radioactive ion traps and high energy physics
DESCRIPTION
Radioactive Ion traps and High energy physics. Fun-Traps 2012- and the “Higgs” discovery at the LHC. Ion Traps: Operate at mili-Kelvin LHC: operates at 7 TeV i.e at an energy Higher by 10^20!. IT see 10^6 radioactive decays. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Radioactive Ion traps and High energy physics
Fun-Traps 2012- and the “Higgs” discovery at the LHC
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Ion Traps: Operate at mili-KelvinLHC: operates at 7 TeV i.e at an
energy Higher by 10^20!
IT see 10^6 radioactive decays.LHC found the O( 100) Higgs decay events after ~ 10^15 pp collisions!
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A)High precision low intensity experiments vs. B) high intensity& high
energy experiments• The ultimate example of A- measuring the g-2 of
the electron with a precision of 1 in 10^12 in agreement with Kinoshita’s QED calculation.
A related g-2 measurement for the muon suggests a 3 standard deviations from the QED and QCD based calculation-
indicates new particles in the triangle loop??!! The searches for Dark matter and for proton decay
or for neutrino-less double beta decays under-ground experiments - a yet different class where a signal of vey few events is expected .
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An intermediate class: High intensity not so high energy
• In passing recall experiments of just high intensity: monitoring up to 10^15 decays of positive muons in order to extract G(Fermi) to high precision or to limit the branching of muon electron + gamma by 10 ^{-12}.
Also in KATRIN ~ 10^23 Tritium decays need to be monitored to extract from the endpoint spectrum sub eV neutrino masses!
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Plan of talk:• How certain rare particle decays e.g. Second class cur. tau neutrino + pion + eta (or eta’) with rates limited
by BABAR and BELL complement precision measurements of beta decay spectra in IT’s
( Based on joint works with Avner Soffer at TAU estimating the expected SM decay rates and subsequent discussions with Danny Ashery) .
• Some comments about the new 125 GeV “ Higgs” particle discovered at the LHC .
• And finally: Can the Higgs discovery be relevant to IT physics
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Precision weak decays tests of the S.M V-A form- some general
background .• New scalar ( or pseudo-scalar) particles of mass M
and with couplings g’ to e-nu(e) and to u-d quarks add S , P decay amplitudes
~ r= [g’M(W)/gM(S)]^2 this will: a) modify beta decay spectra which IT using also
nuclear recoils can measure with high precision , and
b)modify the rate or other features of certain weak decays- a stronger effect when the standard V-A amplitude for this process is supressed .
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Two examples
• The small Br{pi e nu / (pi mu nu)} ~1.4 10^{-4} is measured with a precision of 4.10^{-3} [similar to the E.M. correction) follows from the SM . Hence:
• r(P)^2 < 6.10 ^{-7} ( there is NO A-P interference since the lepton trace vanishes)
• The Br{ tau pi +eta+nu } is small { estimated within the S.M. to be ~ 10^{-5} by Xiral pertrubation and by us ( Avner Soffer and me)…
unfortunately the experimental bounds from BABAR and BELL are ~ 10^{-4} which may be a bit inferior to the IT bounds –but will greatly improve at S.B factories
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Limits on New Physics
• B( can be used to put bounds on new scalar interactions up to the SM expectation B() ~ 105
• A limit B() < 3 105 implies
for the same couplings as in the SM.• Competitive with limits from angular distributions in nuclear
decay, ~4 (expected to improve to ~7 and then to ~15)• The two limits are complementary:
– -decay: 1st-generation couplings – : 3rd-generation couplings
13~103 4
15
W
Scalar
M
M
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Back to the Future - the “Higgs”
• A narrow state at ~ 125 GeV was discovered by ATLAS and CMS at the LHC BOTH in the gamma-gamma AND the Z-Z^*,W-W^* channels. Most likely it couples strongly also to the top quark.
• Most likely it is the S.M “Higgs” particle whosemain role is to generate the vector boson masses
m(W) ,m(Z) and to ensure renormalize-ability .This role can be fulfilled by a fundamental, point-
like scalar particle or in dynamical schemes with composite Higgs. ( Technicolor – but…)
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Is the new H(125) particle THE SM Higgs-or does it suggest new physics?• Since NO N.P. ( new SUSY, KK, Z’, DM or any other
beyond the SM particles ) have been discovered yet(!) at the LHC- this is a key for the future of HE physics…..
• An equally important related question is: If indeed J(H)=0 is it composite or FUNDAMENTAL??NO elementary J=0 particles have been seen - may be for
a good reason…. Suggested answer : If the H has even/odd parity it is (un)
likely to be FUNDAMENTAL. The argument presented uses only the low m(H) mass
relative to the scale up to which there is no N.P
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The Unbearable Lightness of a Composite, Scalar H particle.(S.N &R.S)• Assume that H is related to the EWSB then it has
E.W. Charges. It then can be composed only of a fermion ( Q(i) )and an anti-fermion \bar Q(j) and a \bar Q-Q condensate generates SEW SB. The size < Q-Q(bar) > ~ (½ TeV)^3 is fixed by the W and Z masses it needs to generate.
• A DEFINITE parity is measured for the H particle.• A non-Abelian gauge theory provides the
underlying dynamics which binds and confines the new fermions and the lack of N.P at the LHC implies Lambda’ >~ ½ TeV. THEN:
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The claimed result:• The light ( relative to 2\Lambda’) H particle is extremely
unlikely to be composite if it is a scalar, but can be a composite pseudo- scalar.
• Outline of arguments: • 1) using ‘Constituent fermions” of mass O(1/2 TeV)
which the \bar Q-Q condensate generates along with a smooth confining potential and the strong H.F. Interactions required to bind a 0^- S wave state to ~0, we show that 0^+ ,P wave state is NOT strongly bound.
• 2) we use the QCD mass inequalities.
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QCD Inequalities-Lightening Review
• All the information in QCD is encoded in the Euclidean many point functions: <B(x) C(y) D(z) ..>= F(xyz..). In a two point function Let
• C=B^+(x)= \bar \psi(x) \Gamma(i) \ psi(x)• with \Gamma(i) the 16 Dirac matrices When acting on the
vacuum it creates all the sates with the corresponding quantum numbers : S(0^+) ,P(0^-) , V (1^-), A(1^+). The states propagate from x to y where they are annihilated back by B^+(y). Taking x-y to be imaginary Euclidean time the propagation involves a factor exp {- m (x-y) } with m the mass of the state in interest . Summing over states spectral decomposition.
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QCD Inequalities Cont
• The T.P. corellators F(|x-y|) can be expressed as a functional integral over gauge fields A configurations weighed with exp {-S(A) } (and a determinant which also is positive for Vectorial underlying gauge theories ( Xiral G. theories will lead to H with no definite parity)
• the integrands are: Tr(\Gamma(i) S_{A}(x,y} \Gamma(i) S_{A}(y,x) and
for \Gamma(i) = \gamma(5) become the positive Tr( S^+ (x,y) S (x,y))
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Final Result of inequalities:• F_P(x-y) > all other correllators.Using the asymptotic form we then conclude m^0
(0^-) < all other m^0(i) namely the lightest pseudo scalar is the lightest hadron.
In particular m(0^-) < m (0^+) VW theorem. But we can argue further that the scalars are indeed a LOT heavier by say 2 Lambda’ a composite light scalar is impossible. Hence
If H=scalar than it is most likely Fundamental no difficulty for a S.M Higgs due to the relatively small lambda H^4 coupling}
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A Brave New Scalar World?
• Interesting consequences of just a 125 GeV SM Higgs:
• i) Possible new “Fatal” scalar attraction of top quarks not just t-t(bar) but t^N ( Bar.Gen Shur)
• ii) excluding 4 th heavy generation ( loop) etc.• Q: consequences for beta Spectra in Ion Traps?
• Not for a neutral H. But In SUSY extensions two
Higgs doublets give masses to the up/down sectors leaving five scalars including H^+ , H^- !
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Yet S-SUSY Higgs cut no ice even in cool ion traps!
• In S.M Yukawa H couplings , proportional to the fermion masses - are tiny for the first u,d,e nu(e) generation. ( The rational for a muon collider) But there could be other charged scalars with different patterns of couplings, say three Higgs doublets for the three generations…
• So who wins? Can Ion Traps be more sensitive to new charged scalars than the LHC ??
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Yes , You CAN !
• If you measure via the (V-A).S Interference in the shape of spectra the amplitude of S –so as to be sensitive to r= (g’/g)^2 (M(W)/{M(S)})^2 ( #6) of 10 ^ -2 or even 10^{-3}. Take g~g’ than the reach of Ion traps is up to
M(S) = 0.8 – 2.5 TeV !
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Backup Slides
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Vector contribution
• Note: B() is large (25.5%) and completely dominated by contribution
• So expect to also dominate the vector contribution to , with branching fraction
B
p
p
g
gBL
32
1
1 power from phase space, 2 from vector amplitude
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Obtaining g Coupling
• has not been observed, but we can obtain g from the Dalitz-plot distribution of
– Method used by Ametller & Bramon, PRD 24, 1325 (1981)
– Now more precise data, access to more terms in Dalitz-plot distribution
• Assume the decay has 3 contributions: scalar, and :– (isforbidden due to C conservation)
• Scalar part has flat distribution in the 0 Dalitz plot, and is also the only contribution to
MMMMM S00
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Q m – 3m
plot Dalitz of area75.21 dYdXS
Q
TY
Q
TTX
13,
3 0
Dalitz plot variables
mimPP
PPPPggM
220
0
Write vector part as:
The coupling we are after
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• Expand squared amplitude to 3rd order in
• Obtain total rate relative to scalar part:
• Where
imimmm
Qmr 03.014.0
3/ 222
23222
0 1 YXYXYYM
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• Dalitz-plot parameters measured by KLOE (arXiv:0707.2355):
23222
0 ?14.0057.0124.009.11 YXYXYYM
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• Comparing the Y coefficients, get:
• Extract g from width:
• So the vector contribution to B() is
Taken to be real
Consistent w. Ametller & Bramon
6
32
1 106.3
Bp
p
g
gBL
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Cross-checks
• The other coefficients are a test of the model:
• Compare with KLOE measurement:
• Floating arg(MS) = 15 improves agreement only slightly
• Also check ratio of BR’s::
23222
0 03.005.027.009.11 YXYXYYM
3222
0 14.0057.0124.009.11 YXYYM
parametersour model , 0.76
parameters KLEO model , 0.71
measured , 0.7
)3(
)(0
0
B
B
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Scalar Contribution to B()• Chiral perturbation theory calculates assumed a0(980) is a qq
state and are complicated• We conduct a simpler estimate and arrive at a similar result:• Vector current is conserved up to md mu:
• We estimate the scalar matrix element by relating the P-wave states a0(980) & a1(1260):
2
)1260(
2
1
0
1
00
1)1260(0
)980(03.1~
)1260(
)980(
a
udL
m
mm
aA
aS
aB
aB
termEM )()()()( xdxummxdxu ud
Phase space~1, since fixed by quark-model wave functions
BL=0 ~ 105
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Conclusions
• Our estimates– BL=0( ~ 105
– BL=1( 3 106
imply the following for the measured value of BL=0(
• 3 106, especially with a (770) peak – No surprises
• 10 106, especially with a a0(980) peak
– a0(980) is a qq state after all
• > ~30 106, especially with scalar dominance – Possibly new scalar interactions, MS ~ 13 MW for weak coupling
• Note that BaBar has limit B (’ < 7.2 106
– Contributions from additional intermediate resonances