever, used rather technically, asderived from , in the sense ofcompositeness; cf. : ( MBh.on P.II.1.1.See above, The word is also


394used in the sense of conformity insense or connectedness : cf. : P.VIII. 3.4l: cf. also : R. T. 105: cf also R. T. 98and 130. name of a Samdhi or eupho-nic change of the type of thevowels , and being lengthen-ed in some specified cases Chieflyfor the sake of music ( ) ormetre. This lengthening is giventhe rame in the Rk Prati-Sakhya: cf. | R. Pr.VII.1. name of a Prti-Sakhya work on Samaveda. It isprobable that there were somePratisakhya works written dealingwith the different branches orSakhas of the Samaveda, as couldbe inferred from indirect referencesto such works. For instance inthe Mahabhasya there is a passage* . " which refers to such wor-ks At present, however, one suchwork common to the severalbranches of the Samaveda, calledKktantra is available, and it iscalled Samaveda PratiSikhya. Itis believed to have been writtenby and revised by . standing in apposition;the word is used many times in itsliteral sense * having the samesubstratum.* For instance, in , the personal ending and are said to be .The Samanadhikarana words agPut in the same case although, the5cder and number sometimesdiffer. See the word . iit. resemblance in any oa..9r many respects. In the Niruktathe word is used .in the sense ;_-------_Lescnblance between the word tobe derived, and any form of , root;the term refers there to 8ramma-tical resemblance and may there-ore nean grammatical c6nstion ip general; cf. - Nir.II.1. mention of a .., insuch a general way as wouldinclude some varieties or specificforms of it to which the expres-sion put is common: e. g. theword ( fem. affix ) fo !afixgs , and : cf. : M.Bh. on P.III. 1.30cf also P. II1.43 Vart. 1.the preservationof the inclusion of two or moreterms by such a wording as isCornmon to those two or moreterms: e.g. for , and ; for , and : cf. : | M. Bh. on P. III, 1.88Wrt.. 7. The phrase - is very frequently usediathe Kikivrtti. future tense in gene-ral the general future tense ex-Pressed by the verb-endings sub-stituted for , There is also theterm or used inthe sa9 scnse;. gf. , Kas. on P. III. 3.13 the relationship bet-ween the general and the particu-lar, which forms the basis Tof thetype of apavda which is ex-Plained by the analogy of -; the word also refersto the rnethod followed by theStitras of Pinini, or any treatiseof grammar for the matter ofthat, where a general rule is


395prescribed and, for the sake ofdefinitemeess some specific ruleslaying down exceptions, are givenafterwards: cf. - l M. Bh. Ahnik 1. a general rule, a rulelaid down in general which isrestricted by special rules after-wards cf. - M. Bh. on P. II.l.24 Wart. 5, cf also M. Bh, onIII.1.94, III. 2.77 etc. extended application of |a thing to others in general; cf. : | - * ?(3.3.932) Pri. Sek.Pri. ]01. name given to theParibh: :Pari. Sekh Pari. 101. refering only to a generalthing indicated, and not to anyspecific instances. The word isused in connection with a Ja-pana or indication drawn fromthe wording of a rule, which istaken to apply in general to kind-red things and rarely to specific name given to tad. affixesprescribed in the sense of collec-tion ( ) by the rule :and the following ones: P.IV.2.37.to 61. similarity, homogeneity: descri-bed to be of two kinds- in wordsand in sense: cf. : M. Bh. omP. I. 3. 10 Vrt 3; cf. also -: T. Pr XXIV. 5., the celebrated Vedicscholar and grammarian of Vijay-nagar who flourished in the 14thcentury and wrote, .besides themonumental commentary workson the Vedas, a grammatical workon roots and their forms knownby the name . As thecolophon of the work shows, theDhtuvrtti was written by Sayana-carya, but published under thename of Madhava, the brother ofSayamacarya: cf. - ...Madhaviya Dhtuvrtti at the end: cf also | | Mad. Dhtuvrttiat the beginning. _things; cf. name of a grammarian, Pari. 5ck. onthe writer of .Pari. 50, name of a commentary denotation of the gen-us factor of a word, as contrastedby Jagannatha on the Sarasvatagrammar,with denctation of the | name of a grammar workindividual object; cf. |written by Kavicandra. , the same as - M. Bh. on P. I. 2.58 Vart. 7. pertaining to a compound;found inside a compound: cf ' , | M.Bh.on P. VII.1.1: cf. also etc. Par. Sek on Pari. 56.. See . name of a grammar workwhich was once very popular onaccount of its brevity, believed tohave been written in the straform by an ancient grammariannamed Narendra who is said tohave composed 700 stras : under


396the inspiration of Saraswati.1Theexposition of these Sttras by areputed grammarian named Anu-bhitisvaripcarya who possiblyflourished in the thirteenth centuryA. D., is known by the name which has remained asa text book on grammar to thepresent day in some parts ofIndia. This is popularlyknown as . The techni-cal terms in this grammar are thecurrent popular ones. " mame in general givento commentary works on the Saras-vata Vyakarana out of which thosewritten by Ramanrayana, Satya-prabodha, Ksemarhkara, Jagan-mtha and Mahidhara are knownto scholars. a grammar work ofthe Sarasvata school written byDayaratna in explanation of thetechnical rules giving conventionsand maxims. the popular namegiven to the gloss by Anubhti-svardpicarya on Narendra's gram-mar rules. See above. see above. a critical gloss on theSarasvata grammar by a gramma-rian named Kasintha. see above. a work giving a short sub-stance of the Sarasvata Vyakarahawith a commentary named Mit-ksar on the same by Harideva. a work on theSarasvata Vyakarana by a gra-mmarian named RmaSrama. a work on theSarasvata Vyakarana bySrasirhha. or - an in-- dependent treatise on grammarby Naryaa Vandyopadhyaya. name of a commentaryon NageSa's Paribhasendusekharwritten by ,the stalwargrammarian of the nineteenth cen-tury at Varanas. lit. possessed of sense; signifi-cant, as contrasted with : cf. : Rk. Prati. XIII. 9. denoting time, irrespectiveof its divisions such as the past,the present and the future; e. g.the krt affixes prescribed by rulesbefore P. III 2.84; cf. : Kas. on P. III. 2. 88. a term used in Phini's gra-mmar for affixes applied to verbs,such as the personal endings andthose krtaffixes which are markedwith.the mute letter : cf. P. III. 4. 113. Theterm was taken into his grammarby Panini frorn ancient grammarworks and thence in their gra-mmars by othergrammariams; cf. ,Trilok-com. omKat. III. 1.34, The term also was used by ancient gra-mmarians before Paraini; cf. - .Ka8. om P. VII. 3.95. lit. pertaining to pronouns;the term is used in connectionwith rules or operations concern-ing exclusively the pronouns; cf.. [ Kat. II. 1.33. a grammarian of the eighte-enth century who wrote a verybrief critical work on compoundsnamed . pertaining to all cases,i. e. prescribed to convey the senseof all case affixes; the term is co-mmonly used by commentatorswith reference to the tad. affix%_


_K397 prescribed by the rule : and the Warttika - thereon: cf.P, V. 4.44 and Vrt. 1 . possessed of scope for itsapplication as contrasted with; a term used in connectionwith a rule which has got its app-lication to some cases withoutconflict with any other rule: cf. : | M. Bh. on P.I.1.3 Vart. 6. the quality of being cognateor allied; see the word above. together with avyaya or ind-eclinable: cf. : M. Bh. on P. II.1. I. Vart 9. presence together, mentiontogether, association; this is many times of use in cases ofdoubt regarding the meaning ofa word or the choice of a wordin a particular sense: cf. | M. Bh. on P.I.1, 70, I 2. 27: cf. - ; M. Bh. onP. I. 2. 51 Vart. 3. ( 1 ) personal ending of thesec. pers. sing.; cf. -. . P.III.4.78; ( 2 ) Undi affix ( ) cf. : : Un.III. 155. the analogy of thebackward look peculiar to a lion,who, as he advances, does alwayslook back at the ground covered.The word is used in grammar )with reference to a word taken 'back from a rule to the precedingrule which technically is called ': cf. - Ka8. on P.III.3.49. one of the substitutes ( ) for' the general sign of the aoristtense ( ); cf. | P.III.. 43, 44. name given by conventionto the seeond pada of the seventhadhyaya of Paninis Asdhyay asthe pada begins with the stra. . P. VII. 2. 1. an affix marked with the muteletter signifying the designation for the preceding base to whichthat affix has been added forexamples where such affixes arenoticed, see the words :,:, :, : cf P.I. 4. 16. (1) established; the term is usedin the sense ofor eternal in theVarttika where, asPatafijali has observed, the word meaning has been purpo-sely put in to mark an auspiciousbeginning of the which commences with that Var-ttika: cf. M.Bh.onAhnika 1 } {2) established, proved,formed; the word is many timesused in this sense in the Maha-bhasya, as also in the Warttikasespecially when a reply is to begiven to an objection; cf. P.I. 1.3Vart. 17, 1-1. 4. Vart. 6: I. I. 5,Vart.5,I.1.9 Vart. 2 etc, the chapter or portion ofPanini's grammar which is validto the rules inside that portion, asalso to the rules enumerated afterit. The word is used in connectionwith the first seven chapters and aquarter of the eighth chapter ofPanini's Astadhyayi, as contrastedwith the last three guarters called, the rules in which arenot valid to any rule in the prece-ding portion, called by the name or as also to anypreceding rule in the Tripadit-Self cf. P, VIII.2.1.


398 am ancient Jain sage whois believed to have written an ori-ginal work on grammar. a title given to his gra-mmar by Hemacandra hitnselfwhich subsequently . came to becalled or .For details see . established tenet or principleor conclusion, in the standardworks of the different Shstras. a critical and scholarlycommentary on the Stras ofPanini, in which the several Sitrasare arranged topicwise and fullyexplained with examples and" counter examples. The work isexhaustive, yet not voluminous,difficult yet popular, and criticalyet lucid. The work is next inimportance to the Mahabhsya inthe system of Pini, and its studyprepares the way for understand-ing the Mahabhasya. It is prescri-bed for study in the courses ofVyakarana at every academy andPdghasala and is expected to becommitted to memory by studentswho want to be thorough scholars ofVyakarana.By virtue of its metho-dical treatment it has thrown intothe back-ground all kindred worksand glosses or Vrttis on the Strasof Panini. It is arranged into twohalves, the first half dealing withseven topics ( 1 ) , { 2 ), ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) ,( 5 ) , ( 6 ) , ( 7 ) ,and the latter half dealing withfive topics, ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) - ( 3 ) ( 4 ) and( 5 ) . The author hashimself written a scholarly glosson it called on which,his grandson, Hari Dikgita haswritten a , learned commentarynamed or simple .The Siddhntakaumud has goa large number of commentarieson it out of which, the commenta-ries , , (by -) and are read by almost every truescholar of Vyakarana. Besidesthese four, there are a dozen ormore commentaries some ofwhich can be given below withtheir names and authors ( I ) - by , ( 2 ) by ( 3 ) by ,( 4 ) by , ( 5 ) by , ( 6 ), by ( 7 ) - by , ( 8 ) by -,(9) by ,(10)- by , (11 )- by , (12) by and (13) by. Although the real nameof the work is ,as given by the author, still popu-larly the work is well known bythe name . The workhas got two abridged forrms, theMadhyakaumud and the Laghu-kaumudi both written by Varada-rja, jhe pupil of Bhattoj Diksita. a smallgloss on Bhattoji's Siddhantakau-mudi, explaining its difficult linesand passages, written by agrammarian named an explanatorywork, discussing the difficult Sen-tences and passages of the Siddha-ntakaumudi, written by a gra*mmariara named Rmakpsna. a gloss on the Sarasvati-sutra written by a grammariannatmed ]imacandra. name of a commen-tary on the Katantraparisista by


399Sivaramacakravartin. | an independent workon grammar believed to have beenwritten by Devanandin. a term used in connectionwith the writer himself of a trea-tise when he gives a reply to theobiections. raised by himself orguoted from others,the termbeing used for the objector. formation of a word: establish-ment of the correct view after theremoval of the objection; e. g., , . (1) the personal ending ( ) ofthe second person singular (- ) substituted for theaffix,of the ten tenses and moods ,, and others; cf. P.III.4.78: (2Wikarana affix added to a rootbefore the affixes of or VedicSubjunctive. a technical term used in theWajasaneyi-Pratisakhya for the firsteight vowels of the alphabet, viz., , , , , , and : cf. V. Pr.. I.44. augment , prefixed to thepersonal affixes which are sub-stituted for the affixes in theAtmanepada; e.g. u cf.P. III. 4.102. a prominent grammarian ofthe Eastern part of India wholived in the twelfth century A. D. !He was a very sound scholar of. Panini's grammar who wrote afew glosses on prominent worksin the system. His Paribhavrttiis a masterly independent treatiseamong the recognisedon the Paribhasas in which he hasquoted very profusely from theworks of his predecessors, such asthe Ksika, Nysa, Anunysa andothers. The reputed scholarworks ]Maitreya Raksita is more oftenguoted than others. (l) case affix ( ) of the nomina-tive singular and ( ) of thelocative plural; cf. P. IV. 1.2:(2) Undi affix ( ) appliedto the roots : e.g, : cf. Unadi 437. augment added accordingto some grammarians to anyword optionally with , whichis prescribed in the case of thewords , , and beforethe affix ( ) in the sense ofdesire. e. g. , etc.cf. P. VII. 1 51 Varttika. (l) tad. affix applied to f,, and to optionally, inthe sense of * repetition of theactivity' e. g. etc. cf Kas,on P. V. 4. 18, 19; (2) Unadiaffix , see above. a grammarian who wrotea small treatise on genders named (1) short term ( ) for thefirst five case-affixes which arecalled also, when theypertain to the masculine or thefeminine gender: cf. I.1.43; (2).augment prefixed tothe root and to the root whenpreceded by certain prepositionsand as seen in the words and others as also in the words , , , ,, , a, , ,, and words in theclass of words headed by ,under certain conditions; cf. P.WI. 1.135-57: (3) augment prefixed to the case-affix after a pronoun; e. g. cf.P. VII. I.52;(4) augment pre-fixed to the consonant or pertaining to affixes, e. g.


400 cf. P. III. 4.107. an anonymous commentaryon the Siddhantakaumud ofBhagoji Dksita. (l) locative case affix : (2)short term for case-affixes, asformed by the syllable (thenom. sing. affix) at the beginningand the final consonant of ,the locative plural case-affix inthe rule ... P. IV.1.2. These case afixes are called* vibhakti * also. These affixesare elided after an indeclinableword: cf. : P. II. 4.82;in Weda , ( ), , , , and as seen, are substituted forthese case affixes, which some-times are even dropped or assimi-lated with the previous vowel ofthe base: e. g. , etc. cf, P. WII. 1.39. These case-affixes are as a rule, grave-accent-ed () excepting in such casesas are mentioned in P. WI.1. 166to 184 and 19l. an independent workon grammar written by a scholarof grammar named , whofourished in Mithil in the fif-teenth century A. D. a commentarywritten by a scholar of grammarnamed on the Supadma-vyakarana, which see above. a treatise written bya grammarian named ,on the , which see below. a commentaryby a grammarian named ,on the which seeabove. _ a popular name givento a compound formed of twonouns, which cannot be ordinarilyexplained by the rules of grammarlaid down in definite terms bPanini in II.1.5I to II. 2.29. Theso called irregular compounds areexplained as formed in accord-ance with the rule II. 1.4wherein the word presents i-scf by from II. . 2, the rule as aresult bging explained as . As these compoundscannot be put under the topicsof , and othersmentioned by Panini in II. 1.5to II. 2.29 they are called _ or . name given to a word formedwith the addition of a case-affixand hence capable of being usedin a sentence by virtue of its beingcalled a by the rule The ancient grammarians gavefour kinds of words or padas vi?., , and whichPanini has brought under twoheads including , and and standing for cf. P. I. 4. 14. name given to (1) a com-mentary on the Siddhantakaumudiby Kshamaunin or Jayakrsha-maunin; (2) a commentary on theSarasvata Vyakarana by Ampta-bhirat : (3) a commentary on theSarasvata Vyakarana by Candra-kirti. a root formed from a noun ora subanta by the addition of any ofthe following affixes- ( by P.III. 1.8, 10 and l9), (byP.III.1.9), (by P. III.1.1 1, 12and 14-18), (by P.III.1.13),(by P III.1.20), (by P.III.1.21and 25) and (by P.III.1.27)andalso by or zero affix by P.III. b.l l Varttika 3. All theseformations ending with the affixesmentioned above are termed roots


401_by the rule : (P.III. 1. |32) and are regularly conjugated )in all the ten tenses and moods )with the generalconjugational sign | added to them in the conjuga- |tional tenses, and , and others |in the other tenses and moods,and have verbal derivatives also |formed by the addition ofsuitablekrt affixes. name of a commentarywritten by a Southern gramma-rian on Bhattoj!'s Siddhanta-kaumudi a short pithy assertion layingdown something in a scientifictreatise; aphorism; the word issometimes used in a collectivesense in the singular, referring tothe whole collection of Sutras orrules; cf. M. Bh. on iAhnika I. The term is defined as ] | - . There aregiven generally six kinds of Strasviz. , ,, , and : cf. also - | Com. on Kat.I. 1.2. the original writer of thesitras; e. g. , , , and others. In Panini's sys-tem, Panini is called Sitrakara, ascontrasted with Katyayana,who iscalled the Warttikakra and Pataj-ali,who is called the Bhasyakara;cf. M.Bh. on P.II 2.1.1. the text of Panini's Sitrashanded down by oral traditionfrom the preceptor to the pupil.Although it is said that the actualtext of Panini was modified fromtime to time, still it can be saidwith certainty that it was fixed atthe time of the Bhasyakara whohas noted a few different readings51only. The Sutra text approved bythe Bhasyakra was followed by theauthors of the Ksika excepting ina few cases. It is customary withlearned Pandits and grammariansto say that the recital of the Sutrasof Panini was originally a continu-ous one in the form of a Safhhit3-text and it was later on, that itwas split up into the differentSitras, which explains accordingto them the variation in thenumber ofStras which is due tothe different ways of splitting theStrapaha. (l) splitting up of a gramma-tical rule ( ); (2) changein the wording of a rule cf. : M. Bh. on Siva Sttra 2 Vart. 5. reference to somethingas present, when, in fact, it is yetto come into existence,on the ana-logy of the expression : cf. M. Bh. on P. I. 3. 12Wart. 2. the place of the articulation or' production of the sound . name of the famous com-mentator on Purusottamadeva'sBhasvrtti,who lived in thefifteenthcentury A.D. (1) one of the several affixes foundin Veda in the sense of ( ofthe infinitive); e. g. :; cf.Ph. III. 4.9; (2) personal-endingsubstituted for in the pres-,perfect, and other tenses; cf. P. III. 4.80. together with the augment * ? 'prescribed in general for beingprefixed to an Ardhadhatuka affixbeginning with any consonantexcept . The word is also used


_ 402 in the sense ofa root which allowsthe augment ( ) to be prefixedto validi Ardhadhtuka affixesplaced after it, in contrast withsuch roots which do not allow itand hence which are termed , possessed of the augment See . name of a commentary onBopadeva's Mugdhabodha Gra-mmar written by a grammariannamed Gangadhara. one of the several affixes foundin Veda in the sense of the infini-tive affix ; e.g. , cf. P.III.4.9. name of an ancient grammar-ian quoted by Panini in the rule P. W. 4.112. tad. affix prescribed in thesense of " milk ', optionally alongwith the affixes and afterthe word ; e. g. cf. : P. IV. 2. 36.Vart. 5. together with a preposition( ) prefixed; the term is usedin connection with a root towhich a preposition such as , etc. has been prefixed; cf. M. Bh.on P. I. 1,44._ o _, name of the writer ofa gloss named on theTaittiriya Prtisakhya. a Jain Grammarian, thewriter of a gloss on the commen-tary Jainendra Vyakarana named by the author, whowas a resident of thc Deccan andlived in a village named Arjurika( called to-day ) near Kolha-pur in the twelfth c

raw.githubusercontent.com...... showing immediate past time called ढङ्क in panini's grammar...

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