railway track security systm
TRANSCRIPT
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RAILWAY TRACK SECURITY SYSTEM
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Introduction
The main objective of this project is to develop detecting
the crack in the railway track and alert the near by station.Two rails forming the part of the track are made using a
pair of discontinuous wire which biases a pair of
transistors being powered from DC source.
The discontinuation is sorted by a jumper wire to simulatehealthy track condition. Removing the jumper results in
transistors being cut off thus delivering logic one to the
microcontroller.
The program thereafter takes control to send SMS
message through GSM modem interface through
MAX232 to the microcontroller
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Contents
Introduction
Block diagram
Hardware requirements
Power supply
Microcontroller
GSMSchematic diagram
Working of the project
Advantages
Applications
Conclusion
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Block diagram
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Hardware requirements TRANSFORMER (230 – 12 V AC)
VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)
RECTIFIERFILTER
MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51)
GSM COMMUNICATION
GSM MODEM
LEDLCD DISPLAY
MAX 232
DB9 CONNECTOR
1N4007
RESISTOR
CAPACITOR
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Hardware Components description
1. 230 V AC
50 Hz
12V step downtransformer
2. Using In4007 as Bridge rectifier
3. Capacitors Filter(470µf ) 4. 5v Regulator 5. Relay
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7. OPTO-ISOLATOR6. GSM MODEM
8. Max 2320
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8. DB9 CONNECTOR9. LED
10. RESISTOR
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11. Capacitor
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Power supply
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Description of power supply
The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step-downtransformer from 230v to 12v and 4 diodes forming a Bridge Rectifier
that delivers pulsating dc which is then filtered by an electrolytic
capacitor of about 470microf to 100microF.
The filtered dc being un regulated IC LM7805 is used to get 5v
constant at its pin no 3 irrespective of input dc varying from 9v to 14v.The regulated 5volts dc is further filtered by a small electrolytic
capacitor of 10 micro f for any noise so generated by the circuit.
One LED is connected of this 5v point in series with a resistor of
330ohms to the ground i.e. negative voltage to indicate 5v power supply
availability.
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Block diagram of mc
CPU
On-chip
RAM
On-chipROM for
program
code
4 I/O Ports
Timer 0
Serial
PortOSC
Interrup
t
Control
External interrupts
Timer 1
Timer/Counter
Bus
Control
TxD RxDP0 P1 P2 P3
Address/Data
Counter
Inputs
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Microcontroller(at89s52)
• • Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
• • 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP)Flash Memory
• – Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
• • 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• • Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz • • Three-level Program Memory Lock
• • 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• • 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• • Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
•
• Eight Interrupt Sources • • Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• • Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• • Watchdog Timer
• • Dual Data Pointer
o • Fast Programming Time
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PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52
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BC547 (NPN – Transistor)
The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial
Silicon Transistor.
It is used in general-purpose switching and
amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100mA NPN general-purpose transistors.
The ratio of two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC Current Gain of
the device and is given the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, (β).
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The current gain from the emitter to the collector
terminal, Ic/Ie, is called Alpha, (α), and is a function of the
transistor itself
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GSM COMMUNICATION
The term GSM usually means the GSM standard
and protocols in the frequency spectrum around
900MHz.MS
- Mobile Station:
The MS is the physical equipment used by a
subscriber, most often a normal hand-held cellular
telephone.
BTS
-Base Transceiver Station:
The BTS comprises the radio transmission and
reception devices, and also manages the signal processing related to the air interface.
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GSM MODEMA GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card,
and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone.
From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.
When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to
use the GSM modem to communicate over the mobile network.
While these GSM modems are most frequently used to provide mobile internet
connectivity, many of them can also be used for sending and receiving SMS and
MMS messages.
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MAX 232
The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-
232serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic
circuits.
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the
RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals .
When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level
to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to
between +3 and +15V, and changes TTL
Logic 1 to between -3 to -15V, and vice
versa for converting from RS232 to TTL.
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DB9 CONNECTOR
The DB9 (originally DE-9) connector is an
analog 9-pin plug of the D-Sub miniature
connector family (D-Sub or Sub-D).
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LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are
16x2 and 20x2 displays.
This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20
characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.
The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to
the controller chip which receives data from an external
source (and communicates directly with the LCD.
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LCD BACKGROUND
If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines
(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW
EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)
RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)
(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data )R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)
(When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)
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Software Requirements
Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers,
real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated
environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for
ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051
MCU families.
• Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level
Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an
output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but
not for other microprocessors.
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i.e the programs written in one of the HLL like „C‟ will compile the
code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86
(underlying microprocessor in the computer).
For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the
Compilers for Unix platform So if one wants to define a compiler
then compiler is a program that translates source code into object
code.
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Advantages of 190:
• Accident can be prevented by taking
immediate response
• Immediately cracked information delivered
globally to consultants
Disadvantages:
• Memory is versatile, phone number stored in
the RAM of µC
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BIBILOGRAPHY “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems”
by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi
, Pearson Education.
ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.
• www.atmel.com
• www.beyondlogic.org
• www.wikipedia.org
• www.howstuffworks.com
• www.alldatasheets.com
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