Railway crossing by Automation

Railway Monitoring by using GSM

Introduction Now a day in India thousands of people are death due to railway accident because of no protectio in main rail. To avoid this we select our project Railway Monitoring by using GSM. In this project we Asses the railway before about 1 feet from railway using sensor. When railway is automatically detected it give signal to unit of microcontroller which automatically turn gsm with data and signal indication to control room and also apply break. Again fire break out in the bogie it will be detected using sensor and automatically send the data to remote location. In our project

1. Micro controller unit.

2. distance sensor.

3. max 232

4. gsm module 5. Regulated power supply

6. LCD display 7. Fire snesorultrasonic sensor:-

ultrasonic waves are invisible and operated at 36 kHz freq. this sensor are connected at opposite side of railway truck and produces invisible beam of 36 kHz. freq. when railway cross this beams then it cur beam and give interrupt signal to micro controller unit. This sensor are place before and after of 1 feet meter away from railway crossing.

Regulated power supply:-

For our project we req. regulated power supply of +5v for micro controller & +12v for stepper motor this voltage is generated using step down transformer, full wave voltage rectifier, filter condenser and regulated power supply IC 78xx.

Buzzer and Signal:-

For arrival of train at crossing point we give audio and visual indication of buzzer and signal for people when this indication people stop there vehicle before crossing point and wait for gate close and passing of train.

Micro controller:

Description

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be

reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

Microcontroller IC 89c51 is heart of our project. We select this Microcontroller IC for our project for following no. of advantages.1) Internal 64K bytes of electrically erasable programmable read only memory for feeding program so that there is no need of external EPROM.

2) Four 8 bit i/p o/p port out of which we use one port to read no at o/p of DTMF decoder and other port issue to connect relay for operating devices through it.

3) Operating voltage of 3.5 to 6V D.C. which is easily available by using voltage regulator IC.

4) Internal 128 byte RAM to store temporally storage of data. In which we can feed took up table to turn ON/OFF relay.

5) Two 16 bit time /counter are present for timing & counting purpose.

6) 4 external & 2 internal interrupt are available.

Microcontroller can read the data (for the corresponding key press) available at o/p of DTMF decoder & store in memory & compare the no. for which devices turn ON & OFF. If comparison is equal then operate relay & generate assurance tone. For feed back to person at remote location so that he confirm about relay or device ON or OFF.

Block Diagram Of 89c51 Micro controller is given below.

Crystal & Reset Circuit:-

12MHz quartz ceramic crystal is connected between pin XTAL1, & XTAL2 of Microcontroller to produce machine cycle for fetch &

execution of instruction. And at pin 9RST pin we connect R.C n/w to provide reset pulse when power is turn ON so that program execution starts from memory location 0000H.

Power Supply:-

For our all IC we require 5V D.C. supply which can be generated by step down transformer, full wave bridge rectifier, filter condenser & voltage regulator IC7805.

12V supply for relay is generated separately using the same procedure as above.

This supply requirement can be fulfilled in our case using the battery back up and providing recharge facility to it.

Hardware

2.3.1 Microcontroller

2.3.1.1 Selection Criteria

1. The first and the foremost criterion for selecting a microcontroller is that it must meet the task at hand efficiently and cost effectively. In analyzing the need of a microcontroller based project we must see whether an 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit microcontroller can best handle the computing need of the task most efficiently. Among other consideration in this category are speed, power consumption, amount of on chip RAM and ROM, the number of sufficient I/O ports and cost per unit.2. Second how easy is it to develop product around it. Key considerations are the availability of an assembler, debugger, emulator and technical support.3. Its ready availability in needed quantity, both now and in future.Taking all these considerations we have chosen ATMEL at89c51 microcontroller.

2.3.1.2 Brief History of 8051

In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8 bit microcontroller called 8051, this had 128 bytes of RAM, 4 bytes of on chip ROM, two timers, one serial port, and 4 ports each 8 bits wide all on a single chip. At this time it was referred to as system on chip. The 8051 is an 8 bit processor meaning that the CPU can work only on 8 bit at a time. Data larger than 8 bit has to be broken up into 8 bit pieces to be processed by the CPU.

The 8051 became widely popular after Intel allowed other manufacturers to make and market any flavor of 8051 with the condition that they remain code compatible with 8051. This has lead to many versions of 8051 with a different speed and amount of on chip ROM marketed by different companies.

2.3.1.3 ATMEL aat89c51

The AT89c51 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89c51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89c51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five-vector, two level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89c51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software-selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

2.4 SoftwareAs our project required involved the application of software, on consulting with our project guide we came to the conclusion that we shall use Embedded C for programming utilizing the Keil software

Use of embedded processors cars, mobile phones, medical equipment, aerospace systems etc is widespread. The applications of embedded C are exploited through the Keil software. Keil was founded in 1986 to market add on products for development tools provided by many of the silicon vendors. It soon became evident that there was a void in the market placethat must be filled with quality software development tools. It was then that Keil introduced the first C compiler designed from the ground-up specifically for 8051 microcontroller.

The literature about Keil was collected from the net as well as some e-books via the internet. http://www.keil.com/company is the link of the site from which the basics of the software was taken.

3.3 TUTORIAL ON MICROCONTROLLER

The at89c51c51 microcontroller is from the 8051 family of microcontrollers. The basis features of all the controllers in this family are the same, except for a few differences from device to device. The features of the Atmel IC at89c51 is discussed in detail below.

3.3.1 Memory Organization

The basic block diagram of the family of the 80x51 is as shown below in the figure.

Fig. 3.8

All 80x51 devices have separate address spaces for program and data memory. The logical separation of program and data memory allows the data memory to be accessed by 8-bit addresses, which can be quickly stored and manipulated by an 8-bit CPU. Program memory (ROM, EPROM) can only be read, not written to. There can be up to 64k bytes of program memory. In the at89c51,there is 4K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory(Program Memory) and 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM (Data Memory).3.3.2 Special Function Registers

3.6.2.1 Description

Special Function Registers (SFRs) ate area of memory that control functionality of the processor. SFRs are accessed as if they were normal Internal RAM. The only difference is that Internal RAM is from address 00h through 7Fh whereas SFR registers exist in the address range of 80h through FFh. Each SFR has an address (80h through FFh) and a name. The following chart provides a graphical presentation of the 80Cc51's SFRs, their names, and their address.

Fig. 3.9

As you can see, although the address range of 80h through FFh offer 128 possible addresses, there are only 19 SFRs in a standard 80C51. All other addresses in the SFR range (80h through FFh) are considered invalid. Writing to or reading from these registers may produce undefined values or behavior. There are 3 categories of SFRs namely I/O, control and other.

Whether a given I/O line is high or low and the value read from the line are controlled by the I/O SFRs. The control SFRs in some way control the operation or the configuration of some aspect of the 80x51. For example, TCON controls the timers, SCON controls the serial port.The remaining SFRs, are "other SFRs." These SFRs can be thought of as auxillary SFRs in the sense that they don't directly configure the 80x51 but obviously the 80x51 cannot operate without them. For example, once the serial port has been configured using SCON, the program may read or write to the serial port using the SBUF register.

3.6.2.2 Overview of all SFRs

This section will endeavor to quickly overview each of the standard SFRs found in the above SFR chart map. This section is to just give you a general idea of what each SFR does.

SP (Stack Pointer, Address 81h): This is the stack pointer of the microcontroller. This SFR indicates where the next value to be taken from the stack will be read from in Internal RAM. If you push a value onto the stack, the value will be written to the address of SP + 1. That is to say, if SP holds the value 07h, a PUSH instruction will push the value onto the stack at address 08h. This SFR is modified by all instructions which modify the stack, such as PUSH, POP, LCALL, RET, RETI, and whenever interrupts are provoked by the microcontroller.

DPL/DPH (Data Pointer Low/High, Addresses 82h/83h): The SFRs DPL and DPH work together to represent a 16-bit value called the Data Pointer. The data pointer is used in operations regarding external RAM and some instructions involving code memory. Since it is an unsigned two-byte integer value, it can represent values from 0000h to FFFFh (0 through 65,535 decimal).

PCON (Power Control, Addresses 87h): The Power Control SFR is used to control the power control modes. Certain operation modes allow the to go into a type of "sleep" mode which requires much less power. These modes of operation are controlled through PCON. Additionally, one of the bits in PCON is used to double the effective baud rate of the serial port.

TCON (Timer Control, Addresses 88h, Bit-Addressable): The Timer Control SFR is used to configure and modify the way in which the two timers operate. This SFR controls whether each of the two timers is running or stopped and contains a flag to indicate that each timer has overflowed. Additionally, some non-timer related bits are located in the TCON SFR. These bits are used to configure the way in which the external interrupts are activated and also contain the external interrupt flags which are set when an external interrupt has occured.

TMOD (Timer Mode, Addresses at89c51h): The Timer Mode SFR is used to configure the mode of operation of each of the two timers. Using this SFR your program may configure each timer to be a 16-bit timer, an 8-bit autoreload timer, a 13-bit timer, or two separate timers. Additionally, you may configure the timers to only count when an external pin is activated or to count "events" that are indicated on an external pin.

TL0/TH0 (Timer 0 Low/High, Addresses 8Ah/8Ch): These two SFRs, taken together, represent timer 0. Their exact behavior depends on how the timer is configured in the TMOD SFR; however, these timers always count up. What is configurable is how and when they increment in value.

TL1/TH1 (Timer 1 Low/High, Addresses 8Bh/8Dh): These two SFRs, taken together, represent timer 1. Their exact behavior depends on how the timer is configured in the TMOD SFR; however, these timers always count up. What is configurable is how and when they increment in value.

P1 (Port 1, Address 90h, Bit-Addressable): This is input/output port 1. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on the microcontroller. For example, bit 0 of port 1 is pin P1.0, bit 7 is pin P1.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to a low level.

SCON (Serial Control, Addresses 98h, Bit-Addressable): The Serial Control SFR is used to configure the behavior of the on-board serial port. This SFR controls the baud rate of the serial port, whether the serial port is activated to receive data, and also contains flags that are set when a byte is successfully sent or received.

SBUF (Serial Control, Addresses 99h): The Serial Buffer SFR is used to send and receive data via the on-board serial port. Any value written to SBUF will be sent out the serial port's TXD pin. Likewise, any value which it receives via the serial port's RXD pin will be delivered to the user program via SBUF. In other words, SBUF serves as the output port when written to and as an input port when read from.

IE (Interrupt Enable, Addresses A8h): The Interrupt Enable SFR is used to enable and disable specific interrupts. The low 7 bits of the SFR are used to enable/disable the specific interrupts, where as the highest bit is used to enable or disable ALL interrupts. Thus, if the high bit of IE is 0 all interrupts are disabled regardless of whether an individual interrupt is enabled by setting a lower bit.

P3 (Port 3, Address B0h, Bit-Addressable): This is input/output port 3. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on the microcontroller. For example, bit 0 of port 3 is pin P3.0, bit 7 is pin P3.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to a low level.

IP (Interrupt Priority, Addresses B8h, Bit-Addressable): The Interrupt Priority SFR is used to specify the relative priority of each interrupt. An interrupt may either be of low (0) priority or high (1) priority. An interrupt may only interrupt interrupts of lower priority. For example, if we configure so that all interrupts are of low priority except the serial interrupt, the serial interrupt will always be able to interrupt the system, even if another interrupt is currently executing. However, if a serial interrupt is executing no other interrupt will be able to interrupt the serial interrupt routine since the serial interrupt routine has the highest priority.

PSW (Program Status Word, Addresses D0h, Bit-Addressable): The Program Status Word is used to store a number of important bits that are set and cleared by instructions. The PSW SFR contains the carry flag, the auxiliary carry flag, the overflow flag, and the parity flag. Additionally, the PSW register contains the register bank select flags which are used to select which of the "R" register banks are currently selected.

ACC (Accumulator, Addresses E0h, Bit-Addressable): The Accumulator is one of the most-used SFRs, since it is involved in so many instructions. The Accumulator resides as an SFR at E0h, which means the instruction MOV A,#20h is really the same as MOV E0h,#20h. However, it is a good idea to use the first method since it only requires two bytes whereas the second option requires three bytes.

B (B Register, Addresses F0h, Bit-Addressable): The "B" register is used in two instructions: the multiply and divide operations. The B register is also commonly used by programmers as an auxiliary register to temporarily store values.

3.6.3 Timers/Counters

3.6.3.1 General Description

The MCS-51 has two 16 bit Timer/ Counter register Timer 0 and Timer 1. Both can be configured to operate either as timers or event counter. Microcontroller can be used as timer or counter as you need. Microcontroller will act as timer when switch position on upper and microcontroller will act as counter when switch position on lower by controlling C/T bit on TMOD register. The diagram below shows the logic of the timer/counter circuit.

Fig. 3.10

The timer/counter is controlled by the two registers TMOD and TCON. Both the timers share these registers. The layout of both these registers is given below.

Timer/ Counter Mode Control ( TMOD ) RegisterTIMER 1TIMER 0

GATEC/TM1M0GATEC/TM1M0

GATE: Gating control when set. Timer/ Counter X is enabled only while INTx pin is high and TRx control pin is set

C/T : Timer or Counter Selector cleared for Timer operation (input from internal system clock) and set for counter operation (input from Tx input pin)

M0 M1 : Indicates the mode of the Timer/ Couner

Timer/ Counter Control ( TCON ) RegisterMSBLSB

TF1TR1TF0TR0IE1IT1IE0IT0

TFx: Timer overflow flag. Set by hardware on Timer/Counter overflow. Cleared by hardware when processor vector to interrupt routine, or clearing the bit in software.

TRx: Timer Run control bit . Set/ cleared by software to turn Timer/ Counter on/off

IEx: Interrupt Edge flag. Set by hardware when external interrupt edge detected. Cleared when interrupt processed.

ITx: Interrupt type control bit. Set/ cleared by software to specefy falling edge/ low level trigerred external interrupts3.6.3.2 Modes of the timer

M1M0Operating

0013 bit Timer, TLx serves as 5 bit prescaler

0116 bit Timer/Counter THx and TLx are cascaded, there is no prescaler

108 bit auto reaload Timer/ Counter THx holds a value which is tobe reloaded into TLx each time it overflows

11(Timer 0) TL0 is an 8 bit Timer/ Counter controlled by the standard timer 0 control bits(Timer 1) Timer/ Counter 1 stopped

Mode 0 (13-bit Timer mode) :

Figure shows the Mode 0 operation as it applies to Timer 1. In this mode, the Timer register is configured as a 13-bit register. As the count rolls over from all 1s to all 0s, it sets the Timer interrupt flag TF1. The counted input is enabled to the Timer when TR1 = 1 and either GATE = 0 or INT1 = 1. (Setting GATE = 1 allows the Timer to be controlled by external input INT1, to facilitate pulse width measurements). The 13-bit register consists of all 8 bits of TH1 and the lower 5 bits of TL1. The upper 3 bits of TL1 are indeterminate and should be ignored. Setting the run flag (TR1) does not clear the registers. Mode 0 operation is the same for the Timer 0 as for Timer 1.

Fig. 3.11

Mode 1 (16-bit Timer mode) :

Mode 1 is the same as Mode 0, except that the Timer register is being run with all 16 bits.

Fig. 3.12

Mode 2 (8-bit Auto Reload):

Mode 2 configures the Timer register as an 8-bit Counter (TL1) with automatic reload, as shown in Figure. Overflow from TL1 not only sets TF1, but also reloads TL1 with the contents of TH1, which is preset by software. The reload leaves TH1 unchanged.

Fig. 3.13

Mode 3 (2 8-bit Counter/Timer):

Timer 1 in Mode 3 simply holds its count. The effect is the same as setting TR1=0. Timer 0 in Mode 3 establishes TL0 and TH0 as two separate counters. The logic for Mode 3 on Timer 0 is shown in Figure. TL0 uses the Timer 0 control bits: C/T, GATE, TR0, INT0, and TF0. TH0 is locked into a timer function (counting machine cycles) and takes over the use of TR1 and TF1 from Timer 1. Thus, TH0 now controls the Timer 1 interrupt. Mode 3 is provided for applications requiring an extra 8-bit timer on the counter. With Timer 0 in Mode 3, an 80 can look like it has three Timer/Counters. When Timer 0 is in Mode 3, Timer 1 can be turned on and off by switching it out of and into its own Mode 3, or can still be used by the serial port as a baud rate generator, or in fact, in any application not requiring an interrupt.

Fig 3.14IC DESCRIPTION4.1.1 MICROCONTROLLER ATMEL ATat89c51

4.1.1.1 Features

Compatible with MCS51 Products 4K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory 2.7V to 6V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Two-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 15 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial UART Channel Direct LED Drive Outputs On-chip Analog Comparator Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Brown-out Detection Power-On Reset (POR) Green (Pb/Halide-free/RoHS Compliant) Packaging Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles4.1.1.2. Description

The ATat89c51 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATat89c51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The ATat89c51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five-vector, two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the ATat89c51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software-selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

4.1.1.3. Pin Diagram

Fig. 4.1

4.1.1.4. Internal Block Diagram

Fig. 4.24.1.1.5. Pin Description

VCC

Supply voltage.

GND

Ground.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The Port 1 output buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives code data during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3

Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi-directional I/O pins with internal pullups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a general- purpose I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the ATat89c51 as listed below: Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port PinAlternate Functions

P3.0RXD(serial input port)

P3.1TXD(serial output port)

P3.2INT0(external interrupt 0)

P3.3INT1(external interrupt 1)

P3.4T0(timer 0 external input)

P3.5T1(timer 1 external input)

RST

Reset input. All I/O pins are reset to 1s as soon as RST goes high. Holding the RST pin high for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or clock cycles.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Chapter 3. ADOPTED METHODOLOGYPlanning in phases:

Before commencement of the project it was decided to plan the project in phases so the following are the phases in which the project will be done:

The very first phase was planning the project and getting the concepts right about the project.

This involved lot of reading and understanding about the core concepts and the applications of our project.

Getting to know about the features of various components present in the circuitry.

Learning about various softwares like keil , Eagle 4.11 etc that will be used in our project.

Procuring the various components required for the project.

Creating the PCB (printed circuit board) for our project.

Interfacing the system with microcontroller.

Implementing the entire project.

Testing the working of the final monitoring system.16X2 LCD DISPLAY

4.1.5.1 Features

Maximum input voltage: 5.3VDC

Operating input voltage: 5VDC

8-bit interface data bus

Controller: HD47780 equivalent

Character font size: 0.125"W x 0.200"H

16 pin/terminals

Display size: 2.5"L x 0.7"W

Module size: 3.4"L x 1.2"W x 0.5"T

4.1.5.2 Description

This is a 16 character by 2 line display, with the standard HD44780 chipset. It works great with any microcontroller and it is very easy to interface. This LCD has 8-bit parallel interface. It is possible to use all 8 bits plus 3 control signals or 4 bits plus the control signals.

4.1.5.3 Pin Diagram

Fig. 4.6

Fig. 4.74.1.5.4 LCD Interfacing diagram

The diagram below gives the interfacing configuration of the LCD with the microcontroller.

Fig. 4.8

TROUBLESHOOTING AND TESTING4.1 Problems occurs during development:-

If you wants to avoid the troubleshooting we must use new and good quality components and 60/40 type solder. The polarity of component should be strictly observed. As follows:-

1. After verifying all the components on bread board and check the whole operation of the circuitry.

2. After etching PCB make continuity test of all tracks if any one track is damaged then connect it through wire.

3. After connecting project to battery make sure that supply to all sections are ok. When power supply at any point is available. Then troubleshooting following points:-

a) Output at pin no.3 of IC 7805.

b) Check IC 7805.

c) See the values of decoupling capacitor.

d) Check the polarity of wires connected from battery to IC 7805.

4. If output from IC 7805 is less than 5V then replace that IC.

5. If decoder section is ok then check the microcontrollers output pins i.e. 12 to 19 and its connections i.e. VCC and GND.

6. If controller is ok then check connection between decoder and controller.

7. Then the functionality and connection of relay driver, if it is not ok then replace it.

8. The relay driver needs to be checked that whether it is heating or not if it occurs then replace it immediately because it is shorting.

9. If all the connections and components are ok then check the battery.5.RESULT

Upon initial inspection of the circuit operation, multiple problems were noted. The input signal is transmitted from the cell phone but it is not detected by the receiver. Troubleshooting of the circuit was undertaken to isolate causes of circuit failure. The original and expected results of various components of the circuit are as follows

1) Power Supply: - The power supply is mainly used to give the regulated 5V output to all the components. But due to interference between ground and output there is glitch in the output. So we have used capacitor to decouple them and hence the power supply gives the 5V regulated output.

2) Microcontroller:- The microcontroller is mainly used for controlling and performing the action of motor driver. But due to wrong selection of crystal oscillator and decoupling. The controller time cycle is disturbed. So by using capacitor to decouple these problems are solved.

3) Relay Driver:- The relay driver is mainly used for the controlling of the supply to transformer. The relay driver requires signal from microcontroller to operate.the relay takes 12v and 20ma. So we have connected it directly to relay driver ckt cannot connect directly to microcontroller. So that it will satisfy the surge current requirement of the relay.

4) Result of Debugging:- After debugging the circuits individual modules, it was found that each of them function as were expected, and with some modifications the output of each components is right and consistent.

6. CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion:-

Overall the project was satisfactorily completed. Components functioned properly in isolation and with interconnection. There is problem in circuit due to interference between decoder and motor driver but when we separate the two components apart from each other then whole circuit works properly.

Generally the commercial project are overpriced, the main goal of this project was that the low cost with global connectivity and controllability is possible. The total cost was expected to be less when selecting hardware components clearly this goal has been achieved.

Core objective of Railway monitoring using gsm successfully achieved, microcontroller AT89c51 controller is the main brain and has burned program in it.The project is a grant success and real time output have been successfully achieved.

Controller

Unit

Power

Supply

Crystal

&

reset ckt.

LCD

Obstacle sensor

Element

Fire sensor

buzzer

RFID Receivers

RFID

Transmeter

Railway

Gate

Railway Crossing

Stepper motor

Stepper motor

Micro controller

IR receiver

IR Transmitter

Micro controller

IR receiver

Max 232

GSM module