ramsar convention on wetlands wetlands and water: supporting life sustaining wetlands kampala,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
“Wetlands and Water: supporting life sustaining wetlands”
Kampala, Uganda, 8-15 November
Final Presentation
Task Group: Sean Mandel, Aimee BarnesMegan Stouffer, and Emily Capello
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Summary of the Presentation
• Definition of a Wetland and the Ecological Services Wetlands Provide
• Drivers of Wetland Degradation• Wetlands Problems• Introduction to Ramsar and the COP 9:
Resolution IX.4 Annex• Solutions Proposed by COP 9• Controversies of the Proposed Solutions• Monitoring and Measurements of Success
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• Wetlands are difficult to define:– Range of hydrological conditions– Great variation in size, location, and human
influence
• Distinguishing features of wetlands:– Presence of standing water– Unique wetland soil– Vegetation adapted to or tolerant of saturated
soils
What is a Wetland?
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Why Protect Wetlands?
Healthy wetlands provide important services:
• Ecological• Recreational• Scientific• Cultural• Economic
Photos: www.ramsar.org
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Drivers of Degradation & Destruction of Wetlands
Public Perception
Urban/Suburban Development
AgricultureAquaculture
Photo: www.nrcs.usda.gov/ wetlands/wildrice.jpgPhoto: US Fish and Wildlife Service: http://www.fws.gov/midwest/saginawNRDA/restore.htmlPhoto: http://www.ecopix.net/natresmanage/natresmanage.htm Photo: Oyster leases at Wallis Lake, NSW (photo by Dave Ryan)http://www.ozestuaries.org/indicators/aqua_pressure.jsp
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Problem: Loss and Fragmentation of Wetlands• Development, agriculture, and
aquaculture lead to habitat fragmentation
• Barriers for water provision and irrigation redirect water– Fish cannot reach spawning grounds
or food sources• Habitat destruction and fragmentation
is the number one cause of declining fish populations
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Implications of Wetland Loss and
FragmentationDecreased ecological integrity and services:• Loss of groundwater reserves
• Shoreline erosion
• Loss of spawning and feeding grounds for fish
• Decline in commercial/noncommercial populations
Photo: http://www.coastal.crc.org.au/wetlands/images/riparian2.gif
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Implications of Wetland Loss and
FragmentationLoss of storm protection services:• Storm surge protection through friction and
absorption
• Wave height reduction by causing waves to touch bottom earlier and break
• Soil retention by lowering water velocities
Photo: http://www.katrinahelp. com/hurricane-katrina-2.jpg
Photo: http://www.ruggedelegantliving.com/a/images/Hurricane.Katrina.Help.jpg
Photo:http://www.rotary5470.org/IMupload/yaht%20club.jpeg
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Implications of Loss of Storm Protection
Services
Decreased natural barrier against extreme weather events• Increased flooding• Increased destruction due to storms• Destruction of fisheries and their infrastructurePhoto: http://www.foxnews.com/photo_essay/photoessay_566_images/katrina_redcross_450.jpg
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Problem: Pollution•Development, agriculture, and aquaculture lead to:
– Discharge of excess nutrients (nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)) from sewage, soaps and detergents, and agricultural runoff
– Sediments from soil erosion– Toxins (heavy metals and organic
compounds like mercury and PCBs)
•Improperly managed wetlands cannot effectively filter pollutants
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Implications of Pollution• Decreased water quality
• Bioaccumulation of toxins in wetland species
• Decline in native plant, fish, and waterfowl populations
• Eutrophication of wetlands
Photo: http://www.midwestadvocates.org/media/advocacyupdates/2004/Advocacy%20Update%20August%202004/fishkillpicture.jpg
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So What Happens?
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Mission of Convention
"the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, regional
and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving
sustainable development throughout the world."
(Cop7 1999, San Jose, Costa Rica)
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Key Data • Current sites: 1608 wetland sites• Number of parties: 152 nations• Surface area: 345 million acres• Categories: Marine & Coastal,
Inland, & Human-Made• Encompasses 42 wetland types
Photo: David Trilling (2006) Iraq
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Legislation vs. Agreement
• Legislation is law– Mandates and enforces behavior– Passed by a governing body
• Agreements or
treaties– Contractual
agreement– Can be binding
or prescriptive
Photo: www.ramsar.org
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Conference of Parties (COP) 9: Resolution IX.4-Annex:
The Ramsar Convention and Conservation, Production and Sustainable Use of
Fisheries Resources
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Solutions of COP 9 Resolution IX.4 Annex
1. Sustainable management of wetland ecosystems for fisheries
2. Increased international cooperation
3. Improvements to information on the status of fisheries in Ramsar sites
Photo: www.corila.it/images/ligneCWC3.jpg
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1. Sustainable management of wetland ecosystems for fisheries
• “Wise use” and maintenance of ecological structure of wetlands
Photos: www.ramsar.org
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Implementation: “Wise Use” FrameworkThe Ramsar Toolkit
14 handbooks on how to implement the Ramsar Convention
Photos: www.ramsar.org
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2. Increased International Cooperation
Salmon migration: Chum
Chinook
Sockeye
Source: www.sookesalmonenhancementsociety.com
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3. Improvements to information on the status of fisheries in
Ramsar sites• Salmon Indicators at
Izembek National Wildlife Refuge—1st U.S. RAMSAR site
• Important salmon spawning ground
• Require pure, well-oxygenated cold water
• Indicators: – abundance– genetic diversity– geographic distribution– stage of lifecycle
Photo: www.mms.gov
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Controversies Related to Wetland Destruction/Ramsar
COP 9 Policies
1. Mitigated wetlands
2. Cross-border cooperation on ecological goals
Photo: www.ramsar.org
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1. Mitigation of Wetlands
Do constructed wetlands have the same quality as natural wetlands?
• Can compensate for wetland loss and restore formerly impacted wetlands
• Can require management for several decades
• Quality sacrificed for quantity• Mitigated wetland might not
reflect the characteristics of the natural wetland it is replacing
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Past Losses and Mitigation
Image: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/ConservationAndEnvironment/images/WETLANDLOSS.gif
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2. Cross-Border Resource Management
• 5 of 22 US Ramsar sites span state or international borders
Map: Microsoft Encarta
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Measuring the Success of COP 9 Resolution IX.4
Indicator Criteria• Simple and pragmatic• Capable of distinguishing the difference
made by the Ramsar Convention• Reflective of multiple variables• Related to readily available information • Serviceable by wide popular audiences
Photo: www.dorf.rwth-aachen.de
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Priority Indicators2006-2008
1. Overall conservation status of wetlands2. Water-related indicator(s)3. Overall population trends of wetland taxa
Source: www.ramsar.org
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Future Monitoring• Finalization of current indicators
• Status and trends report: 2008 & 2011
• Inclusion of more indicators– Wise use policy
– Wetland services for humans
– Additional water-related indicators
Photo: www.nationalgeographic.com
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Conclusion• Wetlands provide important ecological and
socio-economic services • Degradation limits their ability to provide
these services• COP 9 of Ramsar proposes several
solutions to reduce wetland destruction and promote wetland conservation for sustainable fisheries
• Implementation of U.S. wetland conservation measures in conjunction with existing policy has improved management and monitoring of our nations wetlands
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AcknowledgementsThe RAMSAR Group
Aimee Barnes, Emily Capello, Matthew Ebright, Emily Gaskin, Lauren Kell,
Megan Stouffer, Rebecca Smith, Sean Mandel, Whitney Blake, Helen Morris ,
Flora Lee
…and congratulations to all our fellow classmates for making it through the
summer term!
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Thank You
Professor Cook!
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Drivers of Degradation & Destruction of Wetlands
Public Perception
Urban/Suburban Development
AgricultureAquaculture
Photos:http://www.ozestuaries.org/indicators/aqua_pressure.jsphttp://www.ecopix.net/natresmanage/natresmanage.htmhttp://www.fws.gov/midwest/saginawNRDA/restore.htmlhttp://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wetlands/wildrice.jpg