rates of water exchange

44
Rates of Water Exchange The rate constants of a given ion are approximately constant, no matter what the nature of the entering group. (evidence for dissociative activation) The substitution rates divide the metal ions into 4-distinct groups Class 1. Exchange of water is very fast and is essentially diffusion controlled (k >= 10 8 sec -1 ) Ions include Groups 1A , IIA (except Be 2+ , Mg 2+ ), and IIB (except Zn 2+ ), plus Cr 2+ , and Cu 2+ . Class 2 Rate constants are in the range 10 4 - 10 8 sec -1 . This includes most of the 1st row T.M divalent ions (except V 2+ , Cr 2+ , Cu 2+ ) and Mg 2+ and the lanthanide M 3+ ions. Class 3. Rate constants are in the range 1 - 10 4 sec -1 . This includes Be 2+ , Al 3+ , V 2+ , and some 1st row T.M. tri-valent ions. Class 4. Rate constants are in the range 10 -3 -10 -6 sec -1 . This includes Cr 3+ , Co 3+ , Rh 3+ , Ir 3+ , Pt 2+ General Comments

Upload: jolene-prince

Post on 01-Jan-2016

34 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

Rates of Water Exchange. The rate constants of a given ion are approximately constant, no matter what the nature of the entering group. (evidence for dissociative activation) The substitution rates divide the metal ions into 4-distinct groups Class 1. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Rates of Water Exchange

Rates of Water Exchange

• The rate constants of a given ion are approximately constant, no matter what the nature of the entering group. (evidence for dissociative activation)

• The substitution rates divide the metal ions into 4-distinct groups• Class 1.

– Exchange of water is very fast and is essentially diffusion controlled (k >= 108 sec-1) Ions include Groups 1A , IIA (except Be2+, Mg2+), and IIB (except Zn2+), plus Cr2+, and Cu2+.

• Class 2 – Rate constants are in the range 104 - 108 sec-1. This includes most of

the 1st row T.M divalent ions (except V2+, Cr2+, Cu2+) and Mg2+ and the lanthanide M3+ ions.

• Class 3. – Rate constants are in the range 1 - 104 sec-1. This includes Be2+, Al3+,

V2+, and some 1st row T.M. tri-valent ions.

• Class 4. – Rate constants are in the range 10-3-10-6 sec-1. This includes Cr3+,

Co3+, Rh3+, Ir3+, Pt2+

General Comments

Page 2: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 3: Rates of Water Exchange

Factors which control the rate of H2O Substitution• For Class 1. ionic size, and ionic charge are clearly

the important. As the ion becomes smaller the substitution rate slows. Reflecting importance of orbital overlap between metal ion and departing ligand. Group IIA, and IIB show similar trend, (Be2+ is anomalous due to complex hydrolysis reactions.

• For T.M. metals the correlation of rate with size is not obeyed, e.g. Cr2+ Ni2+and Cu2+ have identical radii.

• Cu2+ (d (9and Cr2+ (d4 (are structurally distorted by the Jahn-Teller effect, with bond to the axial ligands longer and weaker than bonds to the equatorial groups. Therefore the ground state structures are not far removed from the transition state structures.

• To explain the behavior of the other M2+ ions we need to look at the effects of d-electron configuration.

Page 4: Rates of Water Exchange

المائي اإلحالل معدالت قياس

يمكننا • االستبدال سرعة بحسب وأربع إلى الفلزات أيونات تقسيم

مجموعات :للماء : Iالمجموعة • االستبدال k)سرعة

>= 108 sec-1)

األولى • المجموعة عناصر وعناصر IAوتشملالثانية مجموعة( +Be2+, Mg2ماعدا ) IIAالمجموعة و

(IIB ( )باستثناءZn2+ ) إلى Cu2.و +Cr2باإلضافة

للمجموعة • IAبالنسبةاتجهنا • كلما يزداد المجموعة هذه لعناصر اإلحالل معدل

أسفل إلىالكثافة • تقل المجموعة أسفل إلى انتقلنا كلما

) كسر ) يسهل وعليه الحجم زيادة بسبب االلكترونية: يلي كما المعدل فيزيد األكسجين مع الرابطة

Li+ < Na+ < K+ < Cs+

Page 5: Rates of Water Exchange

للماء : IIالمجموعة • االستبدال k سرعة(104 - 108 sec-1 )

•( بين ما يتراوح التفاعل سرعة و( sec-1 108-104ثابتمن األول للصف الثنائية أأليونات معظم تضم

عدا ) ما االنتقالية ا( +V2+ , Cr2+ Cu2العناصر أيض� وتضمMg2+ الثالثية التأكسد حالة ذات الالنثنيدات أيونات وM3 + .

للم�اء : IIIالمجموع�ة • االس�تبدال k س�رعة

(1 - 104 sec-1 ) •( بين ما يتراوح التفاعل سرعة ( sec-1 104-1ثابت

من كل أيونات +Be2+ , Al3+ , V2وتضم من ا بعض� وحالة ذات االنتقالية العناصر من األول الصف

الثالثية . التأكسد

للم�اء : VIالمجموع�ة • االس�تبدال k س�رعة

(103- - 10-6 sec-1 ) •( بين ما يتراوح التفاعل سرعة ( sec-1 6-10-3-10ثابت

.+Cr3+ , Co3+ , Rh3+ ,Ir3+ , Pt2وتضم

Page 6: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 7: Rates of Water Exchange

في( Jahn-Tellerتأثير ) المثال سبيل على جليا� يظهرمن مشوهان )d4( +Cr2و )Cu2+ )d9كل أنهما حيث

الوضع في الروابط أن إلى يرجع ذلك و بنائيا�( وضع( Axialالعاموي في التي تلك من أطول

(equatorial )خروج فيسهل و أضعف يجعلها مماذلك و التفاعل سرعة معدل من يزيد مما الليجند

في لإللكترونات متساوي الغير التوزيع إلى egيعود

Page 8: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 9: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 10: Rates of Water Exchange

Two parallel pathways

L M XL

L

L

M

LY

XL

L M YL

L+ Y -X

k2

L

M

L

Lk1

slow+ Y

very fast

Associative

Dissociative

Rate = )k1 + k2[Y]([ML3X]

Page 11: Rates of Water Exchange

18-electron count complexes – first order mechanism

The reactions of coordinatively saturated, tetrahedral complexes (those with a formal 18 electron count) such as [Ni(CO)2(PR3)2], [Ni(CO)4] or [Ni{P(OEt)3}4] all exhibit a very simple kinetics: a first order dependence on the concentration of the metal complex, and an independence of the concentration and nature of the reacting nucleophile.

Page 12: Rates of Water Exchange

Phosphine exchange of [CoBr2(PPh3)2] (15-electron species) and halide exchange of [FeBr4]-(13-electron species) both show second order kinetics: first order in the concentration of the complex and the nucleophile.

Second order mechanism

Question18-electron species [Co(CO)3(NO)] and [Fe(CO)2(NO)2] would react by a dissociate or associative pathway?

Page 13: Rates of Water Exchange

Answer

Page 14: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 15: Rates of Water Exchange

Nature 256, 636 - 638 (21 August 1975); doi:10.1038/256636a0 Mechanisms of reactions at square planar metal centresF. R. HARTLEY* & J. J. PÉRIɆ*Department of Chemistry, The University, Southampton SO9

5NH, UK†U.E.R. de Chimie Organique, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31 Toulouse, France

SQUARE-PLANAR platinum(II) complexes have in the past been found to react by associative mechanisms (see refs 1 and 2). This has been of some comfort to the proponents3 of the '16 and 18 electron rules', which state that all stable transition metal complexes and intermediates in the reactions of such complexes should have either 16 or 18 electrons in the transition metal's valence shell. We point out here that though substitution reactions at platinum(II) occur by an associative route, reactions between ligands coordinated to platinum(II)—here called combination reactions—occur by a dissociative route that violates the '16 and 18 electron rules'.

Page 16: Rates of Water Exchange

Rate law and Mechanism

الشكل ذات للمتراكبات االستبدال تفاعالت تعتبرتمت التى الميكانيكيات أكثر من المسطح المربع

متراكبات فى وخصوصا .Pt(II)دراستهااآلتية األيونات الى باإلضافة :هذا

Ni(II) (mainly d8) Rh(I) Pd(II) Ir(I) Pt(II) Au(III)

Page 17: Rates of Water Exchange

L M XL

L

L

M

LY

XL L M Y

L

L

+ Y

-Xk2

L

M

L

Lk1

- X

X

SL M SL

LL

M

L

LY

S

-S

+ Yvery fast

Parallel pathways

Rate = )k1(solvent) + k2[Y]([ML3X]

Page 18: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 19: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 20: Rates of Water Exchange

سرعة على تؤثر التي العواملفي Sq-Plاالستبدال

Factors Which Affect The Rate Of Substitution 1. Role of the Entering Group 2. The Role of The Leaving Group 3. The Nature of the Other Ligands in the Complex 4. Effect of the Metal Centre

في االستبدال سرعة على تؤثر التي Sq-Plالعواملالمستبدلة- 1 المجموعةالمغادرة- 2 المجموعةالمتراكب- 3 في األخرى المرتبطات طبيعةالفلز- 4 دور

Page 21: Rates of Water Exchange

المستبدلة ) المادة (entering groupطبيعة

مع يتناسب اإلحالل المستبدلة معدل المادة قوة

كنيوكلوفيل

rate is proportional to the nucleophilicity of

entering group

المتكون المعقد استقرار مدي علي تعتمد

(thermodynamic stability)

لمعقدات تجميعية ميكانيكية خالل من كما Pt(II)ويحدث

أعاله هو

L1

Pt

L3

XL2Y

L1

Pt

L3

X

L2

Y

-X

L1

Pt

L3

YL2

Y = H2O, NH3, Cl, Py, CN, PPh3 .… ,

Page 22: Rates of Water Exchange

Good nucleophiles are good entering groups

nPt scale is the relative index of nucleophilicity obtained from the reaction of the standard complex trans-[Pt)py(2Cl2] in methanol,

Page 23: Rates of Water Exchange

The graph on the left is drawn for the reactions oftrans-[Pt(pyridine)2Cl2] with a number ofdifferent nucleophiles in methanol

Page 24: Rates of Water Exchange

المغادرة ) المادة (Leaving groupطبيعة

]Pt(dien)X[+ + py → [Pt(dien)(py)]2+ + X-

Pt

N

N

XN + py Pt

N

N

pyN + X

2

عند المائي الوسط في التفاعل ، 25هذا مئوية درجة

التفاعل سرعة معدل في التالي الترتيب :أظهر

X = H2O > Cl-> Br-> I- > N3- > SCN- > NO2

- > CN-

مع تماما يتفق الترتيب الرابطة هذا M―Xقوة

Page 25: Rates of Water Exchange

ترانس- 1 Trans تأثيرEffect

ترانس- 2 TransسطوةInfluence

سيس- 3 Cis Effectتأثير

المتراكب فى األخرى المرتبطات طبيعة

Page 26: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 27: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 28: Rates of Water Exchange

( مجموعات المستقبلة) بعملية باي تقوم القوية

طريق عن االنتقالية الحالة استقرار اعادةزيادة

تسهيل إلى يؤدي مما االلكترونية الكثافة استقبال

لها المقابلة للمجموعة اإلحالل عملية

Page 29: Rates of Water Exchange

علي االلكترونية السحابة من بقدر تدفع المرتبطات هذه

األرضية الحالة ثبات من يقلل مما الفلز ground)أيون

state destabilization)

المقابلة المرتبطة ارتباط إضعاف علي يساعد مما

استبدالها ويسهل

σ- donor ligands

Page 30: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 31: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 32: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 33: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 34: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 35: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 36: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 37: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 38: Rates of Water Exchange

علي ) تؤثر حركية ظاهرة الترانس تأثير يعتبر) التفاعل سرعة معدل

Page 39: Rates of Water Exchange

تحضير يمكن كيف من -cis-, trans-[PtCl2(py)I] بين

]PtCl4[2-, py , I-

: يلي كما الترانس تأثير بأن < I- > Cl- > pyعلما

Page 40: Rates of Water Exchange
Page 41: Rates of Water Exchange

ترانس ( ) Trans influenceسطوة

The trans influence is purely a thermodynamic phenomenon. That is, ligands can influence the ground state properties of groups to which they are trans. Such properties include;

)i( Metal-Ligand bond lengths )ii( Vibration frequency or force constants )iii( NMR coupling constants

Trans influence is a change in the bond distance between the metal and a ligand that is trans to the ligand exerting the effect through the same d-orbital interaction.

Page 42: Rates of Water Exchange

The trans influence series based on structural data, has been given as; R- ~ H- >= PR3 > CO ~ C=C ~ Cl- ~ NH3

The trans influence series based on structural data, has been given as;

R- ~ H- >= PR3 > CO ~ C=C ~ Cl- ~ NH3

ترانس ( ) Trans influenceسطوة

Page 43: Rates of Water Exchange

ترانس ( ) Trans influenceسطوة ) األساسية ) األرضية بالحالة يرتبط ثيرموديناميكي عامل

للجزيء

) للمركب) الحراري المحتوي

:Pt-Clقوة الترتيب حسب Et3P < H2C=CH2 < Clتزداد

Page 44: Rates of Water Exchange

ترانس ( ) Trans influenceسطوة