rapid manufacturing and the global economy

Rapid Manufacturing and the Global Economy

1

Master of Philosophy in Technology Policy 2007/2008


Written by:

Blake J. Driscoll MPhil in Technology Policy Candidate

Judge Business School University of Cambridge

With the guidance of:

Dr. William O’Neill Institute for Manufacturing Department of Engineering University of Cambridge


2

Declaration

This Project Report is substantially my own work and conforms to the Judge School

guidelines on plagiarism. Where reference has been made to other research this is

acknowledged in the text and bibliography.


3

Abstract

Rapid manufacturing is more than a novel method of production; rather, it

represents a paradigm shift which will impact the very nature of production and

consumption. The ability to quickly manufacture limited quantities of highly individualized

or geometrically optimized products locally is a revolutionary prospect which challenges the

fundamental principles of economies of scale, specialization, mass production, and

outsourcing which have largely defined the manufacturing industry since the industrial

revolution.

Many have speculated that rapid manufacturing will enable a manufacturing

renaissance in high wage economies by reducing labor and assembly costs. Others declare

rapid manufacturing to be the next industrial revolution. While such claims are common,

there has been no attempt to quantify the potential impact of rapid manufacturing upon the

global economy. This study will evaluate rapid manufacturing as a disruptive technology,

identify which products will be most likely impacted by the uptake of additive fabrication,

and quantify the potential impact widespread adoption of rapid manufacturing may have

upon global trade.


4

Acknowledgements …to Malcolm Cook and Jim Dempsey for introducing me to rapid prototyping. …to Bill O’Neill for sharing my initial enthusiasm to undertake a project of this scope. …to Grant Kopec and Satya Dash for their ideas, opinions, and sense of humor.


5

Table of Contents

DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................. 2

ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................................................... 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................................................ 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... 5

1 RAPID MANUFACTURING AS A DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGY .............................................. 6

1.1 EVOLUTION OF RAPID MANUFACTURING ......................................................................................... 6 1.2 EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL MANUFACTURING ............................................................................. 6 1.3 RAPID MANUFACTURING AS A DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGY .............................................................. 8

2 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF RAPID MANUFACTURING ................................................ 10

2.1 RECENTLY COMMERCIALIZED APPLICATIONS................................................................................. 10 2.2 CURRENT AREAS OF RESEARCH ....................................................................................................... 13 2.3 FEASIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTING RAPID MANUFACTURING AT THE FIRM LEVEL ............................ 15 2.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF PROMISING APPLICATIONS .......................................................................... 17 2.5 LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT TECHNOLOGY ....................................................................................... 18

3 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF RAPID MANUFACTURING ON CURRENT PRODUCTS .......... 19

3.1 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 19 3.2 ANALYSIS OF CURRENT PRODUCTS.................................................................................................. 22

4 THE NEXT INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION? ...................................................................................... 29

4.1 MANUFACTURING AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY ............................................................................ 29 4.2 THE PERCEIVED IMPACT OF RAPID MANUFACTURING ................................................................... 30 4.3 THE REAL IMPACT OF RAPID MANUFACTURING............................................................................. 31

5 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 36

6 FUTURE WORK ...................................................................................................................................... 38

APPENDIX I: PRODUCT ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 39

APPENDIX II: FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS.................................................................................................... 57

APPENDIX III: TRADE STATISTICS BY PRODUCT .............................................................................. 59

APPENDIX IV: TRADE STATISTICS BY COUNTRY.............................................................................. 62

REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................... 67


6

1 Rapid Manufacturing as a Disruptive Technology

The first chapter will introduce the reader to additive fabrication technology,

describe the evolution of traditional manufacturing, and evaluate rapid manufacturing as a

disruptive technology.

1.1 Evolution of Rapid Manufacturing

Additive fabrication is a revolutionary manufacturing process first commercialized

by 3D Systems in 1986. 1 Many forms of additive fabrication exist, including

stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modelling (FDM),

and 3D printing. All additive technologies utilize an additive process of bonding liquid,

powder, or other materials layer-by-layer to produce a physical part.

While early additive technologies were quite crude in terms of accuracy, limited in

terms of material selection, and required several pre- and post-processing steps, they were

embraced by designers and engineers who used the technology to produce prototypes and

models for evaluating form, fit, and function of designs early in the development cycle,

greatly reducing design costs and increasing the speed and quality of products brought to

market.2 Because of this early application, additive fabrication is often referred to as “rapid

prototyping.”

Additive fabrication continued to make technological advancements under the guise

of “rapid prototyping” throughout the 1990s and 2000s. With continuous improvements in

materials, resolution, and build speed, many began to consider additive fabrication as a

manufacturing process in its own right. The application of additive techniques for the

production of end use products, or “rapid manufacturing,” is a potentially revolutionary

concept which will form the basis of this study.

1.2 Evolution of Traditional Manufacturing

To understand the potentially disruptive nature of rapid manufacturing, a brief

history of traditional manufacturing is necessary to identify the fundamental principles

which have influenced the rise of industry. Despite numerous process improvement and

technology based improvements, two basic principles have largely defined traditional

manufacturing: specialization and standardization.

1.2.1 Basic Principles

Specialization is a natural manifestation of human interaction and represents the

most fundamental characteristic of manufacturing. Adam Smith discussed the increase in

human productivity resulting from specialization and the division of labor by drawing


7

examples from contemporary society. He notes that even within primitive tribes, certain

members would specialize in the manufacture of tools and weapons to be exchanged with

others who specialized in hunting.3 David Ricardo identified the concept of comparative

advantage in which entire nations or societies may benefit from specialization and trade. He

notes that natural or artificial advantages unique to geographic regions or societies support

the production of certain products, the trade of which results in increased wealth.4

Early manufacturing, or “craft production,” was based largely upon specialization.

Craft production featured highly skilled workers using flexible tools to design and produce

customized products in low volumes. It originally consisted of local customers, local

production, and local suppliers—although improvements in transport and international

trade would eventually enable the expansion of markets. Because each manufactured item

was unique, the overall consistency and quality of craft production was highly variable.5

The development of interchangeable parts by Honoré Blanc and Eli Whitney in the

late 1700s represents a significant advancement in production methodology. 6 The

standardization of parts and processes provided improved quality and consistency, thus

enabling larger production volumes at lower cost.

Standardization is the fundamental process which enabled a shift from craft

production to mass production and, along with specialization, largely defines contemporary

manufacture. While today’s global manufacturing system also benefited from numerous

technology and process improvements, the underlying principles remain specialization and

standardization.

1.2.2 Process Improvements

Following the development of standardized parts, the next significant advancement

in manufacturing occurred in 1908 with Henry Ford’s development of the assembly line.

His system of mass production utilized unskilled workers to operate inflexible single-

purpose machines and enforced rigid measurement techniques to ensure consistency and

facilitate assembly. The result was highly standardized production which delivered a high

volume of products with significantly reduced costs. By automating the entire assembly

process along a moving belt, Ford was able to carefully control the rate of production.7 Also

in the early 1900s, Fredrick Winslow Taylor introduced the idea of scientific management.

Taylor preached the extreme specialization through the division of labor into basic tasks, the

subsequent optimization of which would result in improvements to the overall process.

Taylor’s ideas are credited with launching the field of management science.8


8

The concept of lean production represents the next significant process improvement.

Pioneered by Eiji Toyoda and Taiichi Ohno in the 1950s and 1960s, “lean” encompasses a

variety of process improvements including reduction of waste, continuous improvement of

production processes (kaizen), just-in-time inventory supply, and build-to-order production

based on kanban.9 Unlike mass production, lean utilizes multi-skilled workers and semi-

flexible machines to produce a limited variety of products in moderate volumes. This

reduces time wasted changing over to a different product, thus enabling the cost effective

manufacture of products with short lifecycles while reducing inventory and overhead

costs.10 Despite these improvements over mass production, lean factories still specialize in a

limited variety of products with common, standardized characteristics.

Agile manufacturing is yet another modern production philosophy which strives to

improve, but not fundamentally change, traditional mass production. Agile manufacturing

systems feature high levels of product and process flexibility to compress product lead time

and improve responsiveness. These goals may be achieved within a traditional mass

production environment through the rapid reconfiguration of manufacturing processes, but

typically result in additional waste. 11 Some manufacturers have attempted to meet

consumer demand through modularization, or the personalized combination of

standardized components.12 The most extreme form of agile manufacture, “build-to-order,”

requires process flexibility, product flexibility, and volume flexibility to effectively meet

consumer demand.13 Agility attempts to combine the flexibility and customization of craft

production with the reliability and volume of mass production, but is restricted by the need

to utilize standardized parts and specialized processes.

The application of technology has also historically resulted in the improvement of

manufacturing processes. Both Smith and Ricardo discussed the numerous benefits of

machinery, notably the reduction of labor by specialized machines capable of completing

repetitive tasks. The steam engine powered early factories of the industrial revolution,

while enterprise resource planning systems power today’s global manufacturing businesses.

While technology has greatly improved the efficiency of production, it has not inherently

changed its fundamental principles.

1.3 Rapid Manufacturing as a Disruptive Technology

Traditional manufacturing is built upon the principles of standardization and mass

production. Gradual improvements in process, technology, and transportation have

resulted in a truly global supply chain of international sourcing, manufacturing, and

distribution with economies of scale never previously imagined. But rapid manufacturing


9

provides producers and consumers with a different value proposition: responsive

production of low-volume, customized products with increasingly competitive unit prices.

According to Christensen, attributes which make disruptive technologies less

appealing to mainstream markets are the same attributes which are more appealing to

emerging markets.14 In the case of rapid manufacturing, the ability to generate customized

products with a flexible machine is counter to the fundamental principles of conventional

manufacture—standardization and specialization.

Rapid manufacturing eliminates the need to produce standardized products and

maintain highly specialized factories. It provides the flexibility to manufacture multiple

products with a single machine, including complex geometries previously impossible to

manufacture through subtractive means. Additive technology enables the fabrication of

truly personalized products given direct customer input, thus eliminating all forms of

standardization.

Tuck and Hague discuss how rapid manufacturing achieves many goals of both lean

and agile philosophies. Rapid manufacturing results in the elimination of waste through the

reduction raw materials, work in progress inventory, and finished goods inventory. Further

cost savings are achieved by reducing assembly costs, consolidating the number of

components, reducing set-up and change-over time, and potentially eliminating transport

costs by allowing for manufacture at the site of demand. In addition, additive technologies

allow for the creation of value through customization and the compression of lead time

through the elimination of supply lines—two key goals of agile manufacturing.15 While lean

and agile manufacturing attempt to improve traditional production techniques, rapid

manufacturing achieves the goals of both philosophies using an entirely different—and

potentially disruptive—approach.


10

2 Potential Applications of Rapid Manufacturing

Potential applications of rapid manufacturing technologies have been widely

documented in both academic literature and popular press. This chapter will review many

of the recently commercialized applications of additive fabrication and current areas of

research, and will also examine literature addressing firm level implementation of additive

technologies. This review will serve to identify the characteristics of promising applications

as well as the current limitations of rapid manufacturing technology.

2.1 Recently Commercialized Applications

The following literature review describes the numerous applications which have

been commercialized to date.

2.1.1 Prosthetic Implants

Rapid manufacturing has been widely adopted by the medical industry for a variety

of applications. Janssens and Poukens attribute the early adoption of rapid manufacturing

within the medical industry to the need for personalized implants, the ability to produce

complex geometries, and the ability of doctors to actively influence the design and

manufacture of components which greatly reduces development time and improves quality.

Most importantly, the high-value nature of medical devices justifies the relatively high cost

of manufacture.16

Doctors are using additive fabrication to produce titanium implants which can be

customized prior to surgery, offer a more accurate fit, and provide better post-operation

aesthetic appearance for the patient. Janssens and Poukens have also demonstrated the

successful use of electron beam melting to manufacture a titanium cranial implant.

2.1.2 Orthodontics

Harris and Savalani discuss a variety of applications in the field of orthodontics.

They cite research into the use of selective laser melting and selective laser sintering to

produce titanium prosthetics, but note that resolution constraints of today’s technologies

limit the rapid manufacture of dental prosthetics. They also cite more successful application

of rapid manufacturing technology for the production of orthodontic support structures,

such as drill guides, which can be customized for each patient.17

The Invisalign® system is perhaps the most successful commercial application of

rapid manufacturing technology in the field of orthodontic support structures. First

commercialized by Align Technologies in 1999, Invisalign® utilizes SLA technology to

create a series of customized clear plastic implants to be worn over a patient’s teeth.

Incremental changes in each successive implant slowly realign and straighten a patient’s


11

teeth over the length of treatment, typically lasting about twelve months. Each implant is

unique, designed to fit each patient’s dental structure as well as the particular stage of

treatment.18

2.1.3 Hearing Aids

Masters, et al, discussed the use additive techniques for the manufacture of hearing

aids, citing particular benefits of quality and consistency. Hearing aids require a

personalized fit for both functionality and comfort. To achieve this level of customization, a

highly manual process resembling traditional craft-style of manufacture was employed,

often resulting in variable quality and inconsistency. Rapid manufacturing is able to deliver

the necessary personalized fit in addition to consistency and quality. Masters also cites the

biocompatibility of SLS nylon material as an inherent benefit of the technology.19

Phonak, one of the top three global manufacturers of communication and ear care

technology, uses selective laser sintering to manufacture nylon hearing aids. In addition to

delivering a personalized device in a biocompatible material, rapid manufacturing allows

Phonak to carefully control their production process and quickly deliver original or

replacement products to customers.20 Siemens, the market leader in hearing aids, also

utilizes SLS technology to manufacture hearing aids. Like Phonak, Siemens cites process

control and improved quality as the primary advantages over traditional manufacturing

methods.21

2.1.4 Sports Equipment

Delamore, et al, demonstrates the use of SLS in the development of bespoke football

boots citing advantages such as the ability to produce customized sensory and aesthetic

features and design freedom through consolidation of components and application of

functionally graded materials. 22 Gerrits describes the use of SLS to manufacture a

customized helmet for an Olympic rower. The helmet was designed to reduce body

temperature by reflecting sunlight and optimizing wind flow along the rower’s skull, thus

improving comfort and performance.23 Current research at Loughborough University is

investigating the use of rapid manufacturing technologies to produce tailored sports

garments optimized for injury prevention and impact protection.24

These examples of additive technology in sport target the niche market of world class

athletes, not the mass market of amateurs. While the high cost of personalized development

is currently limited to professional athletes who can more easily justify the expense and

quantify the value of competitive advantage, continued improvements in additive


12

technology and subsequent reduction in cost may make this application more widely

accessible.

2.1.5 Aerospace Industry

Fox presents variety of factors which make rapid manufacturing attractive to firms

within the aerospace industry. Tooling is not cost effective given the low production

volume of the aircraft industry, so the small-batch ability of rapid manufacturing is

attractive. Further, rapid manufacturing is able to produce truly functional components

with adequate material, geometry, and accuracy. Rapid manufacturing technologies are also

flexible in their ability to build using a variety of materials, thus the continuous

development of new materials suitable for rapid manufacturing will only support the

continued application of the technology.25

Fox also presents an example of British Aerospace utilizing SLS technology to

manufacture complex duct work for its aircraft. Boeing and the US Navy also utilized SLS

to manufacture cooling ducts with complex geometry for the F/A-18 Hornet. In the case of

the F/A-18 Hornet, SLS was able to provide both the accuracy and material functionality as

well as the benefit of consolidating the number of components, thus reducing the need for

intermediate assembly.26

Spielman reflects on the use of rapid manufacturing to produce “Flight Certified”

components for use in space. Two hundred plastic capacitor housings were to be

manufactured for the international space station—a quantity which made rapid

manufacturing more economically viable than injection molding. Despite the need to

qualify the material and process prior to production and use, the total cost of product

development remained lower than that featuring traditional tooling.27

The University of Loughborough worked with Martin Baker Aircraft to develop

personalized ejector seats for pilots, but were ultimately limited by materials constraints.28

Steward examined the application of rapid manufacturing in the production of

premium airline seats. He cites benefits of rapid manufacturing given the low volume of

premium seats and complexity of seating design, but acknowledges that material limitations,

the need for aesthetic finishing operations, and size constraints limit the practical application

to small, non-cosmetic, non-structural seat components.29

2.1.6 Motor Sports

Tromans has examined the application of rapid manufacturing in the automobile

industry, specifically its early applications within motor sports. He notes that rapid

manufacturing is well suited for Formula One and NASCAR because of its ability to


13

produce customized functional components in small volumes, generate complex geometries

which may be otherwise unmanufacturable, and quickly turn around new or replacement

parts.30

The Renault Formula One team recognized the early potential of rapid

manufacturing and developed a digital manufacturing center in 2002 with 3D Systems, a

pioneer of stereolithography technology. 31 The ability to make quick modifications to

functional components and reduce the need for assembly by consolidating multiple

components into single parts is advantageous for F1 teams.

Morrison provides an example of custom motorcycle shops which are utilizing

additive fabrication to produce functional parts in low volumes for their unique bikes.32

Kimberley discusses numerous applications of rapid manufacturing by the Italian

firm CRP Technology to optimize complex, functional components in low volumes. He cites

examples from Formula One racing, including break ducts, air intakes, and body panels, as

well as examples from championship motorbikes including seats, mudguards, and

windscreens.33

2.1.7 Art and Furniture

Rapid manufacturing has also allowed artists to construct works previously

restricted to their imaginations. EOS has collaborated with designer Assa Ashuash to

develop an artistic chair with optimized ergonomic and structural properties.34 Materilise, a

rapid manufacturing and design company based in Belgium, offers a variety of lamps, vases,

and other interior ornaments.35 And the Dutch firm Freedom of Creation uses laser sintering

to produce a range of artistic lighting and furniture pieces which are not manufacturable by

traditional methods. Freedom of Creation has also used SLS technology to produce

personalized awards and trophies for a variety of clients.36

2.1.8 Aesthetic Models

Morrison provides an example of firms using rapid manufacturing to produce

architectural models faster and cheaper than traditional, manual-intensive methods. 37

Wisconsin-based 3D Molecular Designs employs five different rapid manufacturing

technologies to produce complex models of proteins and other molecules for scientists and

academics.38

2.2 Current Areas of Research

In addition to the wide variety of additive products have already been

commercialized, many other applications are currently being researched.


14

2.2.1 Textiles

Fralix has documented the potential for mass customization within the apparel

industry.39 Hague has described the benefits of rapidly manufactured textiles, including

seamless garments, customized tailoring, the creation of products that transition from solid

to fabric, and the potential to produce smart textiles with embedded functionality such as

computing.40

Evenhuis and Kyttanen first developed the concept for the rapid manufacture of

textiles composed of individual links and their company, Freedom of Creation, has

commercialized a limited number of textile products which are manufactured using SLS.

However, current technical capabilities limit the resolution of rapidly manufacture textiles,

which tend to be quite crude and resemble medieval chainmail. Continued improvements

will likely expand the number of potential applications.41

2.2.2 Automotive

The automobile is arguably responsible for the emergence of mass production in its

current form.42 Given the sheer volume of automobile production, the application of rapid

manufacturing within the automotive industry has been largely limited to the niche market

of high performance vehicles and concept cars.

Lamborghini worked with CRP Technology to manufacture a carbon fibre headlight

washer cover flap for its Gallardo sports car using SLS. The aerodynamic and aesthetic

requirements of the high speed vehicle demanded dimensional precision and reliability in a

variety of environmental situations. While this represents the successful application of rapid

manufacturing in the manufacture of consumer automobiles, it must be noted that the initial

production run was for only one hundred vehicles.43

Knight discusses research conducted by MG Rover and Loughborough University to

assess various automotive applications of rapid manufacturing, including seats, steering

wheels, and hand breaks customized to fit individual drivers. While the ability to create

accurate part geometry exists, researchers believe there is a need to ensure the repeatability

of mechanical properties before utilizing the technology for structural and safety

applications.44

Hyundai collaborated with Freedom of Creation to manufacture aesthetic floor

carpeting for the QarmaQ concept car using SLS.45

2.2.3 Bone Scaffolds

Despite the success of their titanium cranial implant, Janssens and Poukens

addressed the need for implants to be constructed of materials featuring biocompatibility


15

and the ability to support bone growth rather than simply replace it. Cooke researched the

use of stereolithography to manufacture porous structure for tissue engineering applications.

Cooke’s study developed bespoke bone scaffolds using biocompatible, biodegradable

material to support cell regeneration in animals with promising results.46

2.2.4 Drug Delivery

Harris and Savalani have discussed the use of rapid manufacturing technologies to

provide effective, personalized methods of drug delivery. They postulate that the ability of

SLS or 3D-Printing to create functionally graded materials may enhance the drug release

rate of oral pharmaceuticals by optimizing the density and diffusivity of each pill. Further,

they suggest that the ability to manufacture each tablet individually would allow for patient

customization, as a single tablet containing multiple drugs with personalized dosages and

delivery times may replace the need to take multiple pills throughout the day.47

2.2.5 Construction

Others have examined the potential to apply rapid manufacturing techniques to

large scale construction projects. Soar explains that the construction of buildings and other

structures is well suited for rapid manufacturing because of its ability to produce

functionally graded and optimized designs, provide individual customization, and reduce

the need for assembly by integrating features such as wiring or ducting.48 While this

demand for customization and flexibility are supported by rapid manufacturing principles,

the technology required to meet such demand is still in infancy. Khoshnevis cites the

unsuitability of existing technologies as the primary factor limiting widespread uptake

within the construction industry, notably the low deposition rate of existing technologies

and the inability to deliver a wide range of materials simultaneously.49

2.3 Feasibility of Implementing Rapid Manufacturing at the Firm Level

In addition to the numerous examples of rapid manufacturing applications, the

feasibility of implementing the technology for specific parts or for individual firms has been

widely documented.

Hopkinson examined the production economics of rapid manufacturing compared to

traditional injection molding at the part level. He considered the machine costs, labor costs,

and material costs of various rapid manufacturing technologies compared to traditional

methods (Figure 2.1).50 It must be noted that the magnitude of cost savings will vary for

different applications as the unit cost of rapid manufacturing is highly dependent upon part

geometry.


16

Figure 1.1: Production Cost Comparison for Various Technologies, 3.6 g part (Hopkinson 2006).

Rufflo, et al, expanded upon Hopkinson’s study by accounting for the initial

overhead cost of the rapid manufacturing machine, as well as recurring maintenance costs,

labor costs, and other costs. He also considered the cost incurred by building impartial lines,

layers, or builds. Using the same baseline part, Rufflo found a higher per-part cost estimate

than Hopkinson’s study and also showed the effect of non-optimal build quantities (Figure

2.2). Despite finding a higher cost per part, Rufflo’s study confirms the value of rapid

manufacturing for low volume production compared to injection molding.51

Figure 2.2: Production Cost Comparison for Laser Sintering and Injection Molding, 3.6 g part

(Rufflo, et al. 2006).

Tuck and Hague examined the effect of rapid manufacturing at the firm level. In

addition to improved production economies, they note significant reductions in inventory,


17

labor, and distribution costs. They postulate that rapid manufacturing may result in a

general reduction in overhead costs, shorter lead time to market, the near elimination of raw

materials, work in progress inventory, and finished goods inventory. They also examine a

variety of potential supply chain strategies given the freedom to manufacture in any

environment.52

Reeves has provided a methodology to assess the value of implementing rapid

manufacturing for individual businesses. He discusses the business drivers, material

considerations, and process considerations which should influence a firm’s decision to

implement rapid manufacturing. He also touches on higher level impacts, including a

reduction in supply chain and capital costs as well as reduction of lead time and the

advantage of being first to market.53

Walter, Holmström and Yrjölä discuss the potential impact of rapid manufacturing

on supply chain management by examining the many shortcomings of traditional spare

parts supply methods within the airline industry and introducing rapid manufacturing as a

potentially valuable alternative. They conclude that rapid manufacturing is especially well

suited for low volume production of parts featuring variable demand, high inventory

holding costs, and high logistics costs.54

2.4 Characteristics of Promising Applications

The preceding cases highlight many disruptive characteristics of rapid

manufacturing which have driven commercialization of the technology. These primary

characteristics are:

1. Personalization. The ability to manufacture truly personalized features has been

shown in numerous cases. Visual customization has been shown in art, aesthetic

models, and automobiles. The value of comfort and functionality achieved by the

manufacture of products to fit a consumer’s body has been shown in the cases of

hearing aids, bespoke football boots, and bone scaffolds.

2. Responsiveness. The value of speed and reduced lead times achieved by rapid

manufacturing has been widely documented and shown to be especially useful for

products which are fashionable, such as clothing, or products with variable demand,

such as spare parts.

3. Low Volume. The elimination of tooling and subsequent cost reduction is especially

valuable for applications featuring low production volumes, such as motorsports or

aerospace.


18

4. Complexity. The ability to produce complex geometries which were previously

impossible to manufacture, such as optimized airflow systems, is also extremely

valuable. Rapid manufacturing also allows for the consolidation of components and

reduction of assembly costs.

2.5 Limitations of Current Technology

Despite the numerous benefits, the previous cases also highlight barriers which limit

the feasibility of implementing rapid manufacturing. While additive technologies are

continuously being researching and improved, a number of issues still remain.

1. Resolution. The precision and resolution of additive technologies limits their

feasibility for some applications, as the need for finishing or post-processing results

in additional costs.

2. Size. The build envelope of current rapid manufacturing technologies limits its

application to relatively small products. The largest additive system is capable of

building a part only 59” across.55

3. Reliability. While rapid manufacturing is able to provide some level of control and

repeatability to previously manual processes, the overall quality and reliability of the

process has yet to be qualified. If rapid manufacturing is used to produce a highly

customized functional component, each iteration may potentially require reliability

or safety testing.

4. Speed and Cost. The low deposition rate of rapid manufacturing limits its

application in large-scale projects, such as construction. And the high cost of

materials makes rapid manufacturing an unlikely replacement for high-volume, low-

value industries.

5. Materials. Current materials also limit the number of practical applications of rapid

manufacturing technology. Questions of biocompatibility restrict in vivo

applications, with only limited achievements in the field of hearing aids. The ability

to manufacturing multiple materials at the same time is also a current limitation of

the technology. And while the ability to provide functionally graded materials my

eventually prove valuable, it has yet to be commercialized.


19

3 Potential Impact of Rapid Manufacturing on Current Products

This chapter will identify products and sectors which are most likely to be affected

by rapid manufacturing based on the characteristics identified in the previous chapter. It

will introduce a methodology used to evaluate the potential impact on individual products

in terms of applicability and feasibility.

Applicability refers to the ability of rapid manufacturing to add value to a product.

Value may be added by providing customization and improved responsiveness based on

consumer demand. Value may also be created through geometric optimization and part

consolidation, which may also reduce assembly and tooling costs.

Feasibility, in contrast, refers to the ability of rapid manufacturing technologies to

actually manufacture products given current or expected limitations in terms of materials,

size, resolution, reliability, and cost. In addition to identifying products which are most

likely to be impacted by rapid manufacturing, evaluating the feasibility of the most

promising applications will provide a basis for future research and improvement of rapid

technologies.

It is important to note that applicability will dictate the uptake of rapid

manufacturing more so than feasibility. Consumer demand must exist and value must be

created to justify the application of rapid manufacturing technologies. A product’s ability to

be constructed through additive means may not provide any additional value compared to

conventional methods, and would therefore not justify a shift in production style.

3.1 Methodology

To evaluate the potential impact of rapid manufacturing for a large quantity of

individual products, a consistent and transparent methodology is necessary. To date, no

such methodology has been developed and a study of such scope has not been undertaken.

This evaluation intends to provide a high level analysis of all commonly

manufactured and globally traded goods. It strives to identify products and sectors most

likely to be affected by rapid manufacturing, thus allowing conclusions to be drawn

regarding the potential impact of rapid manufacturing upon the global economy. Given

such a wide scope, a flexible methodology has been developed which may accommodate a

diverse range of products.

The proposed methodology resembles a failure mode and effect analysis, a common

engineering tool used to evaluate product reliability in terms of multiple, independent

characteristics. The simplicity of this method will provide flexibility to assess a wide variety

of products, each with very different features.56


20

Characteristics presented in the previous chapter will serve as criteria for assessment.

Each individual product will be assigned a numeric score for each characteristic to quantify

the value which may be added by rapid manufacturing. These criteria scores will be

multiplied to determine a “value score” for each manufactured product. This “value score”

will enable the comparison of different goods based upon the total value received from

rapid manufacturing. While certain products will likely achieve greater value from certain

characteristics, all criteria will carry an equal weighting for mathematical simplicity, clarity,

and consistency, allowing for an unbiased comparison of different products. A weighted

scale of 1 (low value), 2 (minor value), 4 (moderate value), and 8 (high value) was used to

evaluate each characteristic.*

Once the most applicable products are identified, the feasibility of manufacture will

be assessed using a similar scale ranging from 1 (not feasible) to 8 (feasible).

3.1.1 Applicability

Consumer demand for customization is one characteristic which will continue to

drive the acceptance of rapid manufacturing technologies. However, various levels of

customization exist. Extreme customization, such as body fit or ergonomic personalization,

achieves perhaps the highest value for products requiring direct input from the user to

improve comfort or performance (value = 8). Modular personalization, resulting in

variations of shape, size, or material, is of less value than ergonomic personalization but

may significantly improve functionality (value = 4). Basic customization, such as color or

appearance, may significantly affect aesthetic qualities of a product, but is of less value than

ergonomic or modular personalization in that it has no impact on functional performance

(value = 2). Some products may achieve no value through personalization (value = 1), such

as purely functional products with little user interaction or products for which value may be

actually be achieved through standardization.

Consumer demand for responsiveness is also highly variable. Rapid manufacturing

may deliver high value for products which require immediate availability in response to

sporadic demand (value = 8), but little value for products featuring consistent demand

(value = 1). Intermediate products may be assessed in terms of fashionability, with highly

* An exponential scale was selected in preference to a linear scale to better distinguish products gaining significant value from rapid manufacture. A variety of alternate scales were also investigated to prove the robustness of the methodology, including both linear scales of [1,2,3,4], [1,3,5,7], and [1,4,7,10] and exponential scales of [1,3,9,27]and [1,4,16,64]. Use of these scales identified nearly the same products to be promising applications as the originally selected exponential scale of [1,2,4,8] with 96% consistency. The decision to calculate the “value score” through multiplication rather than addition was also investigated. The addition of exponential scales resulted in generally the same products as multiplication with 73% consistency.


21

fashionable products receiving moderate value from rapid manufacture (value = 4) and less

fashionable products resulting in lower value (value = 2).

Value can also be achieved by enabling the production of complex products or

simplifying the number of components and labor required for assembly. Highly complex

assemblies may achieve high levels of value through rapid manufacturing (value = 8), while

simple assemblies may achieve moderate levels of value (value = 4). Complex components

may achieve some value (value = 2) while simple products offer little to no value (value = 1).

Reduction of tooling costs and the ability to deliver low production volumes is

perhaps the most disruptive aspect of rapid manufacturing. It is especially valuable for

production quantities of one (value = 8), but is also valuable for low production volumes up

to 1000 (value = 4). Medium production volumes between 1000 and 10,000 offer some

benefit (value = 2), while no benefit is achieved for mass produced products with quantities

over 10,000 (value = 1). While the scale of appropriate production quantities may change

given improvements in technology, the concept of individual, low, medium, and high

production volumes remains relevant.

3.1.2 Feasibility

Once the most promising products have been identified, each will be evaluated

based on feasibility of manufacture. Current limitations of rapid manufacturing technology

were discussed in the previous chapter will provide criteria for assessment.

The resolution of additive technologies may limit the feasibility of producing certain

products containing small features, fine detail, or requiring an exceptionally smooth surface

finish. Products requiring resolution which is achievable using current rapid technologies

are considered highly feasible (value = 8). Products requiring resolution which may be

attained assuming reasonable advancements in technology over the next decade are

considered somewhat feasible (value = 4). Products requiring significant advancements in

rapid technologies to meet resolution requirements are not feasible (value = 1).

Current rapid manufacturing technologies are also limited by the size of their build

envelope. Products measuring less than one cubic foot are considered highly feasible (value

= 8) as they are able to fit within the build envelope of a typical additive system. Assuming

reasonable advancements in additive technology over the next ten years provide build

envelopes of up to one cubic metre, medium sized products may be considered somewhat

feasible (value = 4). Extremely large products in excess of one cubic metre will require

significant advancements in rapid technologies and are not currently feasible (value = 1).


22

As an emerging technology, many questions still surround the reliability and

repeatability of additive processes. Non-functional products have little need for reliability

assurance and may be considered highly feasible given today’s level of technology (value =

8). Products with minimal reliability requirements may be considered somewhat feasible

(value = 4). Highly functional and high performance products, or products which must

meet strict safety requirements, will require further advancements in rapid manufacturing

processes (value = 1).

The speed and cost of manufacture also limit the application of rapid manufacturing

for certain products. The low deposition rate and high cost of material make rapid

manufacturing ill-suited for the production of large, low value products (value = 1). Small,

high-value products are more likely applications of the technology in its current form (value

= 8). Reasonable advancements in technology over the next ten years may expand the

potential applications to include larger products of lower value (value = 4), but rapid

manufacturing is unlikely to be cost effective extremely large products.

Materials represent another barrier for rapid manufacturing. While significant

advancements have been made in terms of material variety and functionality, the ability to

replicate certain material characteristics is not yet feasible. What is more, current additive

technologies lack the ability to fabricate multiple materials simultaneously. Plastic or

metallic products of single material may be considered highly feasible (value = 8), while

products requiring high performance materials or biocompatibility and products composed

of multiple materials may be considered somewhat feasible given moderate future

advancements (value = 4). Heat sensitive materials such as glass and materials featuring

unique tactile characteristics such as wood or fine textiles will require significant

improvements in current technology (value = 1).

3.2 Analysis of Current Products

The methodology described above was applied to over two thousand manufactured

products listed in the Standard International Trade Classification, Revision 3 (SITC Rev 3).

SITC Rev 3 was selected due to the completeness of global trade statistics, which will form

the basis of the economic analysis conducted in the following chapter.

The products listed in SITC Rev 3 were first evaluated based on the value which may

be added through rapid manufacturing. Full results of this analysis have been provided in

Appendix I. The most promising products were then evaluated based upon the feasibility of

manufacture, the full results of which are available in Appendix II.


23

The following section will discuss the products identified as receiving the most value

from rapid technologies. For clarity of presentation, similar products will be grouped into

product families, each possessing similar characteristics well suited for rapid manufacture.

A detailed explanation will also address the feasibility of manufacture, as not all

applications are feasible given current or even reasonable advancements in additive

technology.

3.2.1 Medical Devices

Medical devices are perhaps the most promising application of rapid manufacturing

technology. Medical devices derive their greatest benefit from customization, as products

may be tailored to fit the recipient’s body. This includes both in-vivo products, such as

hearing aids, dental implants, and other artificial body parts, and in-vitro products, such as

spectacles and frames, walking sticks, and therapeutic or massage apparatuses. Medical

devices are also among the most feasible products to manufacture using additive methods

despite questions regarding the availability of materials and product reliability. The

applicability and feasibility of medical devices is further evidenced by the numerous

examples of commercialized applications presented in the previous chapter.

3.2.2 Art and Home Décor

Artists and designers have only recently embraced rapid manufacturing, but the

limitless design potential of additive fabrication allows the feasible production of highly

complex, customized products in volumes of one. This is especially valuable for art and

other interior decorations, especially those of high complexity featuring ornate details,

which would benefit from reduced assembly costs and are valued for their artistic qualities.

Clocks are a good application given their high level of fashion, the potential demand

for customization, and the complex assembly which may be reduced through rapid

manufacturing techniques. Lighting fixtures offer another opportunity for high aesthetic

customization. Decorative wall ornaments are perhaps the most feasible application of

rapid technology given the current technical capabilities of additive fabrication systems.

Improved resolution, speed, and material selection will continue to justify the uptake of

rapid manufacturing for this application.

Decorative woven articles, such as awnings, curtains, and tapestries, may also benefit

from high levels of aesthetic customization in terms of color, design, and shape. The ability

to manufacture in low volumes and respond to individual demand is also highly valuable.

However, the technology required to manufacture fabrics is still in infancy, and further


24

advancements in materials and resolution are needed to replace traditional forms of

manufacture.

Floor coverings, including hardwood, tile, carpet, or linoleum, provide an interesting

case. Currently, floor coverings are installed on-site. Raw materials are delivered to a

location and the floor covering is shaped to fit the unique interior space. In effect, floor

coverings are manufactured in volumes of one, and inherently possess both modular and

aesthetic customization. These features make it ideal for rapid manufacture, but current

technical capabilities severely limit the feasibility of such an application. Significant

improvements would be required in terms of material availability and resolution. What is

more, size and deposition rate limit the physical and financial feasibility of such an

application.

3.2.3 Jewellery

Jewellery is another application which would greatly benefit from the value

provided by customization. This includes watches, watch straps, rings, bracelets, and other

articles of metal or precious metal. The feasibility of using additive technologies for

jewellery manufacture will increase as a greater variety of materials, including precious

metals, become available for rapid manufacture.

3.2.4 Musical Instruments

The manufacture of musical instruments is another area which may be significantly

impacted by additive fabrication. Musical instruments typically feature high levels of

complexity, and rapid manufacturing would allow for a reduction in the number of

components, reduced assembly costs, and potentially optimized acoustic performance.

Instruments may also be designed to provide custom ergonomic fit for the musician or even

a signature sound. Additional research in this area is required, as material composition is a

key component of acoustic performance.

3.2.5 Sports Equipment

Another commercially viable application of rapid manufacturing is sporting goods,

including clothing and equipment. Sport offers an ideal application of rapid technologies

given the premium value associated with individual performance which is able to justify

higher development costs. This has been shown by previous examples of bespoke football

boots and applications within Formula One racing. While it is conceivable that rapid

manufacturing may someday deliver customized products to even casual athletes, the

current high cost of development restricts the market to that of high performance sports.


25

Clothing, including footwear, safety equipment, and other high performance

garments would greatly benefit from ergonomic customization. The numerous benefits of

bespoke football boots discussed in the previous chapter may be applied to other sporting

footwear such as tennis shoes, basketball shoes, ski boots, and ice or roller skates. Safety

equipment, such as headwear and lifejackets, may also be customized for optimum

performance. While the successful commercialization of bespoke football boots reinforces

the feasibility of sports apparel, continued advancements in materials and resolution as well

as a decrease in the cost of production are necessary for industry wide uptake.

The ability to customize other sports equipment, such as tennis racquets or golf clubs,

to fit individual athletes may also result in improved performance or comfort. Other

probable applications include skis, surfboards, and saddlery. Rapid manufacturing may

allow for optimized design of high performance woven articles, such as sails or parachutes.

These articles would also benefit from aesthetic customization and reduced assembly costs.

Given the ability of rapid manufacturing to deliver highly responsive supply,

children's toys have oft been presented as a promising application. 57 However, most toys

would benefit from only minor customization, such as color and shape, and the simplicity of

most toys remains better suited for high volume manufacture. But rapid manufacturing is

well suited for more complex toys which would also benefit from ergonomic customization.

Bicycles, tricycles, and scooters, for example, would benefit from improved safety and

comfort achieved through customization, as well as a reduction in assembly costs.

3.2.6 Consumer Electronics

Consumer electronics provide another potentially promising application of rapid

manufacturing, but significant advancements in technical capabilities are required before the

production of such products is considered feasible. Consumer electronics are highly

complex and would significantly benefit from a reduction in assembly costs. They are also

increasingly viewed as fashionable, as many products offer varying levels of

customization—from aesthetic to functional. What is more, consumer electronics possess a

relatively short product lifecycles. As technologies become outdated, they are replaced by

newer models and there is a need for producers to reinvest in tooling. Rapid manufacturing

would allow for the production of highly customized products in immediate response to

consumer demand, while eliminating the need for assembly and tooling.

Telephones and mobile phones are highly fashionable and would benefit from

aesthetic customization. Headphones, earphones, and hand tools may be personalized to

comfortably fit the individual consumer, thus resulting in improved performance.


26

However, further research is needed before additive technologies are capable of supporting

complex, electronic circuitry. Alternatively, certain consumer electronic components, such

as casings and housings, are well suited for rapid manufacture in its current form.

3.2.7 Architecture and Construction

The very nature of construction, featuring highly complex, highly customized

products in low volumes, is well suited for additive fabrication. But as previously discussed,

the slow deposition rate of current additive technologies and the inability to utilize multiple

materials simultaneously limits the feasibility of large scale construction. What is more, the

reliability of additive technologies has yet to be proven for use in such applications which

must consider structural integrity and human safety.

3.2.8 High Value Machinery

Rapid manufacturing is well suited for complex industrial machinery produced in

especially low volumes, such as hydraulic turbines or nuclear reactors. These products are

produced in very limited volumes, and would benefit greatly a reduction in part complexity,

geometric optimization, and the ability to customize features in response to unique

requirements. However, the reliability of current additive processes may be questioned for

such high performance machinery. Further, the size of such machinery is unable to be

accommodated by current build envelopes.

3.2.9 Spare Parts

Many highly complex, functional products are ill suited for rapid manufacture for a

variety of reasons. Heavy machinery and transport equipment, for example, are often

standardized and would derive little value from personal customization. They also have

long product lifecycles and stable demand, thus not benefiting from responsiveness of rapid

manufacture. What is more, these products are produced in large quantities to control

quality and reliability.

While rapid manufacturing may not be applicable for the production of complex

machinery, it offers significant value for the fabrication of spare parts and components.

Rapid manufacturing can support the agile supply of spare parts for machinery which are

highly complex and feature highly sporadic demand. Significant value is created by such

responsiveness which allows for the compression of lead time as well as the elimination of

inventory.

3.2.10 Luxury Clothing

Clothing is currently mass produced in a variety of colors, shapes, and sizes to

provide consumers with some level of modular customization. Rapid manufacturing,


27

however, may potentially allow for entirely bespoke wardrobes. While a demand for

rapidly manufactured clothing may exist, the feasibility of such an application may be

difficult to realize. Significant advancements in materials technology and machine

resolution are required to make the fabrication of clothing feasible.

Luxury garments, such as suits, jackets, and dresses, provide a potentially good

application given their high levels of customization, low volume of production, high

fashionability, and short product life cycle. Bespoke suits and dresses are among the only

forms of clothing which are not mass produced today, resulting in justifiably higher costs.

In addition to providing customized products responsively, the ability to manufacture

without the need for assembly would be beneficial. While demand for such an application

clearly exists, technical capabilities limit the feasibility of manufacturing fine textiles.

3.2.11 Vehicles

Luxury recreation vehicles such as yachts, cruise ships, and campers, possess many

characteristics which make them ideal candidates for rapid manufacture. While all types of

vehicle would benefit from aesthetic and modular customization and a reduction in

assembly costs, recreation vehicles tend to be produced in lower volumes which are more

conducive to rapid manufacture.

Automobiles were also identified as a promising application given their high

potential for customization and potential reduction of assembly costs through design

optimization. Motorcycles would likely achieve even greater benefits from ergonomic

customization including improved comfort, safety, and performance.

While recreational vehicles possess many intriguing characteristics, the need to meet

strict safety and reliability requirements may be difficult given both potentially significant

variations in design as well as the unproven nature of rapid manufacturing. What is more,

the feasibility of producing full size passenger and recreational vehicles is currently limited

as the size of such products is unable to be accommodated by the build envelope of current

systems. Certain components, such as body panels or seats, are slightly more practical than

an entire vehicle, but even these components are currently not feasible given current

technical limitations.

3.2.12 Unpromising Applications

A wide range of products will likely be unaffected by the advent of rapid

manufacturing. Highly functional products, raw materials, and simply worked products are

likely to achieve little value from additive fabrication. Some of these products may gain

value from possessing a standard shape and size, while others tend to be consumed in


28

extremely high volumes. For both reasons, mass production provides a more suitable form

of manufacture. Complex industrial machinery and scientific instrumentation are typically

valued for their functional rather than ergonomic characteristics. The same can be said for

simple products such as screws, paperclips, or bottle caps. Raw materials including plastics

in primary form, yarn and fabric, plywood and other simply worked wood, and bulk metal

products such as tubing, piping, wire, sheets, and ingots are unlike to be impacted.


29

4 The Next Industrial Revolution?

The previous chapter identified a variety of products possessing characteristics well

suited for additive fabrication and evaluated the feasibility manufacture given current or

reasonable advancements in additive technology. This chapter will attempt to quantify the

potential impact on global trade which may result from mass uptake of rapid manufacturing

for those products identified.

4.1 Manufacturing and the Global Economy

Continued advancements in transportation, communication, and information

technology coupled with the reduction of policy barriers and liberalization of trade has

enabled the development of a global economic system more closely integrated than ever

before.58 Manufacturing is a critical component of the global economy, accounting for over

two-thirds of global trade.59

OECD Trade Balance

-800000

-600000

-400000

-200000

0

200000

400000

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

Year

Tra

de B

ala

nce

(U

S$

milli

on

s)

Machinery and Transport Equipment

Chemicals

Beverages and Tobacco

Oils and Fats

Crude Materials

Food and Live Animals

Other goods

Basic Manufactures

Miscellaneous Manufactured Goods

Mineral Fuels

Figure 2.1: OECD Trade Balance with Rest of the World (Euromonitor International 2008).60

An ever increasing portion of global trade is taking place between developed and

developing nations, but the nature of trade is very imbalanced. Members of the

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or OECD, tend to export high

value products, such as machinery, transport equipment, and chemicals, while emerging

nations tend to export basic manufactured goods and mineral fuels (Figure 4.1). The balance

of basic and miscellaneous manufactured exports has slowly moved from developed to

developing nations over the past twenty years as emerging economies are able to leverage


30

their comparative advantage in labor to ma-nufacture articles at lower costs. This shift in

production is often perceived as a threat to developed nations, thus prompting many to

proclaim rapid manufacturing the savoir for western industry. But, as discussed in the

previous chapter, not all manufactured products are well suited for rapid manufacture.

4.2 The Perceived Impact of Rapid Manufacturing

The potentially disruptive nature of rapid manufacturing is evident given its

fundamental differences with mass production. This has driven many to assert that rapid

manufacturing will result in “the next industrial revolution” or claim that it will enable “a

manufacturing renaissance” in developed nations. 61 While common in literature, these

claims remain largely unsubstantiated. A vast majority of literature on rapid manufacturing

is dedicated to technical attributes of additive technology. Novel applications are becoming

increasingly common, while case studies examining the economic or operational impact at

the firm level remain infrequent. Larger, industry-wide analyses are even less common, and

the wider impact of rapid manufacturing on global economy and society has yet to be

examined.

In Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age, Hopkinson, Hague,

and Dickens provide arguably the most complete explanation of rapid manufacturing

technology and applications to date. They evaluate the potential impact of rapid

manufacturing upon consumers and business, as well as its potential impact on how

products are designed and distributed. However, their focus remains largely constrained to

the individual firm—a very relevant subject, but far from the “next industrial revolution”

touted in their introduction.62 Tuck and Hague state that “the ability to remove [logistic,

labour, and stock holding] costs could also affect the manufacturing environment on a

global scale, by reuniting manufacturing to the country of origin, as labour costs are no

longer a burden.” However, they make no attempt to quantify such claims.63

Following a thorough analysis of additive technologies, McMains offers the

following, similar conclusion: “The ability to make customized products with fast

turnaround times might even reverse the current trend throughout U.S. industry toward

offshore manufacturing.”64 However, no evidence is offered to support such a claim aside

from her explanation of basic rapid prototyping technologies and materials. Knight offers

the same, unsubstantiated conclusion: “As rapid manufacturing requires no tooling, the

technology could cut manufacturer's costs, and ultimately help to reverse the trend of

production moving to China and India.”65


31

But to what extent will rapid manufacturing impact global trade? What products

and sectors are most likely to be affected? Will some countries be more impacted than

others? Is rapid manufacturing truly capable leading a manufacturing renaissance in

developed nations?

4.3 The Real Impact of Rapid Manufacturing

The ability of developed and developing nations to manufacture domestically will

undoubtedly impact the current magnitude of global trade, potentially disrupting the level

of surpluses and deficits of individual nations and within individual sectors. Having

identified a variety of products for which additive fabrication is most applicable and most

feasible, the potential economic impact of large scale adoption may be quantified. Trade

statistics from 2005 will be analyzed as recorded by the United Nations’ Commodity Trade

Statistics Database. This year was chosen given its high level of completeness relative to

subsequent years.

4.3.1 Potential Magnitude

Seventy products and product types were identified in the previous chapter for

which rapid manufacturing is most applicable. These products represent 10.79% of globally

traded manufactured articles by value. Of those, only thirty-nine products were identified

as feasible given reasonable advancements in rapid manufacturing technology, representing

only 2.05% of globally traded manufactured goods by value. Such a magnitude is unlikely

to be considered revolutionary, but closer examination reveals a disproportionate impact

upon individual countries and sectors.

In 2005, a US$587 billion dollar trade deficit existed between OECD nations and non-

OECD nations for all traded commodities including fossil fuels, agriculture, raw materials,

and manufactured goods. Manufactured goods represented eighteen percent of the total

deficit, or US$106 billion. This deficit is largely a result of basic and miscellaneous

manufactured articles which are increasingly produced by non-OECD nations, as previously

shown in Figure 4.1. In 2005, basic and miscellaneous manufactured articles represented a

$284 billion dollar trade surplus for developing nations, while high value manufactures

imported from OECD nations represent a US$178 billion dollar deficit.66

When viewed in terms of trade deficit between developed and emerging nations, the

potential impact of rapid manufacturing appears more significant. A majority of the feasible

products identified as being well suited for rapid manufacture are categorized as basic or

miscellaneous manufactures by the standard international trade classification. These

products represent over 20%, or US$21 billion, of the total manufacturing trade deficit


32

between OECD and non-OECD nations, and nearly 4% of the total trade deficit between

developed and emerging economies.

4.3.2 Impact on Products and Sectors

Not all products and sectors will be equally impacted by rapid manufacturing.

Luxury and recreational products will most likely be affected, while high value

manufactures such as medical devices will remain largely unaffected. Trade statistics and

analysis by product are provided in Appendix III.

Artistic products, including statues and sculpture, and other products of home décor,

including lamps, chandeliers, and clocks, will be significantly affected by the uptake of rapid

manufacturing. These products represent US$40 billion worth of international trade, of

which nearly 30%, or US$11.7 billion, takes place between OECD and non-OECD nations.

Not all artistic products will be impacted, however, as wood products, ornamental ceramic

products, floor coverings, and woven articles including tapestries and curtains, require

significant advancements in rapid manufacturing technology to support industry-wide

uptake.

Musical instruments may also be significantly impacted by the uptake of rapid

manufacturing. The trade of musical instruments which may be manufactured using

additive methods represents a US$2.7 billion dollar industry, one-third of which, or US$0.9

billion, takes place between developed and developing nations.

The trade of sports equipment, including saddlery, sails, skis, golf equipment, and

tennis equipment, will also be considerably affected. These applications represent an US$8.7

billion dollar industry, nearly 30% of which takes place between OECD and non-OECD

nations. While rapid manufacturing has already been used to produce custom sports

footwear, this will most likely remain a niche application as cost constraints limit the

feasibility of mass-market acceptance.

The trade of jewellery products which may be impacted by rapid manufacture

represents a US$51 billion industry, of which US$3.7 billion takes place between developed

and developing nations.

Medical devices, including spectacles and frames, hearing aids, artificial teeth, and

other prosthetic implants, will remain largely unaffected. For these products, over 95% of

global trade is conducted among developed nations. The trade deficit between OECD and

non-OECD nations represents just US$1.6 billion of the US$34 billion dollar industry.

As previously discussed, consumer electronics, high value machinery, and luxury

clothing will not likely be affected as significant advancements in additive technology are


33

required to enable industry wide uptake. Perhaps the most promising consumer electronic

is headphones and earphones, which, like hearing aids, may be customized to provide a

more comfortable fit and improved acoustic performance. Headphones and earphones

represent a US$3.6 billion industry, of which $1.2 billion takes place between developed and

developing nations.

4.3.3 Impact on Individual Nations

The belief that high-wage economies will benefit from additive fabrication due to the

elimination of labor and assembly costs is overly simplistic, as not all countries will be

uniformly impacted by the uptake of rapid manufacturing. Also, the notion that developing

countries may benefit from the ability to manufacture domestically is oft overlooked. In

reality, rapid manufacturing provides variable advantages and disadvantages for both the

consumers and producers of individual nations. Trade statistics and analysis by country are

provided in Appendix IV.

As previously stated, products well suited for rapid manufacturing account for

nearly 20% of the manufacturing trade deficit between developed and developing nations.

Thus, to some extent, assertions that rapid manufacturing can “stop the trend” of

production moving overseas is justified. But it must be noted that cost reduction is not the

only factor which will drive the adoption of rapid manufacturing. Rather, additive

fabrication will be adopted for applications that derive value from customization,

responsiveness, or geometric optimization. Consumers seeking these attributes typically

reside in more developed nations. Consider that while OECD countries import over 70% of

all globally traded manufactured goods and commodities, they import an even higher

portion—over 80%—of products identified as potential applications for rapid manufacturing

based on value.

Thus, it can be argued that developed nations have the tendency and ability to

consume more luxury and recreational goods, such as art, jewellery, musical instruments

and sports equipment. In fact, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France,

and Japan are the top five importing nations for those products described. Given the

geographic freedom allowed by rapid manufacturing, the production of these products will

conceivably shift to the nations of consumption negatively affecting nations which currently

specialize in these manufactures, regardless of their level of economic development.

Switzerland represents a developed nation which may ultimately be harmed by a

world wide uptake of rapid manufacturing. Switzerland is a model high-wage economy,

routinely ranking among the highest nations in terms of gross national income per capita.67


34

However, Switzerland is also the world’s largest exporter of watches and clocks with nearly

US$10 billion exported in 2005. As illustrated in the previous chapter, watches and clocks

possess many characteristics which make them well suited for additive fabrication. The

ability for countries to manufacture watches and clocks domestically represents an

especially significant risk to Switzerland’s second largest exported commodity as well as

their marginal trade surplus of US$4.4 billion.

Italy provides another example of a high-wage economy which may be negatively

impacted by rapid manufacturing. Italy is the world’s largest exporter of both spectacles

and jewellery—two products which may gain immense value from the customization

provided by rapid manufacturing. Italy’s current manufacturing trade deficit of US$11.9

billion may potentially increase by over 50% to US$18.6 billion given the advent of rapid

manufacturing and subsequent reduction of its two primary exports.

The adoption of rapid manufacturing will also negatively impact numerous Asian

economies currently specializing in the supply of generic luxury and recreational goods.

Countries such as China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, and Thailand stand to be impacted

to varying degrees.

Chinese manufactures will be most severely impacted as nearly 17% of China’s

US$102 billion dollar trade surplus is composed of luxury and recreational products. This

represents US$17 billion in trade surplus which may be eliminated if their trading partners

adopt rapid manufacturing. Indonesia, another net exporter, will also be negatively

impacted. Nearly 2% of Indonesia’s US$28 billion dollar surplus, US$0.5 billion, may be

eliminated given the rise of rapid manufacturing.

Asian nations which are net importers will generally be negatively impacted. The

elimination of luxury and recreational products as manufacturing exports may cause Hong

Kong’s current trade deficit grow by over 50%, from US$8 billion to US$12 billion. Likewise,

Thailand’s trade deficit may grow 20%, from US$8 billion to US$10 billion, and India’s

deficit may grow 7%, from US$46 billion to US$50 billion.

However, not all developing nations will be negatively impacted. Net exporters

featuring a strong industrial base of transport equipment and heavy machinery, such as

Brazil and Russia, will be largely unaffected by the uptake of rapid manufacturing. These

nations will see less than a one-percent change in their current surplus of manufactured

goods. But as their economies continue to grow and prosper, the consumers of Brazil and

Russia will increasingly benefit from the ability to manufacture luxury and recreational

products domestically.


35

The potential impact upon developed nations which are net exporters is also highly

variable. Some net exporters will gain substantially from the ability to manufacture

previously imported luxury goods. Given the proposed uptake of rapid manufacturing,

Japan’s current trade surplus could grow from US$79 billion to US$85 billion. Germany,

however, will remain largely unaffected. Its current trade surplus may grow from US$197

billion to US$198 billion—a change of less than one percent.

Net importers, such as France, the United Kingdom, and the United States will

significantly benefit from the ability to produce luxury and recreational products

domestically. France may see up to a 3.4% reduction in its trade deficit, from US$42 billion

to US$40 billion. The US trade deficit may fall from US$828 billion to US$805 billion and the

UK trade deficit may fall from US$131 billion to US$128 billion, reductions of 2.8% and 2.4%

respectively.


36

5 Conclusion

The disruptive nature of rapid manufacturing is evident given its ability to deliver

truly customized or optimized products quickly and in small volumes. Further, the

elimination of labor costs allow for geographically unconstrained production and

distribution. Continuing advancements in additive technology and an expanding number of

practical applications have led many to speculate that rapid manufacturing may result in a

second industrial revolution and manufacturing renaissance in high income nations. While

rapid manufacturing will undoubtedly impact individual products, its impact upon

industrial sectors and nations has been shown to be highly variable.

The industrial revolution of the 1700s was enabled by new technologies and new

ways of thinking, but it was only a revolution because of the significant social and economic

changes which changed the how people lived, where people worked, and what people

consumed. As a disruptive technology, rapid manufacturing has the potential to redefine

our present conceptions of manufacturing as it removes many of the limitations inherent in

the current global manufacturing system. It will undoubtedly impact numerous products in

terms of design and production and fundamentally change what people consume and how

people live.

But the impact of rapid manufacturing will be much greater for certain products and

sectors. Luxury and recreational goods will be most significantly impacted given the high

value associated with customization and a reduction in part complexity and assembly costs.

The uptake of additive technology may also impact the balance of trade between developed

and developing nations, as well as among developed nations. The degree to which

economies of individual nations will be impacted has been shown to be highly variable.

However, consumers in all nations stand to benefit as rapid manufacturing will

undoubtedly result in improved product performance, increased consumer comfort, and

novel business models—all of which will deliver increased value to the customer. While the

balance of global trade will be impacted by rapid manufacturing, the outsourcing of most

low-value, labor intensive industries will be unaffected. Highly functional products, raw

materials and simply worked products are better suited for mass production, as they gain

little value from rapid manufacture.

However, as Clayton Christensen contends, radical innovation tends to create new

markets of customers whose needs are initially unknown to themselves and

manufacturers.68 This is perhaps the most exciting aspect of rapid manufacturing, as

freedom from the design constraints inherent in traditional subtractive manufacture will


37

undoubtedly result in a multitude of innovative products which have previously been

impossible to manufacture or not yet conceived. This study attempted to quantify the

potential impact of rapid manufacturing by evaluating current products and trade flows, but

it is impossible to quantify the impact of products yet to be imagined.


38

6 Future Work

Given that this study attempted to evaluate the potential impact of rapid

manufacturing upon the global economy, it relied upon a methodology designed to

accommodate a wide variety of products and characteristics. A better understanding of how

rapid manufacturing may impact specific products or industries may be achieved by

tailoring the methodology to meet the demands of specific products. This may be

accomplished by weighting the criteria so characteristics which are considered more

valuable for a particular industry have greater influence. Further investigation into specific

industries is highly encouraged, as it may reveal a more accurate assessment of which

products may be affected by rapid manufacturing, and thus allow a more accurate analysis

of how additive technology will impact the global economy.

Spare parts were identified as a potential application of rapid manufacturing given

the high value associated with responsiveness, reduction in part complexity, and low

volume. Unfortunately, the standard trade classification index does not provide a

classification for spare parts thus making its magnitude impossible to quantify in the same

context as other products. However, the SITC Rev 3 provides numerous sub classifications

for generic “parts.” While these generic classifications may include spare parts as well as

regular uncategorized components, their magnitude represents over 25% (US$1.77 trillion)

of globally traded manufactured goods. This represents a significant opportunity for rapid

manufacturing, especially considering that all other applicable products identified as

feasible represent only 2% (US$0.14 trillion) of globally traded manufactured goods. For this

study, the value of a generic “parts” classification were considered only when listed as a

subclassification of products identified as a potential applications of rapid manufacturing.

While rapid manufacturing represents a fundamentally different approach to

traditional manufacturing, it may be successfully integrated with systems of mass

production to deliver value for certain components. This study largely analyzed the ability

of rapid manufacturing to create finished products in their entirety. A closer evaluation of

“parts” may also reveal components of mass produced products which may be impacted by

rapid manufacturing. The magnitude of this impact is unable to be quantified given the lack

of detail regarding “parts” within the SITC Rev 3.


39

Appendix I: Product Analysis

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

1221 Cigars, cheroots and cigarillos, containing tobacco 1 1 2 1 2 1222 Cigarettes containing tobacco 1 1 2 1 2 1223 Oth.manufactured tobacco

12231 Cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes, of tobacco substitutes

1 1 2 1 2

12232 Cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes, of tobacco substitutes

1 1 2 1 2

248 WOOD, SIMPLY WORKED 2481 Railway,tramway sleepers

24811 Railway or tramway sleepers (cross-ties) of wood, not impregnated 1 1 1 1 1

24819 Railway or tramway sleepers (cross-ties) of wood, impregnated

1 1 1 1 1

54191 Wadding, gauze, bandages and similar articles (e.g., dressings, adhesive

4 1 1 1 4

542 MEDICAMENTS 5421 Medicaments,antibiotics

54211 Medicaments containing penicillins or derivatives thereof, with a penicil

8 1 2 1 16

54212 Medicaments containing other antibiotics, not put up in measured doses or

8 1 2 1 16

54213 Medicaments containing penicillins or derivatives thereof, with a penicil

8 1 2 1 16

54219 Medicaments containing other antibiotics, put up in measured doses or in

8 1 2 1 16

5422 Medicaments,hormones etc

54221 Medicaments containing insulin, not put up in measured doses or in forms

8 1 2 1 16

54222 Medicaments containing other hormones or other products of subgroup 541.5

8 1 2 1 16

54223 Medicaments containing insulin, put up in measured doses or in forms or p

8 1 2 1 16

54224 Medicaments containing adrenal cortical hormones, put up in measured dose 8 1 2 1 16

54229 Medicaments containing other hormones or other products of subgroup 541.5

8 1 2 1 16

5423 Medicaments,alkaloid.etc

54231 Medicaments containing alkaloids, but not hormones, not for retail sale

8 1 2 1 16

54232 Medicaments containing alkaloids, but not hormones, for retail sale

8 1 2 1 16

5429 Medicaments, nes

54291 Medicaments, n.e.s., not put up in measured doses or in forms or packings

8 1 2 1 16

54292 Medicaments containing vitamins or other products of subgroup 541.1, put

8 1 2 1 16

54293 Medicaments, n.e.s., put up in measured doses or in forms or packings for

8 1 2 1 16

554 SOAP,CLEANERS,POLISH,ETC 5541 Soap

55411 Soap and organic surface-active products and preparations, in the form of

4 1 1 1 4

55415 Soap and organic surface-active products and preparations, in the form of

4 1 1 1 4

55419 Soap in other forms 4 1 1 1 4 58 PLASTIC,NON-PRIMARY FORM 581 PLASTIC TUBE,PIPE,HOSE

5811 Artificial guts (sausage casings) of hardened protein or of cellulosic ma

4 1 1 1 4

5812 Tubes, pipes and hoses, rigid 4 1 1 1 4

5813 Flexible tubes, pipes and hoses, having a minimum burst pressure of 27.6

4 1 1 1 4

5814 Other tubes, pipes and hoses, not reinforced or otherwise combined with o

4 1 1 1 4

5815 Tubes, pipes and hoses, not reinforced or otherwise combined with other m

4 1 1 1 4

5816 Other tubes, pipes and hoses 4 1 1 1 4

5817 Fittings for tubes, pipes and hoses (e.g., joints, elbows, flanges), of p

4 1 1 1 4

5932 Safety fuses; detonating fuses; percussion or detonating caps; igniters;

1 1 4 1 4

5933 Fireworks,flares,etc. 59331 Fireworks 1 1 4 1 4

59333 Signalling flares, rain rockets, fog signals and other pyrotechnic articl

1 1 4 1 4

6 MANUFACTURED GOODS 61 LEATHER, LEATHER GOODS 611 LEATHER

6112 Composition leather with a basis of leather or leather fibre, in slabs, s

2 1 1 1 2

6113 Whole bovine skin leather, without hair on, of a unit surface area not ex

2 1 1 1 2

6114 Oth.bovine,equine leathr

61141 Other bovine and equine leather, without hair on, tanned

2 1 1 1 2

61142 Other bovine and equine leather, without hair on, parchment-dressed

2 1 1 1 2

6115 Sheep,lamb skin leather 61151 Sheep- or lambskin leather, without wool on, tanned 2 1 1 1 2

61152 Sheep- or lambskin leather, without wool on, parchment-dressed 2 1 1 1 2

6116 Goat or kid skin leather 61161 Goat- or kidskin leather, without hair on, tanned 2 1 1 1 2

61162 Goat- or kidskin leather, without hair on, parchment-dressed or

2 1 1 1 2

6117 Leather of other animals

61171 Leather of swine, without hair on, other than leather of subgroup 611.8

2 1 1 1 2

61172 Leather of reptiles, other than leather of subgroup 611.8

2 1 1 1 2

61179 Leather of other animals, other than leather of subgroup 611.8 2 1 1 1 2

6118 Leather,special finish 61181 Chamois (including combination chamois) leather 2 1 1 1 2

61183 Patent leather and patent-laminated leather; metallized leather

2 1 1 1 2

612 MANUFACT.LEATHER ETC.NES

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

6121

Articles of leather or of composition leather, of a kind used in machinery or mechanical appliances or for other technical uses

1 1 2 2 4

6122 Saddlery and harness for any animal (including traces, leads, knee-pads,

8 2 4 4 256

6129 Other articles of leather or of composition leather 2 4 2 2 32 613 FURSKINS,TANNED,DRESSED 6131 Whole furs,not assembled

61311 Whole furskins of mink, with or without head, tail or paws, tanned or dre

2 1 1 1 2

61312 Whole furskins of rabbit or hare, with or without head, tail or paws, tan

2 1 1 1 2

61313 Whole furskins of lamb, the following: Astrakhan, Broadtail, Caracul, Per

2 1 1 1 2

61319 Other furskins, whole, with or without head, tail or paws, tanned or dres

2 1 1 1 2

6132 Heads, tails, paws and other pieces or cuttings, tanned or dressed, not a

2 1 1 1 2

6133 Whole furskins and pieces or cuttings thereof, tanned or dressed, assembl

2 1 1 1 2

62 RUBBER MANUFACTURES, NES 621 MATERIALS OF RUBBER 6211 Compounded rubber,unvulc

62111 Rubber, unvulcanized, compounded with carbon black or silica

2 1 1 1 2

62112 Solutions, rubber, compounded, unvulcanized; dispersions, rubber, compoun

1 1 1 1 1

62119 Other materials of unvulcanized, compounded rubber

2 1 1 1 2

6212 Oth.forms unvulcd.rubber 62121 "Camel-back" strips for retreading rubber tyres 1 1 1 2 2 62129 Other forms and articles of unvulcanized rubber 1 1 1 2 2 6213 Vulcanized rubber 62131 Vulcanized rubber thread and cord 1 1 1 1 1

62132 Plates, sheets, strip, rods and profile shapes, of unhardened vulcanized 1 1 1 1 1

62133 Plates, sheets, strip, rods and profile shapes, of unhardened vulcanized

1 1 1 1 1

6214 Vulc.rubber tubes,pipes

62141 Tubes,pipes,hoses,of unhard.vulc. rubber, not reinforced

4 1 1 1 4

62142 Tubes,pipes,hoses,of unhard.vulc. rubber, reinf./comb. only with metal

4 1 4 1 16

62143 Tubes,pipes,hoses,of unhard.vulc. rubber, reinf./comb. only with textile

4 1 4 1 16

62144 Tubes,pipes,hoses,of unhard.vulc. rubber, reinf./comb. with other materia 4 1 4 1 16

62145 Tubes,pipes,hoses,of unhard.vulc. rubber, with fittings

4 1 4 1 16

625 RUBBER TYRES,TUBES,ETC.

6251 Tyres, pneumatic, new, of a kind used on motor cars (including station wa

4 1 4 1 16

6252 Tyres, pneumatic, new, of a kind used on buses or lorries

4 1 4 1 16

6253 Tyres, pneumatic, new, of a kind used on aircraft 4 1 4 4 64 6254 Tyres,pneum.new,cycles

62541 Tyres, pneumatic, new, of a kind used on motorcycles

4 1 4 1 16

62542 Tyres, pneumatic, new of a kind used on bicycles 4 1 2 1 8 6255 Other pneumatic tyres

62551 Tyres, pneumatic, new, other, having a "herring-bone" or similar tread

4 1 2 1 8

62559 Tyres, pneumatic, new, other 4 1 2 1 8 6259 Other tyres,tubes etc. 62591 Inner tubes 1 1 4 1 4 62592 Retreaded tyres 2 1 2 2 8

62594 Solid or cushion tyres, interchangeable tyre treads and tyre flaps

2 1 1 2 4

629 ARTICLES OF RUBBER, NES 6291 Hygienic,pharm.rubbr.art 62911 Sheath contraceptives 2 1 1 1 2

62919 Other hygienic or pharmaceutical articles of unhardened vulcanized rubber

2 1 1 1 2

6292 Vulc.rubber belting

62921 Conveyor or transmission belts, of vulcanized rubber, V-belts

1 1 1 4 4

62929 Conveyor or transmission belts, of vulcanized rubber, other

1 1 1 4 4

6299 Hard rubber etc.,nes

62991 Hard rubber (e.g., ebonite), in all forms (including waste and scrap); ar

2 1 1 1 2

62992 Articles of unhardened cellular vulcanized rubber, n.e.s.

2 1 1 1 2

62999 Articles of unhardened non-cellular vulcanized rubber, n.e.s.

2 1 1 1 2

63 CORK, WOOD MANUFACTURES 633 CORK MANUFACTURES 6331 Articles of natural cork 63311 Corks and stoppers 1 1 1 1 1 63319 Articles of natural cork, other than corks or stoppers 1 1 1 1 1 6332 Agglmrtd.cork,cork artcl

63321 Blocks, plates, sheets, strip; tiles and solid cylinders of agglomerated 1 1 1 1 1

63329 Articles of agglomerated cork, not of 633.21 1 1 1 1 1 6349 Wood, simply shaped, nes

63491 Hoopwood; split poles; piles, pickets and stakes of wood, pointed but not

2 1 1 1 2

63493 Wood wool; wood flour 1 1 1 1 1 635 WOOD MANUFACTURES, NES 6351 Packings,pallets etc.

63511 Packing cases, boxes, crates, drums and similar packings, of wood; cable-

1 1 1 1 1

63512 Pallets, box pallets and other load boards, of wood 1 1 1 1 1

6352 Casks, barrels, vats, tubs and other coopers' products and parts thereof,

4 1 4 4 64

6353 Buildrs.joinery,wood etc 63531 Windows, French windows and their frames 4 2 4 2 64


40

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

63532 Doors and their frames and thresholds 4 2 4 2 64 63533 Shingles and shakes 2 2 4 2 32 63539 Other builders' joinery and carpentry of wood 4 2 4 2 64 6354 Wood,domest.use ex.furnt

63541 Wooden frames for paintings, photographs, mirrors or similar objects

4 2 2 2 32

63542 Tableware and kitchenware, of wood 2 2 1 1 4

63549 Wood marquetry and inlaid wood; caskets and cases for jewellery or cutler

4 2 4 2 64

6359 Manufact.articl.wood,nes

63591 Tools, tool bodies, tool handles, broom or brush bodies and handles, of w 8 1 2 2 32

63599 Other articles of wood 2 1 2 1 4 64 PAPER,PAPERBOARD,ETC. 641 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD 6411 Newsprint, in rolls or sheets 2 8 1 1 16 6412 Paper,paperbrd.uncoated 64121 Handmade paper and paperboard 2 1 1 1 2

64122 Paper and paperboard of a kind used as a base for photosensitive, heat-se

2 1 1 1 2

64123 Carbonizing base paper 2 1 1 1 2 64124 Wallpaper base 2 1 1 1 2

64125 Other paper and paperboard, weighing less than 40 g/m2, not containing fi

2 1 1 1 2

64126 Other paper and paperboard, weighing 40 g/m2 or more but not more than 15

2 1 1 1 2

64127 Other paper and paperboard, weighing more than 150 g/m2, not containing f

2 1 1 1 2

64129 Other paper and paperboard, of which more than 10 % by weight of the tota

2 1 1 1 2

6413 Paper,paperbd,coated,etc

64131 Carbon paper, self-copy paper and other copying or transfer papers (inclu

2 1 1 1 2

64132 Paper for writing or printing, coated, weight < 150 g/m2 2 1 1 1 2

64133 Paper for writing or printing, coated, weight > 150 g/m2

2 1 1 1 2

64134 Paper for writing or printing, coated, obtained by a mechanical process

2 1 1 1 2

6414 Kraft paper,brd,uncoated 64141 Kraft paper, uncoated, in rolls or sheets 2 1 1 1 2 64142 Sack kraft paper, uncoated, in rolls or sheets 2 1 1 1 2

64146 Kraft paper,uncoated, in rolls or sheets, n.e.s., weight < 150 g/m2

2 1 1 1 2

64147 Kraft paper,uncoated, in rolls or sheets, n.e.s., 150 g/m2 < weight < 225 2 1 1 1 2

64148 Kraft paper,uncoated, in rolls or sheets, n.e.s., weight > 225 g/m2

2 1 1 1 2

6415 Paper,paperbd,unctd,bulk

64151 Semi-chemical fluting paper, uncoated (corrugating medium), in rolls or s

2 1 1 1 2

64152 Sulphite drapping paper, uncoated, in rolls or sheets 2 1 1 1 2

64153 Vegetable parchment, greaseproof papers, tracing papers and glassine and

2 1 1 1 2

64154 Multi-ply paper and paperboard, uncoated, in rolls or sheets

2 1 1 1 2

64155 Cigarette paper, n.e.s. 2 1 1 1 2

64156 Filter-paper and paperboard, uncoated; felt paper and paperboard, uncoate

2 1 1 1 2

64157 Other paper and paperboard, uncoated, weighing 150 g/m2 or less

2 1 1 1 2

64158 Other paper and paperboard, uncoated, weighing more than 150 g/m2 but les

2 1 1 1 2

64159 Other paper and paperboard, uncoated, weighing 225 g/m2 or more

2 1 1 1 2

6416 Paper,paperbrd,corrg,etc

64161 Sack kraft paper, cr ped or crinkled, whether or not embossed or perforat

2 1 1 1 2

64162 Other kraft paper, in rolls or sheets, cr ped or crinkled, whether or not

2 1 1 1 2

64163 Toilet or facial tissue stock, towel or napkin stock and similar paper of

2 1 1 1 2

64164 Paper and paperboard, corrugated (with or without glued flat surface shee

2 1 1 1 2

64169 Paper, cr ped, crinkled, embossed or perforated, in rolls or sheets, n.e.

2 1 1 1 2

6417 Paper,paperbd,coated nes

64171 Paper and paperboard coated, impregnated or covered with plastics (exclud

2 1 1 1 2

64172 Other paper and paperboard coated, impregnated or covered with plastics ( 2 1 1 1 2

64173 Paper,tarred, bituminized or asphalted, in rolls or sheets

2 1 1 1 2

64174 Kraft paper,coated with kaolin (China clay), weight < 150 g/m2

2 1 1 1 2

64175 Kraft paper,coated with kaolin (China clay), weight > 150 g/m2

2 1 1 1 2

64176 Other kraft paper and paperboard, coated with kaolin (China clay) or othe

2 1 1 1 2

64177 Other paper and paperboard coated with kaolin (China clay) or other inorg

2 1 1 1 2

64178 Gummed or adhesive paper and paperboard 2 1 1 1 2 6419 Convrtd.paper,pprbrd,nes

64191 Paper and paperboard, laminated internally with bitumen, tar or asphalt,

2 1 1 1 2

64192 Other composite paper and paperboard (made by sticking flat layers of pap

2 1 1 1 2

64193 Filter blocks, slabs and plates, of paper pulp 2 1 1 1 2

64194 Wallpaper and similar wall coverings; window transparencies of paper

2 1 1 1 2

642 PAPER,PAPERBOARD,CUT ETC 6421 Containers,etc.of paper

64211 Cartons, boxes and cases, of corrugated paper or paperboard

2 1 2 1 4

64212 Folding cartons, boxes and cases, of non-corrugated paper or paperboard

2 1 2 1 4

64213 Sacks and bags, of paper or paperboard, having a base of a width of 40 cm

2 1 2 1 4

64214 Other sacks and bags, including cones, of paper or paperboard

2 1 2 1 4

64215 Other packing containers, including record sleeves, of paper or paperboar

2 1 2 1 4

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

64216 Box files, letter trays, storage boxes and similar articles, of a kind us

2 1 2 1 4

6422 Stationery,etc. 64221 Envelopes 2 1 2 1 4

64222 Letter-cards, plain postcards and correspondence cards

2 2 2 1 8

64223 Boxes, pouches, wallets and writing compendiums, of paper or paperboard,

2 1 2 1 4

6423 Registers,acct.books,etc

64231 Registers, account books, notebooks, order books, receipt books, letter p

2 1 2 1 4

64232 Exercise books 2 1 2 1 4

64233 Binders (other than book covers), folders and file covers

2 1 2 1 4

64234 Manifold business forms and interleaved carbon sets

2 1 2 1 4

64235 Albums for samples or for collections 2 2 2 1 8

64239 Book covers; blotting pads and other articles of stationery, n.e.s.

2 2 2 1 8

6424 Paper,paperboard,cut,nes

64241 Cigarette paper, cut to size, whether or not in the form of booklets or t

2 1 1 1 2

64242 Carbon paper, self-copy paper and other copying or transfer papers, cut t

2 1 1 1 2

64243 Toilet paper, cut to size, in rolls or in sheets 2 1 1 1 2 64244 Gummed or adhesive paper, in strips or rolls 2 1 1 1 2 64245 Filter paper and paperboard, cut to size or shape 2 1 1 1 2

64248 Paper and paperboard, of a kind used for writing, printing or other graph

2 1 1 1 2

6429 Artcls,pulp,papr,brd nes

64291 Bobbins, spools, cops and similar supports of paper pulp, paper or paperb

2 1 1 1 2

64292 Cards, not punched, for punch card machines, whether or not in strips

2 1 1 1 2

64293 Trays, dishes, plates, cups and the like, of paper or paperboard

2 1 1 1 2

64294 Handkerchiefs, cleansing tissues, towels, serviettes, tablecloths, bed sh

2 1 1 1 2

64295 Sanitary towels and tampons, napkins (diapers) and napkin liners for babi

2 1 1 1 2

64299 Other articles of paper pulp, paper, paperboard, cellulose wadding or web

2 1 1 1 2

65 TEXTILE YARN,FABRIC,ETC. 651 TEXTILE YARN 6511 Yarn,of wool,animal hair

65112 Yarn of carded wool, containing 85% or more by weight of wool, not put up

2 1 2 1 4

65113 Yarn of combed wool, containing 85% or more by weight of wool, not put up

2 1 2 1 4

65114 Yarn of fine animal hair (carded or combed), not put up for retail sale

2 1 2 1 4

65115 Yarn of coarse animal hair or of horsehair (including gimped horsehair ya

2 1 2 1 4

65116 Yarn containing 85% or more by weight of wool or of fine animal hair, put

2 1 2 1 4

65117 Yarn of carded wool containing less than 85% by weight of wool, not put u

2 1 2 1 4

65118 Yarn of combed wool containing less than 85% by weight of wool, not put u

2 1 2 1 4

65119 Yarn of wool or of fine animal hair, containing less than 85% by weight o

2 1 2 1 4

6512 Cotton sewing thread 65121 Cotton sewing thread, not put up for retail sale 2 1 2 1 4 65122 Cotton sewing thread, put up for retail sale 2 1 2 1 4 6513 Cotton yarn,excl. thread

65131 Cotton yarn (other than sewing thread), containing 85% or more by weight

2 1 2 1 4

65132 Other cotton yarn (other than sewing thread), put up for retail sale 2 1 2 1 4

65133 Cotton yarn (other than sewing thread), containing 85% or more by weight

2 1 2 1 4

65134 Cotton yarn (other than sewing thread), containing less than 85% by weigh

2 1 2 1 4

6514 Thread of man-made fibre

65141 Sewing thread of synthetic filaments, whether or not put up for retail sa

2 1 2 1 4

65142 Sewing thread of artificial filaments, whether or not put up for retail s

2 1 2 1 4

65143 Sewing thread of synthetic staple fibres, whether or not put up for retai

2 1 2 1 4

65144 Sewing thread of artificial staple fibres, whether or not put up for reta

2 1 2 1 4

6515 Synth.filament yarn,bulk

65151 Filament yarn (other than sewing thread), of nylon or other polyamides, n

2 1 2 1 4

65152 Filament yarn (other than sewing thread) of polyesters, not put up for re

2 1 2 1 4

65159 Other synthetic filament yarn (other than sewing thread), not put up for

2 1 2 1 4

6516 Oth.synth.filament yarn

65161 Yarn of synthetic filaments (other than sewing thread), put up for retail 2 1 2 1 4

65162 High tenacity yarn of nylon or other polyamides or of polyesters (other t

2 1 2 1 4

65163 Other synthetic yarn, single, untwisted or with a twist not exceeding 50

2 1 2 1 4

65164 Other synthetic yarn, single, with a twist exceeding 50 turns per metre,

2 1 2 1 4

65169 Other synthetic yarn, multiple (folded) or cabled, not put up for retail

2 1 2 1 4

6517 Artif.filament yarn, nes

65171 Yarn of artificial filaments (other than sewing thread), put up for retai

2 1 2 1 4

65172 Textured artificial filament yarn, not put up for retail sale

2 1 2 1 4

65173 High tenacity yarn of viscose rayon, not put up for retail sale

2 1 2 1 4

65174 Other yarn, single, of viscose rayon, untwisted or with a twist not excee

2 1 2 1 4

65175 Other artificial filament yarn, single 2 1 2 1 4

65176 Other artificial filament yarn (other than sewing thread), multiple (fold

2 1 2 1 4


41

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

65177 Artificial monofilament of 67 decitex or more and of which no cross-secti

2 1 2 1 4

6518 Yarn,staple fibres, etc.

65181 Yarn containing > 85% synthetic fibres, for retail sale

2 1 2 1 4

65182 Yarn containing > 85% synthetic fibres, not for retail sale

2 1 2 1 4

65183 Yarn containing < 85% synthetic fibres, for retail sale

2 1 2 1 4

65184 Yarn containing < 85% synthetic fibres, not for retail sale

2 1 2 1 4

65185 Yarn (other than sewing thread) of artificial staple fibres, put up for r

2 1 2 1 4

65186 Yarn (other than sewing thread) containing 85% or more by weight of artif

2 1 2 1 4

65187 Yarn (other than sewing thread) of artificial staple fibres containing le

2 1 2 1 4

65188 Synthetic monofilament of 67 decitex or more and of which no cross-sectio

2 1 2 1 4

6519 Yarn,textile fibres, nes

65191 Metallized yarn, being textile yarn, or strip or the like of heading 651.

2 1 2 1 4

65192 Silk yarn (other than yarn spun from silk waste), not put up for retail s

2 1 2 1 4

65193 Yarn spun from silk waste, not put up for retail sale 2 1 2 1 4

65194 Silk yarn and yarn spun from silk waste, put up for retail sale; silkworm

2 1 2 1 4

65195 Slivers, rovings, yarn and chopped strands, of glass fibres

2 1 2 1 4

65196 Flax yarn 2 1 2 1 4

65197 Yarn of jute or of other textile bast fibres of group 264

2 1 2 1 4

65199 Yarn of other vegetable textile fibres; paper yarn 2 1 2 1 4 652 COTTON FABRICS, WOVEN 6521 Cotton gauze,etc.woven

65211 Cotton gauze (other than narrow fabrics of subgroup 656.1)

2 2 2 1 8

65212 Terry towelling and similar woven terry fabrics, of cotton (other than fa

2 2 4 1 16

65213 Other terry towelling and similar woven terry fabrics, of cotton (other t

2 2 4 1 16

65214 Pile fabrics, woven, of cotton (other than terry towelling or similar wov

2 2 4 1 16

65215 Other pile and chenille fabrics, woven, of cotton (other than terry towel

2 2 4 1 16

6522 Cotton fabric,wvn,unblch

65221 Woven fabrics containing > 85% cotton, unbleached, weight < 200 g/m2

2 2 4 1 16

65222 Woven fabrics containing > 85% cotton, unbleached, weight > 200 g/m2

2 2 4 1 16

65223 Woven cotton fabrics containing < 85% cotton unbleached weight < 200 g/m2

2 2 4 1 16

65224 Woven cotton fabrics containing < 85% cotton unbleached weight > 200 g/m2

2 2 4 1 16

65225 Other woven fabrics of cotton, unbleached, weight < 200 g/m2

2 2 4 1 16

65226 Other woven fabrics of cotton, unbleached, weight > 200 g/m2 2 2 4 1 16

6523 Oth85%+cottn.fabric<200g

65231 Other woven fabrics,>85% cotton, weight < 200 g/m2, bleached

2 2 4 1 16

65232 Other woven fabrics,>85% cotton, weight < 200 g/m2, dyed

2 2 4 1 16

65233 Other woven fabrics,>85% cotton, weight < 200 g/m2, of yarns of

2 2 4 1 16

65234 Other woven fabrics,>85% cotton, weight < 200 g/m2, printed

2 2 4 1 16

6524 Oth85%+cottn.fabric200g+

65241 Other woven fabrics,>85% cotton, weighing more than 200 g/m2, bleached

2 2 4 1 16

65242 Other woven fabrics,>85% cotton, weighing more than 200 g/m2, dyed

2 2 4 1 16

65243 Other woven fabrics,>85% cotton, weighing more than 200 g/m2, denim

2 2 4 1 16

65244 Other woven fabrics,>85% cotton, weighing more than 200 g/m2, of yarns of

2 2 4 1 16

65245 Other woven fabrics,>85% cotton, weighing more than 200 g/m2, printed

2 2 4 1 16

6525 Oth<85%cottn.fabric<200g

65251 Other woven cotton fabrics,<85% of cotton,bleached 2 2 4 1 16

65252 Other woven cotton fabrics,<85% of cotton,dyed 2 2 4 1 16

65253 Other woven cotton fabrics,<85% of cotton,of different colours

2 2 4 1 16

65254 Other woven cotton fabrics,<85% of cotton,printed 2 2 4 1 16 6526 Oth<85%cottn.fabric200g+

65261 Other woven cotton fabrics,<85% of cotton,bleached

2 2 4 1 16

65262 Other woven cotton fabrics,<85% of cotton,dyed 2 2 4 1 16 65263 Other woven cotton fabrics,<85% of cotton,denim 2 2 4 1 16

65264 Other woven cotton fabrics,<85% of cotton,of different colours 2 2 4 1 16

65265 Other woven cotton fabrics,<85% of cotton,printed 2 2 4 1 16 6529 Oth.woven fabrics,cotton

65291 Other woven fabrics of cotton, bleached, < 200 g/m2

2 2 4 1 16

65292 Other woven fabrics of cotton, dyed, < 200 g/m2 2 2 4 1 16

65293 Other woven fabrics of cotton, of yarns of different colours, < 200 g/m2

2 2 4 1 16

65294 Other woven fabrics of cotton, printed, < 200 g/m2 2 2 4 1 16

65295 Other woven fabrics of cotton, bleached, weighing more than 200 g/m2

2 2 4 1 16

65296 Other woven fabrics of cotton, dyed, weighing more than 200 g/m2

2 2 4 1 16

65297 Other woven fabrics of cotton, of yarns of different colours, weighing mo

2 2 4 1 16

65298 Other woven fabrics of cotton, printed, weighing more than 200 g/m2

2 2 4 1 16

653 FABRICS,MAN-MADE FIBRES 6531 Fabric,synth.filmnt.yarn

65311 Woven fabrics obtained from high tenacity yarn of nylon or other polyamid

2 2 4 1 16

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

65312 Woven fabrics obtained from strip or the like 2 2 4 1 16

65313 Fabrics consisting of layers of parallel synthetic filament yarns superim

2 2 4 1 16

65314 Other woven fabrics, containing 85% or more by weight of filaments of nyl

2 2 4 1 16

65315 Other woven fabrics, containing 85% or more by weight of textured polyest

2 2 4 1 16

65316 Other woven fabrics, containing 85% or more by weight of non-textured pol

2 2 4 1 16

65317 Other woven fabrics, containing 85% or more by weight of synthetic filame

2 2 4 1 16

65318 Other woven fabrics,<85% of synthetic filaments, mixed mainly or solely w

2 2 4 1 16

65319 Woven fabrics of synthetic filaments, n.e.s. 2 2 4 1 16 6532 Fabric,85%+syn.stpl.fibr

65321 Fabrics, woven, of polyester staple fibres, containing 85% or more by wei

2 2 4 1 16

65325 Fabrics, woven, of acrylic or modacrylic staple fibres, containing 85% or

2 2 4 1 16

65329 Fabrics, woven, of other synthetic staple fibres, containing 85% or more

2 2 4 1 16

6533 Fabrc<85%syn.stp.fbr+ctn

65331 Fabrics, woven, of a weight not exceeding 170 g/m2, of polyester staple f

2 2 4 1 16

65332 Fabrics, woven, of a weight not exceeding 170 g/m2, of other synthetic st

2 2 4 1 16

65333 Fabrics, woven, of a weight exceeding 170 g/m2, of polyester staple fibre

2 2 4 1 16

65334 Fabrics, woven, of a weight exceeding 170 g/m2, of other synthetic staple

2 2 4 1 16

6534 Fabr<85%syn.stp.fbr+othr

65341 Fabrics, woven, <85% of synthetic fibres, mixed with wool or animal hair

2 2 4 1 16

65342 Fabrics, woven, <85% of synthetic fibres, mixed with man-made filaments 2 2 4 1 16

65343 Fabrics, woven, <85% of synthetic fibres, mixed with other fibres

2 2 4 1 16

6535 Fabric,artif.filmnt yarn

65351 Woven fabrics obtained from high tenacity yarn of viscose rayon

2 2 4 1 16

65352 Other fabrics, woven, containing 85% or more by weight of artificial fila

2 2 4 1 16

65359 Fabrics, woven, of artificial filament yarn, n.e.s. 2 2 4 1 16

6536 Fabrics, woven, containing 85% or more by weight of artificial staple fib

2 2 4 1 16

6538 Fabric,<85%art.stpl.fibr

65381 Fabrics, woven, <85% of artificial fibres,mixed with cotton

2 2 4 1 16

65382 Fabrics, woven, <85% of artificial fibres,mixed with wool and animal hair

2 2 4 1 16

65383 Fabrics, woven, <85% of artificial fibres,mixed with man-made filaments

2 2 4 1 16

65389 Fabrics, woven, <85% of artificial fibres,mixed with other materials

2 2 4 1 16

6539 Pile,chnlle.fabrc,m-made 65391 Pile fabrics, woven, uncut, of man-made fibres 2 2 4 1 16 65393 Other pile fabrics and chenille fabrics 2 2 4 1 16 654 OTH.TEXTILE FABRIC,WOVEN 6541 Fabric,of silk,silk wste 65411 Fabrics of noil silk 2 2 4 1 16

65413 Other silk fabrics containing 85% or more by weight of silk or of silk wa

2 2 4 1 16

65419 Other silk fabrics 2 2 4 1 16 6542 Fabric85%+wool,fine hair

65421 Fabrics, of carded wool or of carded fine animal hair, containing 85% or

2 2 4 1 16

65422 Fabrics, of combed wool or fine animal hair, containing 85% or more by we

2 2 4 1 16

6543 Fabric,wool,fne.hair,nes

65431 Fabrics, woven,of carded wool/animal hair,< 85% wool m/w man-made filamen

2 2 4 1 16

65432 Fabrics, woven,of combed wool/animal hair,< 85% wool m/w man-made filamen

2 2 4 1 16

65433 Fabrics, woven,of carded wool/animal hair,< 85% wool m/w other materials

2 2 4 1 16

65434 Fabrics, woven,of combed wool/animal hair,< 85% wool m/w other materials

2 2 4 1 16

65435 Pile fabrics and chenille fabrics, woven, of wool or of fine animal hair

2 2 4 1 16

6544 Fabrics, woven, of flax

65441 Fabrics, woven, of flax, containing 85% or more by weight of flax

2 2 4 1 16

65442 Fabrics, woven, of flax, containing less than 85% by weight of flax

2 2 4 1 16

6545 Fabrics, woven, of jute or of other textile bast fibres of group 264

2 2 4 1 16

6546 Fabrics, woven, of glass fibres (including narrow fabrics)

2 2 4 1 16

6549 Fabrics, woven, nes

65491 Fabrics, woven, of metal thread or of metallized yarn of heading 651.91,

2 2 4 1 16

65492 Fabrics, woven, of coarse animal hair or of horsehair

2 2 4 1 16

65493 Fabrics, woven, of vegetable textile fibres, n.e.s.; woven fabrics of pap

2 2 4 1 16

65494 Gauze (other than narrow fabrics), of textile materials (other than cotto

2 2 4 1 16

65495 Pile and chenille fabrics, n.e.s., of textile materials (other than wool,

2 2 4 1 16

65496 Terry towelling and similar woven terry fabrics of textile materials (oth

2 2 4 1 16

65497 Tufted textile fabrics 2 2 4 1 16 655 KNIT.CROCHET.FABRIC NES 6551 Pile fabric,knit,crochet 65511 "Long pile" fabrics 2 2 4 1 16 65512 Looped pile fabrics 2 2 4 1 16 65519 Other pile fabrics, knitted or crocheted 2 2 4 1 16 6552 Oth.knit.crochet.fabrics

65521 Other knitted or crocheted fabrics, not impregnated, width < 30 cm

2 2 4 1 16

65522 Other knitted or crocheted fabrics, not impregnated, width > 30 cm

2 2 4 1 16


42

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

65523 Other fabrics, warp knit (including those made on galloon-knitting-machin

2 2 4 1 16

65529 Knitted or crocheted fabrics, n.e.s. 2 2 4 1 16 656 TULLE,LACE,EMBROIDRY.ETC 6561 Narrow fabric,woven,othr

65611 Narrow woven pile fabrics (including terry towelling and similar woven te

2 2 4 1 16

65612 Other narrow woven fabrics, containing by weight 5% or more of elastomeri

2 2 4 1 16

65613 Other narrow woven fabrics 2 2 4 1 16

65614 Fabrics consisting of warp without weft assembled by means of an adhesive 2 2 4 1 16

6562 Labels,badge etc.not emb

65621 Labels, badges of textile, cut to shape, woven, not embroidered

2 2 4 1 16

65629 Labels, badges of textile, cut to shape, not woven, not embroidered

2 2 4 1 16

6563 Gimped yarn, etc.

65631 Gimped yarn, and strip and the like of heading 651.77 or 651.88, gimped (

2 2 4 1 16

65632 Braids in the piece; ornamental trimmings in the piece, without embroider

2 2 4 1 16

6564 Tulles,net fabric, lace 65641 Tulles and other net fabrics 2 2 4 1 16 65642 Lace, mechanically made 2 2 4 1 16 65643 Lace, handmade 2 2 4 4 64 6565 Embroidery 65651 Embroidery without visible ground 2 2 4 2 32 65659 Other embroidery 2 2 4 2 32 657 SPECIAL YARN,TXTL.FABRIC 6571 Felt 65711 Needleloom felt and stitch-bonded fibre fabrics 2 1 4 1 8

65712 Other felt, not impregnated, coated, covered or laminated

2 1 4 1 8

65719 Felt, impregnated, coated, covered or laminated, n.e.s.

2 1 4 1 8

6572 Non-wovens, whether or not impregnated, coated, covered or laminated, n.e

2 1 4 1 8

6573 Coated,imprgtd txtls.nes

65731 Textile fabrics coated with gum or amylaceous substances, of a kind used

2 1 4 1 8

65732 Textile fabrics impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with plastics,

2 1 4 1 8

65733 Rubberized textile fabrics, not of 657.93 2 1 4 1 8

65734 Textile fabrics otherwise impregnated, coated or covered; painted canvas 2 1 4 1 8

65735 Textile wall coverings 2 1 4 1 8

6574 Quilted textile products in the piece, composed of one or more layers of

2 1 4 1 8

6575 Twine,cordage,etc.prdcts

65751 Twine, cordage, ropes and cables, whether or not plaited or braided and w

2 1 4 1 8

65752 Knotted netting of twine, cordage or rope; made-up fishing nets and other

2 1 4 1 8

65759 Articles of yarn, strip or the like of heading 651.77 or 651.88, twine, c

2 1 4 1 8

6576 Hat-shapes,forms,bodies

65761 Hat forms, hat bodies and hoods of felt, neither blocked to shape nor wit

2 1 4 1 8

65762 Hat shapes, plaited or made by assembling strips of any material, neither

2 1 4 1 8

6577 Wadding,etc.machine use

65771 Wadding of textile materials and articles thereof; textile fibres not exc

2 1 2 1 4

65772 Textile wicks, woven, plaited or knitted, for lamps, stoves, lighters, ca

2 1 2 1 4

65773 Textile products and articles, for technical uses 2 1 4 1 8 6578 Rubbr,txtl.yarn,cord etc 65781 Rubber thread and cord, textile-covered 2 1 2 1 4

65785 High tenacity yarn of polyesters, of nylon or other polyamides or of visc

2 1 2 1 4

65789 Other impregnated, coated, covered or sheathed thread, cord or yarn

2 1 2 1 4

6579 Special textile products

65791 Textile hose-piping and similar textile tubing, with or without lining, a

2 1 4 1 8

65792 Transmission or conveyor belts or belting, of textile material, whether o

2 1 4 1 8

65793 Tyre cord fabric of high tenacity yarn of nylon or other polyamides, poly

2 1 4 1 8

658 TEXTILE ARTICLES NES 6581 Sacks,bags,txtl.material

65811 Sacks and bags, of textile for packing of goods, of jute or of other text

4 2 4 1 32

65812 Sacks and bags, of textile for packing of goods, of cotton

4 2 4 1 32

65813 Sacks and bags, of textile for packing of goods, of man-made textile mate

4 2 4 1 32

65819 Sacks and bags, of textile for packing of goods, of other textile materia

4 2 4 1 32

6582 Tarpaulins,sails,awnings 65821 Tarpaulins, awnings and sun-blinds 4 4 4 4 256 65822 Tents 4 2 4 1 32 65823 Sails 4 4 4 2 128 65824 Pneumatic mattresses 2 2 4 2 32 65829 Camping goods, n.e.s. 2 2 4 1 16 6583 Blankets,travelling rugs

65831 Blankets and travelling rugs (other than electric), of wool or fine anima

2 2 4 1 16

65832 Blankets and travelling rugs (other than electric), of cotton

2 2 4 1 16

65833 Blankets and travelling rugs (other than electric), of synthetic fibres

2 2 4 1 16

65839 Blankets and travelling rugs (other than electric), of other textile mate

2 2 4 1 16

6584 Household linens 65841 Bedlinen, knitted or crocheted 2 2 4 1 16 65842 Bedlinen, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton 2 2 4 1 16

65843 Bedlinen, not knitted or crocheted, of other textile materials

2 2 4 1 16

65844 Table linen, knitted or crocheted 2 2 4 1 16 65845 Table linen, not knitted or crocheted, of cotton 2 2 4 1 16

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

65846 Table linen, not knitted or crocheted, of other textile materials

2 2 4 1 16

65847 Toilet and kitchen linen of cotton 2 2 4 1 16 65848 Toilet and kitchen linen of other fibres 2 2 4 1 16 6585 Curtains,oth.furnishings

65851 Curtains (including drapes) and interior blinds; curtain or bed valances

2 2 4 2 32

65852 Bedspreads 2 2 4 2 32 65859 Furnishing articles, n.e.s. 2 2 4 2 32 6589 Made-up articls,txtl.nes

65891 Tapestries, handwoven, of the Gobelins, Flanders, Aubusson, or Beauvais t 4 2 4 8 256

65892 Floorcloths, dishcloths, dusters and similar cleaning cloths

2 1 2 1 4

65893 Life-jackets and lifebelts and other made-up articles, including dress pa

4 2 4 2 64

65899 Sets consisting of woven fabric and yarn, with or without accessories, fo

2 1 2 1 4

659 FLOOR COVERINGS, ETC. 6591 Linoleum etc.

65911 Floor coverings on a base of paper or of paperboard, whether or not cut t

4 2 4 8 256

65912 Linoleum, whether or not cut to shape; floor coverings consisting of a co

4 2 4 8 256

6592 Carpets etc.knotted

65921 Carpets and other textile floor coverings, knotted, whether or not made u

4 2 4 8 256

65929 Carpets and other textile floor coverings, knotted, whether or not made u

4 2 4 8 256

6593 "Kelem", "Schumacks", "Karamanie" and similar hand-woven rugs

4 2 4 8 256

6594 Carpets etc.tufted

65941 Carpets, tufted, whether or not made up, of wool or fine animal hair

4 2 4 8 256

65942 Carpets, tufted, whether or not made up, of nylon or other polyamides

4 2 4 8 256

65943 Carpets, tufted, whether or not made up, of other man-made textile fibres

4 2 4 8 256

65949 Carpets, tufted, whether or not made up, of other textile materials

4 2 4 8 256

6595 Carpets,etc.woven

65951 Carpets, woven, not tufted or flocked, of wool or fine animal hair, n.e.s

4 2 4 8 256

65952 Carpets, woven, not tufted or flocked, of man-made textile materials,

4 2 4 8 256

65959 Carpets, woven, not tufted or flocked, of other textile materials, n.e.s.

4 2 4 8 256

6596 Carpets,etc.nes

65961 Carpets, of felt, not tufted or flocked, whether or not made up

4 2 4 8 256

65969 Other carpets, whether or not made up 4 2 4 8 256 66 NON-METAL.MINERAL MANFCT 661 LIME,CEMENT,CONSTR.MATRL 6611 Quicklime etc.excl.522.6 66111 Quicklime 1 1 1 1 1 66112 Slaked lime 1 1 1 1 1 66113 Hydraulic lime 1 1 1 1 1 6612 Portland cement, etc. 66121 Cement clinkers 1 1 1 1 1 66122 Portland cement 1 1 1 1 1 66123 Aluminous cement 1 1 1 1 1 66129 Other hydraulic cements 1 1 1 1 1 6613 Building stone,workd.etc

66131 Setts, kerbstones and flagstones, of natural stone (except slate)

2 2 1 2 8

66132 Slate, worked, and articles of slate or of agglomerated slate

2 2 1 2 8

66133 Tiles, cubes and similar articles of natural stone, whether or not rectan 2 2 1 2 8

66134 Marble, travertine and alabaster and articles thereof, simply cut or sawn

2 2 1 2 8

66135 Monumental or building stone (except slate) and articles thereof, n.e.s.,

2 2 1 4 16

66136 Marble, travertine and alabaster and articles thereof, moulded, turned, p

2 2 1 2 8

66139 Other monumental or building stone and articles thereof (other than goods

2 2 1 4 16

6618 Asbestos-cemnt.matrl.etc

66181 Articles of asphalt or of similar material (e.g., petroleum bitumen or co

1 1 1 1 1

66182 Panels, boards, tiles, blocks and similar articles of vegetable fibre, of

1 1 1 1 1

66183 Articles of asbestos-cement, of cellulose fibre-cement or the like

1 1 1 1 1

662 CLAY,REFRCT.CONSTR.MATRL 6623 Refractory bricks etc.

66231 Bricks, blocks, tiles and other ceramic goods, of siliceous fossil meals

2 1 1 1 2

66232 Refractory bricks, blocks, tiles and similar refractory ceramic construct

2 1 1 1 2

66233 Refractory cements, mortars, concretes and similar compositions, n.e.s. 2 1 1 1 2

6624 Non-refractory brick,etc

66241 Ceramic building bricks, flooring blocks, support or filler tiles and the

2 1 1 1 2

66242 Roofing tiles, chimney-pots, cowls, chimney liners, architectural ornamen

2 1 1 1 2

66243 Ceramic pipes, conduits, guttering and pipe fittings 2 1 1 1 2

66244 Unglazed ceramic flags and paving, hearth or wall tiles; unglazed ceramic

2 1 1 1 2

66245 Glazed ceramic flags and paving, hearth or wall tiles; glazed ceramic mos

2 1 1 1 2

663 MINERAL MANUFACTURES,NES 6631 Mill,grindstones,etc.

66311 Millstones and grindstones for milling, grinding or pulping

1 1 1 2 2

66312 Other millstones, grindstones, grinding wheels and the like

1 1 1 2 2

66313 Hand sharpening or polishing stones 1 1 1 2 2 6632 Abrasive cloths,etc.

66321 Natural or artificial abrasive powder or grain, on a base of woven textil

1 1 1 1 1


43

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

66322 Natural or artificial abrasive powder or grain, on a base of paper or pap

1 1 1 1 1

66329 Natural or artificial abrasive powder or grain, on a base of other than w

1 1 1 1 1

6633 Non-ceramic mineral manf

66331 Articles of plaster or of compositions based on plaster

2 1 2 4 16

66332 Building blocks and bricks, tiles, flagstones and similar articles

2 2 1 2 8

66333 Prefabricated structural components for building or civil engineering

4 2 4 2 64

66334 Other articles of cement, of concrete or of artificial stone, reinforced

1 1 2 8 16

66335 Mica, worked, and articles of mica (including agglomerated or reconstitut

2 1 2 2 8

66336 Non-electrical articles of graphite or other carbon 1 1 1 2 2 66337 Articles of peat 1 1 1 2 2

66338 Articles of other mineral substances containing magnesite, dolomite or ch

1 1 1 2 2

66339 Articles of stone or other mineral substances, n.e.s. 1 1 1 2 2 6635 Minerl.insulat.prod.nes

66351 Slag wool, rock wool and similar mineral wools (including intermixtures t 1 1 2 1 2

66352 Exfoliated vermiculite, expanded clays, foamed slag and similar expanded

1 1 2 1 2

66353 Mixtures and articles of heat-insulating, sound-insulating or sound-absor

1 1 2 1 2

6637 Refractory ceramic goods (e.g., retorts, crucibles, muffles, nozzles, plu

1 1 2 1 2

6638 Asbestos manf,frict.mtrl

66381 Fabricated asbestos fibres; mixtures with a basis of asbestos or with a b

1 1 1 1 1

66382 Friction material and articles thereof (e.g., sheets, rolls, strips, segm

1 1 1 1 1

6639 Artcls.ceramic matrl,nes

66391 Laboratory, chemical or industrial ceramic wares, non-refractory; ceramic

1 1 1 1 1

66399 Ceramic articles, n.e.s. 1 1 1 1 1 664 GLASS 6641 Glass,bulk,unwrkd,waste

66411 Glass in the mass; cullet and other waste and scrap of glass

1 1 1 1 1

66412 Glass in balls (other than microspheres of heading 665.93), rods or tubes

2 1 1 1 2

6643 Drawn,blown glass,sheets

66431 Glass, drawn or blown, coloured throughout the mass (body tinted), opacif

2 1 2 1 4

66439 Other drawn or blown glass 2 1 2 1 4 6644 Float,ground,plshd.glass

66441 Non-wired float glass and surface ground or polished glass

1 1 1 2 2

66442 Wired float glass and surface ground or polished glass

1 1 1 2 2

6645 Cast,rolled glass,sheets 66451 Cast glass and rolled glass, in non-wired sheets 1 1 1 1 1 66452 Cast glass and rolled glass, in wired sheets 1 1 1 1 1 66453 Cast glass and rolled glass, in profiles 1 1 1 1 1 6647 Safety glass 66471 Toughened (tempered) safety glass 2 1 1 2 4 66472 Laminated safety glass 2 1 1 2 4 6648 Glass mirrors 66481 Rear-view mirrors for vehicles 2 2 4 1 16 66489 Other glass mirrors, whether or not framed 2 2 4 1 16 6649 Glass, nes

66491 Glass of subgroup 664.3, 664.4 or 664.5, bent, edge-worked, engraved, dri

4 1 2 2 16

66492 Multiple-walled insulating units of glass 2 1 2 4 16

66493 Glass envelopes (including bulbs and tubes), open, and glass parts thereo 2 1 2 1 4

66494 Clock and watch-glasses and similar glasses, glass for non-corrective or

4 2 2 2 32

66495 Thin sheets (voiles), webs, mats, mattresses, boards and similar non-wove

2 1 2 2 8

66496 Paving blocks, slabs, bricks, squares, tiles and other articles of presse

1 1 1 1 1

665 GLASSWARE 6651 Containers, of glass

66511 Carboys, bottles, flasks, jars, pots, phials and other containers, of gla

4 2 2 1 16

66512 Glass inners for vacuum flasks or for other vacuum vessels 4 2 2 1 16

6652 Glassware,household etc. 66521 Glassware of glass-ceramics 4 2 2 1 16 66522 Drinking glasses other than of glass-ceramics 4 2 2 2 32

66523 Glassware of a kind used for table (other than drinking glasses) or kitch

4 2 2 2 32

66529 Other glassware, other than of glass-ceramics 4 2 2 1 16 6659 Glass articles, nes

66591 Laboratory, hygienic or pharmaceutical glassware, whether or not graduate

1 1 2 2 4

66592 Glass ampoules 2 1 2 1 4

66593 Glass beads, imitation pearls, imitation precious or semiprecious stones

4 2 1 1 8

66594 Glass cubes and other glass smallwares, whether or not on a backing, for

2 1 1 1 2

66595 Signalling glassware and optical elements of glass (not of 664.94), not o

2 1 2 2 8

66599 Other articles of glass 2 1 2 2 8 666 POTTERY 6661 Ceramic household artcls 66611 Tableware and kitchenware of porcelain or china 4 2 2 2 32

66612 Other household or toilet articles of porcelain or china

4 2 2 2 32

66613 Ceramic tableware, kitchenware, other household articles and toilet artic

4 2 2 2 32

6662 Ornamental ceramic artcl

66621 Statuettes and other ornamental ceramic articles, of porcelain or china

4 4 2 4 128

66629 Statuettes and other ornamental ceramic articles, other than of porcelain

4 4 2 4 128

6674 Synth.etc.prec.stones 66741 Piezoelectric quartz 4 2 1 1 8

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

66742 Synthetic precious or semiprecious stones, other than piezoelectric quart

4 2 1 1 8

66749 Synthetic precious or semiprecious stones, n.e.s. 4 2 1 1 8 67 IRON AND STEEL 671 PIG IRON,SPIEGELEISN,ETC 6712 Pig iron,etc.primry.form

67121 n/a pig-iron containing by weight 0.5% or less of phosphorus

1 1 1 1 1

67122 n/a pig-iron containing by weight more than 0.5% of phosphorus

1 1 1 1 1

67123 Alloy pig-iron and spiegeleisen 1 1 1 1 1 6713 Pellets,etc.pig iron,etc 67131 Granules of pig-iron, spiegeleisen, iron or steel 1 1 1 1 1 67132 Powders of pig-iron, spiegeleisen, iron or steel 1 1 1 1 1

67133 Ferrous products obtained by direct reduction of iron ore and other spong

1 1 1 1 1

6714 Ferro-manganese

67141 Ferromanganese containing by weight more than 2% of carbon

1 1 1 1 1

67149 Other ferromanganese 1 1 1 1 1 6715 Other ferro-alloys 67151 Ferrosilicon 1 1 1 1 1 67152 Ferrosilico-manganese 1 1 1 1 1 67153 Ferrochromium 1 1 1 1 1 67154 Ferro-silico-chromium 1 1 1 1 1 67155 Ferronickel 1 1 1 1 1 67159 Ferro-alloys, n.e.s. 1 1 1 1 1 672 INGOTS ETC.IRON OR STEEL 6724 Ingots of iron or steel

67241 Ingots of iron (other than iron of heading 671.33) or n/a steel

1 1 1 1 1

67245 Other primary forms of iron (other than iron of heading 671.33) or n/a st

1 1 1 1 1

67247 Ingots and other primary forms of stnls steel 1 1 1 1 1 67249 Ingots and other primary forms of other alloy steel 1 1 1 1 1 6726 Semi-finish.iron,steel

67261 Semi-fin. prod. of iron or n/a steel< 0.25% of carbon, spec. rectangular

1 1 1 1 1

67262 Semi-fin. prod. of iron or n/a steel< 0.25% of carbon, other rectangular

1 1 1 1 1

67269 Semi-fin. prod. of iron or n/a steel< 0.25% of carbon, of other shapes

1 1 1 1 1

6727 Semi-fin. prod. of iron or n/a steel> 0.25% or more of carbon

1 1 1 1 1

6728 Semi-fin.alloy stl.25%+c 67281 Semi-finished products of stnls steel 1 1 1 1 1

67282 Semi-finished products of alloy steel other than stnls steel

1 1 1 1 1

673 FLAT-ROLLED IRON ETC. 6731 Flat,hot-rolld.prod.iron

67311 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, w>600mm, th>4.75mm, 355mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67312 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, w>600mm, th<4.75mm, 275mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67313 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, hotrld,600mm<w<1250mm,th>4mm,355mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67314 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, hotrld, w>600mm,th<4.75mm,355mpa 1 1 1 1 1

67315 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, hotrld, w>600mm,th<4.75mm,275mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67316 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, hotrld, 150<w<600mm,th>4mm,355mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67317 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, hotrld, w<600mm,th>4.75,355mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67319 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, hotrld, w<600mm,th<4.75,275mpa

1 1 1 1 1

6732 Flat,hot-rolld,prod.iron

67321 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, not 673.11, w>600mm,th>4.75mm 1 1 1 1 1

67322 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, not 673.12, w>600mm,th<4.75mm

1 1 1 1 1

67323 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, not 671.13, 600<w<1250mm,th>4mm

1 1 1 1 1

67324 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, not coated, hotrld,w>600mm,th>4.75mm

1 1 1 1 1

67325 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, not coated, hotrld,w>600mm,th<4.75mm

1 1 1 1 1

67326 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, not coated, hotrld,150<w<600mm,th>4m

1 1 1 1 1

67327 Flat-rld prod. of iron or n/a steel, not coated, hotrld,w<600mm,th>4.75mm 1 1 1 1 1

67329 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, not coated, hotrld,w<600mm,th<4.75mm

1 1 1 1 1

6733 Flat,cold-rolld,prod.irn

67331 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,th>3mm,355mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67332 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,1<th<3mm,275mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67333 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,0.5<th<1mm,275mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67334 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,th<0.5mm,275mpa 1 1 1 1 1

67335 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,not in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,th>3mm,355mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67336 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,not in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,1<th<3mm,275mp

1 1 1 1 1

67337 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,not in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,0.5<th<1mm,275

1 1 1 1 1

67338 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,not in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,th<0.5mm,275mp

1 1 1 1 1

67339 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, not coated, coldrld, other

1 1 1 1 1

6734 Flat,cold-rolld,prod.irn

67341 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,th>3mm,oth.mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67342 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,1<th<3mm,oth.mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67343 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,0.5<th<1mm,oth.mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67344 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,th<0.5mm,oth.mpa

1 1 1 1 1


44

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

67345 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,not in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,th>3mm,oth.mpa

1 1 1 1 1

67346 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,not in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,1<th<3mm,oth.m

1 1 1 1 1

67347 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,not in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,0.5<th<1mm,oth

1 1 1 1 1

67348 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,not in coils,coldrld,w>600mm,th<0.5mm,oth.m

1 1 1 1 1

67349 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel,coldrld,other 1 1 1 1 1 6735 Flat-rolld.prod.iron nes

67351 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, not coated, n.e.s., of a width of 600 mm o 1 1 1 1 1

67352 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, not coated, n.e.s., of a width of 600 mm o

1 1 1 1 1

67353 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, not coated, n.e.s., of a width of less tha

1 1 1 1 1

674 FLAT-ROLLED PLATED IRON 6741 Flat-rolld.iron,zinc plt

67411 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, electr. coated with zinc, of a width of

1 1 1 1 1

67412 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, electr. coated with zinc, of a width of

1 1 1 1 1

67413 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, otherw. coated with zinc, of a width of 60

1 1 1 1 1

67414 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, otherw. coated with zinc, of a width of le

1 1 1 1 1

6742 Flat-rolld.iron,tin pltd

67421 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, coated with tin, of a width of 600 mm or m

1 1 1 1 1

67422 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, coated with tin, of a width of less than 6

1 1 1 1 1

6743 Flat-rolld.iron,pntd,etc

67431 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, coated with plastics, of a width of

1 1 1 1 1

67432 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, coated with plastics, of a width of

1 1 1 1 1

6744 Flat-rolld.irn600+mm,plt

67441 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, coated with lead, including terne-plate, o

1 1 1 1 1

67442 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, coated with chromium oxides or with chromi

1 1 1 1 1

67443 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, coated with aluminium, of a width of 600 m

1 1 1 1 1

67444 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, coated, of a width of 600 mm or more, othe

1 1 1 1 1

6745 Flat-rolld.irn<600mm,plt

67451 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, coated not by electr., width > 600 mm

1 1 1 1 1

67452 Flat-rld prod. iron,n/a steel, clad, width < 600 mm 1 1 1 1 1 675 FLAT-ROLLED, ALLOY STEEL 6751 Flat-rolld.silc-elec.stl

67511 Flat-rld prod. of silicon-electrical steel, width > 600 mm

1 1 1 1 1

67512 Flat-rld prod. of silicon-electrical steel, width < 600 mm

1 1 1 1 1

6752 Flat-rolled.hi-speed stl 67521 Flat-rld prod. of high speed steel, width > 600 mm 1 1 1 1 1 67522 Flat-rld prod. of high speed steel, width < 600 mm 1 1 1 1 1 6753 Flat,hot-rolled s.steel

67531 Flat-rld prod. of stnls steel, hotrld, of a width of 600 mm or more and

1 1 1 1 1


1 1 1 1 1


1 1 1 1 1


1 1 1 1 1

67535 Flat-rld prod. of stnls steel, hotrld, of a width of 600 mm or more and 1 1 1 1 1

67536 Flat-rld prod. of stnls steel, hotrld, of a width of 600 mm or more

1 1 1 1 1

67537 Flat-rld prod. of stnls steel, hotrld, of a width of less than 600 mm

1 1 1 1 1

67538 Flat-rld prod. of stnls steel, hotrld, of a width of less than 600 mm

1 1 1 1 1

6754 Flat,hot-rolld.alloy stl

67541 Flat-rld prod. of other alloy steel, hotrld, of a width of 600 mm or more

1 1 1 1 1

67542 Flat-rld prod. of other alloy steel, hotrld, of a width of 600 mm or more

1 1 1 1 1

67543 Flat-rld prod. of other alloy steel, hotrld, of a width of less than 600

1 1 1 1 1

6755 Flat,cold-rolled s.steel

67551 Flat-rld prod. of stnls steel, coldrld,w>600mm,th>4.75mm

1 1 1 1 1

67552 Flat-rld prod. of stnls steel, coldrld,w>600mm,3<th<4.75mm

1 1 1 1 1

67553 Flat-rld prod. of stnls steel, coldrld,w>600mm,1<th<3mm

1 1 1 1 1

67554 Flat-rld prod. of stnls steel, coldrld,w>600mm,0.5<th<1mm

1 1 1 1 1

67555 Flat-rld prod. of stnls steel, coldrld,w>600mm,th<0.5mm

1 1 1 1 1

67556 Flat-rld prod. of stnls steel, coldrld,w<600mm 1 1 1 1 1 6756 Flt,cold-rolld.alloy stl 67561 Flat-rld prod. of other alloy steel, coldrld,w>600mm 1 1 1 1 1 67562 Flat-rld prod. of other alloy steel, coldrld,w<600mm 1 1 1 1 1 6757 Flat-rolld,alloy stl.nes

67571 Flat-rld prod. of stnls steel, n.e.s., of a width of 600 mm or more

1 1 1 1 1

67572 Flat-rld prod. of stnls steel, of a width of less than 600 mm

1 1 1 1 1

67573 Flat-rld prod. of other alloy steel, of a width of 600 mm or more

1 1 1 1 1

67574 Flat-rld prod. of alloy steel, n.e.s., of other alloy steel, of a width o

1 1 1 1 1

676 IRON,STL.BAR,SHAPES ETC. 6761 Bar,rod iron,hot-fd,coil

67611 Bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils, iron,n/a steel, co

1 1 1 1 1

67612 Bars and rods, hot-rolled, in ir. wound coils, of n/a free-cutting steel

1 1 1 1 1

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

67613 Bars and rods, hot-rolled, in ir. wound coils, other, iron,n/a steel, con

1 1 1 1 1

67614 Bars and rods, hot-rolled, in ir. wound coils, other, iron,n/a steel, con

1 1 1 1 1

67615 Bars and rods, hot-rolled, in ir. wound coils, of stnls steel

1 1 1 1 1

67617 Bars and rods, hot-rolled, in ir. wound coils, of high speed steel

1 1 1 1 1

67619 Bars and rods, hot-rolled, in ir. wound coils, of other alloy steel

1 1 1 1 1

6762 Bar,rod iron,stl.hot-fd 67621 Bars and rods (not of 676.1) iron,n/a steel 1 1 1 1 1

67622 Bars and rods (not of 676.1) of free-cutting steel, hotrld,

1 1 1 1 1

67623 Bars and rods (not of 676.1) iron,n/a steel < 1 1 1 1 1

67624 Bars and rods (not of 676.1) iron,n/a steel, containing by weight 0.6% or

1 1 1 1 1

67625 Bars and rods (not of 676.1) of stnls steel, hotrld, 1 1 1 1 1

67629 Bars and rods (not of 676.1) of other alloy steel (excluding high speed s

1 1 1 1 1

6763 Bar,rod iron,stl.cold-fd

67631 Bars and rods (not of 676.1) of n/a free-cutting steel, 1 1 1 1 1

67632 Bars and rods (not of 676.1) iron,n/a steel, coldrld 1 1 1 1 1 67633 Bars and rods (not of 676.1) iron,n/a steel, coldrld 1 1 1 1 1 67634 Bars and rods (not of 676.1) of stnls steel, coldrld 1 1 1 1 1 67639 Bars and rods (not of 676.1) of other alloy steel 1 1 1 1 1 6764 Oth.bar,rod iron,steel 67641 Other bars and rods of high speed steel 1 1 1 1 1 67642 Other bars and rods of silico-manganese steel 1 1 1 1 1

67643 Other bars and rods of iron and steel, iron,n/a steel, forged

1 1 1 1 1

67644 Other bars and rods of other iron or other n/a steel 1 1 1 1 1 67645 Other bars and rods of stnls steel 1 1 1 1 1

67646 Other bars and rods of other alloy steel (except high speed or silico-man

1 1 1 1 1

67647 Bars and rods of alloy steel, n.e.s. 1 1 1 1 1 67648 Hollow drill bars and rods of alloy or n/a steel 1 1 1 1 1 6768 Angles,shaped,iron,steel

67681 U, I, H, L or T sections, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or extruded, of a height

4 1 1 1 4

67682 U, I, H, L or T sections, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or extruded, of a height

4 1 1 1 4

67683 Other angles, shapes and sections, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or extruded, of

4 1 1 1 4

67684 Angles, shapes and sections, cold-formed or cold-finished, of iron or n/a

4 1 1 1 4

67685 Other angles, shapes and sections, of iron or n/a steel

4 1 1 1 4

67686 Sheet piling of iron or steel, whether or not drilled, punched or made fr

1 1 1 1 1

67687 Angles, shapes and sections, of stnls steel 4 1 1 1 4 67688 Angles, shapes and sections, of other alloy steel 4 1 1 1 4 677 RAILWAY TRACK IRON,STEEL 6770 Railway constr.matrl.irn

67701 Rails (including check rails and rack-rails), of iron or steel

4 1 1 1 4

67709 Other railway or tramway track construction material of iron or steel (i.

4 1 1 1 4

678 WIRE OF IRON OR STEEL 6781 Wire,iron,n/a stl

67811 Wire of iron or n/a steel, containing by weight less than 0.25% of carbon

1 1 1 1 1

67812 Wire of iron or n/a steel, containing by weight 0.25% or more but less th

1 1 1 1 1

67813 Wire of iron or n/a steel, containing by weight 0.6% or more of carbon

1 1 1 1 1

6782 Wire,s.stl,oth.alloy stl 67821 Wire of stnls steel 1 1 1 1 1 67829 Wire of other alloy steel 1 1 1 1 1 679 TUBES,PIPES,ETC.IRON,STL 6791 Tube,etc.seamless,irn.st 67911 Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of cast iron 4 1 1 1 4

67912 Line pipe of a kind used for oil or gas pipelines, seamless, of iron (oth

4 1 1 1 4

67913 Casing, tubing and drill pipe of a kind used in drilling for oil or gas,

4 1 1 1 4

67914 Other tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of circular cross-section, seamle

4 1 1 1 4

67915 Other tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of circular cross-section, seamle 4 1 1 1 4

67916 Other tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of circular cross-section, seamle

4 1 1 1 4

67917 Other seamless tubes, pipes and hollow profiles of iron (other than cast

4 1 1 1 4

6793 Oth.tube,d406.4mm+,ir,st

67931 Line pipe of a kind used for oil or gas pipelines, welded, riveted or sim

4 1 1 1 4

67932 Casing of a kind used in drilling for oil or gas, having internal and ext

4 1 1 1 4

67933 Other tubes and pipes, having internal and external circular cross-sectio 4 1 1 1 4

67939 Other tubes and pipes, having internal and external circular cross-sectio

4 1 1 1 4

6794 Oth.tube,pipe,iron,steel

67941 Line pipe of a kind used for oil or gas pipelines, other than that of hea

4 1 1 1 4

67942 Casing and tubing, of a kind used in drilling for oil or gas, other than

4 1 1 1 4

67943 Other tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of iron or steel, welded, of circ

4 1 1 1 4

67944 Other tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of iron or steel, welded, of non-

4 1 1 1 4

67949 Other tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of iron or steel

4 1 1 1 4

6795 Tube,pipe fttngs,irn.stl 67951 Cast fittings of non-malleable cast iron 4 1 2 1 8 67952 Other cast fittings 4 1 2 1 8 67953 Flanges of stnls steel 4 1 2 1 8 67954 Threaded elbows, bends and sleeves of stnls steel 4 1 2 1 8 67955 Butt welding fittings of stnls steel 4 1 2 1 8 67956 Other tube and pipe fittings of stnls steel 4 1 2 1 8


45

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

67959 Tube and pipe fittings of iron or steel, n.e.s. 4 1 2 1 8 68 NON-FERROUS METALS 681 SILVER,PLATINUM,ETC. 6811 Silver 68112 Base metals clad with silver, semi-manufactured 1 1 1 1 1

68113 Silver (including silver plated with gold or platinum), unwrought

1 1 1 1 1

68114 Silver (including silver plated with gold or platinum), in semi-manufactu

1 1 1 1 1

6812 Platinum

68122 Base metals, silver or gold, clad with platinum or other metals of the pl 1 1 1 1 1

68123 Platinum and platinum alloys, unwrought or in powder form

1 1 1 1 1

68124 Other metals of the platinum group and alloys thereof, unwrought or in po

1 1 1 1 1

68125 Platinum and other metals of the platinum group and alloys thereof, in se

1 1 1 1 1

682 COPPER 6821 Copper;anodes;alloys

68211 Unrefined copper (including blister copper but excluding cement copper);

1 1 1 1 1

68212 Refined copper 1 1 1 1 1 68213 Master alloys of copper 1 1 1 1 1 68214 Copper alloys (other than master alloys) 1 1 1 1 1 6823 Copper bars,rods,profils 68231 Bars, rods and profiles, of refined copper 1 1 1 1 1 68232 Bars, rods and profiles, of copper alloys 1 1 1 1 1 6824 Copper wire 68241 Wire, of refined copper 1 1 1 1 1 68242 Wire, of copper alloys 1 1 1 1 1 6825 Copper plate,etc.15mm+th

68251 Plates, sheets and strip, of a thickness exceeding 0.15 mm, of refined co

1 1 1 1 1

68252 Plates, sheets and strip, of a thickness exceeding 0.15 mm, of copper all

1 1 1 1 1

6826 Copper foil,powdr,flakes

68261 Copper foil (whether or not printed or backed with paper, paperboard, pla

1 1 1 1 1

68262 Copper powders and flakes 1 1 1 1 1 6827 Copper tube,pipe,fittngs 68271 Copper tubes and pipes 1 1 1 1 1 68272 Copper tube or pipe fittings 2 1 2 1 4 683 NICKEL 6831 Nickel,nckl.alloy,unwrgt 68311 Nickel, not alloyed 1 1 1 1 1 68312 Nickel alloys 1 1 1 1 1 6832 Nickel,nickel alloy,wrkd 68321 Nickel bars, rods, profiles and wire 1 1 1 1 1

68322 Nickel tubes, pipes and tube or pipe fittings (e.g., couplings, elbows, s

2 1 2 1 4

68323 Nickel powders and flakes 1 1 1 1 1 68324 Nickel plates, sheets, strip and foil 1 1 1 1 1 684 ALUMINIUM 6841 Alum.,alum.alloy,unwrght 68411 Aluminium, not alloyed 1 1 1 1 1 68412 Aluminium alloys 1 1 1 1 1 6842 Aluminium,alum.alloy,wrk 68421 Aluminium bars, rods and profiles 1 1 1 1 1 68422 Aluminium wire 1 1 1 1 1

68423 Aluminium plates, sheets and strip, of a thickness exceeding 0.2 mm

1 1 1 1 1

68424 Aluminium foil (whether or not printed or backed with paper, paperboard,

1 1 1 1 1

68425 Aluminium powders and flakes 1 1 1 1 1 68426 Aluminium tubes and pipes 1 1 1 1 1

68427 Aluminium tube and pipe fittings (e.g., couplings, elbows, sleeves)

2 1 2 1 4

685 LEAD 6851 Lead,lead alloy,unwrght. 68511 Unrefined lead and lead alloys 1 1 1 1 1 68512 Refined lead 1 1 1 1 1 6852 Lead,lead alloys, worked 68521 Lead bars, rods, profiles and wire 1 1 1 1 1

68522 Lead plates, sheets, strip and foil; lead powders and flakes

1 1 1 1 1

68524 Lead tubes, pipes and tube or pipe fittings (e.g., couplings, elbows, sle

2 1 2 1 4

686 ZINC 6861 Zinc,zinc alloy,unwrght. 68611 Zinc, not alloyed 1 1 1 1 1 68612 Zinc alloys 1 1 1 1 1 6863 Zinc,zinc alloys, worked 68631 Zinc bars, rods, profiles and wire 1 1 1 1 1 68632 Zinc plates, sheets, strip and foil 1 1 1 1 1 68633 Zinc dust (blue powder), powders and flakes 1 1 1 1 1

68634 Zinc tubes, pipes and tube or pipe fittings (e.g., couplings, elbows, sle

2 1 2 1 4

687 TIN 6871 Tin,tin alloys,unwrought 68711 Tin, not alloyed 1 1 1 1 1 68712 Tin alloys 1 1 1 1 1 6872 Tin, tin alloys, worked 68721 Tin bars, rods, profiles and wire 1 1 1 1 1

68722 Tin plates, sheets and strip, of a thickness exceeding 0.2 mm

1 1 1 1 1

68723 Tin foil (whether or not printed or backed with paper, paperboard, plasti

1 1 1 1 1

68724 Tin tubes, pipes and tube or pipe fittings (e.g., couplings, elbows, slee

2 1 2 1 4

689 MISC.NON-FERR.BASE METAL 6891 Tungsten,etc. unwrought

68911 Tungsten (wolfram), unwrought; tungsten waste and scrap

1 1 1 1 1

68912 Molybdenum, unwrought; molybdenum waste and scrap

1 1 1 1 1

68913 Tantalum, unwrought (including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering

1 1 1 1 1

68914 Magnesium waste and scrap 1 1 1 1 1 68915 Magnesium, unwrought 1 1 1 1 1 6898 Cobalt,cadmium,etc.unwrt

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

68981 Cobalt mattes and other intermediate products of cobalt metallurgy; cobal

1 1 1 1 1

68982 Cadmium, unwrought; cadmium waste and scrap; powders

1 1 1 1 1

68983 Titanium, unwrought; titanium waste and scrap; powders

1 1 1 1 1

68984 Zirconium, unwrought; zirconium waste and scrap; powders

1 1 1 1 1

6899 Base metal nes,wst,scrap

68991 Beryllium, unwrought; beryllium waste and scrap; powders

1 1 1 1 1

68992 Bismuth and articles thereof (including waste and scrap)

1 1 1 1 1

68993 Antimony and articles thereof (including waste and scrap)

1 1 1 1 1

68994 Manganese and articles thereof (including waste and scrap)

1 1 1 1 1

68995 Chromium and articles thereof (including waste and scrap)

1 1 1 1 1

68996 Germanium and articles thereof (including waste and scrap)

1 1 1 1 1

68997 Vanadium and articles thereof (including waste and scrap) 1 1 1 1 1

68998 Other base metals, unwrought; waste and scrap; powders

1 1 1 1 1

68999 Cermets and articles thereof (including waste and scrap)

1 1 1 1 1

69 METALS MANUFACTURES,NES 691 METALLIC STRUCTURES NES 6911 Metal structures,parts 69111 Bridges and bridge sections, of iron or steel 4 1 8 8 256 69112 Towers and lattice masts, of iron or steel 4 1 8 8 256

69113 Doors, windows and their frames and thresholds for doors, of iron or stee

4 2 4 2 64

69114 Equipment for scaffolding, shuttering, propping or pit-propping, of iron

1 1 4 2 8

69119 Other structures and parts of structures, of iron or steel

1 1 4 2 8

6912 Aluminium structure,prts

69121 Doors, windows and their frames and thresholds for doors, of aluminium

4 2 4 2 64

69129 Aluminium structures and parts of structures, n.e.s.; aluminium plates, r

1 1 4 2 8

692 CONTAINERS,STORAGE,TRNSP 6921 Reservoir,tanks,vats,etc

69211 Reservoirs, tanks, vats and similar containers, for any material (other t

1 1 1 4 4

69212 Reservoirs, tanks, vats and similar containers, for any material (other t

1 1 1 4 4

6924 Tanks,casks,drums,etc.

69241 Tanks, casks, drums, cans, boxes and similar containers, for any material

1 1 1 1 1

69242 Aluminium casks, drums, cans, boxes and similar containers (including rig

1 1 1 1 1

69243 Containers of iron or steel for compressed or liquefied gas

1 1 1 1 1

69244 Containers of aluminium for compressed or liquefied gas 1 1 1 1 1

693 WIRE PRODUCTS EXCL.ELECT 6931 Stranded wire,cable,etc.

69311 Stranded wire, ropes, cables, plaited bands, slings and the like, of iron

1 1 2 1 2

69312 Stranded wire, ropes, cables, plaited bands, slings and the like, of copp

1 1 2 1 2

69313 Stranded wire, ropes, cables, plaited bands, slings and the like, of alum

1 1 2 1 2

6932 Barbwire of iron or steel; twisted hoop or single flat wire, barbed or no

1 1 2 1 2

6935 Metal fencing,gauze etc.

69351 Cloth (including endless bands), grill, netting and fencing, of iron or s

1 1 4 1 4

69352 Cloth (including endless bands), grill, netting and fencing, of copper wi

1 1 4 1 4

694 NAILS,SCREWS,NUTS,ETC.

6941 Nails, tacks, drawing-pins, corrugated nails, staples (not of 895.12) and

2 1 1 1 2

6942 Screws,bolts,nuts,irn.st

69421 Screws, bolts, nuts, coach screws, screw hooks, rivets and similar articl

2 1 1 1 2

69422 Rivets, cotters, cotter pins, washers (including spring washers) and simi 2 1 1 1 2

6943 Nails,tacks,etc.copper

69431 Nails, tacks, drawing-pins, staples and similar articles, of copper or of

2 1 1 1 2

69432 Washers (including spring washers) and similar articles of copper, not th

2 1 1 1 2

69433 Screws, bolts and nuts and similar articles of copper, threaded

2 1 1 1 2

6944 Nails, tacks, staples (not of 895.12), screws, bolts, nuts, screw hooks,

2 1 1 1 2

695 TOOLS

6951 Hand tools, the following: spades, shovels, mattocks, picks, hoes, forks

4 1 2 1 8

6952 Hand saw,file,rasp,etc. 69521 Handsaws 4 1 2 2 16 69522 Files, rasps and similar tools 4 1 2 1 8

69523 Pliers (including cutting pliers), pincers, tweezers, metal-cutting shear

4 1 2 1 8

6953 Spanners and wrenches, hand-operated (including torque meter wrenches but

4 1 1 1 4

6954 Hand tools,etc. nes 69541 Drilling, threading and tapping tools 4 1 4 2 32 69542 Hammers and sledgehammers 4 1 2 1 8

69543 Planes, chisels, gouges and similar cutting tools for working wood

4 1 2 2 16

69544 Screwdrivers 4 1 2 1 8 69545 Household tools, n.e.s. 4 1 2 1 8

69546 Other hand tools (including glaziers' diamonds); blowlamps

4 1 2 1 8

69547 Vices, clamps and the like 4 1 4 2 32

69548 Anvils; portable forges; hand or pedal-operated grinding wheels with fram

2 1 1 2 4


46

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

69549 Sets of articles of two or more of the headings of subgroup 695.4

2 1 4 1 8

6955 Saw blades 69551 Band-saw blades 1 1 1 2 2

69552 Circular saw blades (including slitting or slotting saw blades) with work

1 1 1 2 2

69553 Circular saw blades (including slitting or slotting saw blades) with work

1 1 1 2 2

69554 Chain-saw blades 1 1 4 2 8 69555 Straight saw blades, for working metal 1 1 1 2 2 69559 Other saw blades 1 1 1 2 2 6956 Knives,cutting blades

69561 Knives and cutting blades, for machines or for mechanical appliances

2 1 1 1 2

69562 Plates, sticks, tips and the like for tools, unmounted, of sintered metal

2 1 1 2 4

69563 Rock-drilling or earth-boring tools 2 1 1 2 4

69564 Interchangeable tools for hand tools, whether or not power-operated, or f

2 1 1 2 4

6957 Tools of two or more of the headings of subgroups 695.2 through 695.5, pu

4 1 4 2 32

696 CUTLERY 6963 Razors,razor blades 69631 Razors, non-electric 2 1 4 1 8

69635 Safety razor blades (including razor-blade blanks in strips)

1 1 1 1 1

69638 Parts, n.e.s., of non-electric razors, other than plastic

2 8 1 1 16

6964 Scissors, tailors' shears and similar shears, and blades therefor

2 1 4 1 8

6965 Oth.articles of cutlery

69651 Paper-knives, letter openers, erasing knives, pencil-sharpeners and blade

2 1 1 1 2

69655 Manicure or pedicure sets and instruments (including nail-files) 2 1 1 1 2

69659 Articles of cutlery, n.e.s. 2 1 2 1 4 6966 Knives,forks,spoons,etc.

69661 Sets of assorted articles containing at least one article plated with precious metal

2 2 1 1 4

69662 Other sets of assorted articles of kitchen and tableware

2 2 1 1 4

69663 Articles, not in sets, plated with precious metal 2 2 2 1 8 69669 Other articles of kitchen and tableware, not in sets 2 2 2 1 8

6968 Knives with cutting blades, serrated or not (including pruning knives), o

2 2 4 1 16

697 HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT,NES 6973 Dom.cook.heat.app,n-elec

69731

Domestic cooking appliances (e.g., kitchen stoves, ranges, cookers, barbecues, braziers, gas rings) and plate warmers, non-electric, of iron or steel

2 2 8 1 32

69732

Domestic stoves (other than cooking appliances), grates and similar non-electric space heaters (including those with subsidiary boilers for central heating), of iron or steel

2 2 8 1 32

69733 Parts, of iron or steel, of the appliances of headings 697.31 and 697.32

2 8 2 2 64

69734

Cooking or heating apparatus of a kind used for domestic purposes, non-electric, and parts thereof, of copper

2 2 8 1 32

6974

Table, kitchen or other household articles, and parts thereof, n.e.s., of iron, steel, copper or aluminium; iron or steel wool; pot scourers and scouring or polishing pads, gloves and the like, of iron, steel, copper or aluminium

69741 Household articles and parts thereof, n.e.s., of iron or steel

4 2 4 1 32

69742 Household articles and parts thereof, n.e.s., of copper

4 2 4 1 32

69743 Household articles and parts thereof, n.e.s., of aluminium

4 2 4 1 32

69744 Iron or steel wool; pot scourers and scouring or polishing pads, gloves a

1 1 2 1 2

6975 Sanitary ware,parts nes

69751 Sanitary ware and parts thereof, n.e.s., of iron or steel

2 1 1 1 2

69752 Sanitary ware and parts thereof, n.e.s., of copper 2 1 1 1 2 69753 Sanitary ware and parts thereof, n.e.s., of aluminium 2 1 1 1 2 6978 H.hold appliancs,etc.nes

69781 Mechanical appliances, hand-operated, weighing 10 kg or less, used in the

2 2 8 1 32

69782 Statuettes and other ornaments, of base metal; photograph, picture or sim

4 4 2 4 128

699 MANUFACTS.BASE METAL,NES 6991 Locks,safes,strong boxes

69911 Padlocks and locks (key, combination or electrically operated), of base m

4 1 4 1 16

69912 Armoured or reinforced safes, strongboxes and doors and safe deposit lock

2 1 4 2 16

69913 Hinges 1 1 4 1 4 69914 Castors 1 1 4 1 4

69915 Other mountings, fittings and similar articles suitable for motor vehicle 2 2 4 1 16

69916 Other mountings, fittings and similar articles suitable for buildings

2 2 4 1 16

69917 Other mountings, fittings and similar articles suitable for furniture

2 2 4 1 16

69919 Other mountings, fittings and similar articles; base metal hat-racks, hat

2 2 4 1 16

6992 Chain,iron,steel 69921 Skid chain 2 1 4 1 8 69922 Other chain 2 1 4 1 8 6993 Pins,needles,irn.stl,etc

69931 Sewing needles, knitting-needles, bodkins, crochet hooks, embroidery stil

1 1 1 1 1

69932 Safety pins and other pins, of iron or steel, n.e.s. 1 1 1 1 1

69933 Clasps, frames with clasps, buckles, buckle clasps, hooks, eyes, eyelets

4 2 1 1 8

6994 Springs,leaves,metal 69941 Springs and leaves for springs, of iron or steel 1 1 1 1 1 69942 Copper springs 1 1 1 1 1 6995 Misc.articles,base metal

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

69951 Flexible tubing of base metal, with or without fittings

2 1 2 1 4

69952 Bells, gongs and the like, non-electric, and parts thereof, of base metal

2 2 2 8 64

69953 Stoppers, caps and lids (including crown corks, screw caps and pouring st

2 1 2 2 8

69954 Sign-plates, name-plates, address-plates and similar plates, numbers, let

4 2 1 2 16

69955 Wire, rods, tubes, plates, electrodes and similar products, of base metal

2 1 2 1 4

6996 Articles iron,steel,nes 69961 Anchors, grapnels and parts thereof, of iron or steel 1 1 2 4 8 69962 Cast articles of non-malleable cast iron, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4 69963 Cast articles of other iron or steel, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4

69965 Articles of iron or steel, forged or stamped, but not further worked, n.e

4 1 1 1 4

69967 Articles of iron or steel wire, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4 69969 Articles of iron or steel, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4 6997 Articles nes,copper,etc. 69971 Chain of copper and parts thereof 2 1 4 1 8 69973 Articles of copper, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4 69975 Articles of nickel, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4 69976 Articles of lead, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4 69977 Articles of zinc, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4 69978 Articles of tin, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4 69979 Articles of aluminium, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4 6998 Articles cobalt,etc.,nes 69981 Cobalt, wrought, and articles of cobalt, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4 69983 Cadmium, wrought, and articles of cadmium, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4 69985 Titanium, wrought, and articles of titanium, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4

69987 Zirconium, wrought, and articles of zirconium, n.e.s.

4 1 1 1 4

6999 Articls.tungsten,etc.nes

69992 Molybdenum, wrought, and articles of molybdenum, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4

69993 Tantalum, wrought, and articles of tantalum, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4

69994 Magnesium, wrought, and articles of magnesium, n.e.s.

4 1 1 1 4

69995 Beryllium, wrought, and articles of beryllium, n.e.s. 4 1 1 1 4

69999 Base metals, wrought, n.e.s., and articles of these metals, n.e.s.

4 1 1 1 4

7 MACHINES,TRANSPORT EQUIP 71 POWER GENERATNG.MACHINES 711 STEAM GENER.BOILERS,ETC. 7111 Steam,super-heat boilers

71111 Steam or other vapour-generating boilers (excluding central heating hot w

1 1 8 2 16

71112 Superheated water boilers 1 1 8 2 16 7112 Aux.boilr plant,condensr

71121 Auxiliary plant for use with boilers of subgroup 711.1 or 812.1

1 1 8 2 16

71122 Condensers for steam or other vapour power units 1 1 4 2 8 7119 Parts for steam boilers 71191 Parts for the boilers of subgroup 711.1 1 8 4 2 64

71192 Parts for the apparatus and appliances of subgroup 711.2

1 8 4 2 64

712 STEAM TURBINES 7121 Steam,vapour turbines

71211 Steam turbines and other vapour turbines for marine propulsion

1 1 8 2 16

71219 Steam turbines and other vapour turbines for other than marine propulsion

1 1 8 2 16

7128 Parts for the turbines of subgroup 712.1 1 8 4 2 64 713 INTRNL COMBUS PSTN ENGIN 7131 Aircraft piston engines

71311 Spark-ignition reciprocating or rotary internal combustion piston engines

1 1 8 4 32

71319 Parts, n.e.s., of the aircraft engines of heading 713.11 1 8 4 4 128

7132 Intrnl comb.engine vehcl

71321 Reciprocating internal combustion piston engines for propelling vehicles, not exceeding 1,000 cc

1 1 8 1 8

71322 Reciprocating internal combustion piston engines for propelling vehicles, exceeding 1,000 cc

1 1 8 1 8

71323 Compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines (diesel or semi-d

1 1 8 1 8

7133 Marine piston engines 71331 Outboard motors 1 1 8 2 16

71332 Spark-ignition reciprocating or rotary internal combustion piston marine

1 1 8 2 16

71333 Compression-ignition internal combustion piston marine propulsion engines

1 1 8 2 16

7138 Piston engines, nes

71381 Other spark-ignition reciprocating or rotary internal combustion piston e

1 1 8 1 8

71382 Other compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines (diesel or

1 1 8 1 8

7139 Parts,nes.IC.piston engs

71391

Parts, n.e.s., for the engines of subgroups 713.2, 713.3 and 713.8, suitable for use solely or principally with spark-ignition internal combustion piston engines

1 8 4 1 32

71392

Parts, n.e.s., for the engines of subgroups 713.2, 713.3 and 713.8, suitable for use solely or principally with compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines

1 8 4 1 32

714 ENGINES,MOTORS NON-ELECT 7144 Reaction engines 71441 Turbojets 1 1 8 4 32 71449 Reaction engines other than turbojets 1 1 8 4 32 7148 Gas turbines, nes 71481 Turbopropellers 1 1 8 4 32 71489 Other gas turbines 1 1 8 4 32 7149 Parts,jet,gasturbine eng 71491 Parts for turbojets or turbopropellers 1 8 4 4 128 71499 Parts for the gas turbines of heading 714.89 1 8 4 4 128 716 ROTATING ELECTRIC PLANT 7161 Electric motors of an output not exceeding 37.5 W 1 1 8 1 8

7162 Motors (other than motors of an output < 37.5 W) and generators, DC

1 1 8 1 8

7163 Elec.motors,genrators.AC


47

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

71631 AC motors (including universal (AC/DC) motors, but excluding motors of an

1 1 8 1 8

71632 Generators, alternating current 1 1 8 1 8 7164 Electric rotary converters 1 1 8 1 8 7165 Generating sets

71651 Electric generating sets with compression-ignition internal combustion pi

1 1 8 1 8

71652 Other generating sets 1 1 8 1 8

7169 Parts, n.e.s., suitable for use with the machines of group 716

1 8 8 1 64

718 OTH.POWR.GENRTNG.MACHNRY 7181 Hydrlc.turbine,wtr.wheel 71811 Hydraulic turbines and water-wheels 4 1 8 8 256

71819 Parts, including regulators, of hydraulic turbines and water-wheels

1 8 8 8 512

7187 Nuclear reactors,pts nes 71871 Nuclear reactors 4 1 8 8 256 71877 Fuel elements (cartridges), non-irradiated 1 1 8 8 64 71878 Parts of nuclear reactors 1 8 8 8 512 7189 Engines,motors nes,parts

71891 Linear-acting hydraulic power engines and motors (cylinders)

1 1 8 1 8

71892 Linear-acting pneumatic power engines and motors (cylinders)

1 1 8 1 8

71893 Other engines and motors 1 1 8 1 8

71899 Parts of the engines and motors of headings 714.49, 718.91, 718.92 and 71

1 8 8 1 64

72 SPECIAL.INDUST.MACHINERY 721 AGRIC.MACHINES,EX.TRACTR 7211 Cultivating machnery.etc 72111 Ploughs 1 1 8 2 16

72112 Seeders, planters, transplanters; fertilizer distributors and manure spre

1 1 8 2 16

72113 Scarifiers, cultivators, weeders, hoes and harrows (other than hand tools 1 1 8 2 16

72118 Other agricultural and horticultural or forestry machinery for soil prepa

1 1 8 2 16

72119 Parts of the machinery of subgroup 721.1 1 8 4 2 64 7212 Harvesting etc.machines 72121 Mowers for lawns, parks or sports grounds 2 2 8 1 32 72122 Combine harvester-threshers 1 1 8 2 16

72123 Other harvesting and threshing machinery; mowers (not of 721.21)

2 2 8 1 32

72126 Machines for cleaning, sorting or grading eggs, fruit or other agricultur

1 1 8 2 16

72127 Machines for cleaning, sorting or grading seed, grain or dried leguminous

1 1 8 2 16

72129 Parts of the machines of headings 721.21 through 721.26

1 8 4 2 64

7213 Dairy machinery etc.prts 72131 Milking machines 1 1 8 2 16 72138 Dairy machinery 1 1 8 2 16 72139 Parts for milking machines and dairy machinery 1 8 8 2 128 7219 Agric.hort.etc.machs.nes

72191 Presses, crushers and similar machinery used in the manufacture of wine,

1 1 8 2 16

72195 Poultry-keeping machinery; poultry incubators and brooders 1 1 8 2 16

72196 Other agricultural, horticultural, forestry or bee-keeping machinery (inc

1 1 8 2 16

72198 Parts of the machinery of heading 721.91 1 8 8 2 128

72199 Parts of the machinery and appliances of headings 721.95 and 721.96

1 8 8 2 128

722 TRACTORS 7223 Track-laying tractors 1 1 8 4 32 7224 Wheeled tractors nes 72241 Pedestrian-controlled tractors 1 1 8 2 16 72249 Other wheeled tractors 1 1 8 2 16 723 CIVIL ENGINEERING EQUIPT 7231 Self-propelld.dozers etc 72311 Bulldozers and angledozers, self-propelled 1 1 8 2 16 72312 Graders and levellers, self-propelled 1 1 8 2 16 7232 Mech.shovel etc.s-propld 72321 Front-end shovel-loaders, self-propelled 1 1 8 2 16

72322 Mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel-loaders with a 360 degree revol

1 1 8 2 16

72329 Other self-propelled mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel-loaders

1 1 8 2 16

7233 Constr,minng machnry etc 72331 Scrapers, self-propelled 1 1 8 2 16 72333 Tamping machines and roadrollers, self-propelled 1 1 8 2 16

72335 Coal or rock cutters and tunnelling machinery, self-propelled

1 1 8 2 16

72337 Other boring or sinking machinery, self-propelled 1 1 8 2 16

72339 Other moving, grading, levelling, scraping, excavating, compacting or ext

1 1 8 2 16

7234 Const.& mining machs.nes 72341 Pile-drivers and pile-extractors 1 1 8 2 16 72342 Snowploughs and snowblowers 1 1 8 2 16

72343 Coal or rock cutters and tunnelling machinery, not self-propelled

1 1 8 2 16

72344 Other boring or sinking machinery, not self-propelled

1 1 8 2 16

72345 Tamping or compacting machinery, not self-propelled

1 1 8 2 16

72346 Scrapers, not self-propelled 1 1 8 2 16

72347 Other moving, grading, levelling, scraping, excavating, compacting or ext

1 1 8 2 16

72348 Machinery for public works, building or the like, n.e.s.

1 1 8 2 16

7239 Pts nes,cvl.enginrg.mach 72391 Buckets, shovels, grabs and grips 1 1 4 2 8 72392 Bulldozer or angledozer blades 1 1 4 2 8

72393 Parts for boring or sinking machinery of heading 723.37 or 723.44

1 1 8 2 16

72399 Other parts for the machinery of group 723 (excluding heading 723.48) and

1 1 8 2 16

724 TEXTILE,LEATHER MACHINES 7243 Sewing machines, parts 72433 Sewing-machines of the household type 2 1 8 1 16 72435 Other sewing-machines 2 1 8 1 16

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

72439 Sewing-machine needles; furniture, bases and covers specially designed fo

2 1 8 1 16

7244 Spinning,extrud.mach.etc

72441 Machines for extruding, drawing, texturing or cutting man-made textile ma

1 1 8 1 8

72442 Machines for preparing textile fibres 1 1 8 1 8

72443 Textile-spinning, doubling or twisting machines; textile-winding (includi

1 1 8 1 8

72449 Parts and accessories of machines of subgroup 724.4 or heading 724.54 or

1 8 8 1 64

7245 Weavng,felt mfg,mach.etc 72451 Weaving machines (looms) 1 1 8 1 8 72452 Knitting-machines and stitch-bonding machines 1 1 8 1 8

72453 Machines for making gimped yarn, tulle, lace, embroidery, trimmings, brai

1 1 8 1 8

72454 Machines for preparing textile yarns for use on the machines of headings

1 1 8 1 8

72455 Machinery for the manufacture or finishing of felt or non-wovens in the p

1 1 8 1 8

7246 Aux.txtl.machs,parts,etc

72461 Auxiliary machinery for machines of headings 724.41, 724.42, 724.43, 724.

1 1 8 1 8

72467 Parts and accessories of weaving machines (looms) of heading 724.51 or of

1 8 8 1 64

72468 Parts and accessories of machines of headings 724.52 and 724.53 or of the

1 8 8 1 64

7247 Oth.textile machnery nes

72471 Household or laundry-type washing machines (including machines which both

2 2 8 1 32

72472 Dry-cleaning machines 1 1 8 2 16

72473 Drying machines, each of dry linen capacity exceeding 10 kg (excluding th

1 1 8 2 16

72474 Machinery for washing (other than household or laundry-type machines), cl

1 1 8 1 8

7248 Skin,leather workng mach

72481 Machinery for preparing, tanning or working hides, skins or leather

1 1 8 2 16

72483 Machinery for making or repairing footwear 1 1 8 2 16

72485 Machinery for making or repairing articles of hides, skins or leather, ot

1 1 8 2 16

72488 Parts for the machinery of subgroup 724.8 1 8 8 2 128 7249 Pts,txtle,dom washng mch

72491 Parts for the household or laundry-type washing machines of headings 724.

1 8 4 2 64

72492 Parts for the machines of headings 724.72, 724.73, 724.74 and 775.12 1 8 4 2 64

725 PAPER,PULP MILL MACHINES 7251 Paper,pulp,making machry

72511 Machinery for making pulp of fibrous cellulosic material

1 1 8 2 16

72512 Machinery for making or finishing paper or paperboard

1 1 8 2 16

7252 Oth.pulp,paper,makng mch 72521 Cutting machines 1 1 8 2 16 72523 Machines for making bags, sacks or envelopes 1 1 8 2 16

72525 Machines for making cartons, boxes, cases, tubes, drums or similar contai

1 1 8 2 16

72527 Machines for moulding articles in paper pulp, paper or paperboard

1 1 8 2 16

72529 Other machinery for making up paper pulp, paper or paperboard

1 1 8 2 16

7259 Parts,paper mill etc.mch 72591 Parts of the machines of subgroup 725.1 1 8 8 2 128 72599 Parts of the machines of subgroup 725.2 1 8 8 2 128 726 PRINTNG,BOOKBINDNG MACHS 7263 Typesetting,mch,type etc

72631 Machinery, apparatus and equipment (other than the machine tools of subgr

1 1 8 2 16

72635 Printing type, blocks, plates, cylinders and other printing components; b

1 1 4 1 4

7265 Offset printing machnery 72651 Reel-fed offset printing machinery 1 1 8 2 16

72655 Sheet-fed office-type offset printing machinery (sheet size not exceeding

1 1 8 2 16

72659 Other offset printing machinery 1 1 8 2 16 7266 Oth.printng,ancill.machs

72661 Letterpress printing machinery (excluding flexographic printing)

1 1 8 2 16

72663 Flexographic printing machinery 1 1 8 2 16 72665 Gravure printing machinery 1 1 8 2 16 72667 Other printing machinery 1 1 8 2 16 72668 Machines for uses ancillary to printing 1 1 8 2 16 7268 Bookbinding machnery,prt

72681 Bookbinding machinery (including book-sewing machines)

1 1 8 2 16

72689 Parts for bookbinding machinery 1 8 8 2 128 7269 Part,type,offst,prnt mch 72691 Parts for the machines of heading 726.31 1 8 8 2 128

72699 Parts for the machines of subgroups 726.5 and 726.6

1 8 8 2 128

727 FOOD-PROCESS.MCH.NON DOM 7271 Grain workng machs,parts

72711 Machinery used in the milling industry or for the working of cereals or d

1 1 8 2 16

72719 Parts for the machines of headings 721.27 and 727.11

1 8 8 2 128

7272 Oth.food-proc.mach parts

72721 Machinery for the extraction or preparation of animal or fixed vegetable

1 1 8 2 16

72722 Machinery, n.e.s., for the industrial preparation or manufacture of food

1 1 8 2 16

72729 Parts for the food-processing machinery of heading 727.22

1 1 8 2 16

728 OTH.MACH,PTS,SPCL INDUST 7281 Mch-tools,special.indust

72811 Machine tools for working stone, ceramics, concrete, asbestos-cement or l

1 1 4 2 8

72812 Machine tools (including machines for nailing, stapling, glueing or other

1 1 8 2 16

72819 Parts and accessories suitable for use solely or principally with the mac

1 1 8 2 16

7283 Oth.mineral working mach


48

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

72831 Machinery for sorting, screening, separating or washing earth, stone, ore

1 1 8 2 16

72832 Machinery for crushing or grinding earth, stone, ores or other mineral su

1 1 8 2 16

72833 Machinery for mixing or kneading earth, stone, ores or other mineral subs

1 1 8 2 16

72834 Machinery for agglomerating, shaping or moulding solid mineral fuels, cer

1 1 8 2 16

72839 Parts of the machinery of subgroup 728.3 1 8 8 2 128 7284 Mach.appl.spcl indus nes

72841 Machines for assembling electric or electronic lamps, tubes or valves or 1 1 8 2 16

72842 Machinery for working rubber or plastics or for the manufacture of produc

1 1 8 2 16

72843 Machinery for preparing or making up tobacco, n.e.s.

1 1 8 2 16

72844 Presses for the manufacture of particle board or fibre building board of

1 1 8 2 16

72846 Machinery for treating metal (including electric wire coil-winders), n.e.

1 1 8 2 16

72847 Machinery and apparatus for isotopic separation, and parts thereof, n.e.s

1 1 8 2 16

72849 Machinery having individual functions, n.e.s. 1 1 8 2 16 7285 Parts publc wrk mach etc 72851 Parts for the machines of heading 728.41 1 8 8 2 128 72852 Parts for the machines of heading 728.42 1 8 8 2 128 72853 Parts for the machines of heading 728.43 1 8 8 2 128

72855 Parts, n.e.s., for the machines of headings 723.48, 727.21, 728.44, 727.4

1 8 8 2 128

73 METALWORKING MACHINERY 731 METAL REMOVAL WORK TOOLS 7311 Mach.tools,metal removal

73111

Machine tools for working any material by removal of material, operated by laser or other light or photon beam processes

1 1 8 2 16

73112 Machine tools for working any material by removal of material, operated by ultrasonic processes

1 1 8 2 16

73113 Machine tools for working any material by removal of material, operated by electrodischarge processes

1 1 8 2 16

73114

Machine tools for working any material by removal of material, operated by electrochemical, electron beam, ionic beam or plasma-arc processes

1 1 8 2 16

7312 Mch-tl,wrkng mtl,nolaths 73121 Machining centres 1 1 8 2 16 73122 Unit construction machines (single station) 1 1 8 2 16 73123 Multi-station transfer machines 1 1 8 2 16 7313 Lathes,metal-working 73131 Horizontal lathes, numerically controlled 1 1 8 2 16 73135 Other lathes, numerically controlled 1 1 8 2 16 73137 Other horizontal lathes 1 1 8 2 16 73139 Lathes, n.e.s. 1 1 8 2 16 7314 Unit head,drill,etc.mach 73141 Way-type unit head machines 1 1 8 2 16 73142 Other drilling machines, numerically controlled 1 1 8 2 16 73143 Drilling machines, n.e.s. 1 1 8 2 16

73144 Other boring-milling machines, numerically controlled

1 1 8 2 16

73145 Boring-milling machines, n.e.s. 1 1 8 2 16 73146 Other boring machines 1 1 8 2 16 7315 Metal milling machns,etc

73151 Milling machines, knee-type, numerically controlled

1 1 8 2 16

73152 Other knee-type milling machines 1 1 8 2 16 73153 Other milling machines, numerically controlled 1 1 8 2 16 73154 Milling machines, n.e.s. 1 1 8 2 16 73157 Other threading or tapping machines 1 1 8 2 16 7316 Mtl.surfc.finishng tools

73161 Flat-surface grinding machines, numerically controlled, in which the posi 1 1 8 2 16

73162 Non-numerically controlled flat-surface grinding machines, in which the p

1 1 8 2 16

73163 Other grinding machines, numerically controlled, in which the positioning

1 1 8 2 16

73164 Grinding machines, n.e.s., in which the positioning in any one axis can b

1 1 8 2 16

73165 Sharpening (tool- or cutter-grinding) machines, numerically controlled

1 1 8 2 16

73166 Other sharpening (tool- or cutter-grinding) machines

1 1 8 2 16

73167 Honing or lapping machines 1 1 8 2 16

73169 Machine tools for deburring, polishing, or otherwise finishing metal, sin

1 1 8 2 16

7317 Mtl.shaping,cuttng.tools 73171 Shaping or slotting machines 1 1 8 2 16 73173 Broaching machines 1 1 8 2 16

73175 Gear-cutting, gear-grinding or gear-finishing machines

1 1 8 2 16

73177 Sawing or cutting-off machines 1 1 8 2 16 73178 Planing machines, metalworking 1 1 8 2 16

73179 Machine tools working by removing metal, sintered metal carbides or cerme

1 1 8 2 16

733 MACH-TOOLS,METAL-WORKING 7331 Metal forming mach.tools

73311 Forging or die-stamping machines (including presses) and hammers

1 1 8 2 16

73312 Bending, folding, straightening or flattening machines (including presses

1 1 8 2 16

73313 Non-numerically controlled bending, folding, straightening or flattening

1 1 8 2 16

73314 Shearing machines (including presses), numerically controlled, other than

1 1 8 2 16

73315 Shearing machines (including presses), other than combined punching and s

1 1 8 2 16

73316 Punching or notching machines (including presses), including combined pun

1 1 8 2 16

73317 Punching or notching machines, n.e.s. (including presses), including comb

1 1 8 2 16

73318 Presses for working metal or metal carbides, n.e.s. 1 1 8 2 16 7339 Oth.mach-tool,metalwrkng

73391 Draw benches for bars, tubes, profiles, wire or the like

1 1 8 2 16

73393 Thread-rolling machines 1 1 8 2 16

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

73395 Machines for working wire 1 1 8 2 16

73399 Machine tools for working metals, sintered metal carbides or cermets, wit

1 1 8 2 16

735 PARTS,NES,FOR MACH-TOOLS 7351 Work-holders,tool holder 73511 Tool holders and self-opening die-heads 4 1 4 2 32 73513 Work holders 4 1 4 2 32

73515 Dividing heads and other special attachments for machine tools

4 1 4 2 32

7359 Parts,nes,mch-tool w.mtl

73591 Parts, n.e.s., and accessories for machines of group 731 1 8 4 2 64

73595 Parts, n.e.s., and accessories for machines of group 733

1 8 4 2 64

737 METALWORKING MACHNRY NES 7371 Foundry equipmnt pts nes 73711 Converters, ingot moulds and ladles 4 1 4 4 64 73712 Casting machines 1 4 4 4 64

73719 Parts of the metalworking machinery of subgroup 737.1

1 8 2 4 64

7372 Mtl-rolling mills,rolls 73721 Metal-rolling mills 1 1 8 2 16 73729 Rolls and other parts for metal-rolling mills 1 1 8 2 16 7373 Welding,brazing etc.mach 73731 Soldering irons and guns 1 1 8 1 8 73732 Other brazing or soldering machines and apparatus 1 1 8 1 8

73733 Machines and apparatus for resistance welding of metal, fully or partly a

1 1 8 2 16

73734 Other machines and apparatus for resistance welding of metal

1 1 8 2 16

73735 Machines and apparatus for arc (including plasma-arc) welding of metals,

1 1 8 2 16

73736 Other machines and apparatus for arc welding of metal

1 1 8 2 16

73737 Other machines and apparatus 1 1 8 2 16

73739 Parts for the machines and apparatus of subgroup 737.3

1 8 8 2 128

7374 Soldering machines etc. 73741 Hand-held gas-operated blowpipes 1 1 8 2 16 73742 Other gas-operated machinery and apparatus 1 1 8 2 16 73743 Other machinery and apparatus 1 1 8 2 16

73749 Parts for the machinery and apparatus of subgroup 737.4

1 8 8 2 128

74 GENERAL INDUSTL.MACH.NES 741 HEATNG,COOLNG EQUIP,PART 7412 Burners,mech.stokers etc 74121 Furnace burners for liquid fuel 1 1 8 1 8

74123 Other furnace burners (including combination burners)

1 1 8 1 8

74125 Mechanical stokers, including their mechanical grates, mechanical ash dis

1 1 8 1 8

74128 Parts for the burners and other articles of subgroup 741.2

1 8 8 1 64

7413 Indus.furnaces etc.parts 74131 Resistance-heated furnaces and ovens, electric 1 1 8 1 8 74132 Induction or dielectric furnaces and ovens 1 1 8 1 8 74133 Other electric furnaces and ovens 1 1 8 1 8 74134 Other induction or dielectric heating equipment 1 1 8 1 8

74135 Parts for the equipment of headings 741.31 through 741.34

1 8 8 1 64

74136 Furnaces and ovens for the roasting, melting or other heat-treatment of o

1 1 8 1 8

74137 Bakery ovens (including biscuit ovens), non-electric 1 1 8 1 8

74138 Other non-electric furnaces and ovens (including incinerators)

1 1 8 1 8

74139 Parts for the furnaces and ovens of headings 741.36 through 741.38

1 8 8 1 64

7414 Commrc.refrig equip,part

74143 Refrigerating or freezing chests (other than household-type), cabinets, d

1 1 8 1 8

74145 Other refrigerating or freezing equipment; heat pumps

4 1 8 1 32

74149 Parts of refrigerators, freezers and other refrigerating or freezing equi

2 8 8 1 128

7415 Air conditioning mch,pts

74151 Air-conditioning machines comprising a motor-driven fan and elements for

1 1 8 1 8

74155 Other air-conditioning machines comprising a motor-driven fan and element

1 1 8 1 8

74159 Parts for the air-conditioning machines of heading 741.5 1 8 8 1 64

7417 Gas genrtr,air liquefier

74171 Producer gas or water gas generators, with or without their purifiers; ac

1 1 8 1 8

74172 Parts for the generators of heading 741.71 1 8 8 1 64 74173 Distilling or rectifying plant 1 1 8 1 8 74174 Heat-exchange units 1 1 8 1 8 74175 Machinery for liquefying air or other gases 1 1 8 1 8 7418 Oth.temp.change mach etc 74181 Instantaneous gas water-heaters 1 1 8 1 8

74182 Other instantaneous or storage water-heaters, non-electric 1 1 8 1 8

74183 Medical, surgical or laboratory sterilizers 1 1 8 2 16 74184 Driers for agricultural products 1 1 8 2 16 74185 Driers for wood, paper pulp, paper or paperboard 1 1 8 2 16 74186 Driers, n.e.s. 1 1 8 2 16

74187 Machinery for making hot drinks or for cooking or heating food

2 2 8 1 32

74189 Other machinery, plant or equipment 1 1 8 1 8

7419 Parts, n.e.s., for the machinery of headings 741.73 through 741.89

1 8 8 1 64

742 PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS,PARTS 7421 Pumps w.measuring device

74211 Pumps for dispensing fuel or lubricants, of the type used in filling stat

1 1 8 2 16

74219 Other pumps fitted or designed to be fitted with a measuring device

1 1 8 1 8

7422 Fuel, lubricating or cooling medium pumps for internal combustion piston

1 1 8 1 8

7423 Concrete pumps 1 1 8 2 16 7424 Reciprocating positive displacement pumps, n.e.s. 1 1 8 1 8 7425 Rotary positive displacement pumps, n.e.s. 1 1 8 1 8


49

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

7426 Centrifugal pumps, n.e.s. 1 1 8 1 8 7427 Pumps,liquid elevatr etc 74271 Pumps for liquids, n.e.s. 1 1 8 1 8 74275 Liquid elevators 1 1 8 1 8 7429 Parts,pumps,liq.elevator 74291 Parts of the pumps of group 742 1 8 8 1 64 74295 Parts of the liquid elevators of heading 742.75 1 8 8 1 64 743 PUMPS NES,CENTRIFUGS ETC 7431 Air,vacuum pump,compress 74311 Vacuum pumps 1 1 8 1 8 74313 Hand- or foot-operated air pumps 2 1 8 1 16

74315 Compressors of a kind used in refrigerating equipment

1 1 8 1 8

74317 Air compressors mounted on a wheeled chassis for towing

1 1 8 1 8

74319 Other pumps, compressors, ventilating or recycling hoods

1 1 8 1 8

7434 Fans,cooker hoods w.fan

74341 Table, floor, wall, window, ceiling or roof fans, with a self-contained e

4 2 8 1 64

74343 Other fans 2 2 8 1 32

74345 Hoods having a maximum horizontal side not exceeding 120 cm 2 2 8 1 32

7435 Centrifuges nes 74351 Cream separators 1 1 8 1 8 74355 Clothes driers 2 2 8 1 32 74359 Other centrifuges 1 1 8 1 8 7436 Machs.filter gas,liquids

74361 Machinery and apparatus for filtering or purifying water

1 1 8 1 8

74362 Machinery and apparatus for filtering or purifying beverages other than w

1 1 8 1 8

74363 Oil or petrol filters for internal combustion engines 1 1 8 1 8 74364 Intake air filters for internal combustion engines 1 1 8 1 8

74367 Filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus for liquids, n.e.s.

1 1 8 1 8

74369 Filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus for gases, n.e.s.

1 1 8 1 8

7438 Parts for the pumps, compressors, fans and hoods of subgroups 743.1 and 7

1 8 8 1 64

7439 Part,centrifuge,filt.etc 74391 Parts of centrifuges (including centrifugal driers) 1 8 8 1 64

74395 Parts of filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus

1 8 8 1 64

744 MECHANICAL HANDLNG EQUIP 7441 Work trucks,tractors,etc

74411 Self-propelled trucks powered by an electric motor, fitted with lifting o

1 1 8 2 16

74412 Other self-propelled trucks fitted with lifting or handling equipment

1 1 8 2 16

74413 Other works trucks fitted with lifting or handling equipment

1 1 8 2 16

74414 Works trucks, electrical, self-propelled, not fitted with lifting or hand

1 1 8 2 16

74415 Other self-propelled works trucks, not fitted with lifting or handling eq

1 1 8 2 16

74419 Parts of the trucks and tractors of headings 744.14 and 744.15 1 8 8 2 128

7442 Pulley tackle,winchs,etc

74421 Pulley tackle and hoists (other than skip hoists or hoists of a kind used

2 1 4 1 8

74423 Pit-head winding gear; winches specially designed for use underground

1 1 4 1 4

74425 Other winches; capstans 1 1 4 1 4 7443 Derricks; cranes etc. 74431 Overhead travelling cranes on fixed support 1 1 8 4 32 74432 Mobile lifting frames on tyres and straddle carriers 1 1 8 4 32

74433 Other overhead travelling cranes, transporter cranes, gantry cranes, brid 1 1 8 4 32

74434 Tower cranes 1 1 8 4 32 74435 Portal or pedestal jib cranes 1 1 8 4 32 74437 Other machinery, self-propelled 1 1 8 4 32 74439 Other machinery, not self-propelled 1 1 8 4 32 7444 Jacks,hoists for vehicle 74441 Built-in jacking systems of a type used in garages 1 1 8 4 32 74443 Other jacks and hoists, hydraulic 1 1 8 4 32 74449 Other jacks and hoists 1 1 8 1 8 7447 Goods etc.elevators etc. 74471 Pneumatic elevators and conveyors 1 1 8 4 32

74472 Other continuous-action elevators and conveyors, specially designed for u 1 1 8 4 32

74473 Other continuous-action elevators and conveyors, bucket-type

1 1 8 4 32

74474 Other continuous-action elevators and conveyors, belt-type

1 1 8 4 32

74479 Continuous-action elevators and conveyors for goods or materials, n.e.s.

1 1 8 4 32

7448 Lifting etc.machines nes 74481 Lifts and skip hoists 2 1 8 2 32 74485 Escalators and moving walkways 2 1 8 2 32

74489 Other lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery 1 1 8 2 16

7449 Parts,hoists,lifts equip

74491 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the machinery of subgro

1 8 8 2 128

74492 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the machinery of headin

1 8 8 2 128

74493 Parts of lifts, skip hoists or escalators 1 8 8 2 128

74494 Parts of other lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery of subgr

1 8 8 2 128

745 OTH.NONELEC MCH,TOOL,NES 7451 Non-elec hand tool,parts 74511 Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic 8 1 8 1 64

74512 Tools for working in the hand, with self-contained non-electric motor

8 1 8 1 64

74519 Parts of the tools of subgroup 745.1 8 8 8 1 512 7452 Indus washng,bottlng mch 74521 Dishwashing machines (other than household-type) 1 1 8 1 8

74523 Machinery for cleaning or drying bottles or other containers

1 1 8 1 8

74527 Other packing or wrapping machinery 1 1 8 1 8

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

74529 Parts of the machinery of subgroup 745.2 and heading 775.3

1 8 8 1 64

7453 Weighing mch,weights,pts

74531 Weighing machinery (excluding balances of a sensitivity of 5 cg or better

2 1 8 1 16

74532 Personal weighing-machines (including baby scales); household scales

2 1 8 1 16

74539 Weighing-machine weights of all kinds; parts of the weighing machinery of

2 1 8 1 16

7456 Spraying machinery etc. 74561 Fire extinguishers, whether or not charged 1 1 8 1 8 74562 Spray-guns and similar appliances 1 1 8 1 8

74563 Steam or sandblasting machines and similar jet-projecting machines

1 1 8 1 8

74564 Agricultural or horticultural appliances for projecting, dispersing or sp

1 1 8 1 8

74565 Other appliances for projecting, dispersing or spraying liquids or powder

1 1 8 1 8

74568 Parts of the appliances of subgroup 745.6 1 8 8 1 64 7459 Oth.non-elect mach,parts

74591 Calendering or other rolling machines (other than for metals or glass)

1 1 8 1 8

74593 Cylinders and other parts for the machines of heading 745.91

1 8 4 1 32

74595 Automatic goods-vending machines (e.g., postage stamp, cigarette, food or

2 1 8 1 16

74597 Parts for the machines of heading 745.95 2 8 8 1 128 746 BALL OR ROLLER BEARINGS 7461 Ball-bearings 1 1 2 1 2

7462 Tapered roller bearings (including cone and tapered roller assemblies)

1 1 8 1 8

7463 Spherical roller bearings 1 1 8 1 8 7464 Needle roller bearings 1 1 8 1 8 7465 Other cylindrical roller bearings 1 1 8 1 8

7468 Other ball- or roller bearings (including combined ball-/roller bearings)

1 1 8 1 8

7469 Parts,ball,rollr bearing 74691 Balls, needles and rollers 1 8 4 1 32 74699 Other parts of ball- or roller bearings 1 8 4 1 32 747 TAPS,COCKS,VALVES,ETC. 7471 Pressure-reducing valves 1 1 8 1 8

7472 Valves for oleohydraulic or pneumatic transmissions

1 1 8 1 8

7473 Check valves 1 1 8 1 8 7474 Safety- or relief valves 1 1 8 1 8 7478 Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances, n.e.s. 1 1 8 1 8 7479 Parts for the appliances of group 747 1 1 8 1 8 748 TRANSMISSIONS SHAFTS ETC

7481 Transmission shafts (including camshafts and crankshafts) and cranks

1 1 8 1 8

7482 Bearng housng,shft brngs

74821 Bearing housings, incorporating ball- or roller bearings

1 1 8 1 8

74822 Bearing housings, not incorporating ball- or roller bearings; plain shaft

1 1 8 1 8

7483 Articultd link chain,pts 74831 Roller chain 1 1 4 1 4 74832 Other articulated chain 1 1 4 1 4 74839 Parts of articulated link chain 1 1 4 1 4

7484 Gears and gearing (excluding toothed wheels, chain sprockets and other tr

1 1 4 1 4

7485 Flywheels and pulleys (including pulley blocks) 1 1 4 1 4

7486 Clutches and shaft couplings (including universal joints)

1 1 8 1 8

7489 Parts, n.e.s., for the articles of group 748 1 8 8 1 64 749 NON-ELECT MACH.PARTS,ETC 7491 Mouldngs for mtl.foundry 74911 Moulding boxes for metal foundry 1 4 2 8 64 74912 Mould bases 1 4 2 8 64 74913 Moulding patterns 1 4 2 8 64

74914 Injection- or compression-types of moulds for metals or metal carbides

1 4 2 8 64

74915 Other moulds for metals or metal carbides 1 4 2 8 64 74916 Moulds for glass 1 4 2 8 64 74917 Moulds for mineral materials 1 4 2 8 64

74918 Injection- or compression-types of moulds for rubber or plastics

1 4 2 8 64

74919 Other moulds for rubber or plastics 1 4 2 8 64

7492 Gaskets and similar joints of metal sheeting combined with other material

1 1 1 1 1

7499 Mach parts,non-elect nes 74991 Ships' or boats' propellers and blades therefor 1 1 8 8 64

74999 Other machinery parts, not containing electrical connectors, insulators,

1 1 8 4 32

75 OFFICE MACHINES,ADP MACH 751 OFFICE MACHINES 7511 Typewritrs,wd-proc machs 75113 Automatic typewriters; word processing machines 2 2 8 1 32 75115 Other electric typewriters, < 12 kg (excluding case) 2 2 8 1 32 75116 Other electric typewriters 2 2 8 1 32 75118 Non-electric typewriters, < 12 kg (excluding case) 2 2 8 1 32 75119 Other non-electric typewriters 2 2 8 1 32 7512 Calculatng,acctg,etc.mch

75121 Electronic calculators capable of operation without an external source of

2 2 8 1 32

75122 Other calculating machines 2 2 8 1 32

75123 Accounting machines (including bookkeeping machines)

2 2 8 1 32

75124 Cash registers 2 2 8 1 32

75128 Postage-franking, ticket-issuing and similar machines, incorporating a ca

2 2 8 1 32

7513 Photo,thermocopy apparat

75131 Electrostatic photocopying apparatus operating by reproducing the origina

2 2 8 1 32

75132 Electrostatic photocopying apparatus operating by reproducing the origina

2 2 8 1 32

75133 Non-electrostatic photocopying apparatus incorporating an optical system

2 2 8 1 32

75134 Non-electrostatic photocopying apparatus of the contact type

2 2 8 1 32

75135 Thermocopying apparatus 2 2 8 1 32 7519 Other office machine nes


50

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

75191 Duplicating machines 2 2 8 1 32

75192 Addressing machines and address-plate embossing machines

2 2 8 1 32

75193 Machines for sorting or folding mail or for inserting mail in envelopes o

2 2 8 1 32

75199 Office machines, n.e.s. 2 2 8 1 32 752 AUTOMATC.DATA PROC.EQUIP

7521 Analogue or hybrid (analogue-digital) data processing machines

2 2 8 1 32

7522 Digital automatic data processing machines, containing in the same housin

2 2 8 1 32

7523 Digital processing units, whether or not presented with the rest of a sys

2 2 8 1 32

7526 Input or output units for automatic data processing machines, whether or

2 2 8 1 32

7527 Storage units, whether or not presented with the rest of a data processin

2 2 8 1 32

7529 Data processing equipment, n.e.s. 2 2 8 1 32 759 PARTS,FOR OFFICE MACHINS

7591 Parts and accessories of the photocopying and thermocopying apparatus of

2 8 8 1 128

7599 Parts,data proc. etc.mch

75991 Parts and accessories of the machines of subgroup 751.1 (other than cover

2 8 8 1 128

75993 Parts and accessories of the machines of subgroup 751.9 (other than cover

2 8 8 1 128

75995 Parts and accessories of the electronic calculating machines of subgroup

2 8 8 1 128

75997 Parts and accessories for the machines of group 752 (other than covers, c

2 8 8 1 128

76 TELECOMM.SOUND EQUIP ETC 761 TELEVISION RECEIVERS ETC

7611 Television receivers, colour (including video monitors and video projecto

4 2 8 1 64

7612 Television receivers, black and white or other monochrome (including vide

4 2 8 2 128

762 RADIO-BROADCAST RECEIVER 7621 Motor veh.radio receiver

76211 Radio-broadcast receivers not capable of operating without an external so

2 2 8 1 32

76212 Radio-broadcast receivers not capable of operating without an external so

2 2 8 1 32

7622 Portable radio receivers

76221 Radio-broadcast receivers capable of operating without an external source

2 2 8 1 32

76222 Radio-broadcast receivers capable of operating without an external source

2 2 8 1 32

7628 Other radio receivers

76281 Other radio-broadcast receivers (including apparatus capable of receiving

2 2 8 1 32


2 2 8 1 32


2 2 8 1 32

763 SOUND RECORDER,PHONOGRPH 7633 Turntables,record player 76331 Record-players, coin- or disc-operated 4 2 8 1 64 76333 Other record-players 2 2 8 1 32 76335 Turntables (record-decks) 2 2 8 1 32 7638 Sound,video recordng etc

76381 Video-recording or reproducing apparatus, whether or not incorporating a

2 2 8 1 32

76382 Transcribing machines 2 2 8 1 32 76383 Other sound-reproducing apparatus 2 2 8 1 32

76384 Sound-recording apparatus, whether or not incorporating a sound-reproduci

2 2 8 1 32

764 TELECOMM.EQUIP.PARTS NES 7641 Line telephone etc.equip 76411 Telephone sets 8 4 8 1 256 76413 Teleprinters 2 2 8 2 64 76415 Telephonic or telegraphic switching apparatus 1 2 8 2 32 76417 Other apparatus, for carrier-current line systems 1 2 8 2 32 76419 Other telephonic or telegraphic apparatus 1 2 8 2 32 7642 Microph.loudspkrs.amplif 76421 Microphones and stands therefor 2 2 8 1 32 76422 Loudspeakers, mounted in their enclosures 2 2 8 1 32 76423 Loudspeakers, not mounted in their enclosures 2 2 8 1 32

76424 Headphones, earphones and combined microphone/speaker sets

8 2 8 1 128

76425 Audio-frequency electric amplifiers 1 1 8 1 8 76426 Electric sound amplifier sets 1 1 8 1 8 7643 TV,radio transmittrs etc 76431 Transmission apparatus 1 1 8 1 8

76432 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus

1 1 8 1 8

7648 Telecommun.equipment,nes

76481 Reception apparatus for radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy, n.e.s.

1 1 8 2 16

76482 Television cameras 4 2 8 1 64

76483 Radar apparatus, radio navigational aid apparatus and radio remote contro

2 2 8 2 64

7649 Parts,telecommun. equipt

76491 Parts and accessories suitable for use solely or principally with the app

1 8 8 1 64

76492 Parts and accessories suitable for use solely or principally with apparat

1 8 8 1 64


1 8 8 1 64


1 8 8 1 64

77 ELEC MCH APPAR,PARTS,NES 771 ELECT POWER MACHNY.PARTS 7711 Transformers, electrical 77111 Liquid dielectric transformers 1 1 8 4 32 77119 Other electrical transformers 1 1 8 4 32 7712 Oth.elec power mach,part 77121 Static converters (e.g., rectifiers) 1 1 8 4 32 77123 Ballasts for discharge lamps or tubes 1 1 8 4 32 77125 Other inductors 1 1 8 4 32 77129 Parts of the electric power machinery of group 771 1 8 8 4 256 772 ELEC.SWITCH.RELAY.CIRCUT 7722 Printed circuits 1 1 8 1 8

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

7723 Electric resistors,parts 77231 Fixed carbon resistors, composition- or film-type 1 1 8 1 8 77232 Other fixed resistors 1 1 8 1 8

77233 Wire-wound variable resistors (including rheostats and potentiometers)

1 1 8 1 8

77235 Other variable resistors (including rheostats and potentiometers)

1 1 8 1 8

77238 Parts for the electrical resistors of subgroup 772.3 1 8 8 1 64 7724 Switch.apparatus,1000v+ 77241 Fuses for a voltage exceeding 1,000 V 1 1 8 1 8

77242 Automatic circuit-breakers for a voltage exceeding 1,000 V but less than 1 1 8 1 8

77243 Other automatic circuit-breakers 1 1 8 1 8 77244 Isolating switches and make-and-break switches 1 1 8 1 8

77245 Lightning arresters, voltage limiters and surge suppressors for a voltage

1 1 8 1 8

77249 Other electrical apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuit

1 1 8 1 8

7725 Switch.apparatus,<1000v 77251 Fuses for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 V 1 1 8 1 8

77252 Automatic circuit-breakers for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 V

1 1 8 1 8

77253 Other apparatus for protecting electrical circuits, for a voltage not exc

1 1 8 1 8

77254 Relays for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 V 1 1 8 1 8 77255 Other switches for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 V 1 1 8 1 8 77257 Lamp-holders 1 1 8 1 8 77258 Plugs and sockets 1 1 8 1 8

77259 Other electrical apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuit

1 1 8 1 8

7726 Elec.control panels etc.

77261 Boards, panels (including numerical control panels), consoles, desks, cab

1 1 8 1 8

77262 Boards, panels (including numerical control panels), consoles, desks, cab 1 1 8 1 8

7728 Parts,electrc.panels etc

77281 Boards, panels, consoles, desks, cabinets and other bases for the goods o

1 8 8 1 64

77282 Other parts suitable for use solely or principally with the apparatus fal

1 8 8 1 64

773 ELECTR DISTRIBT.EQPT NES 7731 Insultd wire,etc.condctr 77311 Winding wire 1 1 1 1 1 77312 Co-axial cable and other co-axial conductors 1 1 2 1 2

77313 Ignition wiring sets and other wiring sets of a kind used in vehicles, ai 1 1 2 1 2

77314 Other electric conductors, for a voltage not exceeding 80 V

1 1 1 1 1

77315 Other electric conductors, for a voltage exceeding 80 V but not exceeding

1 1 1 1 1

77317 Other electric conductors, for a voltage exceeding 1,000 V

1 1 1 1 1

77318 Optical fibre cables 1 1 1 1 1 7732 Electrc.insulating equip 77322 Electrical insulators of glass 1 1 2 1 2 77323 Electrical insulators of ceramics 1 1 2 1 2

77324 Electrical insulators of materials other than glass or ceramics 1 1 2 1 2

77326 Insulating fittings for electrical machines, appliances or equipment, bei

1 1 2 1 2


1 1 2 1 2


1 1 2 1 2

774 ELECTRO-MEDCL,XRAY EQUIP 7741 Electro-medical equipmnt 77411 Electrocardiographs 1 1 8 2 16

77412 Other electrodiagnostic apparatus (including apparatus for functional exp 1 1 8 2 16

77413 Ultraviolet or infrared ray apparatus 1 1 8 2 16 7742 X-ray apparatus etc.part

77421 Apparatus based on the use of X-rays, whether or not for medical, surgica

1 1 8 4 32

77422 Apparatus based on the use of alpha, beta or gamma radiations, whether or

1 1 8 4 32

77423 X-ray tubes 1 1 8 4 32

77429 Other apparatus based on the use of alpha, beta or gamma radiations, whet

1 1 8 4 32

775 DOM.ELEC,NON-ELEC.EQUIPT 7751 Household laundry equipt

77511 Household- or laundry-type washing machines (including machines which bot

4 2 8 1 64

77512 Clothes-drying machines, each of a dry linen capacity not exceeding 10 kg

4 2 8 1 64

7752 Dom.refrigeratrs,freezrs

77521 Refrigerators, household-type (electric or other), whether or not contain

4 2 8 1 64

77522 Deep-freezes, household-type (electric or other) 4 2 8 1 64 7753 Dishwashing machines of the household type 4 2 8 1 64 7754 Elec.shavers,clipprs,pts 77541 Shavers with self-contained electric motor 4 2 8 1 64 77542 Hair clippers with self-contained electric motor 4 2 8 1 64

77549 Parts for shavers and hair clippers with self-contained electric motor

4 2 8 1 64

7757 Dom.elect-mechanicl appl

77571 Vacuum cleaners and floor-polishers, electromechanical, domestic, with se

4 2 8 1 64

77572 Food grinders and mixers; fruit or vegetable juice extractors, electromec

4 2 8 1 64

77573 Other electromechanical domestic appliances, with self-contained electric

4 2 8 1 64

77579 Parts of the electromechanical domestic appliances falling within subgrou

4 8 8 1 256

7758 Electro-thermic appl nes

77581 Electric instantaneous or storage water heaters and immersion heaters

2 1 8 1 16

77582 Electric space-heating apparatus and electric soil-heating apparatus

2 1 8 1 16

77583 Electrothermic hairdressing or hand-drying apparatus

2 1 8 1 16

77584 Electric smoothing-irons 2 1 8 1 16 77585 Electric blankets 2 1 8 1 16


51

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

77586 Microwave ovens; other ovens; cookers, cooking plates, boiling rings, gri

4 1 8 1 32

77587 Electrothermic domestic appliances, n.e.s. 2 1 8 1 16 77588 Electric heating resistors (other than of carbon) 2 1 8 1 16

77589 Parts of the electrothermic appliances of subgroup 775.8

2 1 8 1 16

776 TRANSISTORS,VALVES,ETC. 7761 TV picture tubes,CRT,etc

77611 Television picture tubes, cathode-ray (including video monitor cathode-ra

1 1 8 2 16

77612 Television picture tubes, cathode-ray (including video monitor cathode-ra 1 1 8 2 16

7762 Oth.electronc valv,tubes

77621 Television camera tubes; image converters and intensifiers; other photoca

1 1 8 2 16

77623 Other cathode-ray tubes 1 1 8 2 16 77625 Microwave tubes (excluding grid-controlled tubes) 1 1 8 2 16 77627 Other valves and tubes 1 1 8 2 16

77629 Parts of the tubes and valves of subgroups 776.1 and 776.2

1 8 8 2 128

7763 Diodes,transistors etc.

77631 Diodes, other than photosensitive or light-emitting diodes 2 1 8 1 16

77632 Transistors (excluding photosensitive transistors) with a dissipation rat

1 1 8 1 8

77633 Transistors (excluding photosensitive transistors) with a dissipation rat

1 1 8 1 8

77635 Thyristors, diacs and triacs (excluding photosensitive devices)

1 1 8 1 8

77637 Photosensitive semiconductor devices; light-emitting diodes

1 1 8 1 8

77639 Other semiconductor devices 1 1 8 1 8 7764 Electronic microcircuits 77641 Digital monolithic integrated units 1 1 8 1 8 77643 Non-digital monolithic integrated units 1 1 8 1 8 77645 Hybrid integrated circuits 1 1 8 1 8

77649 Other electronic integrated circuits and microassemblies

1 1 8 1 8

7768 Elctrn comp pts,crystals 77681 Piezoelectric crystals, mounted 1 1 8 1 8

77688 Parts of the devices of subgroup 776.3 and of the mounted piezoelectric c

1 8 8 1 64

77689 Parts of the articles of subgroup 776.4 1 8 8 1 64 778 ELECTRIC.MACH.APPART.NES 7781 Batteries,accumulators 77811 Primary cells and primary batteries 1 2 8 1 16 77812 Electric accumulators (storage batteries) 1 2 8 1 16 77817 Parts of primary cells and primary batteries 1 1 8 1 8 77819 Parts of electric accumulators 1 1 8 1 8 7782 Electric lamps,bulbs etc

77821 Filament lamps (other than flash bulbs, infrared and ultraviolet lamps an

2 1 8 1 16

77822 Discharge lamps (other than ultraviolet lamps) 2 1 8 1 16 77823 Sealed-beam lamp units 2 1 8 1 16 77824 Ultraviolet or infrared lamps; arc lamps 2 1 8 1 16 77829 Parts of the lamps of subgroup 778.2 2 1 8 1 16 7783 Automotive electrc.equip

77831 Electrical ignition or starting equipment of a kind used for spark-igniti

1 1 8 1 8

77833 Parts of the equipment of heading 778.31 1 8 8 1 64

77834 Electrical lighting or signalling equipment (excluding articles of subgro

2 1 8 1 16

77835 Parts of the equipment of heading 778.34 1 8 8 1 64 7784 Electro-mech.hand tools 77841 Drills of all kinds 8 1 8 1 64 77843 Saws 8 1 8 1 64 77845 Other tools 8 1 8 1 64

77848 Parts of the electromechanical hand tools of subgroup 778.4 2 8 4 1 64

7786 Electrical capacitors

77861 Fixed capacitors designed for use in 50/60 Hz circuits and having a react

1 1 8 1 8

77862 Tantalum fixed capacitors 1 1 8 1 8 77863 Aluminium electrolytic fixed capacitors 1 1 8 1 8 77864 Ceramic dielectric fixed capacitors, single layer 1 1 8 1 8 77865 Ceramic dielectric fixed capacitors, multilayer 1 1 8 1 8 77866 Paper or plastics dielectric fixed capacitors 1 1 8 1 8 77867 Other fixed capacitors 1 1 8 1 8 77868 Variable or adjustable (pre-set) capacitors 1 1 8 1 8 77869 Parts of electrical capacitors 1 1 8 1 8 7787 Elec mch wth indiv funct 77871 Particle accelerators 1 1 8 8 64

77878 Other electrical machines and apparatus, having individual functions, n.e

1 1 8 8 64

77879 Parts of the electrical machines and apparatus of subgroup 778.7

1 8 8 8 512

7788 Elect machnery,equip,nes

77881 Electromagnets; permanent magnets and articles intended to become permane

1 1 8 4 32

77882 Electrical signalling, safety or traffic control equipment for railways,

1 1 8 2 16


77884 Electric sound or visual signalling apparatus (e.g., bells, sirens, indic

1 1 8 1 8


77886 Carbon electrodes, carbon brushes, lamp carbons, battery carbons and othe

1 1 8 4 32

77889 Electrical parts of machinery or apparatus, n.e.s. 1 8 8 4 256 78 ROAD VEHICLES 781 PASS.MOTOR VEHCLS.EX.BUS

7811 Vehicles specially designed for travelling on snow; golf cars and similar

4 4 8 1 128

7812 Motor vehicles for the transport of persons, n.e.s. 4 4 8 1 128 782 GOODS,SPCL TRANSPORT VEH 7821 Goods vehicles 78211 Dumpers designed for off-highway use 1 1 8 2 16 78219 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods, n.e.s. 1 1 8 2 16 7822 Special purpose vehicles 78221 Crane lorries 1 1 8 4 32 78223 Mobile drilling derricks 1 1 8 4 32 78225 Fire-fighting vehicles 1 1 8 4 32 78227 Concrete-mixer lorries 1 1 8 4 32

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

78229 Other special-purpose motor vehicles 1 1 8 4 32 783 ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES NES 7831 Pub-transport pass vehcl

78311 Motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, including the dr

4 1 8 2 64

78319 Other motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, including

4 1 8 2 64

7832 Road tractors for semi-trailers 4 1 8 2 64 784 PARTS,TRACTORS,MOTOR VEH

7841 Chassis fitted with engines, for the motor vehicles of groups 722, 781, 7

1 4 4 1 16

7842 Motor vehicle bodies

78421 Bodies (including cabs), for the motor vehicles of group 781

4 4 8 1 128

78425 Bodies (including cabs), for the motor vehicles of groups 722, 782 and 78

4 4 8 1 128

7843 Other parts,motor vehicl

78431 Bumpers and parts thereof, of the motor vehicles of groups 722, 781, 782

4 4 4 1 64

78432 Other parts and accessories of bodies (including cabs), of the motor vehi

4 4 4 1 64

78433 Brakes and servo-brakes and parts thereof, of the motor vehicles of group 1 2 8 1 16

78434 Gearboxes of the motor vehicles of groups 722, 781, 782 and 783

1 2 8 1 16

78435 Drive-axles with differential, whether or not provided with other transmi

1 2 8 1 16

78436 Non-driving axles and parts thereof, of the motor vehicles of groups 722,

1 2 4 1 8

78439 Other parts and accessories of the motor vehicles of groups 722, 781, 782

2 4 4 1 32

785 CYCLES,MOTORCYCLES ETC. 7851 Motorcycles etc.

78511 Motor cycles (including mopeds) and cycles fitted with an auxiliary motor 8 4 8 1 256

78513 Motor cycles and cycles fitted with an auxiliary motor, with or without s

8 4 8 1 256


8 4 8 1 256


8 4 8 1 256


8 4 8 1 256

78519 Other motor cycles (including mopeds) and cycles fitted with an auxiliary

8 4 8 1 256

7852 Bicycles and other cycles (including delivery tricycles), not motorized

8 4 8 1 256

7853 Invalid carriages,parts

78531 Invalid carriages, whether or not motorized or otherwise mechanically pro

2 4 8 2 128

78535 Parts and accessories of motor cycles (including mopeds)

4 8 8 1 256

78536 Parts and accessories of invalid carriages 2 8 8 1 128 78537 Parts and accessories of other vehicles of group 785 4 8 8 1 256 786 TRAILERS,SEMI-TRAILR,ETC

7861 Trailers and semi-trailers of the caravan type, for housing or camping

4 2 8 2 128

7862 Trailers,transport goods

78621 Self-loading or self-unloading trailers and semi-trailers for agricultura

1 1 8 2 16

78622 Tanker trailers and tanker semi-trailers 1 1 8 2 16

78629 Other trailers and semi-trailers for the transport of goods

1 1 8 2 16

7863 Containers (including containers for the transport of fluids) specially d

1 1 8 4 32

7868 Oth.nonmotr veh,trlr pts 78683 Trailers and semi-trailers, n.e.s. 1 2 8 2 32 78685 Vehicles, not mechanically-propelled, n.e.s. 1 2 8 2 32

78689 Parts of the trailers and semi-trailers of heading 786.1, subgroup 786.2

1 8 8 2 128

79 OTHR.TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT 791 RAILWAY VEHICLES.EQUIPNT 7911 Elec.locos non-self-genr

79111 Rail locomotives powered from an external source of electricity

2 1 8 2 32

79115 Rail locomotives powered by electric accumulators 2 1 8 2 32 7912 Othr.locomotives,tenders 79121 Diesel-electric locomotives 2 1 8 2 32 79129 Rail locomotives, n.e.s.; locomotive tenders 2 1 8 2 32

7916 Railway or tramway coaches, vans and trucks, self-propelled (other than m 2 1 8 2 32

7917 Railway or tramway passenger coaches, not self-propelled; luggage-vans, p

2 1 8 2 32

7918 Rail,tram.frght cars etc

79181 Railway or tramway maintenance or service vehicles, whether or not self-p

2 1 8 2 32

79182 Railway or tramway goods vans and wagons (freight cars), not self-propell

2 1 8 2 32

7919 Rail.track fixtures,prts

79191 Railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings; mechanical (including ele

1 1 8 1 8

79199 Parts of railway or tramway locomotives or rolling-stock

1 1 2 1 2

792 AIRCRAFT,ASSOCTD.EQUIPNT 7921 Helicopters

79211 Helicopters, of an unladen weight not exceeding 2,000 kg

2 1 8 4 64

79215 Helicopters, of an unladen weight exceeding 2,000 kg

2 1 8 4 64

7922 Aeroplanes or other, mechanically-propelled, of an unladen weight <= 2000

2 1 8 2 32

7923 Aeroplanes and other aircraft, mechanically-propelled (other than helicop

2 1 8 4 64

7924 Aeroplanes and other,mechanically-propelled, of an unladen weight > 15000

2 1 8 4 64

7925 Spacecraft (including satellites) and spacecraft launch vehicles

4 1 8 8 256

7928 Aircraft, n.e.s. (including dirigibles, balloons, gliders, etc.) and associated equipment

79281 Gliders and hang-gliders 2 2 4 2 32 79282 Balloons, dirigibles and other non-powered aircraft 2 2 4 4 64


52

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

79283 Aircraft launching gear; deck-arrestor or similar gear; ground flying tra

1 1 8 2 16

7929 Parts,nes,aircraft,equip 79291 Propellers and rotors and parts thereof 1 8 4 4 128 79293 Undercarriages and parts thereof 1 8 8 2 128 79295 Other parts of aeroplanes or helicopters 1 8 8 4 256 79297 Other parts of the goods of group 792 1 8 8 4 256 793 SHIP,BOAT,FLOAT.STRUCTRS 7931 Yachts,sports vessls,etc

79311 Inflatable vessels (including rowing-boats and canoes)

2 2 4 1 16

79312 Sailboats, not inflatable, with or without auxiliary motor

4 2 8 2 128

79319 Non-inflatable rowing-boats and canoes and vessels for pleasure or sport,

2 2 4 1 16

7932 Ships,boats,othr.vessels 79322 Tankers of all kinds 1 1 8 8 64

79324 Fishing vessels; factory ships and other vessels for processing or preser

1 1 8 4 32

79326 Refrigerated vessels (other than tankers) 1 1 8 4 32

79327 Other vessels for the transport of goods (including vessels for the trans

1 1 8 4 32

79328 Cruise ships, excursion boats and similar vessels principally designed fo

4 1 8 8 256

79329 Other vessels (including warships and lifeboats other than rowing-boats)

1 1 8 8 64

7933 Vessels and other floating structures for breaking up 1 1 8 4 32 7935 Spec.purpose vessels etc 79351 Dredgers 1 1 8 8 64

79355 Floating or submersible drilling or production platforms

1 1 8 8 64

79359 Light vessels, fire-floats, floating cranes and other vessels, n.e.s., th

1 1 8 4 32

7937 Tugs and pusher craft 1 1 8 4 32 7939 Othr.floating structures 79391 Rafts, inflatable 1 1 8 1 8 79399 Floating structures, n.e.s. 1 1 8 4 32 8 MISC MANUFACTURED ARTCLS 81 PREFAB BUILDGS,FTTNG ETC 811 PREFABRICATED BUILDINGS 8110 Prefabricated buildings 812 PLUMBNG,SANITRY,EQPT.ETC 8121 Boilrs.radiatrs,etc.n.el 81211 Radiators and parts thereof 1 1 4 2 8 81215 Air heaters and hot-air distributors and parts thereof 1 1 4 2 8

81217 Central heating boilers (other than those of group 711)

1 1 4 8 32

81219 Parts for the boilers of heading 812.17 1 8 1 8 64 8122 Ceramic plumbng fixtures

81221 Ceramic sinks, wash-basins, wash-basin pedestals, baths, bidets, water-cl

2 2 2 2 16

81229 Ceramic sinks, wash-basins, wash-basin pedestals, baths, bidets, water-cl

2 2 2 2 16

813 LIGHTNG FIXTURES ETC.NES 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes

81311 Chandeliers and other electric ceiling and wall lighting fittings (exclud

4 2 8 4 256

81312 Portable electric lamps designed to function by their own source of energ

4 2 8 1 64

81313 Electric table, desk, bedside or floor-standing lamps 4 2 8 2 128 81315 Electric lamps and lighting fittings, n.e.s. 4 2 8 2 128 81317 Non-electrical lamps and lighting fittings 4 2 8 2 128

8132 Illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like

4 2 4 8 256

8138 Parts of the portable electric lamps of heading 813.12 (excl. storage bat

2 8 1 8 128

8139 Parts,light fittng,signs

81391 Parts, n.e.s., of the goods of subgroup 813.1 and of heading 813.2, of gl 2 8 1 8 128

81392 Parts, n.e.s., of the goods of subgroup 813.1 and heading 813.2, of plast

2 8 1 8 128

81399 Parts, n.e.s., of the goods of subgroup 813.1 and heading 813.2, of mater

2 8 1 8 128

82 FURNITURE,BEDDING,ETC. 821 FURNITURE,CUSHIONS,ETC. 8211 Convertible seats,parts 82111 Seats of a kind used for aircraft 4 2 8 4 256 82112 Seats of a kind used for motor vehicles 4 2 8 1 64

82113 Seats of cane, osier, bamboo or similar materials, whether or not upholst

4 2 4 2 64

82114 Swivel seats with variable height adjustment 4 2 4 2 64

82115 Seats, other than garden seats or camping equipment, convertible into bed

4 2 4 2 64

82116 Seats, n.e.s., with wooden frames 4 2 4 2 64 82117 Seats, n.e.s., with metal frames 4 2 4 2 64 82118 Other seats 4 2 4 2 64 82119 Parts of the seats of subgroup 821.1 2 8 1 8 128 8212 Mattresses, etc. 82121 Mattress supports 2 2 2 1 8 82123 Mattresses of cellular rubber or plastics 2 2 4 1 16 82125 Mattresses of other materials 2 2 4 1 16 82127 Sleeping-bags 4 2 4 1 32 82129 Other articles of bedding 2 2 4 1 16 8213 Metal furniture nes 82131 Furniture, n.e.s., of metal, of a kind used in offices 4 2 4 2 64

82139 Other furniture, n.e.s., of metal, other than of a kind used in offices

4 2 4 2 64

8215 Furniture,nes,of wood 82151 Furniture, n.e.s., of wood, of a kind used in offices 4 2 4 2 64

82153 Furniture, n.e.s., of wood, of a kind used in the kitchen

4 2 4 2 64

82155 Furniture, n.e.s., of wood, of a kind used in the bedroom

4 2 4 2 64

82159 Furniture, n.e.s., of wood 4 2 4 2 64 8217 Furniture nes,othr.matrl 82171 Furniture, n.e.s., of plastics 4 2 4 2 64

82179 Furniture, n.e.s., of other materials (including bamboo)

4 2 4 2 64

8218 Parts of the furniture of subgroups 821.3, 821.5 and 821.7

2 8 1 8 128

83 TRAVEL GOODS,HANDBGS ETC 831 TRUNK,SUIT-CASES,BAG,ETC

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

8311 Handbags,nes

83111 Handbags, whether or not with shoulder-strap (including those without han

4 4 4 1 64

83112 Handbags, whether or not with shoulder-strap (including those without han

4 4 4 1 64

83119 Other handbags, whether or not with shoulder-strap (including those witho

4 4 4 1 64

8312 Trunks, suit-cases,etc.

83121 Trunks, suitcases, vanity cases, executive cases, briefcases, school satc

4 4 4 1 64

83122 Trunks, suitcases, vanity cases, executive cases, briefcases, school satc 4 4 4 1 64

83129 Trunks, suitcases, vanity cases, executive cases, briefcases, school satc

4 4 4 1 64

8313 Travel sets for personal toilet, sewing or shoe or clothes cleaning

4 2 4 1 32

8319 Travel goods nes

83191 Articles of a kind normally carried in the pocket or handbag

2 2 4 1 16

83199 Other travel goods, handbags and similar containers 4 4 4 1 64 84 CLOTHING AND ACCESSORIES 841 MENS,BOYS CLOTHNG,X-KNIT 8411 Overcoats,outerwear,etc.

84111 Overcoats, raincoats, car coats, capes, cloaks and similar articles, men'

4 4 4 1 64

84112 Overcoats, raincoats, car coats, capes, cloaks and similar articles, men'

4 4 4 1 64

84119 Other outer garments, n.e.s., men's or boys' (not of 841.2, heading 841.3

4 4 4 1 64

8412 Suits and ensembles

84121 Suits, men's or boys', of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted or croche

4 4 4 2 128

84122 Suits, men's or boys', of textile materials other than wool or fine anima

4 4 4 2 128

84123 Ensembles, men's or boys' (not of 845.2), of textile materials, not knitt

4 4 4 2 128

8413 Jackets and blazers, men's or boys', of textile materials, not knitted or

4 4 4 1 64

8414 Trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts, men's or boys', of

4 4 4 1 64

8415 Shirts

84151 Shirts, men's or boys', of cotton, not knitted or crocheted

4 4 4 1 64

8416 Underwear,nightwear etc.

84161 Underpants and briefs, men's or boys', not knitted or crocheted 4 4 4 1 64

84162 Nightshirts and pyjamas, men's or boys', not knitted or crocheted

4 4 4 1 64

84169 Other underwear and nightwear, men's or boys', not knitted or crocheted

4 4 4 1 64

842 WOMEN,GIRL CLOTHNG,XKNIT 8421 Overcoats,oth.coats etc.

84211 Overcoats, raincoats, car coats, capes, cloaks and similar articles, wome

4 4 4 1 64

84219 Other outer garments, n.e.s., women's or girls', of textile materials (no

4 4 4 1 64

8422 Suits and ensembles

84221 Suits, women's or girls', of textile materials, not knitted or crocheted

4 4 4 2 128

84222 Ensembles, women's or girls', of textile materials, not knitted or croche

4 4 4 2 128

8423 Jackets and blazers, women's or girls', of textile materials, not knitted

4 4 4 1 64

8424 Dresses, women's or girls', of textile materials, not knitted or crochete

4 4 4 1 64

8425 Skirts and divided skirts, women's or girls', of textile materials, not k

4 4 4 1 64

8426 Trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts, women's or girls', 4 4 4 1 64

8427 Blouses, shirts and shirt-blouses, women's or girls', of textile material

4 4 4 1 64


84281 Slips and petticoats, women's or girls', of textile materials, not knitte

4 4 4 1 64

84282 Nightdresses and pyjamas, women's or girls', of textile materials, not kn

4 4 4 1 64

84289 Other underwear and nightwear, women's or girls', of textile materials, n

4 4 4 1 64

843 MENS,BOYS CLOTHING,KNIT

8431 Overcoats, car coats, capes, cloaks, anoraks (including ski jackets), win 4 4 4 1 64

8432 Suits,jackts,trousrs.etc

84321 Suits, men's or boys', of knitted or crocheted textile materials

4 4 4 2 128

84322 Ensembles, men's or boys', of knitted or crocheted textile materials (not

4 4 4 2 128

84323 Jackets and blazers, men's or boys', of knitted or crocheted textile mate

4 4 4 1 64

84324 Trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts, men's or boys', of

4 4 4 1 64

8437 Shirts,mens boys,knit 84371 Shirts, men's or boys', knitted or crocheted of cotton 4 4 4 1 64

84379 Shirts, men's or boys', knitted or crocheted of textile materials other t

4 4 4 1 64


84381 Underpants and briefs, men's or boys', knitted or crocheted of textile ma

4 4 4 1 64

84382 Nightshirts and pyjamas, men's or boys', knitted or crocheted of textile

4 4 4 1 64

84389 Other underwear and nightwear, men's or boys', knitted or crocheted of te

4 4 4 1 64

844 WOMEN,GIRLS CLOTHNG.KNIT

8441 Overcoats, car coats, capes, cloaks, anoraks (including ski jackets), win

4 4 4 1 64

8442 Suits,dresses skirts etc

84421 Suits, women's or girls', knitted or crocheted of textile materials

4 4 4 2 128

84422 Ensembles, women's or girls', knitted or crocheted of textile materials

4 4 4 2 128

84423 Jackets and blazers, women's or girls', knitted or crocheted of textile m

4 4 4 1 64


53

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

84424 Dresses, women's or girls', knitted or crocheted of textile materials

4 4 4 2 128

84425 Skirts and divided skirts, women's or girls', knitted or crocheted of tex

4 4 4 1 64

84426 Trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts, women's or girls',

4 4 4 1 64

8447 Blouses, shirts and shirt-blouses, women's or girls', knitted or crochete

4 4 4 1 64

8448 Underwear, nightwear etc

84481 Slips and petticoats, women's or girls', knitted or crocheted of textile

4 4 4 1 64

84482 Briefs and panties, women's or girls', knitted or crocheted of textile ma

4 4 4 1 64

84483 Nightdresses and pyjamas, women's or girls', knitted or crocheted of text

4 4 4 1 64

84489 Other underwear and nightwear, women's and girls', knitted or crocheted o

4 4 4 1 64

845 OTHR.TEXTILE APPAREL,NES 8451 Babies'garmnts,clths acc

84511 Babies' garments and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted

4 4 4 1 64

84512 Babies' garments and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted 4 4 4 1 64

8452 Garment,felt,txtl fabric

84521 Garments made up of fabrics of subgroup 657.1 (felt) or heading 657.2 (no

4 4 4 1 64

84522 Men's and boy's garments made up of fabrics (not knitted or crocheted) of

4 4 4 1 64

84523 Women's or girls' garments made up of fabrics (not knitted or crocheted)

4 4 4 1 64

84524 Garments made up of knitted or crocheted fabrics of headings 657.32, 657.

4 4 4 1 64

8453 Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and similar articles, knitted o

4 4 4 1 64

8454 T-shirts, singlets and other vests, knitted or crocheted

4 4 4 1 64

8455 Brassieres,corsets,etc. 84551 Brassi res 4 4 4 1 64

84552 Girdles, corsets, braces, suspenders, garters and similar articles

4 4 4 1 64

8456 Swimwear 84561 Swimwear, men's or boys', not knitted or crocheted 4 4 4 1 64 84562 Swimwear, men's or boys', knitted or crocheted 4 4 4 1 64

84563 Swimwear, women's or girls', not knitted or crocheted

4 4 4 1 64

84564 Swimwear, women's or girls', knitted or crocheted 4 4 4 1 64 8458 Oth.garments,not knitted 84581 Ski suits, not knitted or crocheted 4 4 4 2 128

84587 Articles of apparel, men's or boys', n.e.s., not knitted or crocheted

4 4 4 1 64

84589 Articles of apparel, women's or girls', n.e.s., not knitted or crocheted

4 4 4 1 64

8459 Other garments knitted 84591 Track suits, knitted or crocheted 4 4 4 2 128 84592 Ski suits, knitted or crocheted 4 4 4 2 128 84599 Garments, knitted or crocheted, n.e.s. 4 4 4 1 64 846 CLOTHING ACCESSRS,FABRIC 8461 Accessories,notknitted 84611 Handkerchiefs, not knitted or crocheted 2 4 2 1 16

84612 Shawls, scarves, mufflers, mantillas, veils and the like, not knitted or

2 4 2 1 16

84613 Ties, bow-ties and cravats, not knitted or crocheted 2 4 2 1 16 84614 Gloves, mittens and mitts, not knitted or crocheted 4 4 4 1 64

84619 Other made-up clothing accessories; parts of garments or of clothing othe

2 4 2 1 16

8462 Hosiery,etc.knitted 84621 Pantihose and tights, knitted or crocheted 4 4 4 1 64

84622 Women's full-length or knee-length hosiery, measuring per single yarn les 4 4 4 1 64

84629 Other hosiery, knitted or crocheted 4 4 4 1 64 8469 Oth.made-up cloth.access

84691 Gloves, knitted or crocheted of textile materials, impregnated, coated or

4 4 4 1 64

84692 Other gloves, mittens and mitts, knitted or crocheted

4 4 4 1 64

84693 Shawls, scarves, mufflers, mantillas, veils and the like, knitted or croc

2 4 2 1 16

84694 Ties, bow-ties and cravats, knitted or crocheted 2 4 2 1 16

84699 Made-up clothing accessories, n.e.s.; parts of garments or of clothing ac

2 4 2 1 16

848 CLOTHNG,NONTXTL;HEADGEAR 8481 Leather apparel,accessrs

84811 Articles of apparel, of leather or of composition leather (not including

4 4 4 1 64

84812 Gloves, mittens and mitts, not designed for use in sports, of leather or

4 4 4 1 64

84813 Belts and bandoliers, of leather or of composition leather

4 4 2 1 32

84819 Other clothing accessories, of leather or of composition leather

4 4 4 1 64

8482 Plastc,rubbr,apparel,etc

84821 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, of plastics

2 1 1 1 2

84822 Rubber gloves 2 1 1 1 2

84829 Other articles of apparel and clothing accessories, for all purposes, of

2 1 1 1 2

8483 Articles,accessories.fur 84831 Articles of furskin 4 4 4 1 64 84832 Artificial fur and articles thereof 4 4 4 1 64 8484 Headgear,fittings,nes

84841 Felt hats and other felt headgear, made from the hat bodies, hoods or pla

4 4 4 1 64

84842 Hats and other headgear, plaited or made by assembling strips of any mate

4 4 4 1 64

84843 Hats and other headgear, knitted or crocheted, or made up from lace, felt

4 4 4 1 64

84844 Safety headgear, whether or not lined or trimmed 8 4 4 2 256

84845 Headgear, n.e.s., of rubber or plastics, whether or not lined or trimmed

4 4 4 1 64

84848 Headbands, linings, covers, hat foundations, hat frames, peaks and chin-s

4 4 2 1 32

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

84849 Headgear, n.e.s., of materials other than rubber or plastics

4 4 4 1 64

85 FOOTWEAR 851 FOOTWEAR 8511 Footwear,w.metal toe-cap

85111 Waterproof footwear incorporating a protective metal toecap, with outer s

4 4 4 1 64

85113 Footwear, non-waterproof, incorporating a protective metal toecap, with o

4 4 4 1 64

85115 Footwear, non-waterproof, incorporating a protective metal toecap, with o

4 4 4 1 64

8512 Sports footwear

85121 Ski boots and cross-country ski footwear, with outer soles and uppers of

8 4 4 1 128

85122 Ski boots and cross-country ski footwear, with outer soles of rubber, pla

8 4 4 1 128

85123 Other sports footwear, with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastics

8 4 4 1 128

85124 Other sports footwear, with outer soles of rubber, plastics, leather or c

8 4 4 1 128

85125 Tennis shoes, basketball shoes, gym shoes, training shoes and the like an

8 4 4 1 128

8513 Footwear,nes,rubber,plst

85131 Other waterproof footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or of pla

4 4 4 1 64

85132 Other footwear, n.e.s., with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastics

4 4 4 1 64

8514 Oth.footwear,lthr.uppers

85141 Footwear with outer soles of leather and uppers which consist of leather

4 4 4 1 64

85142 Footwear with uppers of leather or composition leather, made on a base or

4 4 4 1 64

85148 Footwear, n.e.s., with uppers of leather or composition leather and outer

4 4 4 1 64

85149 Footwear with uppers of leather or composition leather, n.e.s.

4 4 4 1 64

8515 Oth.footwear,textle uppr

85151 Footwear with outer soles of rubber or plastics and uppers of textile mat

4 4 4 1 64

85152 Footwear with outer soles of leather or composition leather and uppers of

4 4 4 1 64

85159 Footwear with uppers of textile materials, n.e.s. 4 4 4 1 64 8517 Footwear, n.e.s. 4 4 4 1 64

8519 Parts of footwear (including uppers, whether or not attached to soles oth

2 1 2 1 4

87 SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT NES 871 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS,NES 8711 Binoculars,telescope etc 87111 Binoculars 4 1 4 2 32

87115 Other astronomical instruments (excluding instruments for radio astronomy

2 1 4 4 32

87119 Parts and accessories (including mountings), of binoculars, telescopes, a

2 8 1 2 32

8713 Non-optic.microscope etc

87131 Microscopes (other than optical microscopes) and diffraction apparatus

1 1 8 4 32

87139 Parts and accessories of microscopes (excl. optical microscopes) and diff 1 8 1 4 32

8714 Compnd optic.microscopes 87141 Stereoscopic microscopes 1 1 8 4 32

87143 Other microscopes for photomicrography, cinephotomicrography or microproj

1 1 8 4 32

87145 Microscopes, n.e.s. 1 1 8 4 32

87149 Parts and accessories of compound optical microscopes

1 8 4 4 128

8719 Liq.crystal devcs;lasers

87191 Telescopic sights for fitting to arms; periscopes; telescopes designed to

1 1 4 4 16

87192 Lasers (other than laser diodes) 1 1 8 2 16 87193 Other optical devices, appliances and instruments 1 1 4 2 8

87199 Parts and accessories of the articles of subgroup 871.9

1 8 2 2 32

872 MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS NES 8721 Dental instruments nes

87211 Dental drill engines, whether or not combined on a single base with other

1 1 8 2 16

87219 Other dental instruments and appliances 1 1 4 1 4 8722 Othr.medical instruments 87221 Syringes, needles, catheters, cannulae and the like 2 1 4 1 8 87225 Ophthalmic instruments and appliances, n.e.s. 1 1 8 4 32

87229 Other medical, surgical or veterinary instruments and appliances

1 1 4 1 4

8723 Theurapeutic apparatus

87231 Mechanotherapy appliances; massage apparatus; psychological aptitude-test

8 1 8 2 128

87233 Ozone therapy, oxygen therapy, aerosol therapy, artificial respiration or

1 1 4 2 8

87235 Other breathing appliances and gas masks (excluding protective masks havi

1 1 4 2 8

8724 Medical, dental, surgical or veterinary furniture (e.g., operating tables

1 1 8 2 16

873 METERS,COUNTERS,NES 8731 Gas,liquid,electr.meters 87311 Gas meters 1 1 8 1 8 87313 Liquid meters 1 1 8 1 8 87315 Electricity meters 1 1 8 1 8

87319 Parts and accessories of gas, liquid or electricity meters

1 8 1 1 8

8732 Rev.counters,meters etc.

87321 Revolution counters, production counters, taximeters, mileometers, pedome

1 1 8 1 8

87325 Speed indicators and tachometers; stroboscopes 1 1 8 1 8

87329 Parts and accessories of the articles of subgroup 873.2

1 1 8 1 8

874 MEASURE,CONTROL INSTRMNT 8741 Compasses,survey instrmt

87411 Direction-finding compasses; other navigational instruments and appliance

2 1 4 1 8

87412 Parts and accessories of navigational instruments and appliances

2 8 2 1 32

87413 Surveying (including photogrammetrical surveying), hydrographic, oceanogr

1 1 8 4 32


54

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

87414 Parts and accessories for the articles of heading 874.13

1 8 4 4 128

8742 Drawing,measurg.instrmnt

87422 Drafting tables and machines, whether or not automatic, and other drawing

2 1 4 2 16

87423 Instruments for measuring length, for use in the hand (e.g., measuring ro

2 1 1 1 2

87424 Parts and accessories for the articles of heading 874.22 and 874.23

1 8 2 2 32

87425 Measuring or checking instruments, appliances and machines, n.e.s.; profi

1 1 8 2 16

87426 Parts and accessories for the articles of heading 874.25

1 1 4 2 8

8743 Gas,liq.meas.contrl.inst

87431 Instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking the flow or level of

1 1 8 4 32

87435 Instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking the pressure of liqui

1 1 8 4 32

87437 Other instruments and apparatus for measuring liquids or gases

1 1 8 4 32

87439 Parts and accessories for the articles of subgroup 874.3

1 8 4 4 128

8744 Instruments,analysis etc 87441 Gas or smoke analysis apparatus 1 1 8 4 32 87442 Chromatographs and electrophoresis instruments 1 1 8 4 32

87443 Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiati

1 1 8 4 32

87444 Exposure meters 1 1 8 4 32

87445 Other instruments and apparatus using optical radiations (UV, visible, IR

1 1 8 4 32

87446 Instruments and apparatus for physical or chemical analysis, n.e.s.

1 1 8 4 32

87449 Microtomes; parts and accessories of the articles of subgroup 874.4

1 1 4 4 16

8745 Meas,contrl,sci inst.nes

87451 Balances of a sensitivity of 5 cg or better, with or without weights

1 1 8 2 16

87452 Instruments, apparatus or models, designed for demonstrational purposes (

1 1 8 4 32

87453 Machines and appliances for testing the hardness, strength, compressibili

1 1 8 4 32

87454 Parts and accessories for the machines and appliances of heading 874.53

1 8 4 4 128

87455 Hydrometers and similar floating instruments, thermometers, pyrometers, b

1 1 8 2 16

87456 Parts and accessories for the instruments of heading 874.55

1 8 4 2 64

8746 Automatic control instrt 87461 Thermostats 1 1 8 2 16 87463 Pressure regulators and controllers (manostats) 1 1 8 4 32

87465 Other regulating or controlling instruments and apparatus

1 1 8 2 16

87469 Parts and accessories for automatic regulating or controlling instruments

1 8 4 2 64

8747 Oscilloscopes, etc.

87471 Instruments and apparatus for measuring or detecting ionizing radiations

1 1 8 2 16

87473 Cathode-ray oscilloscopes and cathode-ray oscillographs

1 1 8 2 16

87475 Other instruments and apparatus, for measuring or checking voltage, curre

1 1 8 1 8

87477 Other instruments and apparatus, specially designed for telecommunication

1 1 8 2 16

87478 Other instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking electrical quan

1 1 8 2 16

87479 Parts and accessories for the instruments and apparatus of subgroup 874.7

1 8 4 2 64

8749 Parts and accessories for machines, appliances, instruments and apparatus 1 8 4 2 64

88 PHOTO.APPARAT.NES;CLOCKS 881 PHOTOGRAPH APPAR.ETC.NES 8811 Cameras,flash equipt,etc 88111 Photographic (other than cinematographic) cameras 4 2 8 1 64 88112 Flash bulbs; flash-cubes and the like 2 1 8 2 32

88113 Photographic flashlight apparatus (other than the discharge lamps of subg

1 1 8 2 16

88114 Parts and accessories for the photographic cameras of heading 881.11

4 8 4 1 128

88115 Parts and accessories for photographic flashlight apparatus

2 8 4 1 64

8812 Cine.cameras,project.etc

88121 Cinematographic cameras, whether or not incorporating sound recording app

4 2 8 1 64

88122 Cinematographic projectors, whether or not incorporating sound reproducin

4 2 8 1 64

88123 Parts and accessories for the cinematographic cameras of heading 881.21

1 8 4 1 32

88124 Parts and accessories for cinematographic projectors

1 8 4 1 32

8813 Photo,cine.equipment nes

88131 Microfilm, microfiche or other microform readers, whether or not capable 2 1 8 2 32

88132 Image projectors, n.e.s. 2 1 8 2 32

88133 Photographic (other than cinematographic) enlargers and reducers

1 1 4 2 8

88134 Parts and accessories for the equipment of headings 881.31 through 881.33

1 8 2 2 32

88135 Apparatus and equipment for photographic (including cinematographic) labo

1 1 4 2 8

88136 Parts and accessories for the apparatus and equipment of heading 881.35

1 8 2 2 32

882 PHOTO.CINEMATOGRPH.SUPPL

8822 Photographic plates and film in the flat, sensitized, unexposed, of any m

1 1 2 1 2

8823 Photographic film in rolls, sensitized, unexposed, of any material other

1 1 8 1 8

8824 Photographic paper, paperboard and textiles, sensitized, unexposed

1 1 8 1 8

8825 Photographic plates, film, paper, exposed but not developed

1 1 8 1 8

8826 Photographic plates and film, exposed and developed, other than cinematog

1 1 8 1 8

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

883 CINE.FILM EXPOSD.DEVELPD

8831 Cinematographic film, exposed and developed of 35mm or more

1 1 4 1 4

8839 Cinematographic film, exposed and developed, with or without sound

1 1 4 1 4

884 OPTICAL GOODS NES 8841 Optc.fibr.lens etc.unmnt 88411 Contact lenses 8 4 1 1 32 88415 Spectacle lenses of glass 8 4 1 1 32 88417 Spectacle lenses of other materials 8 4 1 1 32

88419 Optical fibres and optical fibre bundles and cables; sheets and plates of 1 1 1 1 1

8842 Spectacles and frames

88421 Frames and mountings for spectacles, goggles or the like

4 4 4 4 256

88422 Parts for frames and mountings of spectacles, goggles or the like

2 8 2 4 128

88423 Spectacles, goggles and the like, corrective, protective or other

4 4 4 4 256

8843 Lenses,prisms,etc.mountd

88431 Objective lenses for cameras, projectors or photographic enlargers or red

1 1 1 1 1

88432 Other objective lenses 1 1 1 1 1 88433 Filters 1 1 1 1 1 88439 Mounted optical elements, n.e.s. 1 1 1 1 1 885 WATCHES AND CLOCKS 8853 Watches,prec.metal cases

88531 Wrist-watches, battery or accumulator powered, whether or not incorporati

4 4 8 2 256

88532 Other wrist-watches, whether or not incorporating a stopwatch facility, w

4 4 8 2 256

88539 Pocket watches and other watches (not wrist-watches), with case wholly or

4 4 8 2 256

8854 Watches,other than p.mtl

88541 Wrist-watches, battery or accumulator powered, whether or not incorporati

4 4 8 2 256

88542 Other wrist-watches, whether or not incorporating a stopwatch facility, n

4 4 8 2 256

88549 Pocket-watches and other watches (not wrist-watches), not of 885.39

4 4 8 2 256

8855 Watch movements,assembld

88551 Watch movements, battery or accumulator powered, complete and assembled

2 2 8 2 64

88552 Watch movements, neither battery nor accumulator powered, complete and as

2 2 8 2 64

8857 Clocks

88571 Instrument panel clocks and clocks of a similar type, for vehicles, aircr

2 2 8 2 64

88572 Clocks with watch movements (excluding clocks of heading 885.71), battery

4 4 8 2 256

88573 Other clocks with watch movements (excluding clocks of heading 885.71)

4 4 8 2 256

88574 Alarm clocks, battery, accumulator or mains powered

4 2 8 1 64

88575 Other alarm clocks 4 2 8 1 64 88576 Wall clocks, battery, accumulator or mains powered 4 4 8 2 256 88577 Other wall clocks 4 4 8 2 256

88578 Other clocks, battery, accumulator or mains powered

4 4 8 2 256

88579 Clocks, n.e.s. 4 4 8 2 256 8859 Time measuring equip.nes 88591 Watch-cases and parts of watch-cases 4 4 2 2 64

88592 Watch-straps, watchbands and watch bracelets, and parts thereof, of metal

4 4 4 2 128

88593 Watch-straps, watchbands and watch bracelets and parts thereof, of materi

4 4 4 2 128

88594

Time-of-day recording apparatus and apparatus for measuring, recording or otherwise indicating intervals of time, with clock or watch movement or with synchronous motor (e.g., time-registers, time-recorders)

2 2 4 2 32

88595 Time switches with clock or watch movements or with synchronous motors

2 2 8 2 64

88596 Clock movements, complete and assembled 1 2 8 2 32

88597 Clock cases and cases of a similar type for other goods of group 885, and

4 4 4 2 128

88598 Complete watch or clock movements, unassembled or partly assembled (movem

1 2 2 2 8

88599 Clock or watch parts. n.e.s. 2 8 4 2 128 89 MISC MANUFCTRD GOODS NES 891 ARMS AND AMMUNITION 8911 Armd.fight.vehcl,weapons

89111 Tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles, motorized, whether or not fit

1 1 8 8 64

89112 Military weapons (other than revolvers, pistols and the arms of heading 8

1 1 8 4 32

89113 Swords, cutlasses, bayonets, lances and similar arms, and parts thereof a

8 1 4 4 128

89114 Revolvers and pistols (not of 891.31) 1 1 8 2 16 8912 Bomb,mines,missl.amm.etc

89121 Cartridges for riveting or similar tools or for captive-bolt humane kille 1 1 4 1 4

89122 Cartridges for shotguns 1 1 4 1 4 89123 Airgun pellets and parts of cartridges for shotguns 1 1 4 1 4 89124 Other cartridges and parts thereof 1 1 4 1 4 89129 Munitions of war and parts thereof, n.e.s. 1 1 4 1 4 8913 Non-military arms

89131 Firearms, n.e.s., and similar devices which operate by the firing of an e

4 1 8 2 64

89139 Other arms (e.g., spring, air or other gas guns and pistols, truncheons),

4 1 8 2 64

8919 Parts,accessor.of weapon 89191 Parts and accessories of revolvers or pistols 2 8 2 2 64 89193 Shotgun barrels of shotguns of heading 891.31 2 1 2 2 8 89195 Other parts of shotguns and rifles of heading 891.31 2 8 2 2 64

89199 Parts and accessories, n.e.s., of the articles of headings 891.12 and 891

2 8 2 2 64

892 PRINTED MATTER 8921 Printed books,globes etc 89212 Children's picture, drawing or colouring books 1 2 4 2 16 89213 Maps and charts in book form 1 2 4 2 16


55

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

89214 Maps and hydrographic or similar charts of all kinds (including wall maps

1 2 1 2 4

89215 Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter, in single

1 2 4 2 16

89216 Dictionaries and encyclopaedias, and serial instalments thereof, not in s

1 2 4 1 8

89219 Other books, brochures and similar printed matter, not in single sheets

1 2 4 1 8

8922 Newspaper,periodical,etc

89221 Newspapers, journals and periodicals, whether or not illustrated or conta

1 8 4 1 32

89229 Newspapers, journals and periodicals, whether or not illustrated or conta

1 8 4 1 32

8924 Postcards,transfers etc. 89241 Transfers (decalcomanias) 1 2 2 2 8

89242 Printed or illustrated postcards, printed cards bearing personal greeting

1 2 1 2 4

8928 Printed matter, nes

89281 Paper or paperboard labels of all kinds, whether or not printed

1 1 1 2 2

89282 Plans and drawings for architectural, engineering, industrial, commercial

1 1 1 8 8

89283 Unused postage, revenue or similar stamps of current or new issue in the

1 1 1 1 1

89284 Calendars of any kind, printed (including calendar blocks)

1 1 2 2 4

89285 Music, printed or in manuscript, whether or not bound or illustrated

1 1 2 2 4

89286 Trade advertising material, commercial catalogues and the like

1 2 2 4 16

89287 Pictures, designs and photographs 1 2 1 1 2 89289 Printed matter, n.e.s. 1 2 1 1 2 893 ARTICLES,NES,OF PLASTICS 8931 Plastic containers etc. 89311 Sacks and bags (including cones), of plastics 2 1 1 1 2

89319 Articles for the conveyance or packing of goods, n.e.s., of plastics; sto

2 1 1 1 2

8932 Builders'ware, plastics

89321 Baths, shower-baths, wash-basins, bidets, lavatory pans, seats and covers

2 2 2 2 16

89329 Other builders' ware of plastics 2 2 2 2 16 8933 Plastic flr,wall,coverng

89331 Floor coverings of plastics, whether or not self-adhesive, in rolls or in

2 2 4 1 16

89332 Tableware, kitchenware, other household articles and toilet articles, of 4 2 1 1 8

8939 Plastic articles nes 89394 Office or school supplies of plastics 2 2 4 1 16

89395 Fittings for furniture, coachwork or the like, of plastics

2 2 2 2 16

89399 Other articles of plastics 4 2 2 1 16 894 BABY CARRIAGE,TOYS,GAMES 8941 Baby carriages and parts thereof, n.e.s. 4 2 4 1 32 8942 Children's toys

89421 Wheeled toys designed to be ridden by children (e.g., tricycles, scooters

4 4 8 1 128

89422 Dolls representing only human beings, whether or not dressed 4 4 4 1 64

89423 Parts and accessories of dolls representing only human beings

2 4 2 1 16

89424 Construction sets and constructional toys 4 4 2 1 32 89425 Toys representing animals or non-human creatures 4 4 4 1 64 89426 Toy musical instruments and apparatus 4 4 4 1 64 89427 Puzzles 4 2 2 1 16 89429 Toys, n.e.s. 4 2 4 1 32 8943 Funfair,table game artcl

89431 Video games of a kind used with a television receiver

2 2 8 1 32

89433 Articles and accessories for billiards 2 2 1 2 8

89435 Other games, coin- or disc-operated (not bowling alley equipment)

2 2 2 2 16

89437 Playing-cards 2 1 2 1 4 89439 Articles for funfair, table and parlour games, n.e.s. 2 2 2 1 8 8944 Festive articles etc.nes 89441 Lighting sets of a kind used for Christmas trees 2 2 8 1 32 89445 Other articles for Christmas festivities 2 2 4 1 16 89449 Other entertainment articles 2 2 4 1 16

8946 Roundabouts, swings, shooting galleries and other fairground amusements,

4 1 4 2 32

8947 Sports goods

89471 Fishing-rods, fish-hooks and other line tackle; fish-landing nets, butter

4 2 4 1 32

89472 Ice-skates and roller-skates (including skating boots with skates attache

8 4 4 2 256

89473 Snow-skis and other snow-ski equipment 8 4 2 2 128

89474 Water-skis, surfboards, sailboards and other water sport equipment

8 4 2 2 128

89475 Golf equipment 8 4 4 2 256

89476 Tennis, badminton or similar rackets, whether or not strung

8 4 4 2 256

89477 Gloves, mittens and mitts, specially designed for use in sports 8 4 4 2 256

89478 Articles and equipment for general physical exercise, gymnastics or athle

1 1 4 2 8

89479 Sports goods, n.e.s. 4 1 2 2 16 895 OFFICE,STATIONERY SUPPLS 8951 Base metal office suppls

89511 Filing cabinets, card index cabinets, paper trays, paper rests, pen trays

2 1 1 1 2

89512 Fittings for loose-leaf binders or files, letter clips, letter corners, p

2 1 1 1 2

8952 Pens,pencils,fountn.pens

89521

Ball-point pens; felt-tipped or other porous-tipped pens and markers; fountain-pens, stylograph pens and other pens; duplicating stylos; propelling or sliding pencils; penholders, pencil-holders and similar holders; parts (including caps and clips) of the foregoing articles (not including goods of heading 895.22 or 895.23)

2 1 4 1 8

89522 Pen nibs and nib points 2 1 1 1 2

89523 Pencils (other than pencils of heading 895.21), crayons, pencil leads, pa

2 1 2 1 4

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

8959 Oth.office,statnry.suppl

89592 Slates and boards, with writing or drawing surfaces, whether or not frame

2 1 1 2 4

89593 Date, sealing or numbering stamps, and the like (including devices for pr

2 1 4 1 8

89594 Typewriter or similar ribbons, inked or otherwise prepared for giving imp

1 1 8 2 16

896 WORKS OF ART,ANTIQUE ETC 8963 Original sculptures and statuary, in any material 4 1 4 8 128 897 GOLD,SILVERWARE,JEWL NES 8972 Imitation jewellery

89721 Imitation jewellery of base metal, whether or not plated with precious me

4 2 2 2 32

89729 Imitation jewellery of other than non-precious materials

4 2 2 2 32

8973 Gold,silver jewelry,ware

89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

4 4 2 4 128

89732 Articles of goldsmiths' or silversmiths' wares and parts thereof, of prec

4 4 2 4 128

89733 Articles of natural or cultured pearls or of precious or semiprecious sto

4 4 2 2 64

8974 Othr.articles,prec.metal

89741 Catalysts in the form of wire cloth or grill, of platinum or of other met

1 4 2 2 16

89749 Articles of precious metal or of metal clad with precious metal, n.e.s.

4 4 2 2 64

898 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS,ETC. 8981 String musical instrumnt

89813 Pianos (including automatic pianos); harpsichords and other keyboard stri

4 2 8 4 256

89815 Other string musical instruments (e.g., guitars, violins, harps)

4 2 8 2 128

8982 Musical instruments nes

89821 Keyboard pipe-organs; harmoniums and similar keyboard instruments with fr

2 2 8 2 64

89822 Accordions and similar instruments; mouth-organs 2 2 8 2 64

89823 Other wind musical instruments (e.g., clarinets, trumpets, bagpipes)

2 2 4 4 64

89824 Percussion musical instruments (e.g., drums, xylophones, cymbals, castane

2 2 4 4 64

89825 Keyboard instruments (other than accordions), the sound of which is produ

2 2 8 2 64

89826 Musical instruments, n.e.s., the sound of which is produced or must be am

2 2 8 4 128

89829 Music boxes, fairground organs, mechanical street organs, mechanical sing

2 2 8 4 128

8984 Magnetic tape,unrecorded

89841 Magnetic tapes for sound recording or similar recording of other phenomen

1 1 4 1 4


1 1 4 1 4


1 1 4 1 4

8985 Oth.blank recordng media 89851 Magnetic discs 1 1 4 1 4 89859 Prepared unrecorded media, n.e.s. 1 1 4 1 4 8986 Magnetic tapes, recorded

89861 Magnetic tapes, recorded, of a width not exceeding 4 mm

1 1 4 1 4

89865 Magnetic tapes, recorded of a width exceeding 4 mm but not exceeding 6.5

1 1 4 1 4

89867 Magnetic tapes, recorded, of a width exceeding 6.5 mm

1 1 4 1 4

8987 Other recorded media 89871 Gramophone records 1 1 2 4 8 89879 Recorded media, n.e.s. 1 1 4 1 4

8989 Parts and accessories of musical instruments (e.g., mechanisms for music 2 8 2 1 32

899 MISC MANUFCTRD GOODS NES 8992 Artificial flowers etc.

89921 Artificial flowers, foliage or fruit and parts thereof; articles made of

4 1 2 2 16

89929 Artificial flowers, foliage or fruit and parts thereof; articles made of

4 1 2 2 16

8993 Candles,matches,etc. 89931 Candles, tapers and the like 2 2 1 1 4

89932 Matches, other than pyrotechnical articles of subgroup 593.3

1 1 2 1 2

89933 Cigarette lighters and other lighters, whether or not mechanical or elect 2 2 4 1 16

89934 Liquid or liquefied-gas fuels in containers of a kind used for filling or

1 1 2 1 2

89935 Parts of lighters, n.e.s., other than flints and wicks 2 8 2 1 32

89936 Roughly shaped blocks of wood or root, for the manufacture of pipes

2 2 1 2 8

89937 Smoking pipes (including pipe bowls) and cigar or cigarette holders, and

4 4 2 2 64

89939 Ferrocerium and other pyrophoric alloys in all forms; metaldehyde, hexame

2 2 2 2 16

8994 Umbrellas,walking-sticks

89941 Umbrellas and sun umbrellas (including walking-stick umbrellas, garden um

2 2 4 2 32

89942 Walking-sticks, seat-sticks, whips, riding crops and the like

4 4 4 2 128

89949 Parts, trimmings and accessories of articles falling within heading 899.4

2 8 2 2 64

8996 Artificial aids,disabled 89961 Hearing-aids (excluding parts and accessories) 8 4 8 1 256 89963 Orthopaedic or fracture appliances 8 4 4 2 256 89965 Artificial teeth and dental fittings 8 4 4 1 128 89966 Other artificial parts of the body 8 4 8 2 512

89967 Pacemakers for stimulating heart muscles (excluding parts and accessories

4 4 8 2 256

89969 Appliances, n.e.s., which are worn or carried or implanted in the body to

4 4 8 2 256

8997 Baskets,brooms,brush,etc

89971 Basketware, wickerwork and other articles made directly to shape from pla

4 2 4 2 64

89972 Brooms, brushes (including brushes constituting parts of machines, applia

2 2 4 1 16


56

ID Product Cu

sto

miz

ati

on

Res

po

nsi

ven

ess

Co

mp

lexit

y

Vo

lum

e

Va

lue

Sco

re

89973 Plaits and similar products of plaiting materials, whether or not assembl

2 2 4 4 64

89974 Mats, matting and screens of vegetable materials 2 2 4 4 64

89979 Plaiting materials, plaits and similar products of plaiting materials, n.

2 2 2 4 32

8998 Small-wares,toiletrs nes 89981 Hand sieves and hand riddles 1 1 4 2 8

89982 Powder-puffs and pads for the application of cosmetics or toilet preparat

2 1 2 1 4

89983 Press-fasteners, snap-fasteners and press-studs and parts therefor; butto

2 2 2 1 8

89984 Button moulds and other parts of buttons; button blanks

2 2 1 1 4

89985 Slide fasteners 2 2 2 1 8 89986 Parts of slide fasteners 2 8 1 1 16

89987 Scent sprays and similar toilet sprays, and mounts and heads therefor

2 2 4 2 32

89988 Tailors' dummies and other lay figures; automata and other animated displ

4 1 1 4 16

89989 Combs, hair-slides and the like; hairpins, curling-pins, curling-grips, h

2 1 1 2 4

8999 Manufactured goods,nes.

89991 Articles of gut (other than silkworm gut), of goldbeater's skin, of bladd

1 1 1 2 2

89995 Wigs, false beards, eyebrows and eyelashes, switches and the like, of hum

8 4 4 1 128

89996 Parachutes (including dirigible parachutes) and rotochutes; parts thereof

2 2 4 4 64

89997 Vacuum flasks and other vacuum vessels, complete with cases; parts thereo

4 2 4 1 32

96 COIN NONGOLD NONCURRENT 961 COIN NONGOLD NONCURRENT 9610 Coin (other than gold coin), not being legal tender 2 1 1 2 4 64179 Oth.ppr,brd,coated,bulk 2 1 1 1 2 69991 Tungsten,wrght,artcl.nes 4 1 1 1 4 84159 Shirts,oth.textile matrl 4 4 4 1 64


57

Appendix II: Feasibility Analysis

ID Product Category Cu

stom

izati

on

Res

pon

siven

ess

Com

ple

xit

y

Volu

me

Valu

e S

core

Res

olu

tion

Siz

e

Rel

iab

ilit

y

Sp

eed

/Cost

Mate

rials

Fea

sib

ilit

y S

core

65821 Tarpaulins, awnings and sun-blinds Art and Home Décor 4 4 4 4 256 4 4 8 4 4 2048

65891 Tapestries, handwoven, of the Gobelins, Flanders, Aubusson, or Beauvais t Art and Home Décor 4 2 4 8 256 1 4 8 8 1 256

659 FLOOR COVERINGS, ETC. Art and Home Décor 4 2 4 8 256 8 1 8 1 1 64

66621 Statuettes and other ornamental ceramic articles, of porcelain or china Art and Home Décor 4 4 2 4 128 4 8 8 8 4 8192

66629 Statuettes and other ornamental ceramic articles, other than of porcelain Art and Home Décor 4 4 2 4 128 4 8 8 8 8 16384

69782 Statuettes and other ornaments, of base metal; photograph, picture or sim Art and Home Décor 4 4 2 4 128 4 8 8 8 4 8192

8131 Lamps,light fittings nes Art and Home Décor 4 2 8 2 128 4 8 8 8 4 8192

81311 Chandeliers and other electric ceiling and wall lighting fittings (exclud Art and Home Décor 4 2 8 4 256 4 8 8 8 4 8192

81313 Electric table, desk, bedside or floor-standing lamps Art and Home Décor 4 2 8 2 128 4 8 8 4 4 4096

81315 Electric lamps and lighting fittings, n.e.s. Art and Home Décor 4 2 8 2 128 4 8 8 4 4 4096

81317 Non-electrical lamps and lighting fittings Art and Home Décor 4 2 8 2 128 4 8 8 4 8 8192

8132 Illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like Art and Home Décor 4 2 4 8 256 4 8 8 8 4 8192

88572 Clocks with watch movements (excluding clocks of heading 885.71), battery Art and Home Décor 4 4 8 2 256 4 8 4 4 8 4096

88573 Other clocks with watch movements (excluding clocks of heading 885.71) Art and Home Décor 4 4 8 2 256 4 8 4 4 8 4096

88576 Wall clocks, battery, accumulator or mains powered Art and Home Décor 4 4 8 2 256 4 8 4 4 8 4096

88577 Other wall clocks Art and Home Décor 4 4 8 2 256 4 8 4 4 8 4096

88578 Other clocks, battery, accumulator or mains powered Art and Home Décor 4 4 8 2 256 4 8 4 4 8 4096

88579 Clocks, n.e.s. Art and Home Décor 4 4 8 2 256 4 8 4 4 8 4096

8963 Original sculptures and statuary, in any material Art and Home Décor 4 1 4 8 128 8 8 4 8 8 16384

AVERAGE ART AND HOME DÉCOR 4.0 3.0 6.0 3.8 202.1 4.3 7.2 6.5 5.5 5.6 6160.8

69111 Bridges and bridge sections, of iron or steel Construction 4 1 8 8 256 8 1 1 1 8 64

69112 Towers and lattice masts, of iron or steel Construction 4 1 8 8 256 8 1 1 1 8 64

8110 Prefabricated buildings Construction 4 4 8 2 256 8 1 1 1 4 32

AVERAGE CONSTRUCTION 4.0 2.0 8.0 6.0 256.0 8.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 6.7 53.3

7612 Television receivers, black and white or other monochrome (including vide Consumer Electronics 4 2 8 2 128 4 4 4 4 1 256

76411 Telephone sets Consumer Electronics 8 4 8 1 256 4 8 8 4 1 1024

76424 Headphones, earphones and combined microphone/speaker sets Consumer Electronics 8 2 8 1 128 4 8 4 4 4 2048

AVERAGE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 6.7 2.7 8.0 1.3 170.7 4.0 6.7 5.3 4.0 2.0 1109.3

7181 Hydrlc.turbine,wtr.wheel High Value Machinery 4 1 8 8 256 4 4 1 4 4 256

7187 Nuclear reactors,pts nes High Value Machinery 4 1 8 8 256 4 1 1 4 4 64

AVERAGE HIGH VALUE MACHINERY 4.0 1.0 8.0 8.0 256.0 4.0 2.5 1.0 4.0 4.0 160.0

8853 Watches,prec.metal cases Jewellery 4 4 8 2 256 4 8 4 8 4 4096

8854 Watches,other than p.mtl Jewellery 4 4 8 2 256 4 8 4 8 4 4096

88592 Watch-straps, watchbands and watch bracelets, and parts thereof, of metal Jewellery 4 4 4 2 128 4 8 4 4 4 2048

88593 Watch-straps, watchbands and watch bracelets and parts thereof, of materi Jewellery 4 4 4 2 128 4 8 4 4 1 512

88597 Clock cases and cases of a similar type for other goods of group 885, and Jewellery 4 4 4 2 128 4 8 8 8 4 8192

88599 Clock or watch parts. n.e.s. Jewellery 2 8 4 2 128 4 8 4 4 8 4096

89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl Jewellery 4 4 2 4 128 4 8 8 8 4 8192

89732 Articles of goldsmiths' or silversmiths' wares and parts thereof, of prec Jewellery 4 4 2 4 128 4 8 8 8 4 8192

AVERAGE JEWELLERY 3.8 4.5 4.5 2.5 160.0 4.0 8.0 5.5 6.5 4.1 4928.0


58

ID Product Category Cu

stom

izati

on

Res

pon

siven

ess

Com

ple

xit

y

Volu

me

Valu

e S

core

Res

olu

tion

Siz

e

Rel

iab

ilit

y

Sp

eed

/Cost

Mate

rials

Fea

sib

ilit

y S

core

8412 Suits and ensembles Luxury Clothing 4 4 4 2 128 1 8 8 4 1 256

8422 Suits and ensembles Luxury Clothing 4 4 4 2 128 1 8 8 4 1 256

8432 Suits,jackts,trousrs.etc Luxury Clothing 4 4 4 2 128 1 8 8 4 1 256

8442 Suits,dresses skirts etc Luxury Clothing 4 4 4 1 64 1 8 8 4 1 256

84581 Ski suits, not knitted or crocheted Luxury Clothing 4 4 4 2 128 1 8 8 4 1 256

84591 Track suits, knitted or crocheted Luxury Clothing 4 4 4 2 128 1 8 8 4 1 256

84592 Ski suits, knitted or crocheted Luxury Clothing 4 4 4 2 128 1 8 8 4 1 256

AVERAGE LUXURY CLOTHING 4.0 4.0 4.0 1.9 118.9 1.0 8.0 8.0 4.0 1.0 256.0

84844 Safety headgear, whether or not lined or trimmed Medical Devices 8 4 4 2 256 4 8 4 8 8 8192

87231 Mechanotherapy appliances; massage apparatus; psychological aptitude-test Medical Devices 8 1 8 2 128 8 4 8 1 4 1024

8842 Spectacles and frames Medical Devices 4 4 4 4 256 4 8 8 4 8 8192

89942 Walking-sticks, seat-sticks, whips, riding crops and the like Medical Devices 4 4 4 2 128 4 8 8 4 4 4096

8996 Artificial aids,disabled Medical Devices 8 4 8 1 256 8 8 4 8 4 8192

89995 Wigs, false beards, eyebrows and eyelashes, switches and the like, of hum Medical Devices 8 4 4 1 128 4 8 8 8 4 8192

AVERAGE MEDICAL DEVICES 6.7 3.5 5.3 2.0 192.0 5.3 7.3 6.7 5.5 5.3 6314.7

8981 String musical instrumnt Musical Instruments 4 2 8 2 128 4 4 4 4 1 256

8982 Musical instruments nes Musical Instruments 2 2 8 4 128 4 4 4 4 4 1024

AVERAGE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3.0 2.0 8.0 3.0 128.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 2.5 640.0

6122 Saddlery and harness for any animal (including traces, leads, knee-pads, Sport Equipment 8 2 4 4 256 8 4 8 8 4 8192

65823 Sails Sport Equipment 4 4 4 2 128 4 4 8 4 4 2048

8512 Sports footwear Sport Equipment 8 4 4 1 128 1 8 4 4 1 128

89113 Swords, cutlasses, bayonets, lances and similar arms, and parts thereof a Sport Equipment 8 1 4 4 128 4 8 4 8 4 4096

89421 Wheeled toys designed to be ridden by children (e.g., tricycles, scooters Sport Equipment 4 4 8 1 128 8 4 8 4 8 8192

89472 Ice-skates and roller-skates (including skating boots with skates attache Sport Equipment 8 4 4 2 256 1 8 4 4 1 128

89473 Snow-skis and other snow-ski equipment Sport Equipment 8 4 2 2 128 8 8 4 4 4 4096

89474 Water-skis, surfboards, sailboards and other water sport equipment Sport Equipment 8 4 2 2 128 8 8 4 4 4 4096

89475 Golf equipment Sport Equipment 8 4 4 2 256 8 8 4 4 4 4096

89476 Tennis, badminton or similar rackets, whether or not strung Sport Equipment 8 4 4 2 256 8 8 4 4 4 4096

89477 Gloves, mittens and mitts, specially designed for use in sports Sport Equipment 8 4 4 2 256 1 8 4 4 1 128

AVERAGE SPORT EQUIPMENT 7.3 3.5 4.0 2.2 186.2 5.4 6.9 5.1 4.7 3.5 3572.4

7811 Vehicles specially designed for travelling on snow; golf cars and similar Vehicles 4 4 8 1 128 4 1 4 1 1 16

7812 Motor vehicles for the transport of persons, n.e.s. Vehicles 4 4 8 1 128 4 1 1 1 1 4

7842 Motor vehicle bodies Vehicles 4 4 8 1 128 4 1 4 4 8 512

785 CYCLES,MOTORCYCLES ETC. Vehicles 8 4 8 1 256 4 1 1 1 1 4

7861 Trailers and semi-trailers of the caravan type, for housing or camping Vehicles 4 2 8 2 128 8 1 1 1 8 64

7925 Spacecraft (including satellites) and spacecraft launch vehicles Vehicles 4 1 8 8 256 4 1 1 4 4 64

79312 Sailboats, not inflatable, with or without auxiliary motor Vehicles 4 2 8 2 128 8 1 1 1 8 64

79328 Cruise ships, excursion boats and similar vessels principally designed fo Vehicles 4 1 8 8 256 8 1 1 1 8 64

82111 Seats of a kind used for aircraft Vehicles 4 2 8 4 256 4 1 1 4 4 64

AVERAGE VEHICLES 4.4 2.7 8.0 3.1 184.9 5.3 1.0 1.7 2.0 4.8 95.1


59

Appendix III: Trade Statistics by Product

Products Identified as Feasible All Manufactured Products All Commodities

OECD Import Data Value OECD Import Data Value OECD Import Data Value

USA $35,722,597,307 USA $1,198,666,286,794 USA $1,732,320,797,682 United Kingdom $9,471,318,775 Germany $520,560,116,000 Germany $779,819,058,000 Germany $8,692,348,002 United Kingdom $363,812,393,116 Japan $515,866,387,675 France $8,071,047,547 France $301,057,569,992 United Kingdom $515,782,184,687 Japan $7,784,818,700 Japan $260,841,536,728 France $475,856,799,498 Other OECD Nations $43,042,951,375 Other OECD Nations $2,157,628,798,775 Other OECD Nations $3,370,619,939,611 Other non-OECD Nations $28,866,758,659 Other non-OECD Nations $1,996,495,285,595 Other non-OECD Nations $3,005,324,152,243 Total Import: $141,651,840,353 Total Import: $6,799,061,987,001 Total Import: $10,395,589,319,396

OECD Export Data Value OECD Export Data Value OECD Export Data Value

Switzerland $16,574,739,820 Germany $760,981,734,000 Germany $977,131,972,000 USA $12,748,585,306 USA $662,269,271,644 USA $904,339,487,215 Italy $11,550,784,102 Japan $528,101,722,138 Japan $594,940,865,790 Germany $8,053,455,002 France $293,000,954,725 France $434,354,245,109 France $6,654,782,450 Italy $292,853,750,128 United Kingdom $384,364,970,472 Other OECD Nations $33,724,894,410 Other OECD Nations $2,157,870,954,303 Other OECD Nations $3,353,516,089,012 Other non-OECD Nations $48,308,152,725 Other non-OECD Nations $2,100,080,201,374 Other non-OECD Nations $3,437,292,058,298 Total Export: $137,615,393,803 Total Export: $6,795,158,588,313 Total Export: $10,085,939,687,896

Analysis Analysis Analysis

Total OECD Imports $112,785,081,706 Total OECD Imports $4,802,566,701,405 Total OECD Imports $7,390,265,167,153 Total OECD Exports $89,307,241,090 Total OECD Exports $4,695,078,386,938 Total OECD Exports $6,648,647,629,598 OECD Trade Deficit -$23,477,840,616 OECD Trade Deficit -$107,488,314,467 OECD Trade Deficit -$741,617,537,555 Total non-OECD Imports $28,866,758,659 Total non-OECD Imports $1,996,495,285,595 Total non-OECD Imports $3,005,324,152,243 Total non-OECD Exports $48,308,152,725 Total non-OECD Exports $2,100,080,201,374 Total non-OECD Exports $3,437,292,058,298 non-OECD Trade Surplus $19,441,394,066 non-OECD Trade Surplus $103,584,915,779 non-OECD Trade Surplus $431,967,906,055 Trade Deficit between OECD and non-OECD Nations (Average) $21,459,617,341

Trade Deficit between OECD and non-OECD Nations (Average) $105,536,615,123



60

Feasible Art and Home Décor Feasible Consumer Electronics Feasible Medical Devices


USA $13,415,004,758 USA $671,598,866 USA $6,785,587,114 Germany $3,406,146,002 Germany $336,046,002 France $3,314,239,263 United Kingdom $2,581,342,038 United Kingdom $254,453,179 Germany $2,453,258,002 France $2,130,085,831 Rep. of Korea $215,317,047 Netherlands $2,206,937,490 Canada $1,645,399,998 Japan $212,291,287 Japan $1,962,096,773 Other OECD Nations $13,207,529,596 Other OECD Nations $1,149,018,696 Other OECD Nations $13,599,520,915 Other non-OECD Nations $6,521,960,503 Other non-OECD Nations $1,101,843,778 Other non-OECD Nations $3,873,199,117 Total Import: $42,907,468,714 Total Import: $3,940,568,843 Total Import: $34,194,838,662


Germany $3,449,330,002 Mexico $266,951,343 USA $5,531,407,819 Italy $3,098,208,982 USA $261,069,774 Switzerland $3,737,145,627 Mexico $2,168,307,890 Germany $237,860,002 France $2,932,285,828 USA $1,904,122,307 Netherlands $217,676,651 Ireland $2,732,554,791 United Kingdom $1,427,477,525 Rep. of Korea $86,293,363 Italy $2,705,732,689 Other OECD Nations $9,804,814,505 Other OECD Nations $347,075,152 Other OECD Nations $10,636,084,419 Other non-OECD Nations $15,367,517,189 Other non-OECD Nations $2,002,808,392 Other non-OECD Nations $5,017,434,595 Total Export: $37,219,778,388 Total Export: $3,419,734,665 Total Export: $33,292,645,756


Total OECD Imports $36,385,508,223 Total OECD Imports $2,838,725,077 Total OECD Imports $30,321,639,557 Total OECD Exports $21,852,261,211 Total OECD Exports $1,416,926,285 Total OECD Exports $28,275,211,173 OECD Trade Deficit -$14,533,247,012 OECD Trade Deficit -$1,421,798,792 OECD Trade Deficit -$2,046,428,384 Total non-OECD Imports $6,521,960,503 Total non-OECD Imports $1,101,843,778 Total non-OECD Imports $3,873,199,117 Total non-OECD Exports $15,367,517,189 Total non-OECD Exports $2,002,808,392 Total non-OECD Exports $5,017,434,595 non-OECD Trade Surplus $8,845,556,686 non-OECD Trade Surplus $900,964,614 non-OECD Trade Surplus $1,144,235,478 Trade Deficit between OECD and non-OECD Nations (Average) $11,689,401,849




61

Feasible Musical Instruments Feasible Jewellery Feasible Sport Equipment


USA $890,312,189 USA $11,453,873,175 USA $2,506,221,215 Japan $242,771,652 United Kingdom $4,099,173,844 Japan $853,861,287 Germany $219,285,002 Switzerland $3,573,068,778 United Kingdom $620,045,145 United Kingdom $207,791,609 Japan $3,338,993,007 France $521,456,141 Canada $117,058,813 France $1,878,023,501 Germany $484,652,002 Other OECD Nations $824,401,256 Other OECD Nations $8,797,147,363 Other OECD Nations $2,611,072,930 Other non-OECD Nations $352,950,162 Other non-OECD Nations $15,341,574,396 Other non-OECD Nations $1,675,230,713 Total Import: $2,854,570,671 Total Import: $48,481,854,052 Total Import: $9,272,539,421


USA $273,363,572 Switzerland $12,475,885,043 USA $1,000,508,260 Japan $268,029,804 Italy $5,377,399,100 Austria $553,624,854 Germany $181,296,002 USA $3,778,113,584 France $545,710,971 Belgium $135,721,192 United Kingdom $2,732,452,818 Germany $410,601,002 France $106,436,218 France $1,626,950,029 Japan $319,818,688 Other OECD Nations $492,415,016 Other OECD Nations $5,776,702,908 Other OECD Nations $1,707,813,420 Other non-OECD Nations $1,007,467,262 Other non-OECD Nations $21,313,903,144 Other non-OECD Nations $3,599,022,153 Total Export: $2,464,729,054 Total Export: $53,081,406,614 Total Export: $8,137,099,336


Total OECD Imports $2,501,620,521 Total OECD Imports $33,140,279,668 Total OECD Imports $7,597,308,720 Total OECD Exports $1,457,261,804 Total OECD Exports $31,767,503,482 Total OECD Exports $4,538,077,195 OECD Trade Deficit -$1,044,358,717 OECD Trade Deficit -$1,372,776,186 OECD Trade Deficit -$3,059,231,525 Total non-OECD Imports $352,950,162 Total non-OECD Imports $15,341,574,396 Total non-OECD Imports $1,675,230,713 Total non-OECD Exports $1,007,467,262 Total non-OECD Exports $21,313,903,144 Total non-OECD Exports $3,599,022,153 non-OECD Trade Surplus $654,517,100 non-OECD Trade Surplus $5,972,328,748 non-OECD Trade Surplus $1,923,791,440 Trade Deficit between OECD and non-OECD Nations (Average) $849,437,909




62

Appendix IV: Trade Statistics by Country

United States Germany United Kingdom

Top Imported Items Value Top Imported Items Value Top Imported Items Value


$8,049,005,362 8996 Artificial aids,disabled $1,927,982,000 89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

$3,249,896,420

8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $5,817,701,395 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $1,506,871,000 8996 Artificial aids,disabled $1,261,059,929

8996 Artificial aids,disabled $4,106,275,885 89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

$783,492,001 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $1,015,494,941

8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $2,605,664,150 8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $746,473,000 8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $459,217,667


$2,328,329,708 81311 Chandeliers and other electric ceiling and wall lighting fittings (exclud

$627,217,001 81315 Electric lamps and lighting fittings, n.e.s.

$397,667,145

8842 Spectacles and frames $1,808,685,289 81315 Electric lamps and lighting fittings, n.e.s.

$446,618,001 89475 Golf equipment $364,015,309

Other Feasible Products $11,006,935,516 Other Feasible Products $2,653,695,001 Other Feasible Products $2,723,967,366 All Other Products $1,696,598,200,377 All Other Products $771,126,710,001 All Other Products $506,310,865,915

Top Exported Items Value Top Exported Items Value Top Exported Items Value

8996 Artificial aids,disabled $5,062,484,059 8996 Artificial aids,disabled $1,776,886,000 89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

$2,406,807,087


$3,348,025,333 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $1,479,451,000 8996 Artificial aids,disabled $1,579,310,076

89475 Golf equipment $763,944,369 89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

$779,308,001 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $445,698,227

8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $727,092,231 81311 Chandeliers and other electric ceiling and wall lighting fittings (exclud

$718,532,001 8963 Original sculptures and statuary, in any material

$439,085,173

8963 Original sculptures and statuary, in any material


$640,600,001 89475 Golf equipment $238,304,751

8842 Spectacles and frames $393,938,024 8842 Spectacles and frames $351,638,000 81315 Electric lamps and lighting fittings, n.e.s.

$222,365,486

Other Feasible Products $2,029,832,524 Other Feasible Products $2,307,040,001 Other Feasible Products $1,039,846,055 All Other Products $891,590,901,911 All Other Products $969,078,517,001 All Other Products $377,993,553,622

Analysis Value Analysis Value Analysis Value

Current Trade Balance -$827,981,310,467 Current Trade Balance $197,312,914,000 Current Trade Balance -$131,417,214,215 Total Feasible Imports affected by RM $35,722,597,305 Total Feasible Imports affected by RM $8,692,348,004 Total Feasible Imports affected by RM $9,471,318,777 Total Feasible Exports affected by RM $12,748,585,304 Total Feasible Exports affected by RM $8,053,455,004 Total Feasible Exports affected by RM $6,371,416,855 Total Trade Balance affected by RM $22,974,012,001 Total Trade Balance affected by RM $638,893,000 Total Trade Balance affected by RM $3,099,901,922 Affected Balance as % of Total Deficit 2.77% Affected Balance as % of Total Deficit 0.32% Affected Balance as % of Total Deficit 2.36%


63

France Japan Italy


8996 Artificial aids,disabled $2,637,627,262 8996 Artificial aids,disabled $1,523,559,392 8996 Artificial aids,disabled $1,282,797,556


$995,547,781 89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

$1,470,635,167 8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $821,681,621

8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $944,049,811 8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $1,387,539,445 89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

$542,144,351

8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $585,477,715 89475 Golf equipment $615,103,916 8842 Spectacles and frames $449,760,101

8842 Spectacles and frames $517,323,907 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $514,125,094 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $427,166,245


$404,798,082 8853 Watches,prec.metal cases $361,910,203 8853 Watches,prec.metal cases $207,037,982

Other Feasible Products $1,986,222,990 Other Feasible Products $1,911,945,484 Other Feasible Products $1,085,261,508 All Other Products $467,785,751,954 All Other Products $508,081,568,978 All Other Products $380,019,711,258


8996 Artificial aids,disabled $2,439,811,007 89475 Golf equipment $303,428,473 89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

$4,758,308,812


$1,014,692,006 8982 Musical instruments nes $268,029,802 8842 Spectacles and frames $2,128,621,667

8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $586,387,737 8842 Spectacles and frames $241,053,396 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $1,432,408,651

8842 Spectacles and frames $426,100,716 89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

$188,676,318 81311 Chandeliers and other electric ceiling and wall lighting fittings (exclud

$790,556,997

89473 Snow-skis and other snow-ski equipment

$368,262,115 84844 Safety headgear, whether or not lined or trimmed


$457,747,869

8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $260,095,158 8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $91,649,511 8996 Artificial aids,disabled $377,812,330

Other Feasible Products $1,559,433,712 Other Feasible Products $365,072,719 Other Feasible Products $1,605,327,778 All Other Products $427,699,462,662 All Other Products $593,377,077,312 All Other Products $361,406,361,825


Current Trade Balance -$41,502,554,389 Current Trade Balance $79,074,478,116 Current Trade Balance -$11,878,414,693 Total Feasible Imports affected by RM $8,071,047,548 Total Feasible Imports affected by RM $7,784,818,701 Total Feasible Imports affected by RM $4,815,849,364 Total Feasible Exports affected by RM $6,654,782,451 Total Feasible Exports affected by RM $1,563,788,483 Total Feasible Exports affected by RM $11,550,784,104 Total Trade Balance affected by RM $1,416,265,097 Total Trade Balance affected by RM $6,221,030,218 Total Trade Balance affected by RM -$6,734,934,740 Affected Balance as % of Total Deficit 3.41% Affected Balance as % of Total Deficit 7.87% Affected Balance as % of Total Deficit 56.70%


64

Switzerland China Hong Kong



$2,480,081,002 8996 Artificial aids,disabled $434,641,908 89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

$2,242,546,802

8996 Artificial aids,disabled $911,339,850 8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $406,836,990 8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $2,073,325,470

8853 Watches,prec.metal cases $386,590,307 76424 Headphones, earphones and combined microphone/speaker sets

$317,972,721 8853 Watches,prec.metal cases $869,630,358

8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $343,190,353 89475 Golf equipment $152,061,747 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $754,252,677

88592 Watch-straps, watchbands and watch bracelets, and parts thereof, of metal

$285,198,558 88599 Clock or watch parts. n.e.s. $121,030,123 89475 Golf equipment $628,997,455

88599 Clock or watch parts. n.e.s. $211,054,629 89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

$108,258,642 8842 Spectacles and frames $453,930,066

Other Feasible Products $1,244,627,715 Other Feasible Products $394,565,591 Other Feasible Products $2,366,548,533 All Other Products $120,711,599,986 All Other Products $658,017,394,403 All Other Products $290,771,214,377


8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $6,225,563,119 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $4,692,560,275 8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $3,600,311,106

8996 Artificial aids,disabled $3,669,040,095 89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

$2,004,581,693 89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

$3,165,371,363

8853 Watches,prec.metal cases $2,984,040,166 81315 Electric lamps and lighting fittings, n.e.s.

$1,727,468,186 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $1,123,511,232


$2,718,916,976 81311 Chandeliers and other electric ceiling and wall lighting fittings (exclud

$1,255,003,127 8842 Spectacles and frames $1,121,184,550

88599 Clock or watch parts. n.e.s. $233,771,498 8842 Spectacles and frames $980,515,593 76424 Headphones, earphones and combined microphone/speaker sets

$818,472,674


$189,716,174 8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $951,834,353 89475 Golf equipment $797,683,017

Other Feasible Products $553,691,794 Other Feasible Products $7,185,346,402 Other Feasible Products $3,069,723,490 All Other Products $114,354,891,840 All Other Products $743,156,099,907 All Other Products $278,422,416,752


Current Trade Balance $4,355,949,262 Total Trade Balance $102,000,647,411 Current Trade Balance -$8,041,771,554 Total Feasible Imports affected by RM $5,862,082,414 Total Feasible Imports affected $1,935,367,722 Total Feasible Imports affected by RM $9,389,231,361 Total Feasible Exports affected by RM $16,574,739,822 Total Feasible Exports affected $18,797,309,629 Total Feasible Exports affected by RM $13,696,257,432 Total Trade Balance affected by RM -$10,712,657,408 Affected Balance -$16,861,941,907 Total Trade Balance affected by RM -$4,307,026,071 Affected Balance as % of Total Deficit 245.93% Affected deficit as % of Total Deficit 16.53% Affected Balance as % of Total Deficit 53.56%


65

India Russia Indonesia



$164,310,505 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $156,842,429 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $30,677,826

8996 Artificial aids,disabled $68,551,472 8996 Artificial aids,disabled $95,084,493 81311 Chandeliers and other electric ceiling and wall lighting fittings (exclud

$12,724,707

8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $38,661,442 81311 Chandeliers and other electric ceiling and wall lighting fittings (exclud

$84,829,286 8982 Musical instruments nes $4,968,988

8842 Spectacles and frames $24,268,711 81315 Electric lamps and lighting fittings, n.e.s.

$38,736,285 8842 Spectacles and frames $4,638,503

8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $21,246,905 8842 Spectacles and frames $28,487,573 81315 Electric lamps and lighting fittings, n.e.s.

$4,453,032

8853 Watches,prec.metal cases $16,058,119 81313 Electric table, desk, bedside or floor-standing lamps

$22,490,217 81313 Electric table, desk, bedside or floor-standing lamps

$4,280,662

Other Feasible Products $83,744,721 Other Feasible Products $143,004,679 Other Feasible Products $24,741,679 All Other Products $149,333,123,854 All Other Products $98,137,780,815 All Other Products $57,614,395,523



$3,434,287,465 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $26,669,917 8982 Musical instruments nes $189,625,317

6122 Saddlery and harness for any animal (including traces, leads, knee-pads,

$77,815,212 69782 Statuettes and other ornaments, of base metal; photograph, picture or sim


$79,362,317


$53,522,351 81311 Chandeliers and other electric ceiling and wall lighting fittings (exclud

$12,172,432 76424 Headphones, earphones and combined microphone/speaker sets

$58,710,065

8963 Original sculptures and statuary, in any material


$11,361,630 89995 Wigs, false beards, eyebrows and eyelashes, switches and the like, of hum

$52,539,614

8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $17,362,132 84844 Safety headgear, whether or not lined or trimmed

$6,834,718 8996 Artificial aids,disabled $43,217,132

8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $14,656,014 8996 Artificial aids,disabled $5,050,047 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $42,961,020

Other Feasible Products $79,218,778 Other Feasible Products $19,532,852 Other Feasible Products $83,693,668 All Other Products $99,698,642,397 All Other Products $241,344,704,661 All Other Products $85,109,838,376


Current Trade Balance -$46,345,798,583 Current Trade Balance $142,744,401,111 Current Trade Balance $27,959,066,589 Total Feasible Imports affected by RM $416,841,875 Total Feasible Imports affected by RM $569,474,962 Total Feasible Imports affected by RM $86,485,397 Total Feasible Exports affected by RM $3,705,524,749 Total Feasible Exports affected by RM $106,952,227 Total Feasible Exports affected by RM $550,109,133 Total Trade Balance affected by RM -$3,288,682,874 Total Trade Balance affected by RM $462,522,735 Total Trade Balance affected by RM -$463,623,736 Affected Balance as % of Total Deficit 7.10% Affected Balance as % of Total Deficit 0.32% Affected Balance as % of Total Deficit 1.66%


66

Brazil Thailand

Top Imported Items Value Top Imported Items Value

8996 Artificial aids,disabled $231,207,435 89731 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal cl

$178,720,116

8842 Spectacles and frames $49,109,944 88599 Clock or watch parts. n.e.s. $131,837,529

76424 Headphones, earphones and combined microphone/speaker sets

$32,791,587 8853 Watches,prec.metal cases $76,281,055

8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $28,948,464 8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $70,124,115

8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $22,689,790 8996 Artificial aids,disabled $40,751,384

8982 Musical instruments nes $19,970,730 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $38,208,452

Other Feasible Products $61,584,269 Other Feasible Products $149,951,064 All Other Products $73,154,073,248 All Other Products $117,478,464,620

Top Exported Items Value Top Exported Items Value



$1,679,519,382

8996 Artificial aids,disabled $58,851,099 88599 Clock or watch parts. n.e.s. $156,758,360

8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $9,753,629 8854 Watches,other than p.mtl $93,050,809


$7,092,531 89474 Water-skis, surfboards, sailboards and other water sport equipment

$68,146,523

81315 Electric lamps and lighting fittings, n.e.s.

$6,410,257 8131 Lamps,light fittings nes $62,296,882

8982 Musical instruments nes $5,438,469 89475 Golf equipment $60,537,772

Other Feasible Products $20,186,425 Other Feasible Products $247,463,847 All Other Products $118,357,982,841 All Other Products $107,742,260,623

Analysis Value Analysis Value

Current Trade Balance $44,928,312,656 Current Trade Balance -$8,054,304,137 Total Feasible Imports affected by RM $446,302,219 Total Feasible Imports affected by RM $685,873,715 Total Feasible Exports affected by RM $170,705,282 Total Feasible Exports affected by RM $2,367,773,575 Total Trade Balance affected by RM $275,596,937 Total Trade Balance affected by RM -$1,681,899,860 Affected Balance as % of Total Deficit 0.61% Affected Balance as % of Total Deficit 20.88%


67

References 1 Pamela J. Waterman, “RP&M: Then and Now,” Desktop Engineering, April 2006. Available at

http://66.195.41.10/Articles/Resource-Guide/RP&M:-Then-and-Now-20060310923.html, Accessed 6 December 2007.

2 Steven Ashley, “RP Industry’s Growing Pains,” Mechanical Engineering, Jul98, Vol. 120 Issue 7, p64. 3 A. Smith (1776). The Wealth of Nations. London: Everyman’s Library, 1991. 4 D. Ricardo (1921). On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. London: John Murray, 1821.

Available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Ricardo/ricP1.html, accessed 22 May 2008. 5 J.P. Womack, D.T. Jones, & D. Roos, The Machine that Changed the World, Oxford: Maxwell Macmillan

International, 1990. p 13, 65. 6 K. Alder (1997). “Innovation and Amnesia: Engineering Rationality and the Fate of Interchangeable

Parts Manufacturing in France.” Technology and Culture, Vol. 38, No. 2, p. 273-311. 7 J.P. Womack, D.T. Jones, & D. Roos, The Machine that Changed the World, Oxford: Maxwell Macmillan

International, 1990. p 13, 65. 8 F.W. Taylor (1911). The Principles of Scientific Management. London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1967. 9 J.P. Womack, D.T. Jones, & D. Roos, The Machine that Changed the World, Oxford: Maxwell Macmillan

International, 1990. p 11, 56, 62, 67. 10 J.P. Womack, D.T. Jones, & D. Roos, The Machine that Changed the World, Oxford: Maxwell

Macmillan International, 1990. p 13, 65. 11 Naylor, Naim, and Berry. “Legality: Integrating the lean and agile manufacturing paradigms in the

total supply chain.” International Journal of Production Economics. 62, 107-118. 12 R.I. Campbell (2006). Custom Input and Customisation. In N. Hopkinson, R.J.M. Hague, and P.M.

Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age (19-37). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

13 M. Holweg and F.K. Pil. The Second Century: Reconnecting Customer and Value Chain through Build-to-Order. London: The MIT Press, 2004.

14 Clayton Christensen, The Innovator’s Dilemma, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997. p 190. 15 C. Tuck and R. Hague (2006). Management and Implementation of Rapid Manufacturing. In N.

Hopkinson, R.J.M. Hague, and P.M. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age (159-173). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

16 M. Janssens and J. Poukens (2007). Rapid Technologies in medicine: What can, can’t be done and why. January 31, 2007. Available at www.rm-platform.com, accessed 18 April 2008.

17 R. Harris and M. Savalani (2006). Medical Applications. In N. Hopkinson, R.J.M. Hague, and P.M. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age (211-219). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

18 Align Technology, Inc. 2007 Annual Report. Available at http://investor.aligntech.com/, accessed 18 April 2008.

19 M. Masters, T. Velde, and F. MacBagonluri (2006). Rapid Manufacturing in the Hearing Industry. In N. Hopkinson, R.J.M. Hague, and P.M. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age (5-18). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

20 H. Hessel (2006). New Developments in Custom-made Hearing Protection. Presented at the 21st EAGOSH-Meeting, 23 November 2006, Frankfurt, Germany. Available at http://www.eagosh.org/eagosh-files/articles_presentations_infos/personal_protective_equipment/hessel_hearing_protection.pdf, accessed 23 April 2008.

21 S. Green (2006). Application of Rapid Manufacturing for the Production of Custom Hearing Instruments. TCT Conference, Available at http://www.rm-platform.com, accessed 23 April 2008.

22 P. Delamore, V. Junior, G. Lever (2007). 3D Direct Manufacturing and Decoration of Made-to-measure Performance Footwear. Available at www.rm-platform.com, accessed 18 April 2008.

23 A. Gerrits (2005). RM Case Study: Customised Rowing Helmet. Available at www.rm-platform.com, accessed 18 April 2008.

24 SCUTA Project Homepage. Available at http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/mm/research/rapid-manufacturing/projects/scuta/home.html, accessed 24 April 2008.


68

25 B. Fox (2006). Rapid Manufacture in the Aeronautical Industry. In N. Hopkinson, R.J.M. Hague,

and P.M. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age (221-231). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

26 J. Wooten (2006). Aeronautical Case Studies Using Rapid Manufacture. In N. Hopkinson, R.J.M. Hague, and P.M. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age (233-239). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

27 R. Spielman (2006). Space Applications. In N. Hopkinson, R.J.M. Hague, and P.M. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age (241-248). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

28 H. Knight (2004). “Tailor Made.” The Engineer, 8-21 October 2004. 29 T. Steward (2007). Plane Facts. Production Engineering, 26 November 2007. 30 G. Tromans (2006). Automotive Applications. In N. Hopkinson, R.J.M. Hague, and P.M. Dickens,

Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age (211-219). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

31 3D Systems Press Release, Feb. 24, 2003. “Renault F1 Team and 3D Systems Launch Advanced Digital Manufacturing Center.” Available at http://www.3dsystems.com/newsevents/newsreleases/pr-Feb_24_2003.asp, accessed 17 April 2008.

32 Chris Morrison, “3-D Printing for the Rest of Us,” Business 2.0, September 2007. Vol. 8, No. 8. p46. 33 W. Kimberley (2006). “Quantum Leap.” Automotive Engineer, November 2006. 34 “Designer Chair with intelligent internal structure.” Success Stories, EOS GmbH Homepage.

Available at http://www.eos.de/news-events/success-stories/success-stories/select/success-stories/article/21/designer-cha.html, accessed 21 April 2008.

35 Materialise Homepage. Available at http://www.materialise.com, accessed 23 April 2008. 36 Collection: Special Editions, Freedom of Creation Homepage. Available at

http://www.freedomofcreation.com/, accessed 21 April 2008. 37 Chris Morrison, “3-D Printing for the Rest of Us,” Business 2.0, September 2007. Vol. 8, No. 8. p46. 38 3D Molecular Designs homepage. Available at http://www.3dmoleculardesigns.com, accessed 23

April 2008. 39 M. Fralix (2001). From Mass Production to Mass Customization. Journal of Textile and Apparel,

Technology and Management. Vol. 1, Issue 2. Winter 2001. 40 R. Hague (2006). Unlocking the Design Potential of Rapid Manufacturing. In N. Hopkinson, R.J.M.

Hague, and P.M. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age (5-18). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

41 Special Projects: Research, Freedom of Creation Homepage. Available at http://www.freedomofcreation.com/, accessed 21 April 2008.

42 J.P. Womack, D.T. Jones, & D. Roos, The Machine that Changed the World, Oxford: Maxwell Macmillan International, 1990. p 1.

43 CRP Technology. “Automotive Case Study: Lamborghini Gallardo Headlight Washer Cover Flap.” Available at http://www.windform.it/sito/lamborghini-gallardo-headlight-washer-cover-flap.html, accessed 24 April 2008.

44 H. Knight (2004). “Tailor Made.” The Engineer, 8-21 October 2004. 45 Special Projects: Hyundai, Freedom of Creation Homepage. Available at

http://www.freedomofcreation.com/, accessed 21 April 2008. 46 M.N. Cooke (2004). “Novel Stereolithographic Manufacture of Biodegradable Bone Tissue

Scaffolds,” submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland. Available at http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1088797803, accessed 24 April 2008.

47 R. Harris and M. Savalani (2006). Medical Applications. In N. Hopkinson, R.J.M. Hague, and P.M. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age (175-191). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

48 R. Soar (2006). Additive Manufacturing Technologies for the Construction Industry. In N. Hopkinson, R.J.M. Hague, and P.M. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age (249-272). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

49 B. Khoshnevis, “Automated Construction by Contour Crafting—Related Robotics and Information Technologies,” Journal of Automation in Construction. Vol 13, January 2004, p 5-19.


69

50 N. Hopkinson (2006). Production Economies of Rapid Manufacture. In N. Hopkinson, R.J.M.

Hague, and P.M. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age (147-156). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

51 M. Rufflo, C. Tuck, R. Hague (2006). Cost estimation for rapid manufacturing – laser sintering production for low to medium volumes. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical

Engineers, Part B Engineering Manufacture, Nov2007, Vol. 221 Issue 11, p1585-1591. 52 C. Tuck and R. Hague (2006). Management and Implementation of Rapid Manufacturing. In N.


53 P. Reeves (2007). “A methodology for the business implementation of Rapid Manufacturing.” Available at http://www.econolyst.co.uk, accessed 23 April 2008.

54 M. Walter, J. Holmström and H. Yrjölä (1994). “Rapid manufacturing and its impact on supply chain Management.” Presented at the Logistics Research Network Annual Conference, September 9-10, 2004, Dublin, Ireland.

55 Pamela J. Waterman, “RP&M: Then and Now,” Desktop Engineering, April 2006. Available at http://66.195.41.10/Articles/Resource-Guide/RP&M:-Then-and-Now-20060310923.html, Accessed 6 December 2007.

56 R. Gordon, “Optimum Component Redundancy for Maximum System Reliability,” Operations Research, April 1957, Vol 5 Issue 2, p229.

57 B. Khoshnevis, “Automated Construction by Contour Crafting—Related Robotics and Information Technologies,” Journal of Automation in Construction. Vol 13, January 2004, p 5-19.

58 P. Nolan. China and the Global Economy. Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001. 59 United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database, SITC Rev.3, 2005. Available at

http://comtrade.un.org, accessed on 15 May 2008. 60 Market Statistics provided by Euromonitor International 2008. Accessed 20 April 2008. 61 W. O’Neill (2008). “Innovation” (Presentation adopted from P. Reeves). 62 N. Hopkinson, R.J.M. Hague, and P.M. Dickens (2006). Introduction to Rapid Manufacturing. In N.


63 C. Tuck and R. Hague (2006). Management and Implementation of Rapid Manufacturing. In N. Hopkinson, R.J.M. Hague, and P.M. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age (159-173). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

64 S. McMains, “Layered Manufacturing Technologies,” Communication of the Association for Computing Machinery. June 2005, Vol. 48, No. 6.

65 H. Knight (2004). “Tailor Made.” The Engineer, 8-21 October 2004. 66 All statistics calculated using the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database, SITC Rev.3,

2005. Available at http://comtrade.un.org, accessed on 15 May 2008. 67 World Bank (2005). GNI per Capita 2005, Atlas method and PPP. Available at

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC05.pdf, accessed 19 May 2008.

68 Clayton Christensen, The Innovator’s Dilemma, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997. p 131.