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Advanced Railway Management Project report 2010-2011

Dept of EPT Govt.Polytechnic College Kalamassery

1.INTRODUCTION

1. Objective

Each day, our lives become more dependent on 'embedded systems', digital

information technology that is embedded in our environment. This includes not only

safety-critical applications such as automotive devices and controls, railways, aircraft,

aerospace and medical devices also communications, 'mobile worlds' and 'e-worlds',

the 'smart' home, clothes, factories etc. All of these have wide-ranging impacts on

society, including security, privacy and modes of working and living. More than 98%

of processors applied today are in embedded systems, and are no longer visible to the

customer as 'computers' in the ordinary sense. New processors and methods of

processing, sensors, actuators, communications and infrastructures are 'enablers' for

this very pervasive computing. They are in a sense ubiquitous, that is, almost invisible

to the user and almost omnipresent. As such, they form the basis for a significanteconomic push.

Railways being the cheapest mode of transportation it has an important role in

moving passengers and freights. When we go through the daily newspapers we come

across many railway accidents occurring at unmanned railway crossings. This is

mainly due to the carelessness in manual operations or lack of workers. Therefore

more efforts are necessary for improving its safety. This project has come up with a

solution for this problem. Using simple electronic components we have tried to

automate the control of railway gates. As a train approaches the railway crossing from

either side, the wireless transceiver will send informations to the receiver placed at a

certain distance from the gate and then the system controls the operation of the gate

and traffic signals along with an alarm .

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The GPS (Global positioning system) have revolutionized in the area of

avoiding train collision. In this system GPS and a transmitter-receiver system fit in the

train. The station collects the data of position of train and other train/vehicles, on earthwhich is compared, according to the relative distance between train and train/

vehicles, the speed of the train can be controlled. In this way the collision can be

avoided.

Railway station name display system inside the train cabinet.

To locate the current position of the train from the station using GPS

Train can be controlled through wireless communication from the station.

Increase of punctuality.

1.2 SCOPE OF PROJECT

Today, train passengers have no option to know the place where the train

passes. Now trains location identification is achieved by the communication between

station master and engine driver, here is a possibility to occur errors regarding theplace name, for this reason station master cant calculate the exact time of train

arrives at the station. These limitations eliminated in our system .The current location

of the train can be displayed on the screen. This is also helpful to the passengers.

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2.BLOCK DIAGRAM

TRAIN

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STATION

INTERFACEPERSONAL

COMPUTER

POWER SUPPLYZIGBEEMODULE

ANT

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3.BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

The block diagram of railway management system involves 2 sections. They are

1. Train

2. Railway Station

Our project is the concept of self position identification in trains. Mainly it has

two parts. One part is situated in the train and rest is railway station. The entire system

consists of GPS module, ZIGBEE module, PC, a PIC microcontroller. This project

has two regions

1. Train

2. Station

TRAIN

Each train consists of a GPS module which is used to determine the current

latitude and longitude of the train. These data is displayed and voice message played

in the train cabinets .GPS data is then sent to station through ZIGBEE module.

ZIGBEE is a transmitting and receiving module. The corresponding place name can

also see in the LCD display.

RAILWAY STATION

The railway station consists of another ZIGBEE module and a PC. ZIGBEE

receiver is used to accrue data from train in a particular location these data includes

the position of the train. This data is displayed in the PC. Trains controlling is done

from the station, this options helps to start or stop the train engine. Start and stop

commands are sent through ZIGBEE module

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ZigBee module: This block is used for wireless data transmission.

GPS module: This is for locating the vehicle by using satellites,

RS 232 interface: This is used for inter connecting ZigBee and GPS to PIC.

LCD: It is used for displaying the name of the places in the screen.

Buzzer: This is used for inviting the attention of passengers producing sound.

Driver circuit, Geared motor: Controlling the train.

Power supply: This is used for providing power for all circuits.

4. HARD WARE SECTION

4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

RAILWAY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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4.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION & WORKING

CIRCUIT OPERATION

TRAIN

When we power on the system PIC waits until the power supply and crystal

oscillator become stable then starts to execute programs written in EEPROME, then

sends a block of data (welcome) to LCD display.PIC receives the data from GPS and

checks the data with internal ROM memory and identify place. This name is

displayed through LCD and played, also sent place name to railway station by

ZigBee.

If any data received by the ZigBee module it is given to PIC .It check which

signal is received. If it is for start engine, give a pulse to transistor based circuit

driver. Here transistor acts as a switch. When a pulse is received in the base terminal

of transistor it become ON and motor starts running. If the signal is for stop the train,

then transistor becomes OFF, finally motor stops its working.

Train has an IR LED source, also this generates continues IR signals.

STATION

Station containing PC special software is installed on it for proper

communication. ZigBee module collects information about train name, its position.

These datas can be viewed in the PC .We can also sent start and stop command to

train for start train or stop train. Station name is sent to train when the train reaches.

ZigBee and PC communication is achieved by RS232 interface.

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4.3 THEORY

MICRO CONTROLLER - PIC16F877A

PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller. The original PIC was built to be

used with General Instruments' new 16-bit CPU, the CP1600. While generally a good

CPU, the CP1600 had poor I/O performance, and the 8-bit PIC was developed in 1975

to improve performance of the overall system by offloading I/O tasks from the CPU.

The PIC used simple microcode stored in ROM to perform its tasks, and although the

term wasn't used at the time, it shares some common features with RISC designs.

Peripheral Features

y Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

y Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during sleep

via external Crystal/clock

y Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler

y Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules

- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns

- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns

- PWM max. resolution is 10-bit

y 10-bit multi-channel Analog-to-Digital converter

y Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master Mode) and

I2C(Master/Slave)

y Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver

y Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection

y Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8-bits wide, with

y external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only)

y Brown-out Reset (BOR)

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The microcontroller we use in this project is pic16F877A. First set up the

basic configurations of the microcontroller ie; reset, power supply and clock. Reset is

gives at the pin 1. The PIC programmer requires a +5 volt and a +13 volt regulated

power supply. It provided at the pin 11 and 32. Pins 31 and 12 are ground. The PIC

microcontrollers all have built-in RC oscillator circuits available, although they are

slow, and have high granularity. External oscillator circuits may be applied as well, up

to a maximum frequency of 20MHz. PIC instructions require 4 clock cycles for each

machine instruction cycle, and therefore can run at a maximum effective rate of

5MHz. By using a crystal oscillator a 4 MHz clock is given at the pin 13 and 14.

Fig:- Pin diagram of PIC16F877A

PIC 16F877 PINOUT DESCRIPTION

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Pinname Dip

pin

#

Plccpin

#

I/O/O

type

Buffer

type

description qfp

Osc/clkin

Osc/clkout

13

14

14

15

1

0

St/cmos

-

Osc.crystal

i/p.

osc.crystal

o/p

30

31

MCLR/Vpp 1 2 i/p st Master

clear i/p or

pgm o/p.

18

RA0/AN0

RA1/AN1

RA2/AN2/VREF-

RA3/AN3/VREF+

RA4/TOCK1

RA5/SS/AN4

2

3

4

5

6

7

3

4

5

6

7

8

I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

TTL

TTL

TTL

TTL

SL

TTL

Port A is bi

directional

i/p .

19

20

21

22

23

24

RB0/INT

RB1

RB2

RB3/PGM

RB4

RB5

RB6/PGC

RB7/PGD

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

36

37

38

39

41

42

43

44

I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

TTL/ST1

TTL

TTL

TTL

TTL

TTL

TTL/ST2

TTL/ST2

Port B is a

bi

directional

i/o port.

Port b can

be s/w

pgmed forpull up on

8

9

10

11

14

15

16

17

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PROGRAM MEMORY

The PIC 16F87x devices have a 13-bit program counter, Capable of

addressing an 8K x 14 program memory space. The PIC 16F877 has 8Kx 14 words of

FLASH program memory. The RESET Vector is at 0000h and the interrupt vector is

at 0004h.

DATA MEMORY

Data memory is partition in to multiple banks which contain the general

purpose registers and special function registers. Bits RP1(status ) and

RP0(status) are the banks bits.

RP1:RP0 BANK

00 0

01 1

10 2

11 3

Each bank extends up to 7Fh (128bits). The lower location of each banks are

Reserved for the special function registers. About the special function registers are

general purpose registers, implemented as the static RAM. All implemented banks

contain special function registers .Some frequently used special function register from

1 bank may be mirrored in another bank for code reduction and quicker access.

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GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER

The register file can be accessed either directly, or indirectly through the file

select register (FSR)

SPECIAL PURPOSE REGISTER

The Special purpose registers are registers used by the CPU and peripheral

modules for controlling the desired operation of the devices. These devices are

implemented as static RAM. Some examples of the SFRs are INDF, OPTION_REG,

FSR, PCLATH etc.

STATUS REGISTER

The Status register contains the arithmetic status of the ALU, the RESET

status and the bank select bits for data memory. The STATUS register can be the

destination for any instruction, as with any other register.

R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R-1 R-1 R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x

IRP RP1 RP0 TO PD Z DC C

Bit 7 Bit 0

BIT 7 IRP: Register Bank select bit

1=Bank 2, 3(100h-1FFh)

0=Bank 0, 1(00h-FFh)

Bit 6-5 RP1:RP0: Register bank selects bits

Bit 4 TO: time out bit

Bit 3 PD: power down bit

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Bit 2 Z: Zero bit

Bit 1 DC: Digit carry

Bit 0 C: Carry

I/O PORTS ASSOCIATED WITH PIC 16F877

Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for

the peripheral features on the device. PIC16F877 have FIVE ports (Port A, B,C, D,

E).

PORT A & TRIS A Registers

Port A is a 6-bit wide, bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data

direction register is TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit will make the corresponding Port Apin as input. Clearing a TRISA bit will make the corresponding Port A pin as output.

Pin RA4 is multiplexed with the Timer 0 module clock input to become the

RA4/T0CK1 pin. The RA4/T0CK1 pin is a Schmitt Trigger input and an open drain

output. All other Port A pins have TTL input levels and full CMOS output drivers.

Other Port A pins are multiplexed with analog input and analog Vref input. The

operation of each pin is selected by cleaning/setting the control bits in the ADCON1

register.

TRISA register controls the direction of the RA pins, even when they are used

as analog inputs. The user must ensure the bits in the TRISA register are maintained

set when using them as analog inputs.

PORT B AND THE TRISB REGISTER

PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction

register is TRISB. Setting a TRISB bit will make the corresponding PORTB pin an

input. Clearing a TRISB bit make the corresponding PORTB pin an output.

Three pins of PORTB are multiplexed with the Low Voltage Programming function:

RB3/PGN, RB6/PGC and RB7/PGD. The alternate functions of these pins are

described in the Special Features Section.

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Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up. A single control bit can

turn on all the pull-ups. This is performed by cleaning bit RBPU

(OPTION_REG). The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin

is configured as an output. The pulls are disabled on a Power-on Reset.

Four of the PORTB pins, RB7:RB4 have interrupt on change feature. Only pins

configured as inputs can cause this interrupt to occur. The input pin (RB7:RB4) are

compared with the old value latched on the last read of PORTB. The Mismatch

output of RB7:RB4 are ORed together to generate the RBPORT change interrupt

with flag bit RBIF (INTCON).

This interrupt can wake the device from SLEEP. A mismatch condition will continue

to set flag bit RBIF. Reading PORTB will end the mismatch condition and allow flag

bit RBIF to be cleared

PORTC AND THE TRISTC REGISTER

PORTC is an 8 bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction

register is TRISC. Setting TRISC bit (=1) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an

input. Clearing TRISC bit (=0) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an output.

PORTC is multiplexed with several peripheral functions. PORTC pin have SCHMITT

Trigger input buffers. When the I2C module is enabled the PORTC pin can be

configure with normal I2C levels.

PORT D AND THE TRIS D REGISTER

PORT D is an 8-bit port with Schmitt trigger input buffers. Each pin is

individually configurable as an input or output.

PORT E AND THE TRIS E REGISTER

PORT E has three pins which are individually configurable as input or output

.The PORT E pins becomes I/O control inputs for the microprocessor port when bit

PSPMODE(TRIS) is set .PORT E p ins are multiplexed with analog input . TRISE

controls the direction of the RE pins.

TIMER MODULE

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TIMER0 MODULE

The TIMER0 module timer /counter have the following features:

8-bit timer/counter

Readable and writable

8-bit software programmable pre scalar

Internal or external clock select

Interrupt on overflow from FFh to 00h

Edge select for external clock

Timer mode is selected by clearing bit TOCS (OPTION_REG). In timer mode,

the timer 0 module will increment every instruction cycle. Counter mode is selected

by setting bit TOCS (OPTION-REG). In counter mode, TIMER0 will increment

either on every rising or falling edge of pin RA4/TOCK1. The pre scalar is mutually

exclusively shared between the timer0 module and the watch dog timer.

TIMERO INTERRUPT

The TMR0 interrupt is generated when the TMR0 register overflows from FFh

to 00h . This overflow sets bit TOIF (INTCON).

USING TIMER0 WITH AN EXTERNAL CLOCK

When no pre scalar is used the external clock is the same as the pre scalar output.

PRE SCALAR

There is only one pre scalar available, which is mutually exclusively shared

between the TMR0 module and the watch dog timer. A pre scalar assignment for the

TMR0 module means that there is no pre scalar for the watch dog timer, and vice

versa. This pre scalar is not readable or writable. The PSA and PS2:PS0 bits

(OPTION_REG) determine the pre scalar assignment and pre scalar ratio.

R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W1

RBPU

INTEDG TOCS TOSE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0

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Bit7 Bit0

Bit 7 RBPU

Bit 6 INTEDG

Bit 5 T0CS: TMR0 clock source select bit

1=transition on TOCK1 pin

0= internal instruction cycle clock (CLKOUT)

Bit 4 T0SE: TMRsource edge select bit

1=increment on high-to-low transition on T0CK1 pin

0=increment on low-to-high transition on T0CK1 pin

Bit 3 PSA: pre scalar assignment bit

1= pre scalar is assigned to the watch dog timer

0=pre scalar is assigned to the timer 0 module

Bit 2-0 PS2:PS0: pre scalar rate select bits

Bitvalue TMR0 RATE WDT RATE

000 1:2 1:1

001 1:4 1:2

010 1:8 1:4

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011 1:16 1:8

100 1:32 1:16

101 1:64 1:32

110 1:128 1:64

111 1:256 1:128

REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH TMR0

The registers associated with TMR0 are TMR0, INTCON, and OPTION_REG.

TIMER 1 MODULE

The timer 1 module is a 16 bit timer/counter consisting of two 8-bit registers

(TMR1H and TMR1L), which are readable and writable. The TMR1 register pair

(TMR1H:TMR1L) increment from 0000h to FFFFh and rolls over to 0000h .The

TMR1 interrupt, if enabled, is generated on over flow, which is latched in interrupt

flag bit TMR1IF( PIR1).This interrupt can be enabled /disabled by setting

/clearing TMR1 interrupt enable bitTMR1IE(PIE1).

TIMER 1 can operate in one of two modes:

y As a timer

y As a counter

The operating mode is determined by the clock select bit, TMR1CS

(T1CON).

U-0 u-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0

- -

T1CKPS1 T1CKPS0 TIOSCEN T1SYNC TMR1CS TMR1ON

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Bit 7 bit 0

Bit 7-6 unimplemented

Bit5-4 TICKPS1:T1CKPS0: TIMER 1 input clock pre scale select bits

Bit 3 T1OSCEN:Timer1 oscillator enable control bit

1= oscillator is enabled

0= oscillator is shut-off

Bit 2 T1SYNC:TMR1 external clock input synchronization control bit

Bit 1 TMR1CS:TMR1 clock source select bit

Bit 0 TMR1ON: TMR1 on bit

TIMER1 OPERATION IN TIMER MODE

TIMER mode is selected by clearing the TMR1CS (T1CON) Bit. In this mode

the input clock to the timer isFosc/4.The synchronize control bit T1SYNC

(T1CON) has no effect, since the internal clock is always in sync.

RESETTING OF TIMER1 REGISTER PAIR(TMR1H,TMR1L)

TMR1H and TMR1L registers are not reset to 00h on a PORT, or any other

RESET, except by the CCP1 and CCP2 special event triggers. T1CON registers is

reset to 00h on a power on Reset, or a Brown-out RESET ,which shuts off the timer

and leaves a 1:1 pre scale .

TIMER2 MODULE

TIMER2 is an 8-bit timer with a pre scalar and a post scalar. It can be used as the

PWM time base for the PWM mode of the CCP modules .The TMR2 registers is

readable and writable, and is cleared on any device RESET.

The input clock has a pre scale option of 1:1,1:4,1:16,selected by control bits

T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0(T2CON

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It has an 8 bit period register, PR2.TMR2 increments from 00h until it

matches PR2and then reset to 00h on the next increment cycle.PR2 is a readable and

writable register.PR2 register is initialized to FFh up R/W-0on RESET.

U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0

- TOUTPS

3

TOUTPS

2

TOUTPS

1

TOUTPS

0

TMR2O

N

T2CKPS

1

T2C

KP

Bit7 bit0

Bit 7 unimplemented

Bit 6-3 TOUTPS3: TOUTPSO: Timer2 Output Post scale selected bits

Bits 2 TMR2ON: Timer 2 on bit

Bit 1-0 T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0: Timer 2 Clock Presale Select bits

Timer 2 prescaler and Postscaler

The prescale and postscaler counters are cleared when any of the following occurs:

y A write to the TMR2 register

y A write to the T2CON register

y Any device reset

y TMR2is not cleared when T2CON is written.

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER MODULE

The analog to digital converter module has 8 inputs for the 40 pin PIC .The A/D

module has 4 register.

y A/D results high register.

y A/D results low register

y A/D control register 0.

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y A/D control register 1.

The A/D conversion of the analog input signals in a corresponding 10-bit digital

number.

ADCON0 REGISTER

R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 U-0 R/W-0

ADCS1 ADCS0 CHS2 CHS1 CHS0 GO/DONE ------ ADCON

ADCON1 REGISTER

U-0 U-0 R/W-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0

ADFM - - - PCFG3 PCFG2 PCFG1 PCFG0

USART

This mode is usually used to communicate in 8-bit ASCII code. It has two

pins for transmittion and reception.Transmission. begins whenever data is written to

SBUF .USART is an acronym for universal synchronous asynchronous receiver and

transmitter.

Control Register Of Transmission. (Txsta)

CSRC TX 9 TxEN SYNC - BRGH TRMT Tx9D

Control Register Of Reception (Rxsta)

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SPEN Rx9 SREN CREN ADDEN FERR OERR Rx9D

Memory organization

There are three memory blocks in each of these PICmicro MCUs. The

Program Memory and Data Memory have separate buses so that concurrent access

can occur and is detailed in this section. The PIC16F877/876 devices have 8K x 14

words of FLASH program memory. The data memory is partitioned into multiple

banks which contain the General Purpose Registers and the Special Function

Registers.

I/O PORTS

Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for

the peripheral features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin

may not be used as a general purpose I/O pin. In PIC16F877X there are 5 PORTS.

They are POARTA, POARTAB, POARTAC, POARTD and POARTE.

POWER SUPPLY

Power supply is used to give sufficient power to the microcontroller. A step

down transformer and a bridge rectifier is used here to convert AC to DC. A regulator

IC is also used here to give constant supply.7805 IC is used for power supply and it is

connected to the bridge rectifier. This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA

current, but it can be increased to 1 A when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator

chip. The circuit has over overload and terminal protection.

DISPLAY SECTION

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The LCD module, made by Crystallonics, is 16x2 line interactive displays. It

needs a power supply of +5v. The module has inbuilt controller chip, such as an

HD44780, which acts as an interface between CPU and the row and column drivers.

The controller takes care of generating characters, refreshing the display, and so on.

The module has a back light driven by a pair of pads separate from the interface pads

.The LCD module works in two modes for communicating with the micro controller -

8 bit (byte) mode & 4 bit (nibble) mode. In the later case only the higher nibble i.e.

pins DB4-DB7 is used for communication. For controlling the LCD module we have

used only the port D.

LCD module

INTERFACING

The interfacing circuit used here is a comparator. The function of this circuit is

to convert the voltage coming from the mobile to a level that is compatible with the

microcontroller. Microcontroller works in the TTL voltage level standard, but the

mobile transmits data in a level which is lower than the TTL level, i.e.-; for a logic

HIGH the microcontroller expect an voltage greater than 3.5V but the mobile

transmits a level which is less than 3V. so in order to receive the correct data we have

to convert this voltage level. So we use a comparator circuit for interfacing mobile.

RS-232 DRIVERS/RECERIVERS

Electronic data communications between elements will generally fall into two

broad categories: single-ended and differential. RS232 (single-ended) was introduced

in 1962, and despite rumors for its early demise, has remained widely used through

the industry. Independent channels are established for two-way (full-duplex)

communications. The RS232 signals are represented by voltage levels with respect to

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a system common (power / logic ground). The RS-232 interface presupposes a

common ground between the DTE and DCE.

4.4 PCB LAYOUT

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4.5 PCB FABRICATION

TRAIN

Design and printed circuit board fabrication

The PCB consists of an insulating base material on which copper conductors

are etched by photolithography or screen printing. The insulating material provides

electrical isolation and mechanical rigidity for the printed conductors, as such it

should process the essential electrical and mechanical properties such as flexural,

strength, responsible high temperature with standing capability, low moisture

absorption war page, good merchantability, good electrical resistance, high

dielectrical strength, low dilectrical constant, low dissipation factor etc.

Photographic method of PCB fabrication

Photographic method is another commonly used PCB fabrication method.

Thjis is more expensive and widely used for mass production.

Screen printing

In this method a mesh is prepared and is placed over the copper sheets screen

printing material is pasted over the area where the circuit is to be lied. All other areas

are kept open.

Different steps of PCB fabrication are listed below

Cutting copper clad lamination

Copper clad laminates are manufactured in 4 inchx3 inch size. From this sheet

pieces are cut off to the required size using a shearing machine. For the purpose of

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handling PCB during fabrication, some extra space is required all around the border

line of the PCB. Hence at least cutting PCB provides 10mm of additional space from

the actual required PCB size.

Cleaning

Copper oxides may billed up on the copper cutting. In order to remove this

following procedure is required

1. Wipe with cotton wool. Socked in try chloro ethelene.

2. Dipping in 10% Hcl for 1 min at room temperature.

3. Scrub with pumice powder.

4. Observe he wetting of the water on copper surface. If the wetting is uniform

without any break, the surface is clean. If islands of water are observed that

area is unclean. Reclean until wetting is uniform, dry board using hot air jet.

PCB layout designing and screen printing

The PCB is designed using PCB design software Orcad Layout Plus. The

PCB layout is designed as per the circuit diagram. The layout is then transferred to as

transparent (butter) paper. This is then used for creating a PCB layout or the screen

mesh.

Etching

Copper conductors are intended only at places where material is coated. The

copper form remaining part is to be removed by a suitable method. It is called etching.

The chemical bath, which does the etching, is called etchend. It is sprayed on the

board surface until unwanted copper is completely removed.

Neutralizing

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After etching, the PCBs are washed in tap water. It may still carry some

element which may be present in the presence of moisture. Hence the bolts are

neutralizing 10% of solution of Oxalic acid and thoroughly washed.

Drilling

The holes for mounting component are drilled using a high speed drilling

machine. The machine is one, which specified for handling PCB. It should provide

rotation per minute of 20000 for provision of continuous variation from zero to

maximum. The size of the hole to be drilled in specified during layout design depends

upon component lead diameter.

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Adv

ced Railway Manage

ent Project re

ort 2010-2011

De

t of EPT Govt.Polytec

nic College Kalamassery

5.SOFT ESE T ON5.1 FLOW CHART

TRAIN

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Advanced Railway Management Project re

ort 2010-2011

De

t of EPT Govt.Polytec

nic College Kalamassery

STATION

5.2 PROGRAM

SOFTWARE TRAIN)

#i cl "i i .h"

#i cl

#i cl

#i cl

#i cl "gps.h"

#defi e Motor1 RC1

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#define Motor2 RC2

#define MUX RD4

#define Msg1 RD2

#define Msg2 RD3

#define Msg3 RC4

#define Msg4 RC5

#define RS RB7

#define EN RB6

#define LCD_D0 RB5 // lcd's msb nibble 0




unsigned char i;

unsigned const char *msgWelcome1 ="ADVANCED RAILWAY";

unsigned const char *msgWelcome2 =" MANAGEMENT S/M ";

unsigned const char *msgBlank =" ";

unsigned const char *GpsErrorMsg ="Sorry... No Satelite View";

unsigned const char MsgContent[20] ={"Train location: \n"};

//-------------------------

void SendGPS (void){

WriteUsartChar('A');

if(Success){

WriteUsart(DataBuff,25);}

else{

WriteUsartString(GpsErrorMsg);

}

WriteUsartChar(0x1A);

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}

//-----------------------------

void SendOK (void){


WriteUsartString("OK");


}

//-----------------------------

void ReadGps()

{

while(1)

{

Temp=0x00;

while(Temp!='$')

{

while(UART1_Data_Ready()==0);

Temp=UART1_read();

}

for(i=0;i

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Temp=UART1_read();

}

while(UART1_Data_Ready()==0);

Temp=UART1_read();

if(Temp=='A')

{

for(i=0;i

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Motor1=1;Motor2=1;SendOK();

}

else if (strcmp(DataBuff, " DISP")==0){

lcd_puts(msgBlank,1,0);

lcd_puts(msgBlank,2,0);

lcd_puts(&DataBuff[7],1,0);

for(i=0;i

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return(0);

}

//------------------------------

void DispStandByMsg(void)

{

lcd_puts(msgWelcome1,1,0);

lcd_puts(msgWelcome2,2,0);

}

//--------------------------

void main(void){

init();

BlinkLED;

lcd_init();

Init_Usart(9600);

initSoftUsart();

DispStandByMsg();

Msg1=1;Msg2=1;Msg3=1;Msg4=1;

while (1){

DataCnt=0;

DataBuff[0]='0';

while(!RxFlag);

DelayMs(250);

RxFlag=0;

ProcessMsg();}

}

}

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6.PROJECT LAYOUT

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7.COST AND ESTIMATION

PIC :Rs/-150

LCD Module : Rs/-130

GPS : Rs/-6500

ZIGBEE : Rs/-3000

7805 : Rs/-10

BL100 : Rs/-4.50

Resisters :0.50ps

Electrolytic capacitor :1000mF: Rs/-10,100mF:

Rs/-4

Disk capacitor :0.50ps

DC motor : Rs/-20

Transformer 12V-1A : Rs/-100

Bridge rectifier : Rs/-5

PCB : Rs/-600

Crystal oscillator : Rs/-5

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8.DATA SHEET AND DESIGN OF COMPONETS

MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is the heart of the project. It is responsible for all the activities

done inside the system. Here microcontroller used is microchips PIC 16F877A.In

recharge section the Microcontroller scans the keyboard for any key press ad decodes

the key pressed. According to the key pressed it writes the value to the memory of the

smart card. In water meter section it reads the value from the smart card reader and

stores in the internal EEPROM of the microcontroller. It also communicates with the

driving unit ,IR sensor water meter, display unit, locking unit and alarm.

GPS MODULE

Global positioning system (GPS)

Global position system (GPS) is a network of satellites that continuously transmit

coded information, which makes it possible to precisely identify locations on earth by

measuring distance from the

satellites.GPS receivers are used for

position, locating, navigating, surveying

and determined of the objects. Using the

global positioning system the following

two values can be determined anywhere

on earth.

Ones exact location (longitude,

latitude and height co-ordinates)

accurate to within a range of 20m

to approx.1mm.

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The precise time (universal time coordinated, UTC) accurate to within a

range of 60ns to approx. 5ns speed and direction of travel

GPS receivers are used for positioning ,locating, navigating, surveying and

determining the time and are employed by individuals

Module features

200,000 effective correlates for fast TTFF

20 channels All-In-View tracking

Cold/Warm/Hot start time: 42/38/1 sec. (average)

Superior sensitivity: -159dBm tracking

Built-in SiRF Star III chipset

Reacquisition time: 0.1 sec.

Low power design (75mA, tracking)

Build-in low noise, high gain active antenna

Super-cohesive magnetic for installation

ZIGBEE/XBEE MODULE

The XBee/ZBee (formerly known as Series 2 and Series 2 PRO) RF Modules

were engineered to operate within the ZigBee protocol and support the unique needs

of low-cost, low-power wireless sensor networks. The modules require minimal

power and provide reliable delivery of data between remote devices. The modules

operate within the 2.4 GHz frequency band.

MOUNTING CONSIDERATIONS

The XBee modules were designed to mount into a receptacle (socket) and

therefore does not require any soldering when mounting it to a board. The XBee PRO

Development Kits contain RS-232 and USB interface boards which use two 20-pin

receptacles to receive modules. Figure below XBee PRO 2.5 Module Mounting to

an RS 232 Interface Board.

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DISPLAY SECTION

Here for the display an LCD module is used. The advantage of using LCD

display over 7-segment or Led is that LCD can display alphanumeric characters (i.e.-;

both alphabets and numbers). Another advantage is that LCD does not require

constant refreshing, which reduces the complexity of the software.

LCD MODULE

Liquid crystal displays are generally more flexible than LED displays

because they allow for a variety of text and/or graphics. LCDs require less power

LEDs making them suitable for low power requirements.The LCD module, made by

Crystallonics, is 16x2 line interactive displays. It needs a power supply of +5v. The

module has inbuilt controller chip, such as an HD44780, which acts as an interface

between CPU and the row and column drivers. The LCD module works in two modes

for communicating with the micro controller - 8 bit (byte) mode & 4 bit (nibble)

mode. In the later case only the higher nibble i.e. pins DB4-DB7 is used for

communication.

PINOUT DESCRIPTION

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PIN NO. SYMBOL FUNCTION

1 Vss Ground

2 Vdd +5v

3 Vo Contrast Adjust

4 RS(H/L) Register Select

H=Data/L=Instruction

5 R/W (H/L) Read/Write

H=Rread/L=Write

6 E Enable

7 DB0 Data Pin 1

8 DB1 Data Pin 2

9 DB2 Data Pin 3

10 DB3 Data Pin4

11 DB4 Data Pin 5

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12 DB5 Data Pin 6

13 DB6 Data Pin 7

14 DB7 Data Pin8

15 BL- Back Light

16 BL+ Back Light

Contrast: A variable voltage applied to this pin controls the contrast. Use a

potentiometer and adjust until you see the background.

Register Select: This pin selects whether you are sending the module a command or

data.

Read/Write: This pin allows for bi-directional communications. For the discussions

here, Uni-directional communications will be used. Ground this pin.

Enable: This is the latch pin. A high-to-low transition causes the value on the data

lines to be latched by the module.

DB0-DB7: Apply the data or commands to these pins.

PRINTING CHARACTERS

To print a character to set the RS high, place the ASCII value on the data pins, and the

latch the data. The character will appear on the screen at the current cursor location. A

60s delay must occur between characters.

CIRCUIT DRIVER AND MOTOR

The circuit driver unit is used to drive the dc motor .These three dc motor units

are used they are for train engine, temperature controlling and gate operation. Circuit

driver consist of a transistor BL100 which drives the dc motor.

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POWER SUPPLY

The power supply is used to supply the necessary power to the different units. The

power supply biases all the ICs used in the system and drive the motors. RB151 is

used for bridge rectification. The system needs a 5V supply for the main board and a

12V supply for the motor driving.5 volt supply is provided by positive voltage

regulator 7805.

Fig.7805 Fig.RB151

7805 REGULATOR IC

In the system IC 7805 is used to supply regulated voltage to the main board.

DESCRIPTION

The UTC 78XX is monolithicfixed voltage regulator integrated circuit.They

are suitable for applications that requires supply current up to 1A.

FEATURES

*Output current up to 1.5A

*Fixed output voltages of5V,6V,8V,9V,10V,12V,15V,18Vand 24V are available.

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*Thermal overload shutdown protection

*Short circuit current limiting

The maximum steady state usable uotput current are dependent on input

voltage,heat sinking,lead length of the package and copper pattern of PCB.They have

power dissipation < 0.5 W.to specify an output voltage substitute voltage

valuesforXX.Bypass capacitors are recommended foroptimum stability and

transient response and should be located as close as possible to the regulators.

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9.CONCLUTION

The project ADVANCED RAILWAY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM helps to

monitor the position of a train accurately. It provides you fast and easy access to the

time schedule and travel information you really need. Combined with comprehensiveGPS tracking software, it delivers detailed fleet tracking position and send to station

.location name will displayed on the screen in the cabinet .Computerized controlling

system helps reduce collisions between trains. Automated gate system provides the

intelligent opening and closing the railway gate.

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10. BIBILIOGRAPHY

http://books.google.com/books?id=OkL1Smk4uiAC&dq. p.841

http://www.microchip.com/

http://www.electronicsforyou.com/

http://www.datasheetcatalog.com /

http://www.analog.com

http:// www.dallas.com

http://www.maxim.com

http://www.mikroe.com

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