rangeland ecosystem goods and services · source: van kooten (2006) policy implications for carbon...
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Rangeland Ecosystem Goods and Services: A review of current research efforts in Alberta
Daniel B. Hewins, Cameron N. Carlyle & Edward W. Bork
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Forage Production Biodiversity/Habitat
Water Purification &
Flood Mitigation Carbon/GHG Storage Pollination
What are EG & S? “Benefits to all of society from the existence of grasslands”
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Rangelands and EG&S: Recent findings of a University of Alberta/AEP Collaboration
Sampled 114 grassland
exclosures maintained by
Alberta Environment &
Parks
Assessed plant biomass,
composition & diversity,
as well as carbon (C)
storage
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Rangelands and EG&S
Examined areas inside and
outside long-term cattle
exclosures
Harold Creek, Upper Foothills
Schuler, Dry Mixedgrass
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Grazing & Plant Biodiversity
Plant diversity peaked in
mod-high rainfall areas
Diversity increased with
long-term exposure to
grazing by releasing plant
species suppressed in the
absence of ungulates
Largest increases in
Parkland and Foothills
Fescue
+
+
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Does Grazing Alter the Abundance
of Introduced Plant Species?
Introduced species
represented about
~10% of communities
Grazing facilitated the
increase of introduced
spp. but only under
moist conditions!
Semi-arid grasslands
with < 350 mm (14”)
may have greater
resistance to invasion
R² = 0.0486 R² = 0.131
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
175 225 275 325 375 425
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f In
tro
du
ced
Sh
ann
on
's D
iver
sity
Mean Growing Season Precipitation (May - Sept.; mm)
Nongrazed Grazed Poly. (Nongrazed) Poly. (Grazed)
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Long-Term Grazing Impacts on
Grassland Productivity
Grazing enhanced
production in high
rainfall grasslands of
SW Alberta
Introduced species
may play a role in
enhancing herbage
productivity 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
DryMixedgrass
Mixedgrass CentralParkland
FoothillsFescue
Montane UpperFoothills
To
tal H
erb
Bio
mas
s (k
g/h
a)
Natural Sub-region
Non-grazed Grazed
+ +
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Exposure to Grazing May Limit
Shrub Encroachment
Grazing was tied
to lower shrub
cover in the Rocky
Mountain Forest
Reserve
Largest reductions
were in the Upper
Foothills (grazing
allotments)
0
5
10
15
20
25
DryMixedgrass
Mixedgrass CentralParkland
FoothillsFescue
Montane Upperfoothills
Wo
od
y C
ove
r (%
)
Natural Sub-region
Nongrazed
Grazed
- -
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Rangelands & Carbon Storage (Mitigation of Rising CO2 Levels – “Greenhouse Effect”)
Grasslands store 10 - 30% of the world’s organic
carbon (C)
Temperate grasslands (~8% of earth’s surface)
contain more than 300 Gt C:
- 9 Gt in plants (3%)
- 295 Gt in soils (97%)
(Sources: Schuman et al. (2002); Lal (2002); IPCC (2000)
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Why Have Grasslands Accumulated
Large Amounts of Carbon?
Perennial grasslands have high root to shoot ratios
(e.g. ~7:1 in Mixedgrass Prairie; R.T. Coupland, Matador, SK)
~ 7:1 ~ 4:1
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What Changes Soil Carbon?
Cultivation (land use conversion) leads to the
rapid loss of 30-50% of soil C (Burke et al. 1995; Lal
2002)
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‘Furnace Plots’ from S. Alberta
Initiation of continuous wheat cropping led to
the loss of 19% of grassland C:
-1.7 tC ha-1 yr-1 for first 4 years
-0.32 tC ha-1 yr-1 for next 9 years
(Source: Wang et al. (2010)
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Carbon Loss Also Varies Regionally:
Modest Declines in Foothills Fescue
Soil C was 20-30% less 5-6 yr after conversion of a
grassland with
favorable moisture
(Source: Whalen et al. (2003) 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Carbon Concentration (g/kg) Foothills Fescue
Native
Sm. Brome
Orchardgr.
Alfalfa
Cont. Wht
(-20%) (-30%)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Carbon Concentration (g/kg) Dry Mixedgrass
Native
Crested Wht
R. Wild Rye
Alfalfa
Cont. Wheat
Carbon Losses Under Various Land
Uses: Larger Declines in Mixedgrass Prairie
Soil C dropped 30-40% 5-6 years after the
conversion of
arid grassland
(Source: Whalen et al. (2003)
(-32%) (-41%)
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Why are Tame Forages Less Effective
at Carbon Storage?
Tame forages have lower
root mass & OM than
native grassland
Source: Dormaar et al. (1994)
5.27%
OM
4.07%
OM
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Benchmarking Study Results Also Show Large
Carbon Losses with Land Use Change in Alberta
-28%
-45%
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0
50
100
150
200
250
C Currently Retained C Previously Lost
Mil
lio
ns o
f To
nn
es -
C
Comparison of Grassland VS Cropland
Prairie
Parkland
$11.3 B
$4.3 B $3.6 B
$4.2 B
Carbon stores derived using ABMI areas for each land use change
and a C-valuation of $15/t-CO2e (CCEMC)
What is the Value of C Retained/Lost
from Native Grasslands?
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How Quickly Does Carbon Recover
Once Lost by Cultivation?
Naturally re-vegetated Mixedgrass Prairie failed to
recover in root mass
& soil OM after 50 years
- Low resilience suggests
long-term opportunity
costs in C storage with
land use conversion
(Source: Dormaar & Smoliak (1985)
1.82%
OM 1.63%
OM
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What About Grazing and Carbon?
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Grazing Effects on Carbon are
Inconsistent & Difficult to Predict …
Mixedgrass under grazing Fescue under grazing
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Grazing and Ecosystem Carbon
Reductions in veg C
(litter, mulch) under
grazing were offset
by increased soil C
Net effect is NO
CHANGE in total
ecosystem C
*** Soil C is the largest
pool of ecosystem C
due its large mass
(60 – 140 t/ha)
Weak trend for greater SOC in 5 of 6 study regions:
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Grazing Impacted Belowground
Vegetation as well …
Grazing stimulated root production (as it did shoot
biomass) in areas with favorable rainfall
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
Dry Mixedgrass Mixedgrass CentralParkland
FoothillsFescue
Montane Upper Foothills
Sh
allo
w R
oo
t M
ass (
kg
/ha)
Natural Sub-region
Ungrazed Grazed
*
+
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Current Studies are Linking Grazing and
Microbial Activity to Litter Decomposition,
Carbon Cycling, and Associated GHGs
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Grazing Effects on Decomposition
After 12 months, litter decomposition was enhanced by
grazing … could this reflect greater incorporation of C into
soil OM?
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Comparative GHG Uptake Under
Long-Term Grazing (Stolnikova, in prep.)
No statistical differences in CO2 / N20 flux in relation to
grazing, though both GHGs had a trend to be lower in
grazed agro-ecosystems
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Current State of Carbon Offset
Programs in Agriculture …
Tillage Systems Protocol (2009):
- Payments for reductions in CO2
through reduced and no-till
agronomic practices (~$1 per acre)
- Largely ephemeral policies that
could change
Source: van Kooten (2006)
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Policy Implications for Carbon
Storage in Grasslands … ???
1) Currently no incentives for
maintaining C in existing native
grassland
2) This is despite greater C levels
and more favorable soil health
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GOA is Working on Policies to
Value Grassland Carbon Stores (Regulated offsets + Voluntary market)
$ $?? $?
Greatest Carbon Least Carbon
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Take Home Messages
Native grasslands provide abundant EG & S in
comparison to croplands (i.e. C storage, improved soil
health, greater pollination, GHG uptake), with work
underway to develop policies valuing this service
Moderate grazing can enhance some EG & S, including
plant diversity and forage production, and maintain C
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It’s Our Nature to Know Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute
Goal is to directly link comprehensive biodiversity data with cattle
producer management practices at ~200 sites across Alberta
‘Beef & Biodiversity’
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Work to date has found over 180 different species
Bee abundance and diversity were positively related to
floristic richness, range health and forage quality
Grassland as Key Habitat for
Pollinators (Drs. C. Carlyle & J. Manson)
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Acknowledgements
Mark Lyseng, Donald Schoderbek, Sean Chuan, Ekaterina
Stolnikova, Monica Kohler, Ashton Sturm, Scott Chang,
Guillermo Hernandez-Ramirez, Christina Hebb
Funding: