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Manuals and textbooksof archivesadministration and recordsrn 3n 3aprnpn t X X X Vt-X A M


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Original : English PGI-92/WS/11Paris, July 1992

M A N U A L S A N D TEXTBOOKS OF ARCHIVES ADMINISTRATIONA N D RECORDS M A N A G E M E N T

A R A M P STUDYby

Pirkko Rastas

General Information P r o g r a m m e and U N I S I S TUnited Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization


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This d o c u m e n t is the photographicreproduction of the author's text

R e c o m m e n d e d catalogue entry :R A S T A S , Pirkko - M a n u a l s and textbooks of archives administrations and recordsm a n a g e m e n t : a R A M P study / prepared by Pirkko Rastas [for the] GeneralInformation P r o g r a m m e and U N I S I S T . - Paris : U N E S C O , 1992. - iv, 52 p . , 30 c m . -( P G I - 9 2 / W S / 1 1 ) .I - TitleII - U N E S C O . General Information Programme and U N I S I S TIII - Records and Archives M a n a g e m e n t P r o g r a m m e ( R A M P )

U N E S C O , 1992


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PREFACEIn order to aid M e m b e r States, particularly developing countries, to meet their needsin the specialized areas of Archives Administration and Records Management, theDivision of the General Information Programme has developed a long-term Recordsand Archives Management Programme ( R A M P ) .T h e overall objectives of R A M P reflect and contribute to the overall themes of theGeneral Information Programme. R A M P therefore includes projects, studies and otheractivities intended to:

to create awareness and promote understanding, a m o n g and withingovernments of M e m b e r States, of the value and usefulness of records andarchives as basic information resources;to assist countries, upon request, in the organization and development ofrecords and archives management systems and services necessary for the fulland effective utilization of these basic information resources;to promote and assist in the advancement and dissemination of knowledgethrough the training of professionals in the field of archives and recordsmanagement as the basis for solid archival policies and development.

R A M P activities concentrate on : infrastructure development; training and education;protection of the archival heritage; promotion of the development and application ofmodern information technologies and research in archival theory and practice.This study, prepared under contract with the International Council on Archives, (ICA)is designed to introduce and describe manuals and textbooks suitable for training inrecords management and archives adminstration. It includes an inventory of availablemanuals with bibliographic data and descriptions of their suitability for training. It alsoindicates appropriate target groups.C o m m e n t s and suggestions regarding the study are welcome and should beaddressed to the Division of the General Information Programme, U N E S C O , 7, Placede Fontenoy, 75700 Paris, France.Other studies prepared under the R A M P programme ma y be obtained at the sameaddress.


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CONTENTSPage

F O R E W O R D l1 T H E G O A L O F T H E S TU D Y 12 T A R G E T G R O U P S OF A R C H I V A L TRAINING 1

2.1 Different levelsof the profession 12 . 2 Categories of archival personnel 22.3 Archivists in different types of archives 3

2 . 4 Training of users 33 DIFFERENT TYPES OF M A N U A L S A N D T E X TB O OK S 34 CRITERIA F O R T E X T B O O K S A N D M A N U A L S ,

THEIR USABILITY A N D C ON T EN T S 55 HISTORY O F T H E CLASSIC M A N U A L S A N D R E F E R E N C EB O O K S OF T H E D E V E L O P M E N T O F A R C H I VA L T H E O R Y 6A N D PRINCIPLES6 M A N U A L S A N D T E X T B O O K S A V A IL A B L E F O R A R C H IV A LTRAINING 87 ARCHIVES R E A D E R A S A S U P P L E M E N T T O M A N U A L SA N D T E X T B O O K S 108 C O N T E N T S OF T H E M A N U A L S A N D TE X TB O O K S 11

8.1 The history of archives and basicarchival principles 118.2 Archives in different countries and the

differences in their archival practice 138.3 Records management 138.4 M a n a g e m e n t of non-current records,

records centres 1 48.5 Archives administration 14

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8.6 Archives in a national informationpolicy 15

8.7 N e w trends in research 158 .8 Archival terminology 16

REPORTS A N D O T H E R CONTRIBUTIONS U S E D IN THIS S T U D YA N N O T A T E D BIBLIOGRAPHY (see separatesheets)

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F O R E W O R DT h e Committee on Professional Training and Education of the International Council

on Archives (ICA) decided at its meeting in Milan in autumn 1989 to propose a comparativestudy of manuals and textbooks suitable for trainingprogrammes in archives administrationand records management. Unesco has included this study in its R A M P series. A speciallydevised questionnaire about manuals and textbooks w a s sent to m e m b e r s of die Committeeand other experts.

A t the same time, the Committee also asked teachers of archives administration toreport on manuals and textbooks written in their respective languages. These reports werepresented at the 3rd International S y m p o s i u m on Archival Training organized by theCommittee in T h e H a g u e in September 1990. T he preliminary draft of this study w a s alsodiscussed in T he H a g u e . T he S y m p o s i u m proposed that it should include an annotatedbibliography of international and national textbooks and manuals designed for archive schoolsand trainers. This study and the bibliography, which forms an appendix, are m u s based on thereportspresented in T h e H a g u e , and on the questionnaire responses.

I a m grateful for all the feedback and aid received from the Committee m e m b e r s andother experts in archival training. Without their help it would have been impossible to coverthe publications of so m a n y countries and in so m a n y languages.

1. T H E G O A L O F T H E S T U D YT h e goal of thisstudy is to survey and analyze manuals and textbooks thatcan be usedfor training in archives administration and records management. In s o m e countries there is anobvious need for comprehensive textbooks suitable for archival training, and this study will

therefore be of interest to teachers of archival administration in preparing their o w nbibliographies. T he bibliography in this study will be especially useful in developingcountries.O n e drawback of thiskind of review is that it becomes outdated very quickly because

of rapid developments in the archival fieldand n e w literature constantly being published.Thus, the bibliography will need continuous updating. T h e participants at the S y m p o s i u m inT h e H a g u e expressed their interest in a n ew and updated version of the 1978 "BasicInternational Bibliography of Archives Administration".

2. T A R G E T G R O U P S O F A R C H I V A L TRAINING2.1 Different levelsof the profession

In his paper given to the Second International S y m p o s i u m on Archival Training inMilan in September 1989 "Curriculum contents for various levels of archival training",Eckhart G . Franz notes threemajor personnel groups in archives:

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a) archival personnel, i.e. specialized personnel concerned with theadministration of archival (or pre-archival) records, ranging from the headarchivist to repository attendants.b ) technical staff for conservation, restoration an d photographic w o r k .c) staff for administrative and financial m a n a g e m e n t and for secretarial w o r k .

Categories a) and b) need special archival training, while basic training for category c) isnormally c o m m o n with any other branch of administration.2 . 2 Categories of archival personnel

T h e questionnaire used for thisstudy divided archival personnel into three levels.a) Paraprofessional level

This level consists of the assistant staff in archival institutionsand s o m e records managers inarchive-creating organizations. This group needs basic knowledge of archives administration,although it concentrates mainly on practical w o r k . In s o m e countries, for example in theUnited States, paraprofessionals are trained o n the job, not in the classroom. In other countriesthere are special training p r o g r a m m e s which provide better and m o r e varied professionalskills than does training on the job. In any case the training of this group can be practicalwithout the need for a deeper theoretical background. In s o m e countries professionalarchivists m a y first follow the s a m e trainingp r o g r a m m e as paraprofessionals after which theycontinue with m o r e theoreticalaspects.

b ) Professional levelThis group includes professional archivistsw h o need a thorough, versatiletraining in both thetheory and practice of archives. In the last 2 0 years they have benefitted from thedevelopment short courses allowing them to keep up with n e w techniques and changingmethods.

c) Managerial levelThis group includes the managers or heads of archival institutions. T h e y have often beenprofessional archivists but m a y also have s o m e other scientific or administrative background.Archival studies also, of course, help these managers in their w o r k . Their m a i n duty, however,is to plan and develop the activities of their archival institutions. For that they need anunderstanding of international developments and of decisions m a d e elsewhere. In developingcountries these managers often have to create institutions out of almost nothing and theexperiences of other countries are of great value to them. A s it is difficult to get directors ofarchival institutionsto participate in training p r o g r a m m e s , it is even m o r e important for themthan for archivists to have suitable manuals.

Several R A M P studies, devised as basic material for planning and development w o r kat the managerial level are available.

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2.3 Archivists in different types of archivesArchival professionals can also be divided according to the kind of archives theyadminister, for e x a m p l e the archives of governmental agencies, of local g o v e r n m e n t , and ofbusiness. T h e s e archivists m a y need special training in the m a n a g e m e n t a n d a r r a n g e m e n t of

their records. H o w e v e r , it is usually desirable that training is generally a professionalspecialization left to postgraduate studies or to in-post training. This approach guarantees thestudents a wider choice of jobs w h i c h w o u l d not be accessible to m e m if they w e r e tospecialize too early.T h e r e are of course m a n u a l s a n d h a n d b o o k s for m a n a g i n g specific kinds of archives.T h e s e are useful for specialised training courses as well as for broadening the individualinterests of the archivist.

2 .4 Training of usersResearchers a n d other users of archives need a general understanding of the objectives

of archives administration, and of the w o r k of different kinds of archives services.Professionals in information services, such as librarians an d information m a n a g e r s , also needthis kind of training. National archives a n d other archival institutions publish catalogues andguides to their material, but users m a y also need to k n o w the principles by w h i c h thed o c u m e n t s are arranged an d described. There are s o m e general m a n u a l s w h i c h can be used asan introduction to archives administration in this context, for e x a m p l e , Einfuhrung in dieA r c h i v k u n d e by Eckhart G . F ra n z , or Les archives. P o u r qu o i? C o m m e n t ? by FranoiseHildesheimer.

3. DIFFERENT TYPES O F M A N U A L S A N D T E X T B O O K SDictionaries do not m a k e a particular distinction b e t w e e n the terms "manual" and"textbook". The O x f o r d Dictionary for e x a m p l e regards them almost as s y n o n y m s .F r a n c o p h o n e respondents to the a b o v e mentioned questionnaire also m a d e no distinctionb e t w e e n the t w o terms.Specialist dictionaries for documentation and librarianship do not include the term"manual" . The term textbook is defined as a b o o k designed for teaching or as a didacticd o c u m e n t setting out basic k n o w l e d g e of an art, science or technique.(l)T h e term m a n u a l has been defined as a b o o k that tellsy o u h o w to do something - or asa detailed an d comprehensive guide to practice, manufacture or service.(2)M o s t of the publications evaluated in this study h a v e the character of m a n u a l s ratherthan that of textbooks, although they are used in a teaching context T h u s , publications h a v enot been classified as either m a n u a l s or as textbooks. T h e critrium for their being includedw a s that they are suitable for training.In the bibliography, h o w e v e r , the w o r d textbook has been used, w h e n the w o r k isdirectly used or usable in training. A w o r k , w h i c h can be used on a day-to-day basis byarchivists a n d w h i c h provides t h em with detailed information about professional practice, iscalled a m a n u a l .

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It w a s originally intended to evaluate publications according to their suitabilities fortraining groups at different levels. But since both, professionals and paraprofessionals, m a yuse the same basic manuals and textbooks, this type of classification proved to beinappropriate.

Therefore publications have been categorised according to their contents, although ofcourse thiscannot be always as precise as might be wished:

1. General manuals, divided into reference books, the "classic" manuals which areoften out of date as far as the archival practice is concerned, manuals and textbookscovering more or less the whole fieldof archives administration and collectionsofarticlesor archives readers.2 . W o r k s concerning terminology.3 . W o r k s on legislation and the organization of archives services.4 . Theoretical studieson archival theory.5 . Books on the practical management of archives.6 . W o r k s on conservation and document restoration.7 . W o r k s designed to be used in specific types of archives, e.g. business archives,private archives, local archives, etc.8 . W o r k s dealing with the management of specializedarchival media, e.g. audiovisualarchives, machine-readable archives.9 . W o r k s dealing with n e w techniques.1 0 . Books on archival training: as far as training itself is concerned, course contentand teaching methods are of great importance. W o r k s concerning training andcurriculahave thereforebeen added to the bibliography.Especially important and useful in the development of training programmes is the

R A M P study "Guidelines for curriculum development in records management and theadministration of modern archives", prepared by Michael C o o k . H e suggests a c o m m o n basictraining for all personnel involved directly in the professional management of archives andrecords. H e stressesthat apart from importantdifferences of level and approach, a singlebodyof basic training is appropriate to the whole field.

N O T E S :1 Wersig, Gemot, and Ulrich Neveling (d.), Terminology of documentation.T h e Unesco Press, Paris 1976.I S O 5127/2 Documentation and Information - Vocabulary - Part 2 : Traditionaldocuments. International Organization for Standardization. 1983.

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2 Sinclair, John (d.), CollinsC O BUILD English languagedictionary. London;Glasgow: Collins; Stuggart: Kett, 1987, Draft British Standard Glossary ofDocumentationterms(revised), London, 1976.

4. CRITERIA F O R T E X T B O O K S A N D M A N U A L S , THEIR USABILITY A N DC O N T E N T SIn her report for the H a g u e S y m p o s i u m Marie-Claude Delmas suggests that, from thepoint of view of an instructor, a good textbook should be:- of a manageable format.- for daily use (hence the need for a convenient format), with a good s u m m a r y and anindex.- instructive(and therefore ithas to be clear and precise).- a guide to basic principles and references.These criteria are as valid for textbooks used in archival training as for manuals used

by archivistsin their daily w o r k . H o w e v e r , Marie-Claude Delmas concludes that textbooks asshe describes them d o not exist at least in the French context where teachers use mainlylecture handouts and copies of articles from archival journals, and manuals are designed forthe practisingarchivists.

There is a similar conclusion in the report from the U S A . Francis Blouin writes that ofthe publications dealing with archives administration, none really falls into the category of"textbook". H e r m a n n Rumschottel notes the s a m e situation in G e r m a n y in his articleon theeducation of the archivists: "the lack of technical and practical textbooks for archivesadministration causes difficulties in teaching".(l)

T h u s , there would appear to exist a need in most countries for comprehensivetextbooks suitable for training and, as a recommendation, w e would suggest that archivalinstitutions in themost developed countries include such textbooks in their publicationprogramme.

T h e usability oftextbooks and manuals also depends on whether they are meantmainly for a national or an international readership. In a national context an archivist shouldhave aknowledge of, for example archival sources, the structureof archival institutions andtheir history, the legislation regulating archives administration, records management and theuse of archives. A s these topics differ substantially from country tocountry, manuals areoften only partlyusable in the international context.

T h e manuals and guides of the Soviet Union and of the former Eastern bloc countriesdiffer from corresponding publications incertain western countries. H o w e v e r , it seems thatdifferences inthe archival theory have been partly those of terminology. Different views ofhistory have also influenced practical decisions on appraisal, for example. In any case, thesocial and economic reforms inEastern Europe an d the Soviet Union m a y n o w lead to aharmonization between eastern and western archival theory and practice.

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There is also a substantial difference between archival training given in s o m eEuropean countries with an old archival and documentary tradition an d that provided, forexample, in Scandinavia, the Netherlands, the U S A , Canada and Australia which concentratesm o r e on the management of contemporary records.

H o w e v e r , international practice does provide a basis for comparison, and m a n yproblems are c o m m o n to all countries. F r o m this point of view, international textbooks andreference works are clearly needed. These could include, for example, teaching packs ofmaterial extracted from existing manuals and professional journals: such a publicationprogramme might well be appropriate to the I C A .

N O T E :1 H e r m a n n Rumschttel, Die Ausbildung wissenschaftlichen Archivars an derBayerischen Archvischule Miinchen.2 Wilhelm A . Eckhardt (d.), Wissenschaftliche Archivausbildung inEuropa. Marburger Vortrage. Veroffentlichungen der Archivschule Marburg-Institutfur Archivwissenschaft. Marburg 1989.

5. HISTORY O F T H E CLASSIC M A N U A L S A N D R E F E R E N C E B O O K S O F T H ED E V E L O P M E N T O F A R C H I V A L T H E O R Y A N D PRINCIPLES.Rules and regulations for the upkeep of particular archives services have always beenissued. Philip le Bel of France for example, gave Pierre d'Etampes guidelines for the care of

the royal archives in 1307 Q u e e n Jeanne of Naples gave instructions for the maintenance ofarchives in 1347, an d in Spain, Philip II's Instruccin pare el gobierno del Archivo deSimancas appeared in 1 5 8 8 .

T h efirst reatises thatmight be calledmanuals appeared in Europe at the beginning ofthe Renaissance. These works tried to formalize existing practical knowledge to ensure itstransmission and diffusion on a wider scale.Throughout Europe, the arrangement of archives according to original order, ratherthan by subject, began at the end of the eighteenth century. Yet even at this point it is stillinappropriate to talkof the principleof "respect des fonds", at leastuntil archives of differentorganisations were brought together in the s a m e place, at the Vatican for example, or in

Naples. In France, the principleof "respect des fonds" w a s legallyembodied in the centralisedsystem of departmental archives in 1 8 4 1 .Manuals such as A i m Champollion-Figeac'sManuel de l'archiviste des prfectures.des mairies et des hospices (1860) began to appear, clarifying the newly-established

principles and legal framework and describing practices and methods of working. In theNetherlands, the famous manual of Muller, Feith and Fruin Handeleiding voor het Ordenen enBeschrijven van Archiven, used throughout northern Europe, explained particularly well theprincipleof provenance and h o w it should be applied.

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Its historical importance should not, however, overshadow thefact that it is n o woutdated. In his report o n Dutch handbooks o n archives in the H a g u e symposium Arnold J . M .den Teuling writes: " A s a Dutch archivist I often have a strange feeling reading foreignliteratureon Dutch archival science. They are always referring to the theory of Muller, Feithand Fruin. H o w e v e r , the three authors, supported by the Dutch Society of Archivists, wereconcerned with public archives dating from before the establishment of the K i n g d o m ofNetherlands in 1 8 1 3 , and they were writing in 1 8 9 8 . Although theirbasic doctrine, w a s and is,widely accepted, there has been a considerable development both in the Netherlands andinternationally. N o w a d a y s , in the Dutch State Archives School, the manual isused only as areference work, and not as a textbook. T h e English-speaking world has had to m a k e d o withthe French translation, and given that both this and the G e r m a n translation, m a d e at thebeginning of the century, are ratherpoor, there has been considerable misunderstanding of thetext".

Similarly other classic manuals have changed from textbooks into reference works.H o w e v e r , knowledge ofthese books remains necessary for students' understanding of thedevelopment of archive theory and practice.

In the U K , Hilary Jenkinson wrote a Manual of Archive Administration (1922). Herethe principles outlined by Muller, Feith and Fruin were accepted, but s o m e additions werem a d e .A n Italian classic manual is Eugenio Casanova's Archivistica (1928) which isstill

used as a reference book in the Archives, Paleography and Diplomatic Schools of the StateArchives. Itdeals with archives management, archival theory and criteria for arrangement andlisting, the historyof archives and the legal nature of archives.

A m o n g the classic G e r m a n manuals Adolf Brenneke's Archivkunde should bementioned. Wolfgang Leesch edited it in 1953 on the basis of lecturesgiven by Brenneke atthe Prussian archives school inBerlin-Dahlem, 1931-40. According to Leesch it w a s AdolfBrenneke w h o first developed archival theory into a real science, evolving adoctrine "of thefree principle of provenance" or of "the principle of organic structure" (i.e. arrangement ofarchives according to function).

In the U S A there are two archival traditions. T h e first is the traditionof the historianas archivist. T he Second has its roots in thefact that early archives management wa sinfluenced by theprinciples and techniques ofLibrary classification and cataloguing,especially in the administration of manuscript collections deposited inuniversity libraries.Theodore Schellenberg, the principal archival theoretician of the U S A , treatedpublic recordsand manuscript collections together for the first time in his book T he M a n a g e m e n t ofArchives (1965). Schellenberg's basic principles of appraisal, with the correspondingterminology have been accepted worldwide. They were outlined in his first publication" M o d e r n Archives, Principles and Techniques" (1956) which has been translated into severallanguages and in s o m e countries is stillused in archival training.

It is very important that students of archives administration should be aware of thedevelopment of archival theory and principles, although it is, admittedly, a heavy task to readall the classicmanuals to thatend. Itmight prove useful for the I C A to publish a R A M P studyof the historyof archival theory comprising the basic chapters of the classicmanuals.

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N O T E :1 Wolfgang Leesch, Gliederung u n d Bedeutung der Archivwissenschaft. Archivar u n dHistorikcr. Studien zur Archiv- u n d Geschichtswisscnschaft. edited b y Helmut Lotzkean d Hans-Stephan Brather, Berlin 1956.

6. M A N U A L S A N D T E X T B O O K S A V A I L A B L E FOR A R C H I V A L TRAININGDuring the last tw o decades very helpful manuals have been published inthe English

language: in the United States, in the United K i n g d o m and in Australia.A m o n g the most useful of these are the books of Michael C o o k w h o teaches archivesadministration at theUniversity ofLiverpool. His Archives Administration, a Manual forIntermediate and Smaller Organizations and forLocal Government (1977) isof great use in

training. T he M a n a g e m e n t of Information from Archives (1986) gives more detailedinformation about archives administration an d its n e w challenges as abranch of informationmanagement. T he author points outthat the latter book should beused together with AManual ofArchival Description, (a second edition ofwhich, written by Michael C o o k andMargaret Procter, w a s published in 1990).

In the U S A James Gregory Bradsher edited: Managing Archives and ArchivalInstitutions. Published inLondon in 1988, its chapters arewritten by several authors. T heAustralian textbook, Keeping archives, edited b y A n n Pederson (1988), isequally popular inthe U S A .

T h e most important manual in French is "Manuel d'Archivistique". Published in 1970,it is acollectionof articlesby about 4 0 archivists. Despite its ageins o m e respects, it remainsthe reference work "par excellence" and is currently being brought u p to date.

T h e "Guide pratique a l'usage de l'archiviste-documentaliste" (by Franoise Durand-Evrard an d Claude Durand, 1985) isvery useful in the teaching of archives administration an dhas theadded merit of examining the differences in techniques employed by archivists anddocumentalists.

France is a centralised country and theexperiences oflocal and national archivesservices have been drawn upon inthe laws, decrees an d circularswhich govern them. Thesem a k e up animpressive body ofprofessional reference material which is of great use toarchivistsand students alike.

In Canada the French-language manual: L es archives au X X e sicle, written by CarolCouture and Jean-Yves Rousseau, w a s published in 1982. It presents a particular viewofarchival practice current in Quebec. It ha s been translatedintoEnglish under the titleT h e lifeof a D o c u m e n t and is also well k n o w n in theU S A . It is however not used for traininginFrance perhaps because of the differences in archival traditions.

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T h e comprehensive G e r m a n m a n u a l is Archivwis sen schaf t (1976), writtenbyJohannes Papritz. It is based on his lectures inthe archives school inM a r b u r g . In EastG e r m a n y two significant m a n u a l s w e r e published: Archivverwaltungslehre by G erh a rdEnders (1967) andArchivwesen der D D R . Thorie und Praxis, edited by B o t h o B r a c h m a n n(1984). Thefirst sa traditional, clear textbook w h i c h isalso still used as a reference w o r k .T h e second, though ordered with s o m e ideological bias, might serve as a m o d e l for a newcomprehensive m o d e l inG e r m a n w h i c h , sofar, has tobe replaced by the introductionEinfiihrung in die A r c h i v k u n d e by E G . F ra n z .

In Italy there are two important w o r k s used inarchival training. Elio Lodolini'sArchivistica. Principi eproblemi (1984, 5th d., 1990) isa fundamental m a n u a l of archivaltheory presented in a clear fashion. Paola Carucci's Le fonti archi vistiche: ordinamento econservazione sets out theoretical an d practical criteria for arrangement and for the listingofarchives. It is mainly used in archives schools a n d in courses.T h e m o s t important and fullest Spanish m a n u a l is Antonia Heredia Herrera'sArchivistica General. Teora y Practica (second edition 1 9 9 1 ) . O n e of the few Spanish w o r k sthat can be called a textbook in the full sense of the w o r d is Introduccin a la Archivistica(1989) by P e d r o L o p e z G o m e z and O l g a Gallego D o m i n g u e z , firstlywritten in Galician.T h e Soviet U n i o n has pro d u c ed Teora i praktika archivnogo del vS S S R : U c e b n i k .edited by F.I. Dolgich andK . I . Rudel'son (1980), a b o o k w h i c h has also been translated intoG e r m a n (Thorie und Praxis des Archivwesens inder U d S S R . (Berlin 1 9 8 3 ) . Althoughalready partly out of date, itcan still be used in the training of archivists. O v e r the last fewyears various pamphlets on different areas of archives administration h a v e been published:they are sometimes easier to use than the older m a n u a l .In Yugoslavia there are s o m e textbooks at secondary school level a n d publications forhigher education as well. T h e s e include Archivistica (1984), written by Joze Zontar. A m o n g

other East E u ro p ea n countries, m o d e m m a n u a l s h a v e also been published inPoland,Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria.T u r n in g toScandinavia, the m o s t important Swedish textbook is Nils Nilsson'sAr k iv k u n sk a p although, as itw a s published in 1973, it is already partly out of date. Nilsson isthe m o s t f a m o u s archival theorist in Scandinavia to h a v e dealt with the varying concepts ofarchives indifferent countries. In N o r w a y , Joergen Marthinsen pro d u c ed the textbook:

Arkivdanning. Veiledning i arkivarbeid for use inthe training of records m a n a g e r s andarchivists. In Finland, Pirkko Rastas, has written Arkistotoimi ja asiakirjahallinto. w h i c h wasdesigned for training records m a n a g e r s , but w h i c h is also used inthe basic training ofarchivists.M o s t of the textbooks and m a n u a l s mentioned a b o v e are suitable for training ofarchivists although s o m e of the oldest are partly out of date. H o w e v e r , itremains difficult tofind a b o o k covering the w h o l efieldof archives administration. T h u s , in teaching the subject,any one m a n u a l m u s t normally besupplemented with other b o o k s orarticles. TheBibliography includes therefore s o m e publications in specialist areas w h i c h can be used inaddition to the m o r e general w o r k s .

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S o m e sections of the manuals b e c o m e outdated sooner than others. Therefore the n e wDutch manual inaloose-leaf format seems apractical solution. Archievbeheer in practijk.written by three authors: A . van Giessel, F . C J . Ketelaar and A J . M . den Teuling, firstappeared in 1 9 8 6 , and 12 supplements to ithave been published since. S o m e partsof itarestillbeing prepared, but w h e n completed in 1 9 9 1 , as intended, itshould have about 12 00pages.

T h e Basic Manual Series published by T h e Society of American Archivists resemblesthe Dutch loose-leaf edition. Each manual in thisseriesisa separate publication dealing witho n e archival function or practice. There are two series. T h e first consists (according to thedescription of David Gracy H ) ofintroductory and advanced " h o w to" information. T hesecond contains practical explanations, examples, and illustrationsthat help archivistsextenda nd improve the capabilitiesof their repositories.

Archival institutions inm a n y countries produce their o w n guidebooks torecordsmanagement and archives administration which m a y be very useful in planning correspondingactivities inother countries. Unfortunately, this type of guide tends tobe printed in smallquantities,with the resultthatarchives services elsewhere leam about them only by chance.

7 THE ARCHIVES R E A D E R A S A S U P P L E M E N T T O M A N U A L S A N D T E X T B O O K ST h e lack of comprehensive textbooks has been countered from time to time by thepublication of essay collections: the archives readers. These are collections ofarticlesbyexperts of archival theory and practice.A M o d e m Archives Reader: Basic Readings on Archival Theory an d Practice, edited

b y M a y g e n e F . Daniels and Timothy W a l c h , w a s published in the United States in 1 9 8 4 . Itw a s developed inresponse tothe requirements of the M o d e r n Archives Institute of theNational Archives and Records Service, and most of itsarticleswere first published in T heAmerican Archivist. Italso includes s o m e "classics"of archival theory, such as S o m e Aspectsof Archival Development Since the French Revolution, by E m s t Posner, Reflections of anArchivist, by Hilary Jenkinson, T he Appraisal ofM o d e r n Public Records and ArchivalPrinciplesof Arrangement, by T . R . Schellenberg.

In 1985 Unesco published A R A M P Reader: M o d e r n Archives Administration andRecords M a n a g e m e n t , prepared by aworking group of the I C A , an d interned to supplementexisting textbooks and manuals on archives administration and records management. T heintroduction tothework states: "Whilst these textbooks and manuals will remain basicrequired reading for allaspiring archivists an d stillbeessential tothe student for anunderstanding of underlying concepts and theories inthese twofields,they suffer from twodisadvantages: Firstly, they cannot provide an orientationin the greatly widened practicesofthe archival profession as they have evolved an d developed since the end of World W a r II andparticularly within the past three decades. Secondly, they were each conceived and writtenagainst particular administrative and legal backgrounds reflecting different systems, traditionsand national practices. This engagement of thetextbooks with thelegislation andadministrative traditionsof each country is evident also in the summaries of the books in thisstudy."

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This R e a d e r includes articles or reports, taken principally from archival periodicals orseries. The texts w e r e selected because they w e r e sufficiently international in content,character, scope and/or applicability to provide the student archivist with a broader view ofprofessional practices.H o w e v e r , as the Reader's contents w e r e written mainly in the Seventies, (and s o m eeven earlier), the w o r k does not provide guidance on m a n y current p r o b l e m s .T h e R A M P studies of U n e s c o furnish useful supplementary material, and in 1990Selected guidelines for the m a n a g e m e n t of records and archives: a R A M P R e a d e r w aspublished. Prepared by Peter W a l n e , this is a compilation of those R A M P studies w h i c h h a v e"Conclusions", " R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s " or "Guidelines" on s o m e aspect of archival theory orpractice. T h e R e a d e r "is intended to m a k e m o r e easily a n d readily available the distillationofprofessional theories and practices, w h i c h (the studies) contain, and as a result m a k e thestudies themselves m o r e widely k n o w n a n d used". W i t h s o m e editing, the individual authors'original introduction is also included.

8 CONTENTS O F T H E MANUALS A N D TEXTBOOKS

8 . 1 . T h e history of archives a n d basic archival principlesThis can be divided into:

- history of d o c u m e n t s (diplomatic)- history of archives a n d archival institutions- history of archival theory a n d principles.

History of d o c u m e n t s has usually been discussed in the m a n u a l s and textbooks only in anational context. G e r m a n w o r k s are particularly thorough in this respect, along with Italiana n d Spanish publications. In G e r m a n y the subject is k n o w n as " A k t e n k u n d e " or"Registraturkunde" and covers the study of d o c u m e n t types, their f o r m s and the w a y s oforganizing t h e m . H . O . M e is n er writes that the w o r d " A k te n k u n d e " c o m b i n e s diplomatic andresearch on m o d e m d o c u m e n t s (1). In Fr a n c e the history of d o c u m e n t s is dealt with in w o r k streating diplomatics, not in m a n u a l s of archives administration.

T h e medieval diplomatics of H a r r y Breslau's H a n d b u c h der U r k u n d e n l e h r e fiirDeutschland und Italien is continued by H . O . M e is n er in his Archivalienkunde (the latestedition of his earlier A k te n k u n d e ^ for the period from 1500 to 1918. In the lectures onArchivwissenschaft by Johannes Papritz, the two v o l u m e s on Organisationsformen desSchriftguts in Kanzlei und Registratur deal with the development of record keeping,combination of the d o c u m e n t s to formfiles,series a n d registers.

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Obviously, in those E u r o p e a n countries w h e r e there are m a n y older d o c u m e n t s in thearchives, the emphasis in training is on those d o c u m e n t s and on the principles of theirarran g em en t anddescription. In countries w h e r e the d o c u m e n t a r y tradition is y o u n g , m o r eattention is paid to the arrangement a n d appraisal of current records. O f course, all archivistsm u s t h a v e s o m e k n o w l e d g e of the older d o c u m e n t s and archives of their o w n country. Buttraining in paleography, diplomatic andhistorical sources is sometimes a part of universitystudies in history.

In addition to the history of record keeping, archivists and users of archives ought toh a v e s o m e k n o w l e d g e of administrative history and of the records pro d u c ed by the variousadministrations.T h e history of archives an d archival institutions is usually discussed in a rather general w a y inthe m a n u a l s a n d textbooks. T h e 3rd International S y m p o s i u m on Archival Training expressedthe need, in the interest of both teachers and searchers, to put m o r e emphasis on the study ofthe history of record keeping and archives at both national andinternational levels. A g o o dgeneral survey of the subject appears in Eckhart G . Franz's Einftihrung in die A r c h i v k u n d e . Alot of facts areprovided in Adolf B r e n n e k e ' s A r c h i v k u n d e .

A m o n g F ren c h m a n u a l s only Les Archives - Pourquoi? C o m m e n t ? (1984) has ahistorical s u m m a r y . L'Histoire et ses m t h o d e s (1973 in a chapter by Ro bert- H en ri Bautier)a n d Les archives, by Jean Favier, also include chapters on the subject. In Italy, E . Lodolinitakes special interest in the historical development of archives.History of archival theory a n d principlesM o s t m a n u a l s discuss the history of archival theory only as it is developed in their o w ncountry or in countries with the s a m e archival tradition. Muller, Feith and Fruin's m a n u a l ,h o w e v e r , w h i c h deals with the history of archival theory is mentioned in all w o r k s .

T h e F ren c h m a n u a l s describe the theory an d principles w h i c h w e r e current at the timeof their publication. Thehistory of those theories andprinciples is set out in the chapterscovering the history of archives: h o w e v e r it is m o r e often dealt with in articles appearingelsewhere.In the Netherlands, P.J. H o r s m a n and J.P. S i g m o n d pro d u c ed a reader of archivaltheory a n d history of theory called: Het land van herkomst. een reader v a n artikelen rond hetherkomstbeginsel (1983). This gives a s u m m a r y of their national history and includes theD u t c h explanation of the principle of pro v en an c e .T h e m o s t thorough w o r k to deal with the development of archival theory and thehistory of archives in various countries is Adolf B ren n eke 's A r c h i v k u n d e . w h i c h has already

been m e n t i o n e d . Ernst Posner's article S o m e Aspects of Archival D e v e l o p m e n t since theF ren c h Revolution, w h i c h was first published in The A m e r i c a n Archivist in 1940, (alsoincluded in A M o d e r n Archives R e a d e r ) should be noted here. T h e s e publications do not, ofcourse, cover developments in archival theory postdating W o r l d W a r H .

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8.2. Archives in different countries and differences in archival practiceT h e c o m p a r iso n of national differences in archives administration is lacking in m o s tw o r k s . Apart from B r e n n e k e ' s historical survey only E . G . F r a n z a nd E. Lodolini try to take aninternational view. It is important for archivists to h a v e a general impression of thed e v e l o p m e n t of archives an d of the changing nature of theirresponsabilities. For internationalcooperation both sides n e e d to k n o w h o w their practices differ.

8.3. R e c o r d s m a n a g e m e n tIn s o m e countries, including N o r t h A m e r i c a , the duties of records m a n a g e r andarchivist are separated an d it is considered unnecessary to teach m o d e r n records m a n a g e m e n tto archivists. E l s e w h e r e (in E u r o p e for instance) records m a n a g e m e n t and archivesadministration are part of the s a m e profession and this is also the position in m o s t of thedeveloping countries.In several m a n u a l s , records m a n a g e m e n t is not included at all. M o s t textbooks, if they

do deal with the subject, treat only records creation, m a in t e n a n c e , filing,classification andretention schedules, w h i c h are discussed m ai n l y from the point of view of archivesadministration.In M a n a gi n g Archives and Archival Institutions, published in 1988 as a collaborativeventure of A m e r i c a n an d British archivists (edited by J a m e s G r e g o r y B r a d s h e r ) , the writer ofthe chapter "Archivist andR e c o r d s M a n a g em e n t " , K a r e n D a w l e y P a u l , states that archivistsh a v e an important an d visible role to play in records administration, for instance, as catalystsfor rationalizing the m a n a g e m e n t anddisposition of records and by p r o m o t i n g archival andrecords m a n a g e m e n t goals to a g e n c y administrators. D u r i n g records creation, they can .provide the archival perspective in theoretical and practical matters and in selectingappropriate storage m e d i a for valuable records.A m o n g E u r o p e a n publications, records m a n a g e m e n t is m o s t comprehensivelydiscussed in the w o r k s of M i ch a el C o o k . A C a n a d i a n m a n u a l that gives an especially g o o dgeneral view of both records m a n a g e m e n t and archives administration is that of C a r o lC o u t u r e an d J e a n - Y v e s R o u s s e a u already m e n t i o n e d . In a review published in T h e A m e r i c a nArchivist A n n B o w e r s states: "Perhaps the b o o k ' s greatest strength is the bridge it offers: botharchivists and records m a n a g e r s can learn m o r e about each other's w o r k i n g concepts,principles and procedures by studying this b o o k , thus enhancing our professionala c c o m p l ish m e n t s" (2).In the United States and C a n a d a m e t h o d s h a v e b e e n developed for detailed recordsm a n a g e m e n t analyses and surveys. T h e lifecycle of d o c u m e n t s is a concept w h i c h can wellillustrate the use and preservation of the d o c u m e n t s at different ages.T h e w o r k s described are used not only to instruct the staff of archival institutions, butalso the personnel in other organizations. In local an d g o v e r n m e n t authorities an d in businessfor e x a m p l e , archivists are frequently responsible for records m a n a g e m e n t too. It m a ytherefore be useful if the training of archivists and records m a n a g e r s is at least partiallyc o m b i n e d to prepare t h e m for both types of w o r k . In the Netherlands, for e x a m p l e , half of thestudents w h o c o m e out of the archive school, will b e c o m e records m a n a g e r s . In his R A M Pstudy on the curriculum d e v e l o p m e n t in records m a n a g e m e n t and archives administration,M i ch a el C o o k puts a strong case for planning a c o m m o n basic professional training for both

records m a n a g e r s an d archivists an d for career structures in thesefieldsto beclosely related.

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8.4. M a n a g e m e n t of non-current records, records centresIn m a n y countries, separate centres for intermediate records storage h a v e b e e n established.T h e authorities can transfer non-current records to these record centres, and the appraisalprocess is carried out there before records that are to be preservedperm an en t l y are transferredto the archives repositories. T h e r e are several m a n u a l s w h i c h deal with these record centres,their organization an d functions.8.5. Archives administration

T h e basic topics of archives administration are treated in every general m a n u a l andtextbook.A s regards appraisal anddisposal of records, almost all the new w o r k s , w h i c h k e e p

appearing in W e s te r n E u r o p e an d N o r t h A m e r i c a , refer to the classic criteria of the evidentialan d informational value of d o c u m e n t s as they are set out in Schellenberg's M o d e r n Archives.Eastern E u r o p e a n countries h a v e had, at least until recently, their o w n disposal criteria w h i c hw e r e based on a dialectic materialistic view of history.

S a m p l i n g is thoroughly treated only occasionally, although k n o w l e d g e of thetechnique, especially with regard to m o d e r n d o c u m e n t s , is obviously necessary. In this respectthe R A M P study edited by Felix Hull: The use of sampling techniques in the retention ofrecords is a useful s u p p l e m e n t to other publications. In this context the report of E . G . Franzfor the R o u n d Table Conference in Bratislava (1982) could also be m en ti o n ed .T h e arrangement and description of archives have a central role in every textbook. Thebasic principles of p r o v e n a n c e and of the restoration of the original order are c o m m o nthroughout. Several m a n u a l s deal only with this part of archives administration: TheA r r a n g e m e n t and Description of Archival Materials, by H u g h Taylor, published in the I C AH a n d b o o k s series (Vol 2), should be m e n t i o n e d here. It has a solid theoretical b a c k g r o u n d

an d discusses all types of archival material: records and manuscripts and n o n -p a p e r m e d i asuch as s o u n d archives, machine-readable records an d m o v i n g i m a g e s . T h e b o o k is a i m e d notonly at archivists, but also at librarians w h o need to understand the different pro bl em s ofcontrol anddescription of archival material. TheBritish publication, a M a n u a l of ArchivalDescription, by M i ch a e l C o o k and M a r ga r et Procter, gives very practical advice on thedescription of archives.M a n y textbooks do not pay m u c h attention to technical or conservation p r o b le m s.T h e y just refer the reader to specialist publications, R A M P studies and I C A h a n d b o o k s fore x a m p l e . W h i l e archivists ma y not need detailed k n o w l e d g e of the techniques ofconservation, restoration, archives buildings or microfilming, they do need a basic k n o w l e d g e

to m a k e planning an d policy decisions. Th e bibliography includes b o o k s w h i c h deal with thevarious fields: they are of course primarily to be used for the training of technical staff.Archivists are b e c o m i n g increasingly responsible for the administration of m a c h i n e-readable records, and at the s a m e time the use of the c o m p u t e r for general archival w o r k isconstantly expan d i n g . The rapid d e v e l o p m e n t of information technology m e a n s that theliterature b e c o m e s quickly outdated. The archivist will h av e to use specialist w o r k s in this

area.

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8.6 . Archives in a national information policyM o r e an d m o r e attention has b e e n paid to information m a n a g e m e n t and to nationalinformation policies w h i c h are facilitated by the d e v e l o p m e n t of electronic c o m m u n i c a t i o n .T h e integration of the information fieldis reflected in archives, libraries and informationservices being c o m b i n e d u n d er U N E S C O ' s G e n e ra l Information P r o g r a m m e . In 1987

U N E S C O published an International R e a d e r in the M a n a g e m e n t of Library. InformationandArchives Services w h i c h a i m s to w ard s a certain harmonization of the informationprofessions.It is important for archivists an d their colleagues in relateddisciplines to consider theirm u t u a l relationship, to understand w h i c h activities areshared an d w h i c h are peculiar to eachprofession. Teachers in developing countries h a v e to deal constantly with this issue.Similarities and differences b e t w e e n archives and libraries are discussed in severalm a n u a l s , for e x a m p l e in The m a n a g e m e n t of archives, by Schellenberg, and in Archive-Library Relations (1976), edited by Robert L . C la r k . Clark chiefly discusses the organisation

of A m e r i c a n archives and libraries, but also clarifies the similarities and differences inprinciples and practices of those institutions. M i ch a e l C o o k has considered archivesadministration as a part of information m a n a g e m e n t in T h e M a n a g e m e n t of Information fromArchives. Richard M . K es n er 's b o o k Information S y s t e m s : A Strategic A p p r o a c h to Planningan d Implementation (1988), also deals with the subject, and the R A M P study, by J a m e s B.R h o a d s , published in 1983, The role of Archives and R e c o r d s M a n a ge m e n t in NationalInformation S y s t e m s (also available in Fr e n c h and Spanish) can be r e c o m m e n d e d as asupplementary reader.Different types of archival institutions such as national, local or c h u r c h archives, orthe archives of private organizations andtheir m a n a g e m e n t are described in m a n y m a n u a l san d textbooks. T h e y are treated particularly thoroughly, for e x a m p l e , b y Ec k h a r t G . F ra n z a n d

b y the N o r w e g i a n Jorgen H . M a r t h in se n .8.7. N e w trends in research

T h e responsibilities of the national archives and other state archives repositoriesshould certainly be discussed in detail. Several textbooks are mainly concentrated on publicarchives, perhaps because archival training w as so far primarily directed to w ard sprofessionals w o r k i n g in this kind of archival institution. In connection with the acquisitionpolicy, other textbooks describe the need for archives services to act as repositories for privatepapers an d also for archives: oral history. This w o u l d s e e m to be an especially important taskin developing countries w h e r e there arevery few early written sources.

Research services and the preparation of finding aids are important functions ofarchival institutions. T h o u g h archives arearranged an d describedaccording to the principle ofp r o v e n a n c e , expanding research interests often play an important role in planning differenttypes of finding aids. W h il e it is a basic assumption that it is historians w h o use archives,representatives of quite different fields, for e x a m p l e sociologists, medical scientists, andnatural scientistsh a v e also b e c o m e users of archives; a tendency w h i c h will increase with thedeposit of m o r e machine-readable data archives. Archivists with a traditional training arepoorly equipped to serve these n e w users w h o s e appearance m a y c h a n g e the priority of theduties of archival institutions. E v e n the m o s t recent m a n u a l s do not p a y as m u c h attention tothese developments in the exploitation of archives as m i g h t be h o p e d for. But there arespecialist w o r k s w h i c h deal with specific issues.

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8 . 8 . Archival terminologyA short introduction to basic archival terminology is a useful addition to a textbook. Itespecially helps foreign readers. In spite of the creditable efforts of the I C A in producing an

international dictionary, the professional vocabulary is often confusing and the s a m e termm a y in different countries h av e very different connotations. This applies even to the w o r d"archives" itself.Similarly, terms like "group" and "series", for e x a m p l e , can differ in m e a n i n g fromcountry to country, w h i c h m a y create difficulties in using even well-designed m a n u a ls andtextbooks on an international level. L a c k of harmonization in terminology is an obstacle tointernational cooperation. Glossaries and corresponding international publications onterminology enable archivists to find a c o m m o n language and thus to understand thedifferences between their professional traditions.T h e 3rd International S y m p o s i u m on Archival Training included in its

r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s the development of national glossaries on archives with definitions of thevarious terms. T h e I C A Dictionary of Archival Terminology provides a g o o d m o d e l . In fact,s o m e countries h a v e already published their o w n dictionaries. In F ran c e the Dictionnaire desarchives. D e l'archivage aux systmes d'information. Franais, anglais, allemand (Afnor,Paris) appeared in 1991, and in the Netherlands a Lexicon van Nederlandse Archieftermenw a s published in 1983.

NOTES:1 H . O . M e is n e r, U r k u n d e n u n d Aktenlehre der Neuzeit.2 The American Archivst Vol. 5, Numbers 1 & 2 pp. 143-144.

R E P O R T S A N D O T H E R C O N T R I B U T I O N S U S E D IN THIS S T U D Y

Reports for the Third International S y m p o s i u m on Professional Training, T h e H a g u e 1990:Francis X . Blouin: " A repon on publications in the United States useful in the education andtraining of archivists"Paola Carucci: " L e s m a n u e l s d'archivistique en Italie"M a r ie - C l a u d e D e l m a s : " L e s m a n u e l s d'archivistique en langue franaise"Severiano H e r n a n d e z Vicente: " M a n ua ls of "Archivistica" in Spanish"A r n o l d J. M . d e n Teuling: " D u t c h h a n d b o o k s on Archives"Jose Zontar: "Archival text-books resp. M a n u al s in Slavic languages"

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Contributions received from:Botho B r a c h m a n , G e r m a n yAngelika Menne-Haritz, G e r m a n yMichael C o o k , Great BritainJean-Luc Eichenlaub, FranceDavid B . Gracy II, U S ASilviaVatafu-Gaitan, R u m a n i a

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A N N O T A T E D B I B L I O G R A P H YThis international bibliography, with its commentary, is not aimed at professional

archivists. It rather lists training manuals and reference works which can be used in theteaching of archives administration.

T h e bibliography is not consistent because the terms "manual" and "textbook" havedifferent definitions in different countries: thisexplains w h y the number of works citedalsovaries so m u c h from country to country. However, the short description of each work willenable to reader to form a more accurate idea of the contents.

T o facilitate reference the bibliography is divided into areas of professional practice.Within each area it is arranged alphabeticallyby language. W o r k s which have been translatedare citedonly once, in the original language.

1. General manuals ( N o s 1-45)Reference worksManuals a nd textbooksCollections of articles, readers

2 . Terminology 46-503 . Archives theory 51 -564 . Legislation and organisation 57-68

LegislationOrganisation and planning5 . Archives administration 69-100

Semi-current records and records managementAppraisal and disposalArrangement a n d descriptionUser servicesand accessGuides for the general user

6 . Conservation and restoration 101-130Buildings and equipmentSecurityTropical climates

7 . Archives services 131-153National archives an d the archives of governmental agenciesLocal archivesBusiness archivesPrivatearchivesOthers

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8 . Special types of records 154-168Graphic materials(maps, plans and technical drawing)Photographs and microformsAudiovisual materialMachine-readable records

9 . N e w techniques 169-177Reprographies and microformsAutomationOral history

10 . Archival training

1. GENERAL M A N U A L SReference works

1 G I E S S E L , A J . M . van; K E T E L A A R , F.C.J.; T E U L I N G , A . J . M . denArchiefbeheer in de praktijkDutch, Alphen a/d Rijn, the Netherlands1986, 1047 p., I S B N 90-6500-7318A comprehensive loose-leaf manual edited for training of archival personnel at all levels inthe StateArchives School in the Netherlands, not yet completed.2. M U L L E R F Z. , S.; FEITH, J.A.; FRUIN T H . A Z . , R.Handleiding voor het ordenen en beschrijven van archievenDutch (translations: German, French, Italian, English, Spanish, Portuguese), Groningen, TheNetherlands1920 (firstprint: Haarlem 1898), 63 p.A guide for arrangement and descriptionof archivesbased on the applicationof the principleof provenance. The book has become a classic reference book; as apractical manual out ofdate.3 . J E N K I N S O N , HilaryA Manual of archive administrationEnglish, London, U K1965, 256p.T h e first comprehensive work on archives administration in theEnglish language. Thedefinitions ofarchives, ofthe concept of custody and ofthe duties ofthe archivists arefundamental; as a manual out of date.4 . S C H E L L E N B E R G . Theodore.R.T h e Management of ArchivesEnglish , Washington, D . C . , U S A1965 (firstprint: N e w York), 383 p.A manual on arrangement and description of archives, compared with the library systems.Records createdby public and privatebodies are treatedtogether. The work is derived fromlecturesto a libraryschool. Can be used in developing countries.

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5 . S C H E L L E N B E R G , Theodore R .M o d e r n Archives. Principles and TechniquesEnglish (translations: G e r m a n , Spanish, H e b r e w ) , M e l b ou r n e , Australia1956,248 p.Designed for Australian archivists. Concentrates on the problems concerning m o d e r n recordsincluding them a i n points of records m a n a g e m e n t . L a y s d o w n widely accepted basicprinciples ofappraisal with corresponding terminology. T h e b o o k has hada fundamentalinfluence in archival theory and it isstillused in archival training in m a n y countries. C an beused in developing countries.6. Association des archivistes franaisM a nu e l d'archivistique - Thorie et pratique des archives publiques en FranceFrench, Paris (Imp. national), France1970, 805 p., I S B N 2-86000-072-0A comprehensive m a n u a l for professionals written by several authors. Itcovers almost alltopics in archives administration. Partly out of date, currently being rewritten.7 L'Histoire et sesmthodes. Recherche, conservation etcritique des tmoignages sous ladirection de Charles S a m a r a n , de l'Institut.French, Paris (Gallimard), Encyclopdie de la Pliade, France1973,1773 p.Reference w o r k dealing with history and its techniques.8 B R E N N E K E , A . ; ( L E E S C H , W o l fg a n g (Ed.))ArchivkundeG e r m a n , Leipzig, G e r m a n y1953,542 p.Based on the lectures 1931-40 and notations 1943-45 of A . B r e n n e k e , at the M a r bu r g archivesschool, fundamental in archival theory, especially in explanation of theprinciple ofprovenance; contains a thorough overview of the archives and their history indifferentcountries.9 P A P R I T Z , JohannesArchivwissenschaftG e r m a n , M a r bu r g, G e r m a n y1976,1509 p.Based on lectures atthe archives school inM a rb u rg 1949-1969. Focuses on the scientificanalysis of archives, types of d o c u m en ts , their arrangement an d description. O n e of the basicm a n u a l s on archival theory. In four volumes.10 C A S A N O V A , EugenioArchivsticaItalian, Siena, Italy1955 (firstprint: 1928), 5 33 p.F u n d a m e n t a l in archival theory, contains the m a i n topics of archives administration, criteriafor the arrangement and description, history of archives and juridical nature ofarchives.Partly out of date. Still used for professional education inItaly

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11 K O N A R S K I , KazimierzNowozytna archiwistyka polska i jej zadania (Contemporary PolishArchive Science and ItsTasksPolish, W a r s a w , Poland1929T h efirstmanual in a Slaviclanguage concerning archives administration.

Manuals and textbooks12 Metodicheski kodeks (Methodical Manual)Bulgarian, Sofia,Bulgaria1982,725p.

A manual dealing with the organization ofarchival institutions, archives administration,management of archival material in n e w media and on publication of archival documents.13 Archivni primeka (Archives Manual)Czech, Prague, Czechoslovakia1971 (firstprint: 1965), 2 1 6 p .A textbook for trainingof paraprofessionals inall kinds of archival institutions. Contains themain topics oftheory an d practicein archives administration, partlyout ofdate.14 B R A D S H E R , James Gregory (Ed.)Managing Archives an d Archival InstitutionsEnglish, Chicago (Univ. ofChicago), U S A1989 (firstprint: 1988 inU K ) , 3 0 4 p . , I S B N 0-226-07054-9A manual, with contribution by several authors, covering most topics in archivaladministration. T h e focus ison the work a n d n e w challenges of archival institutionsand onmanaging contemporary records and n e w materials, such as audio-visual archives, oralhistory, machine readable archives. C a n beused indeveloping countries.15 C O O K , MichaelArchives Administration:A manual for small & intermediate archives repositoriesEnglish (translations: Chinese 1988), London (Dawson), U K1977,258 p . , I S B N 0-7129-0749-1

A basic, concentratedtextbook for teaching archives administration; contains both practicaladvice andgood theoretical background. T h e focus lies onstarting andrunning small orintermediate archives. Used inU K inuniversity training ofarchival professionals; can beused indeveloping countries.16 C O O K , MichaelT h e management ofInformation from ArchivesEnglish, Aldershot (Gower), U K1 9 8 6 , 2 3 4 p . , I S B N 0-566-03504-9A manual on archives administration. T h e book describes archivesmanagement asapart ofinformation management and istherefore suitablefor trainingofinformation professionals ofall branches. T h e focus of the book lieson the arrangement and description of records andinformation retrievalin archival systems. C a n b e used indeveloping countries.

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17 P E D E R S O N , A n n (Ed.)Keeping archivesEnglish, Sydney (AustralianSociety of Archivists), Australia1987, 373 p., I S B N 0-9595565-9-1A textbook for training of archivists, written by several authors. T he focus lies on thepracticalwork in archival institutions,popular as a textbook in U S . C a n b e used in developingcountries too.18 Society of American ArchivistsBasic Manual Series I an d II(Series I: 5 publications, II: 5 publications)English, Chicago ( S A A ) , U S A1977 (firstprint: 1 9 7 7 to present)A collection ofmanuals each being a separate publication on on e archival function orpractice. S . I: introductory an d advanced "how-to" information. S . II: practical explanations,examples, and illustrations that help archivists extend and improve the capabilities of theirrepositories.Each manual is catalogued separately in thisbibliography.19 R A S T A S , PirkkoArkistotoimi ja asiakirjahallinto (Archives administration an d records management)Finnish, Helsinki ( V A P K ) , Finland1991 (firstprint: 1984), 178 p., I S B N 951-37-0236-7A textbook designed for teaching of paraprofessionals an d records managers in commercialschools, but used in the basic trainingof archivists too. A n introduction to the practical workof records management an d archives administration.2 0 C O U T U R E , Carol; R O U S S E A U , Jean-YvesL es Archives au X X e sicle. U n e rponse aux besoins de l'administrationet de la recherche.French (translations: English, Spanish),Montral (Univ. de Montreal), Canada1982, 357 p., I S B N 0-919890-63-6A comprehensive manual for archivists and records managers; covers both theory andpractical work. T he special merit of the book lies ondescription of the life cycleofdocuments from creation through records management programme. C an be used indeveloping countries.2 1 P E R O T I N , Y v e s (Dir.)Manuel d'archivistique tropicaleFrench, Paris (Mouton), France1966,153 p.

A manual for professionals in public archives especially in tropical countries, containing themain topics of theory and practice inarchives administration. C a n be used indevelopingcountries.22 B R A C H M A N N , Botho (Ed.)Archivwesen derDeutschen Demokratischen RepublikGerman, Berlin, Germany1984,480 p.A comprehensive manual on theory and practice of archives administration, withaninternationalviewpoint. Written byseveral authors. Used in universities in East Germany.

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23 E N D E R S , GerhardtArchivverwaltungslehreG e r m a n , Berlin, Germany1967,240 p.A practical, traditional manual on archives administration, used as a textbook in EastGermany but also in theMarburg archives school. Partly out ofdate. C a n be used indeveloping countries.2 4 C A R U C C I , PaolaL e fonti archivistiche: ordinamento e conservazioneItalian, R o m e , Italy1989 (firstprint: 1983), 239 p., I S B N 359588-BA basic textbook used in teaching of professionals in Italian archives schools and in coursesfor public, private, ecclesiastical and business archives. Contains the main topics of theoryand practice in archival work, especiallyarrangement and description. M a n y references to thepractice. Can be used in developing countries.25 K O N S T A N T I N O V , MilosArhivistikaMacedonian, Skopje, Yugoslavia1986, 140 p.A textbook for trainingof professionals archivistsatundergraduate level. Contains the maintopics of theory and practicein archives administration. Partlyout of date.26 M A R T H I N S E N , Jorgen H .Arkivdanning. Veiledning iarkivarbeid(Thecreationof archives, an introduction to archivalwork)Norwegian, Oslo, Norway1987, 339 p., I S B N 82-03-15491-3A comprehensive, textbook for trainingof records managers and archivistsof state agenciesand public archives, both at paraprofessional and professional level. The focus of the book iso n the management of contemporary records.27 C Z E S L A W , BiernatProblemy archiwistyki wzpolczesnej Podrecenik (Problems of Modern Archive Science)Polish, W a r s a w , Poland1977, 332 p.Contains most topics of archival administration.28 R O B O T K A , Halina; R Y S Z E W S K I , Bohdan; T O M C Z A K , AndrzejArchiwistykaPolish,Warsaw,Poland1989, 540 p., ISBN 83-01-08686-6

A textbook for the trainingof archivistsin all kinds of archival institutions.Contains the maintopics of theory and practicein archival administration.29 D O L G I K H , F.I.; R U D E L ' S O N , K . I . (Eds.)Teora i praktika arhivnogo del v S S S R (Theory and practiceof archival work in the U S S RRussian (translations: Polish, G e r m a n , Serbo-Croat), M o s k o w (Vischaia schkola), U S S R1980 (firstprint: 1946), 343p.

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A textbook dealing with the arrangement of documents, design of finding aids andorganization of archival w o r k . Its translations have been used in most East Europeancountries.30 B R U K , Ivanka; P O P O V I C , LjubodragArhivistikaSerbo-Croat, Belgrade, Yugoslavia1986,201 p.A textbook for training of professionals at undergraduate level and in archival institutions.Contains them a i n topics of theory and practice in archives administration. Partly out of date.31 Savez Drustava Arhivskih Radnika JugoslavijePrirucnik iz arhivistike ( M a n ua l on archive administration')Serbo-Croat, Zagreb, Yugoslavia1977,341 p.A textbook for training of professionals in archives schools and institutions. Contains them a i n topics of theory and practice in archives administration. Partly out of date.32 Archivna Sprava MinisterstvaVnutra S S RQ c h r a n a . spristupnovanie a vyuzivanie archivnych documentov (Preservation, access toarchives and theused of archives documents')Slovak, Bratislava, Czechovakia1988,204 p.The b o o k discusses basic concepts, pre-archive m a n a g e m e n t , basic registration, w o r k with thearchival documents, publication of sources, access, computer techniques, archives service andprotection of archival documents.3 3 V I L F A N . Sergii: Z O N T A R . JozeArhivistikaSlovene, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia1973,170 p.A basic m a n u a l on archival theory and on the m a i n topics of archival administration.34 Z O N T A R , JozeArhivistikaSlovene, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia1984,170 p.A basic m a n u a l on archival theory and the m a i n topics of archival administration.35 H E R E D I A H E R R E R A , AntoniaArchivistica General. Teora y PracticaSpanish, Sevilla, Spain1989, 389 p., I S B N 84-7798-008-XA basic comprehensive m a n u a l that studies the nature of archives, the principles of theirconservation, organization and utilization Th e special merit of the b o o k liesin its discussionof the archival methodology, terminology and especially on the description of documents.Contains bibliographical notes about manuals and textbooks available in Spanish. C an beused in developingcountries.

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3 6 M A T I L L A T A S C O N , AntonioCartilla de Organizacin de ArchivosSpanish, Madrid, Spain1960,40 p .

A guidebook forarchives administration published by the General Office for Archives andLibraries ofSpain. T h e main topics are the origin of the archives,classification, descriptionan d utilizationofthe documents.3 7 T A N O D I , AurelioManual de Archivologia Hispanoamericana. Teoras v PrincipiosSpanish, Cordoba, Argentina1961A manual thatcontains archival methodology, history of administrative institutionsan d otherrelateddisciplines, the delimitation of theconcept of archivesan d its classes, the history ofarchives from theSpanish American point ofview and professional trainingofarchivists.3 8 N I L S S O N , NilsArkivkunskap (Learning archives')Swedish, M a l m , Sweden1973,218 p . , I S B N 91-44-07671-1

A basic textbook for training ofarchivists an d recordsmanagers; covers the most importanttopics with detailed practical advice. T h e merit of the book lies in a thorough an d personalview ofthe concepts ofarchival theory andits history. Partly out of date (legislation andtechniques).

Readers an d collections ofarticles

3 9 StateArchives SchoolReader archivistieken inventarisatieDutch, T h e Hague, T h e Netherlands1 9 8 7 , 36 0 p .Articles mostly from the"Nederlands Archievenblad", andunpublished papers ofthe StateArchives School.4 0 D A N I E L S , Maygene R ; W A L C H , Timothy (Eds.)A Modern Archives Reader:Basic Readings on Archival Theory and PracticeEnglish, Washington, D . C . ( N A T F B ) , U S A1984, 357 p., I S B N 0-911333-11-8A collection of previously published articles, mostly from "TheAmerican Archivist",coveringthecentral topicsof archives administration. C a n b e used indeveloping countries.41 V A U G H A N , AnthonyInternationalreader in themanagement oflibrary, information and archiveservicesEnglish, Paris ( U N E S C O ) , France1987, 627 p. , U N E S C O - P G I - 8 7 / W S / 2 2A collection ofwritings on themanagement aspects of libraries, archives and informationservices for use intrainingin such contexts. C a n b e used indeveloping countries.

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4 2 W A L N E , Peter ( C o m p . )Modern Archives Administration and Records Management: AR A M P ReaderEnglish, Paris ( U N E S C O ) , France1985, 587 p., U N E S C O - P G I - 8 5 / W S / 3 2A collection ofarticles and reportspublishedinarchival periodicalsinseveral countries. Itspurpose is to serveas abasic text for the educationand professional trainingof archivists.C a n be used indeveloping countries.43 W A L N E , Peter (Ed.)Selected guidelines for themanagement of records and archives:AR A M P readerEngUsh, Paris ( U N E S C O ) , France1990,208 p., U N E S C O - P G I - 9 0 / W S / 6

A collectionof guidelines in recordsmanagement and archives administration. Ca n be used indeveloping countries.4 4 C E N C E T T I , GiorgioScritti di ArchivisticaItalian, R o m e , Italy1970A collectionofarticles, themost important ofwhich are"II fundamento terico dlia dottrinaarchivistica"and "SuirArchivio come "UniversitasRerum"".45 G I U F F R I D A , Romualdo (Publ.)Antologia diScritti ArchivisticiItalian,R o m e , Italy1985, 847 p.A collectionorarticlesconcerning themain topics of archives administration.Readers and collectionsofarticlesare discussed also in: 51, 56, 78See also the special issues ofArchivum. theinternational journal publishedby the IC A underthe auspices of U N E S C O or nationals journals such as theGazette des Archives (France)

2. T E R M I N O L O G Y46 Stichting ArchiefpublikatiesLexicon van NederlandsearchieftermenDutch, The Hague, The Netherlands1983, 62 p., I S B N 90-6255-1548Similar to theFrench dictionary describedbelow (49)4 7 C R E S P O N O G U E I R A , Carmen (Ed.)Glossary ofBasic Archival and LibraryConservation Terms (ICA Handbooks Series.Vol. 4)English (translations:Spanish, German, Italian, Franch, Russian), Munich ( S A U R ) , Germany1988,151 p., I S B N 3-598-20276-8A n English glossary ofconservation terms, with equivalents in Spanish, German, Italian,French and Russian.

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4 8 W A L N E , PeterDictionaryof Archival Terminology ( ICA Handbooks Series. V o l . 7tEnglish (translations: B-lingual:French too), Munich ( S A U R ) , Germany1988 (firstprint: 2nd rev. d . ) , 212 p . , I S B N 3-598-20279-2A bilingual (English and French) dictionary with equivalents inDutch, German, Italian,Russian and Spanish.4 9 Ecole nationaledes chartes. Association franaise de normalisation; direction: D E L M A S ,BrunoDictionnairedes archives. D e l'archivageaux systmes d'information.French, Paris(Afnor), France1991,250 p.T h e new, corrected version of "Vocabulaire desarchives, archivistique et diplomatiquecontemporaines" (1986) contain thousand definitions with English and German translations.Originated in aworking seminar atthe Ecole des Chartes and produced inassociation withBritish, German and Canadian archivists. C a n be used in developing countries.5 0 Slovar' sovremennoiarkhivnoi terminologii socialisticheskikh stranRussian, M o s k o w , U S S R1988 (firstprint: 1982), 3 2 0 p.T h e work isin twovolumes: I: 1982,445 pp; II: 1988, 320 pp.

3 . A R C H I V A L T H E O R Y51 H O R S M A N , P.J.; S I G M O N D , J.P.H et landvan herkomsteen readervan artikelenrond het herkomstbeginselDutch, T h e Hague, T h e Netherlands1983, 85 p . , I S B N 90-6255-1548A collection of articles about theprinciple ofprovenance andits development in theNetherlands.5 2 B E R N E R , Richard C .Archival theoryand practicein the United States.A historical analysisEnglish, Seattle(Univ. of Washington), U S A1983, 219 p. , I S B N 0-295-95992-4A synthesis of the development of theory and practice, especially inthearrangement anddescription of archives in U S A . Contains also automated archival systems and thedevelopment of archival education and training.53 L O P E Z G O M E Z , Pedro; G A L L E G O D O M N G U E Z , OlgaIntroduccina la ArchivisticaGalician(translations:Spanish, Basque), Vitoria,Spain1989Based on lecturesgiven on a professional initiationcourse. A n introduction to archivaltheoryused for teaching.

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5 4 L O D O L I N I , ElioArchivistica.Principie ProblemiItalian(translations:will b e translated intoEnglish, Spanish)Milan (Fr. Angeli), Italy1 9 9 0 (firstprint: 1984), 3 2 4 p .A basic manual on archives administration. T h e special merit of the book lies on archivaltheory. Itdescribes the nature of archives, documents an d theirorigin. Contains an interestingcomparison between the different archival theoriesof the classictheoreticians. C a n be used indeveloping countries.5 5 C O R T E S A L O N S O , VicentaArchivos de Espaa y America. Materiales para u n ManualSpanish, Madrid, Spain1979A compilation of works o n different aspectsof archival theory and itsapplication.5 6 Diputacin Provincial de SevillaArchivistica: Estudios BsicosSpanish, Sevilla, Spain1981A collectionof articlesby various authors covering archives administration, paleography an ddiplomatic a n d archival theory.

4. LEGISLATION A N D O R GA N IS A TIO NLegislation

5 7 K E T E L A A R , EricArchival and records management legislationand regulations:a R A M P study with guidelinesEnglish (translations: French, Spanish), Paris ( U N E S C O ) , France1985,121 p . , U N E S C O - P G I - 8 5 / W S / 9Based on an analysisof current legislation and regulationsin nearly 120 countries, the studygives guidelines for planning or reviewing the legal and administrative instruments formodern archival and records management systems and services. Very suitable for training.C a n be used in developing countries.5 8 Direction des Archives d e FranceRecueils des loiset rglements relatifs au x archives. 1958-1988French, Paris (Archives nationales), France1 9 8 8 , 2 tomes, 1 1 7 5 p . , I S B N 2-86000-140-9T h e official texts governing public archives in France. Describes in fact the organisation ofthose archives, a n d the theory, methods an d practiceof archives administration.5 9 L O D O L I N I , ElioOrganizzazione e Legislazione Archivistica Italiana1 9 8 9 (firstprint: 1980), 5 4 9 p.Traces the historyof the administration of archives in Italy an d the legislativebasis o n whichit rests.

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See also thespecialissues ofArchivum. T h e international journal publishedby the I C A underthe auspices of U N E S C O and 90.

Organization an d planning60 M A Z I K A N A , Peter C .Archives an d recordsmanagement for decisionmakers: aR A M P studyEnglish, Paris ( U N E S C O ) , France1990,79 p . , U N E S C O - P G I - 9 0 / W S / 8Outlines the major principles of records management and archives administration, andidentifies the informationneeds of decisionmakers. C a n b e used indeveloping countries.6 1 K E S N E R , Richard M .Information Systems: AStrategicApproach toPlanning an d ImplementationEnglish, Chicago (American LibraryAssociation),USA1988,263 p. , I S B N 0-8389-0493-9Examines the roles of the archivists and records managers in the overall development andmanagement ofinstitutionalinformationsystems. C a n b e used indeveloping countries.62 P E D E R S O N , A n n E . ; C A S T E R L I N E , Gail FarrArchives & Manuscripts: PublicPrograms ( S A A Series II)English, ( S A A ) , U S A1982, 96 p.Explains the role of public programmes for an archival institution andemphasizes theircumulative effect on long-range institutional goals.6 3 W I L S T E D , Thomas; N O L T E , WilliamManaging Archival an d ManuscriptRepositoriesEnglish, Chicago, U S A1991,100 p.64 Associationdes archivistesfranaisL a section des missions des Archives nationalesFrench, Paris,FranceSpecial issue of la Gazette des archivesn 137-138, 1987.T h e representatives of the National Archives within the central administrations of Frenchgovernment departments; methods of records administration.65 Chambre de Commerce et dIndustrie de Paris;G L E N I S S O N , Jean-LouisGrer, organiser vos archives,mmoriser l'informationinterneFrench, Paris (CCI.), France1988Designed for chambers ofcommerces wishing to createan archives service or function. C a nbe used by other organisations in thesame position. O f particularuse indeveloping countries.

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66 CIGREFL'archivagelectroniqueFrench, Paris(AFNOR), France198267 D U B O S C Q , G u y e n collaboration avec A . W . M a b b sOrganisation du prarchivage(Sries: Documentation bibliothqueetarchives5)French, Paris ( U N E S C O ) , France1974, 78 p . , I S B N 92-3-301152-2A guide for organizing record centres, based on a survey of the situation in differentcountries. Ca n be used indeveloping countries.6 8 D ' O L I E R , J . H . ; D E L M A S , BrunoL a planification des infrastructures nationales de documentation, de bibliothques etd'archives. Esquisse d'une politique gnraleFrench (translations: English, Spanish) Paris ( U N E S C O ) , France1974, 328 p. , I S B N 92-3-201144-1In two parts: thefirstdescribesplanning the national infrastructure ofdocumentation servicesan d libraries (written byd'Olier); the second part describes planning theinfrastructure ofarchives (written byDelmas). N o comparison is made between the two. Ca n be used indeveloping countries.Se e also: 90, 75, 173

5. ARCHIVES ADMINISTRATIONSemi-current records an d recordsmanagement

69 M I J L A N D , H . J . M .Documentkennis derfinanceleadministrate in hoofdzaak van 19eenvroeg 20eeeuwsebedrijfsadministratieDutch, Utrecht, T h e Netherlands1978, 84 p.A textbook on the natureoffinancialrecords of the 19than d beginning of the 20thcentury,theirarrangement an d description.7 0 S C H I E , H . A . J . vanRegistratuur van de Nederlandse overheidsadministratie inde negentiende eeuwDutch, T h e Hague, T h e Netherlands1988,58p.Description of the registry systems in the administration ofthe Dutch agenciesin the 19thcentury.71 C H A R M A N , DerekRecordssurveysandSchedules:aR A M P studywith guidelinesEnglish (translations: French, Spanish), Paris ( U N E S C O ) , France1984, 112 p., U N E S C O - P G I - 8 4 / W S / 2 6

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Describes gathering of basic information about current records for planning recordsmanagement, acquisition and disposal programmes, microfilming operations, new facilitiesand relatedarchival activities. Can be used indeveloping countries.7 2 E M M E R S O N , Peter (Ed.)H o w tomanage vonr records:a guide toeffectivepracticeEnglish, Cambridge (I. ofC . S . A . ) , U K1989,190 p.A manual, writtenby several authors,on creating and handling recordsand information.73 P E N N , Ira A . ; M O R D D E L , A n n e ; P E N N I X , Gail; S M I T H , KelvinRecords Management HandbookEnglish, Tiptree,Essex (Gover Publ.), U K1989, 249 p., I S B N 0-566-05666-6A manual on records management practices in U KandU S A . Can beused in developingcountries.

74 R H O A D S , James B.The role ofarchivesandrecordsmanagement innational informationsystems: aR A M P studyEnglish, Paris(UNESCO), France1989 (firstprint: 1983), 72 p., U N E S C O - P G I - 89/WS/6Provides information for decision-makers about the character and value of archivesand aboutthe procedures andprogrammes that should govern the management of both archives andcurrent records. Ca n be used indeveloping countries.75 ServiceCentral d'Organisation et MthodesL a Fonction archivesdans les servicesadministratifspublics et privs.French, Paris ( S . C . O . M . ) , France1982 (2nd d.), 116 p.Basic textbook on archivai administration for public andprivate agencies. Apractical workwhich can be used by student, administrations and indeveloping countries.

Appraisal and disposal

76 B R I C H F O R D , Maynard T .Archives &Manuscripts: Appraisal & Accessioning ( S A A Series I)English, ( S A A ) , U S A1977, 24 p.Outlines and explains all the considerations necessary to a comprehensive appraisal process.Detailsho wtoestablishphysical, legal and intellectualcontrol over those recordschosen foraccessioning. Ca n be used indeveloping countries.77 H U L L , FlixT h e use ofsampling techniquesin theretentionof records:a R A M P study with guidelinesEnglish, (translations: French, Spanish), Paris ( U N E S C O ) , France1 9 8 1 , 1 0 6 p . , U N E S C O - P G I - 8 1 / W S / 2 6

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Contains considerations of theoretical principles and methods of sampling, and anexamination of the experience of some national and other repositories where sampling hasbeen practised. Draws up some essential principles for the application of different methods;very useful in training. C a n be used in developing countries.7 8 P E A C E , Nancy E . (Ed.)Archival Choices: Managing the Historical Record in an A g e of AbundanceEnglish, Lexington ( D . C . Heath), U S A1984,164 p.Collection of essays concerning appraisal of contemporary records. Can be used indeveloping countries.Appraisal and disposalare discussedalso in:6,124,125,127,128,131,139,152,159,162,163,168

Arrangement and description

79 H O R S M A N , P.J.Ordenen van archievenDutch, The Hague, TheNetherlands1986, 42 p.

A textbook on the arrangement of archives.8 0 StateArchives SchoolLeidraad bij de lessenin het ordenen en beschrijven van archievenDutch, T h e Hague, T h e Netherlands1983,90 p.A guide to the arrangement and descriptionof documents.81 C O O K , Michael; P R O C T E R , MargaretManual of Archival DescriptionEnglish, Aldershot (Gower), U K1990 (2nd ed.) (firstprint: 1986), 2 5 0 p . , I S B N 0-566-03634-7A practical textbook with agreed standards, rules and recommendation on archivaldescriptionsandfindingaids. C a n be used in developing countries.82 G R A C Y , David B . , JJArchives & Manuscripts: Arrangement & Description ( S A A SeriesDEnglish, ( S A A ) , U S A1977 , 49 p.A guide for the arrangement and description of archives, for sorting and categorizing theholdings and makingfindingaids.83 M I L L E R , Frederic M .Arranging and Describing Archives and Manuscripts(Archival Fundamental Series.Vol.1')English, Chicago ( S A A ) , U S A1990,133 p.

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Basic guidelines for the arrangement a n d description of public a n d private archives. C a n beused in developing countries.8 4 . Association d e s archivistes franaisL e s archives historiques Archives d'hier... histoire d e d emai nFrench, Paris, FranceSpecial issue of la Gazette d e s archives n 1 2 5 - 1 2 6 . 1 9 8 4Sets out the current state of archives administration techniques.8 5 . T A Y L O R , Hugh A .T h e A r r a n g e m e n t a n d Description of Archival Materials( I C A H a n d b o o k Series. V o l . 2)English, M u n i c h ( S A U R ) , G e r m a n y1 9 8 0 , 1 8 1 p .

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