radioactive debris from operations tumbler and snapper. observations beyond 200 miles from the test...

8/9/2019 RADIOACTIVE DEBRIS FROM OPERATIONS TUMBLER AND SNAPPER. OBSERVATIONS BEYOND 200 MILES FROM THE T

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U N C L A S S I F I E D

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DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by anagency of the United States Government. Neither the United StatesGovernment nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legalliability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, orusefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or processdisclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privatelyowned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, orotherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or anyagency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed hereindo not necessarily state or reflect those of the United StatesGovernment or any agency thereof.


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DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible inelectronic image products. Images are producedfrom the best available original document.


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CONTENTS

ILL05TRATI0NS IvTABLES VABSTRACT viCHAPTER 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF ATOMIC CLOUDS 1CHAPTER 2 METEOROLOGICAL TRAJECTORIES 3CHAPTER 3 FALLOUT MONITORING 5

3.1 Saiapllag Techniques 53.2 Extrapolation to Sampling Date 8

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS OF THE TUMBLER-SNAPPER FALLOUT MONITORINGPROGRAM 104.1 Buret Data 104.2 Pre-teat Background In the United States. . . 104.3 Maximum Observed Activity In the UnitedStates and Canada 124.4 Fallout In the United States and Canada . . . 214.5 Discussion of Individual Bursts 234.6 Overseas Monitoring Program 45

APPENDIX A MAPS OF RADIOACTIVE FALLOJT IN THE UNITED STATESAND CANADA '. 55

APPENDIX B COMPARISON OF OBSERVED AND PREDICTED AREAS OFFALLOUT 135

ill


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ILLD5TRATI0HS

3.1 Location of Fallout Monitoring Stations in the UnitedStates and Canada , 6

3,2 Comparison of Gumaed Paper and Air Filter Observations. . 74.1 Pre-test Background Values on the Gummed Papers(d/m/ftS/day) " 114.2 Highest Activity Observed on the Gummed Papers at VariousDistances From the Test Site ' 204.3 Radiosonde Observation for 1800 GCT, 1 April 1952 . . . . 244.4 Primary Cloud Trajectories for the First Burst. ^ . . . . 254.5 Radiosonde Observation for 1200 GCT, 15 April 1952. . . . 274.6 Primary Cloud Trajectories for the Second Burst . . , . . 284.7 Radiosonde Observation for 1500 GCT, 22 April 1952. . . . 304.8 Primary Cloud Trajectories for the Third Burst 314.9 Radiosonde Observation for 1300 GCT, 1 May 1952 334.10 Primary Cloud Trajectories for the Fourth Burst 344.11 Radiosonde Observation for 1200 GCT, 7 May 1952 364.12 Primary Cloud Trajectories for the Fifth Burst 374.13 Radiosonde Observation for 1200 GCT, 25 May 1952 384.14 Primary Cloud Trajectories for the Sixth Burst 404.15 Badlosond* Observation for 1300 GOT, 1 June 1952 414.16 Primary Cloud Trajectories for the Seventh Burst 424.17 Badiosonde Observation for 1300 GCT, 5 June 1952 434.18 PrlBBry Cloud Trajectories for the Eighth Burst 444.19 Primary Cloud Trajectories Across the Atlantic Ocean. , , 464.20 Unextrapolated Gummed Paper Data from Prestvlck, Scotland 48

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4.21 Unextrapolated.Gummed Paper Data from Rhein-Maln, Germany. . 494.22 Unextrapolated Gummed Paper Data from Vheelus AFB, Libya . . 50A.1-A.79 Radioactive Fallout in the 24-hour Periods Beginning

1830 OCT, 1 April 1952 through 18 June 1952. . . . . 56-134B.l-B.ll Observed and Predicted Areas of Fallout. . . . . . .137-147B.12 Original (Dotted Line) and "R-cofflputed (Solid Lins) 16,000-ft Trajectories for the Second Burst, and the AssociatedWind Field .148

TABLES

2.1 Standard Meteorological Sixrfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 Tambler-Snapper Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.2 Maxlmnm Observed Activity at North American Stations .13-194.3 Interpolation Between Stations . . . . . 224.4 Unextrapolated Gummed Paper Activity at Central and

South American Stations. . . . . . . . , . .51-53

T


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ABSTRACT

The results of the fallout monitoring program at fixed stationsmore than 200 miles from the test site following the series of atomictests in Nevada during the spring of 1952 are shown in a series ofmaps. Trajectories of debris from the individual bursts are given,together with a discussion of meteorological phenomena associatedwith the transport of atomic debris.

It was foxind that significantly greater amounts of radioactivedebris were associated with tower burets than with air drops and thatsignificant fallout continued to be observed for longer periodsfollowing tower burets. The important role of precipitation inbringing debris to the ground was again evident. At practically allstations, the highest activity observed on the gummed paper wasassociated with precipitation and with a tower burst. The maximumobserved gummed paper activity was 7,900,000 d/m/ft^/day at SaltLake City: the maximum observed air filter activity was 130,000d/m/meter^ at Elko, Nevada.

Debris from the second burst of the series which had been predicted to move eastward, actually moved around a small, newly-formedcyclonic center in southwestern Utfih and then westward over California. Although the presence of this cyclone may have been suggestedby the wind field, the existence of a cloud circulation could beconfirmed only by the radiological data.Activity from this series of tests was detected in Europe andSouth America, and in the case of the third burst>signlf leant concentrations were detected by the monitoring network in the UnitedStates after the debris had been carried completely around theworld.

i'rry


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CHAPTER 1

CHARACTERISTICS OF ATOMIC CLOUDS

The detonation of an atomic weapon in the atmosphere results ina tremendous heat source. This heat in turn expands the air aroundit and creates a bubble of intensely hot gases, which is lighterthan the surrounding air. As this buoyeuit bubble rises, it coolsboth by radiation and by the entralnment of cooler surrounding air.These processes produce a violent Inrush of air and serve to carryaloft not only the debris resulting directly from the fission andsubsequent disintegration of the bomb casing and auxiliary equipment,but also suck up great amounts of soil and dust from the earth below.The ascending column of air and debris continues to rise until thebubble of buoyant gases has cooled to equilibrium with its environment,usually in about fifteen minutes. The height to which the cloud risests governed primarily by the characteristics the burst and the stabilityof the atmosphere.

The cloud of debris which evolves after the ascent has stabilizedeonslsts initially of a long, slender "^tem" capped by a broader "mushroom top." Although appreciable amounts of debris are contained in thestem, the great bulk of the material is in the mushroom cap. The subsequent configuration of the cloud is determined by such factors asthe size distribution of the particles and the rate at idilch they fallout and tha nature of the vlnd field which moves and diffuses the cloud.The movement of the cloud is governed by the wind field. At anygiven level the trajectory of the primary cloud, that portion of the initial cloud which moves approxlnws,tely horizontally and is unaffected bydiffusion or fallout, can be computed by conventional meteorologicaltechniques from upper air wind emd pressure data. TTie determination ofthe movement of all the debris is, however, a vaxch loore complex problem.It la, of course, apparent that all of the particles will descendrelative to the air euround them. The larger particles will fall tothe ground soon aifter the burst, trtille the smaller particles willremain airborne for long periodssome for many weeks. Knowledge of

the else dlstrlbuilon and fall velocities of the particles is soincomplete that only qualitative estimates can be used.Similarly, the phenomenon of diffusion is difficult to treat in aquantitative manner. It is evident that the ever-present turbulentelements of the a!tmosphere will diffuse the debris both horizontallyand Tertloally, at a rate meuiy orders of magnitude greater than

'CG


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ordinary molecular diffusion. The extent of the diffusion dependsnot only on the characteristics of the turbulent eddies of theatmosphere but also on the time and space scale under consideration.As the cloud grows, larger and lirger eddies become diffusingelements, so that the rate of growth Increases.Horizontal and vertical wind shears coupled with fallout anddiffusion result in a very rapid spreading of the cloud, both inwidth and, even more markedly, in length. In fact, after a fewdays of cloud growth the ordiiicLry cyclonas and antlcyclor^a of th sweather map can act as diffusing elements. Although primary cloudmovement and the effects of shear can be determined quantitatively,the complications introduced by fallout and diffusion make, itnecessary to use empirical techniques derived from studies of theseand other atomic clouds in order to determine the areas affectedby debris from the t^ts.

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CHAFEER 2

HBXEQROLOGICAL TEIAJECTORIES

The TOTOBsnt and distortion of the primary cloud, vhich can bethon^^t of initially as the vertical line representing the core ofthe cloud after it stablllisee^ c^n b co^yt^^d fro r^ntln? upper-air aeteorological observations. In the continental United States,there are about 140 stations vhich report the direction and speedof the Tflnds aloft every six hours. In addition, about 45 stationstake vertical soundings of the pressure, tenperature and moisturecontent of the air to very high elevations (about 60,000 feet onthe average) every 12 hours. The results of these observations arenormally entered on maps representing surfaces of constant pressure.For most purposes, including this report, these surfaces nay be-considered as levels of constant height above sea level. Theateuadard pressure surfaces for vhich meteorological charts areusually dravn md the heights above sea level i^ich they approximateare given in Table 2.1.

TABLE 2.1Standard Usteorological Surfaces

Pressure Approximate Height Above Sea Level850 millibars 5,000 feet700 " 10,000 *500 " 18,000 "400 " 24,000 "300 " 30,000 "200 " 40,000 "

Since the 850 mb level is near to, or even below, the surface ofthe earth in the vicinity of the Nevada Proving Ground, no attemptvas Bade to trace the primary cloud at this level, although somedebris certainly is carried at levels below 10,000 feet. Therefore,trajectories of the primeiry cloud vere cosiputed for each burst atall standard meteorological levels from 700 nib to the top of the

^^0 O^s


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ouafaroom. Vhere the top of the mushroom reached an elevation betweentwo atandard levels and it was felt that movements cosiputed from theDearest atandard surface would be unrepresentative, additional mapswere drawn for the Intermediate level. Since l^e bulk of the radioactive debris is contained in the mushroom top, it was consideredpartlciilarly inrportant to attempt to track the cloud at that level.

All trajectories were cosiputed by assuming that the flow patternsIndicated on a given map were representative of the six-hour periodcentered at the time of the obaervationa. As far as possible, actualwind observations were used to determine the flow patterns. Onoccasion, however, due to the paucity of wind observations it becamenecessary to use the geostrophic wind, which is based on the relationof the pressure pattern to the wind field.Meteorological trajectories are, of course, subject to error,particularly at levels or over regions of sparse data. In general,over the United States for trajectories of the order of a thousandmiles, it has been found that the errors average ten to twenty percent of the length of the trajectory.


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CHAPTER 3

FALLOUT MDHITGRIKG

3.1 SAMPLING TECHNIQUESAs described in Part I of the report, the two types of equipmentused In collecting debris at the ground by the fixed stations weregummed paper and high-volume air filters, the former at 97 stations inthe United States, Canada and Bermuda and at 13 other foreign stations;the latter at 51 stations within 1,000 miles of the test site. Twenty-two stations made both types of observations. The location of thestations in the United States, Canada and Bermuda and the type of observa

tions made at each Is shown in Figure 3.1.There is a fundamental difference between the two types of observation. The gtanmed paper collects debris actually deposited on a horizontal surface, while the air filter collects particles suspended in,or falling throi:igh the air.Studies of previous tests, which have also been verified in thepresent tests, have shown that the gummed paper collects significantlygreater amoimts of debris during periods of precipitation, as comparedto periods of no precipitation. No such large bias was found with theair filter samplea.A comparison of gummed paper and air filter results for the fivestations furthest from the test site making both types of observationsla ahown in Figure 3.2. The stations, Willlston, North Dakota; Bismarck,North Dakota; Huron, South Dakota; Norfolk, Nebraska; and Concordia,Kansas, are all about 1,000 miles from the site. The activity indicated by the air filter is plotted against the activity on the gummedpaper for every case in which at least one of the measurements indicated aignifleant amounts of debris were present on the sanipling date( 0.1 d/m/meter^ for the air filter or 100 d/m/ft^/day for the gummedpaper). The open circles Indicate that no precipitation had fallenduring the period, the solid circles Indicate the occurrence of precipitation. It is evident there is a positive correlation between the two jrpos of obaorvation. An estimated regression line is shown. However,the tendency for precipitation to bring higher values to the gummedpaper relative to the air filter readings is indicated by the tendencyfor the solid circles to lie below the regression line, as well as bythe increasing proportion of solid circles to be found with. Increasinggunned paper activity. The latter tendency is not found with the airfilter observations,

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ipoo

vno Kp50 KOfXXOJMMEO PAPER, d/m/f#day

1,00( 030

FIGURE 3A COMPAWSON OF 6HMM E0 PAPS B AND AIB FILTEft OBSEEVATION?

t ,"

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It should be emphasized that the characteristics of the gummedpaper are not fully known. For* example, the effect of teinperatureand humidity on the stlcldness of the paper has not been Investigated.A snoir cover vould undoubtedly affect the collection characteristics.Ihe amount of debris carried away In rain which runs or spatters offthe surface Is not Imown, nor Is the effect of the vigor vlth vhlchthe observer shakes off surplus water when removing a rain-soakedpaper from the frame. However, the Increase of reported activity inprecipitation indicated that debris is carried down in the precipitation, and that the gummed paper does retain much of this debris.

The air filter, on the other hand, was sheltered from the rainand debris contained in the precipitation elements is not collected.Occasionally, in heavy rain, the water did get to the filter, inwhich case the filter frequently burst and the sample was lost.

3.2 EXTRAPOLATION TO SAMPLING DATEAll activity reported for the United States and Canadian stationshas been extrapolated to tba sampling date. This has been done byascribing the measured activity to a peurticular burst and assvunlngthat the decay has been proportional to t" * ^ vhere t is the timesince the burst. No attempt has been made to extrapolate the samplesfrom Uexico, Central or South America, Europe, or Africa because ofthe difficulty of ascribing the observed activity to a particular burst.Even for the domestic stations, there is considerable uncertaintyin determining vhlch burst is responsible for the activity at a given

station, although the bursts were separated by several days in thesetests. In addition to considering the computed meteorological trajectories and estimates of low-level trajectories made from the flowpatterns near the ground, it is also necessary to note the arrival ofincreased activity at the various stations. This is not always eisllydonej for exainple, the onset of precipitation can result in Increasedactivity on the gummed paper vhlch may erroneously be ascribed to thearrival of debris from a more recent burst. Changing vind speeds ordirections may also cause Increases of activity not associated vlth anew burst; this is especially true in the dry areas of the Southwest.Since the samples are not measured until quite a fev days, and in someeases veeks, after the date of observation, the extrapolation factorscan be quite large, as much as two orders of magnitude, if the collectionwas made vlthin a day of the assigned burst. Another source of difficulty is that minor contamination of the sample in the counting processcould result in very high extrapolated values, a possible example ofthis is pointed out below in the discussion of the first burst. Also,mixed debris from two bursts vould in general be all ascribed to thelatest burst.

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These factors, coupled vlth the tendency to ascribe debris tothe latest burst lAen there is sons doubt as to its origin, make fora definite bias toward reporting higher activities than actually existed.


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FIGURE 4 1 PRE-TEST BACKGROUND VALUES ON THE GUMMED PAPERS (d/m/ftt/dny)


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I

TABLE 4.2

Maxinum Observed Activity at North American Stations

Station

AsStatlons 200-400 naut. miles from the test site

No

tf+Rain1i ( M .

H+ >^

4-1

Gu3nmed

pO1

Paper

Rain. 14 ? - ^^ tVJ> -P- " ^

p4(D

Air Filter

No Rain

Activity

dBurst

Rain

SI iP " ^ U

p

Santa Catallna, Calif.Los Angeles, Calif.Bakersfield, Calif.Fresno, Calif.Sacramento, Calif.Reno, Nev.Winnemucca, Nev,Elko, Nev.Salt Lake City, UtahFlagstaff, Ariz.Phoenix, Ariz.Yuma, Ariz.San Diego, Calif.

Evu-eka, Calif.Red Bluff, Calif.Mt. Shasta, Calif.

54,000 3 23,000 2 2

23,00060,000710,0003,300,0005500

2200

.es from the25,000

777546

test3

18,00047,000

400,0007,900,00062,00019,000

si te27,000

224422

3

778567

7

3 85 15 018

1 5 0240093,0001200

2 3 016

4 . 1

5 . 42214

52887778688

676

2 . 10 . 21 3 05 . 41 3 0

5700130,0001 6 0

4 61 1

2 . 6

5 . 14 546

24234443325

342

73788888777

788


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TABLE 4.2 (Contid)

StationMsdford, OregonRoseburg, Oreg.Burns, Oreg.Pendleton, Oreg.Baker, Oreg.Boise, IdahoPocatello, IdahoLander, Wyo.Rock Springs, Vyo,Denver, Col.Grand Junction, Col.Colorado Springs, Col.Pueblo, Col.Alamosa, N. M.Raton, N. M.Albuquerque, N. M.Tueson, Ariz.

Gumned PaperNo Rain Rain

p6300

poI3

24,000 8140,000 810,000 7

7400 7

11,000 68900 6

p

68,000 6160,000 3C:Stationa 600-800 naut. milea from the test site

Northhead, Wash.Spokane, Wash.Eallspell, Mont.Missoula, Mont.

370 413,000 8 2100 536,000 3

pc a

61,000 5 7

5,900,000 2 81,400,000 2 7

460,000 2 5350,000 2 6

77

67

Air FilterNo Rainp4 ?6.5468.4247302200300210230370290330190150340260

pB11878887778777676

Rainp4 ?1.577444406800140051012002201801402905202109288

o

2234222242334253

PB

5788875566666767

3.1 6210 8110 71751220

358788


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TABLE 4,2 (Cont'd)

No Rain

p

190,00035,000

46,0007800

Gummed Paper

pB187

77

Rain

3,600,00069,000

55,000160,000

oo

42

64

pB188

75

StationButte, MontanaHelena, Mont.G^eat Falls, Mont.Havre, Mont.BUll ngs, Mont.Sheridan, Wyo.tw Casper, Wyo.Rapid City, S. D;Scottsbluff, Nebr.Cheyenne, Wyo.North Platte, Nebr.Goodland, Kans. 4100 7 180,000 5 6Dodge City, Kans.AmariUo, Tex. 7600 6 7900 2 5Rosvell, N. M. 31,000 7 190,000 3 7

D:Stations 800-1000 nattt. milee from the teat BiteWilliston, N. D. 12,000 7 16,000 4 8Bismarck, N. D, 7600 8 21,000 3 7Huron, S. D. 45,000 7 98,000 6 7Valentine, Nebr.Norfolk, Nebr. 13,000 ? 260,000 3 7

Air FilterNo Rain Rain

P

220380.28081042028090190700130180150

B Ac

7 9907 9008 7807 3907 3907 5007 907 3207 2707 1508 1407 17

555222324345

pB

888888777876

74521012075

78877

2301904212088

42662

68787


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TABLE 4.2 (Cont'd)

Station

Ck>noordia, Kems.Wichita, Kans,Wichita Falls, Tex.Abilene, Tex.Del Rio, Tex.

Fargo, N. D .St. Cloud, Minn.Rochester, Minn.Des Moines, IowaColumbia, Mo.Ft. Smith, Ark.Texarkana, Ark.Port Arthur, Tex.Corpus Christi, Tex.

Green Bay, Wis.Milwaukee, Wis.Terre Haute, Ind,

GummedNo Rain

p

280,00085,00014,00041003400

es from6300840030006000

18,0002800

52,00076003000

.es from68005500

13,000

pB178166

the test777777756

the test777

PaperRain

170,000130,00023,00017,000730Site14,00076,000140,000240,00035,000110,00019,00020006000

site14,000290,000460,000

oo

37544

364526642

455

pB117775

667717717

777


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Yamphie, Tenn.Jackeon, Wee.Blew Orleane, La.Peoria, 111.

QUIEDB~ Paperl o Rain -ain

G:Statione 1400-1600 aaut. nilse from the teat ei teHarquettu, Mich.Saulte S te k i e , Mioh.Eecanaba, Mich.Alpem, Mich.Grad Rapide, U ch .Toledo, OhioFort Wayne, Ind.Dayton, OhioLouieville, Ky.Naehville, Tern.Knoxville, Tenn.Atlanta, CabBirmin&m, Ala.Montgomery, Ala.Mobile, Ala.

H:Stations 1600-1800 nsut. milee from the t a u t s i t eN o r t h Bay, ht- 1000 8 5200 3 8


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TABLE 4 . 2 (Cont'd)GuBBied Paper

No Rain Rain

StationRochester, N, Y.Buffalo, N, Y.Dansville, H. Y.Dunkirk^ N. Y.YoungBtovn, OhioCharlestown, W, V a.Lynchb\irg, Va,Ck-eenville, S. C,Florence, S. C.Savannah, Ga.Jacksonville, Fla.Tallahassee, Fla.:Stations 1800-2000 naut.Moosonee, Oht.Watertown, N. Y .Osowgo, N. Y.Syracuse, N. Y.Albany, N. Y.Binghampton, N. Y.La Guardia, N. Y.

. -p^4100600028004500240042003300150024,0009607800

18,000

miles from17001900140021009405905500

pB

6778775 .77783the test8777757

*^

93,00064,00068,00055,00020,0008400

17,00042,00034,00051,0003,0003300

site56 (u)

170,000140,00034,00055,000810060,000

.oJi336332234662

5543426

i777777753335

8777777


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t ^

TABLE 4.2 (Cont'd)Gummed Paper

No Rain Rain


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lO^OOO 200 400 600 SOO 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 aOOO 22 00 SIOO 2 6 0 0

DISTANCE FROM TEST SITE , nout . m l

FIGURE 4.2 HIGHEST ACT IVITY OBSER VED ON THE GUMMED PAPE R S A T VARIOUSDISTANCES FROM THE T EST SITE

. - - 20 ' . . '


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In certain zones (e.g., stations from 1000-1200 nautical milesfrom the test site) none of the stations experienced as much activityas vould have been expected on the basis of the results from stationsfarther from the test site. For this reason, lines representing theouter envelope of the points in Figure 4.2 at stations over 600 nautical miles from the proving ground have been drawn for the cases withprecipitation (solid line) and vlthout precipitation (dashed line).The lines have not been extended to the area close to the test sitebecause of the greater probability that much higher activity occurred,in this area, at other than the fixed stations.It la interesting to note in Table 4.2 that at virtually all ofthe stations, the highest activity is attributable to debris from thetower bursts, irtilch create and carry alof-t more debris than wouldresult from an air drop. In general, more activity vas observed inthe monitoring netvork follovlng a tover burst as conpared with an airdrop. However, other factors such as the intensity of the explosion,the height attained by the debris, and, of course, the meteorological

conditions associated vlth the cloud may have^also contributed to thisdifference.

4.4 FALLOUT IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA

4.4,1 Description of Maps. THie results of the fallout monitoring program at thefixed stations in the United States, Canada, and Bermuda are inAppendix A, Figures A.1-A.79. Each map shovs the results of allgummed paper and air filter observations started on a given day.All significant activities are extrapolated to the sampling date,the burst to vhlch the debris is ascribed is also indicated, aa arethe precipitation amounts at each station, in accordance vlth thekey printed on each map.No measured gumned paper activities of less than 100d/m/ft^/day or measured air filter concentrations less than 0.05d/m/meter^ vere extrapolated to the sampling date. For low gummed ^paper activities the actual unextrapolated value is given, for theair filters low concentrations are indicated by an L. In a fewcases, the gummed papers vere inadvertently exposed for two or moredays, in that event the average dally values are shown in parentheses.On each of the maps, a solid line outlines the areawith activity greater than 1000 d/m/f t2/day on the gummed papers, adashed line the area vlth more than 100 d/m/ft^/day. Areas of precipitation in the United States are indicated by shading. (Precipitation

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areas are based on reports from the sainpling stations o nly, a ndInterpalatlon betveen the stations is approximate .)

4.4.2 Interpolation of Activity Betveen StationsThe drawing of isolinesof activity implicitly assumesthat it is possible to interpolate betveen atatio ns. It i s, there

fore, necessary to examine the validity of this assumption . Forthis purp ose, several groups of stations vere selected, each groupconsisting of three stations at the vertices of a triangle and afourth station near the center. Three such triangles vere studied,selected because the stations vere close together and not nearthe test site. These groups of stations ver e: l) Goodla nd, DesMoines, Wichita, and Concordia, 2) Mllvaukee, Alpena, Fort Wayneand Grand Rapids, and 3) Terre Haut e, Dayton, Nashville and Louisville. The gummed paper activity expected at the fourth stationof each group vas computed by assxunlng a uniform gradient of activity vlth in the triangle defined by the first three stati ons.Table 4.3 gives the results of these studies. The first columnshows the computed activity at the fourth station, the secondcolumn the value actually observe d, and the third column the rati oof the computed to the observed value.

TABLE 4.3Interpolation Between Stations

Computed(d/m/f t2/da y)

360670006602407400

580005000

210001400008400031003106802700900S400

34000300002000

Observed(d/m/ft2/day)

1601200029067011000

1200006200

28000040000034000330036062060011002800

13000140001600

Ratio(computed/observed)

2.25.62.30.40.70.50.80.10.42.50.90.91.1 /4.5 /0.81.92.62.11.2

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These results indicate that linear interpolation betweenstations is a valid first approximation and in generaJ. vill be inerror by less than an order of magnitude.

4.5 DISCUSSION OF INDIVIDUAL BURSTSAll references to dates of sarrpling in the discussion tofollov are to the date of the beginning of tiis aaripllr^ parlod. Itshould be noted that since the sampling period started at 1830 GCT,the larger part of the collection vas actually made on the following date.4.5.1 Fifst Burst

The first burst of the Snapper-Tumbler series, an airdrop, vas detonated at 800 feet above the ground at 1700 GCT on1 April 1952. The resulting mushroom attained a maximum altitudeof 16,000 feet above sea level. Figure 4.3 shovs a radiosondeobservation for this time. Trajectories of the primary cloud, computed for the 700-mb (10,000-foot) level and the 16,000-foot level,are shown in Figure 4.4. The 16,000-foot trajectory Indicated thatthe debris in the mushroom moved rapidly eastvard emd reached theEast Coast in tvo days. Hovever, the 700-mb trajectory becameinvolved in a cyclonic circulation in the Great Lakes region andthe primary cloud at this level remained in the United States formore than five days.Since this vas the first burst of the series, and

the background observation prior to this date indicated no appreciable radioactivity, there is no problem in the assignment of theactivity to the proper burst. Certain observations are, hovever,difficult to explain, unless it is assumed that contamination ofthe sample occunred in some stage of the processing. For example,the high activity observed at Spokane, Washington; Billings,Montana; Bismarck, North Dakotaj and Tucson, Arizona on observationsStarted 1830 GCT 1 April 1952 vould not have been possible fromthe existing flow patterns. Also, in all of the cases mentioned,the high activity vas confined to only one of the three papersexposed; the actual measured activity on the most active paper vasof the order of a fev hundred d/m/ft /day; and the average of allthree papers was about one hundred in each case. However, sincethe observations vere made Immediately following the burst, andnot counted until 6-8 days later, extrapolation of the activity tothe saaipllng date resulted in recorded values in the neighborhoodof 1,000 d/m/ft2/day.

23

I >.'")H


32/156

4 5 , 0 0 0FEET

40.000

3 5 , 0 0 0

M,000

2 5 , 0 0 0CO

< 20,000

I 5 . 0 0 0

10,000

5,000


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SYMBOLS INDICATE POSITIONS AT 6-TOURLY INTERVALS,DATE INDICATES 0 0 0 0 GCT PCBITION.FIGURE 4.6 PRIMARY CLOUD TRAJECTO RIES FOB THE SECOND BURST


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field^ and not too aach credence can be placed in th exact positionhowB, l0@ver, th general area containing debris is indicated.It i intrstli^ to not0 that thd 16^000-foot trajectory stayedwi-ttiltt a fsv hundred Biles of the test ait and did not paee nearany stations of th@ monitoring network until 18 April. Prior tottls 4at7 th aly activity found was in i@ extreme southern partof California^ In agreeMnt vith the TOO-mb trajectory.

Wrom 18 April to 20 April^ debris V&B d@posltd inIwndft, Itoho and adjoining states, in general a w e e M n t vith "OxevTOnt of th pr io ry cloud at 16^000 faet. On 21 April^ atroBg current of air froa the north b@caa stebliahed ovr thws-torn states and swept th 700-inb debris aoathward ov@r Msxico,% 22 April, ther waa alaoat no significant activity attributedto tills burst over the United States,4,5.? Ihird Ra-st

Tim third burst of this aories was detonated at 1730SCT, 22 April 1952. This burst vas also an air drop, detonated at hei^ t of 3,450 fat above tlie aurface, Tha cloud top reacted42,000 fast above sea level, approximately th levl of the tropo-paus (Figure 4,7). I^ajactorios of tim priimry cloud, coMputadfor all standard ^teorological levels from 700 to 200 mb areshown in Figur 4,8t Th o 300- and 200 m b trajectories indicatethat o tpper art f tho cloud moved eastward, -tti priaary cloudraehiag tto east coast in lees tlian tlsre# days, whil the lowerportion av@d northward along the Pacific Coast into Canada, thaneast aoid south liiroug^ th0 Miaaisaippi Talley.Dobria frcm tho lower portion of th cloud was foundin Sou-ai@rn California on the 23rd and northward to southern Oregonon tha 24tii, On b o ^ days, the appearance of aebria at the groundoocOTred about 24 hoiara after the conputed passage of the 700-iBbfa-ajectory. The absence of any debris nortti of fcdford, Oregon,on aeae or succeeding days is probably a result of th fact -ttmtth wind in th very lowest layers ahlftad from southerly to southwesterly shortly after tte beginning of the sail in g period of 25fey, bringing uncontamlnated air in from th@ Pacific along thOrgon and Washington coastlin.Sv@n more intereatli^ is ii istory of th upperportion of th cloud. Aa can be seen from -Kbe naps of "Uae 23rdai^ 24th, no debris ia found under tto SOO-mb and 200-mb trajactorlee,hich is ot surprising in v i w of the lack of precipitation inth@s# areas. Am tl hl^-level debris novad over th eastern statesIt ncountrd rather heavy and vldespread rain. On Idi 24th, activity

29

35


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45,000FEET

40,000

35,000

30,000

25,000

< 20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

^ .

RETOR

X \J .

FEDCL

^

b X X X X

OUDTO

\ \X ~X ^omp&K

>

\ \ \ \' \

^

-

ipewn

_

* - ~ - . -

-70 -60 -50 . -40 -30 -20 -10 ^ 0C 10 20 30TEMPERATUPE ' ' _ "

f i ^ e 4 . 7 BadiosoM Observation f a r 1500 GT, 22 April 1952

30


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m ^

SYW OLS INDICATE POSITIONS AT e-HOJRLY INTERVALS,mm INWCATES 00 0 0 GCT POSITION.

FIGURE 4.8 PRIMARY CLOUD TRAJECTORIES FOR THE TBHUJ BURST


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a8 found at liiree stationsMontgomery, AlabMai Atlanta, Georgia,m d Hicbmond, Ylrginia, althoiigh the rain -m a soTOwhat m w e irlda-sprad. Eowttvor, by th 25 m , activity V&B general over th MiddleAtlantic and Southaetrn Stetes, again asaoclated vith rain. Onsucceeding days, spotty activity was found in various sections ofth country, Includir^ soBie debria apparently associated -with thetrajectories of th lower half of the stem as it moved sou'ttwardttarou^ th Miasiaaippi Valley.

4.5,4 Fourth Bgt wtTh fourth burst of this series occurred at 1630 GCT,1 Jfay 1952, This shot vas also an air drop, detonated at 1,050feet above the terrain. The rosuiting cloud reached an elevationof 43,500 feet above aea-level, again about the level of tho tropo-pauee (Figur 4.9), Trajectories of the priaary cloud are shownin Figure 4.10 for all standard aeteorological levels from 700 to

200 ab.FrOK 1 Ifay to 4 Vaj, observed activities were inaccord with the computed trajectories, assuming that local windsand lov-level flow patterns in the Southwest account for themodsrate activity there, lowvr, on 5 fcy, moat of the Westernstates reported aoderato concentrations of debris, whereaa on thepreceding day the values were near zero at nany of -Uie stations.Ihe appearanc of activity in this region vaa in apparent contradiction to the expected movsment of debris from tha fourth burst.It can be seen that there actually were two distinct areas ofactivity, on associated with th trajectories from th fourth

burst, and the other apparently centered over th@ Pacific north-imst. By 6 fey, these two areas ajorged and by the nd of thisobservation period debris from the fifth burst (ae@ belcsw, section4.5,5) has reached Salt lAko City, It la difficult to r@concllth apparanc of iae ebris in tho lorthveat, and its subaequanteastMTd 2vi!nt, with the trajectories from the fourth burst atany level. Hovever, the 200 mb trajectory of the third burst canactually be followed cong)l@tely around th earth, and vaa confutedto cross the Califwnia coast at about 1900 GCT, 4 fey movingto ^w ds the northeast. Although considerable uncertainty iaattached to so loi^ a trajectory and to one computod over regionaof such spare Btorological data aa exists in Asia and th Pacific0can, it still offers th moat plauBibl explanation of ttoappewaace of activity in the nortlwestarn states on th Sli,

Ho attempt has been tnade to distinguish bet^n thdebris from the liiird and fotirth bursts in sxtrapolating th activity to the observation date on 5 May or on succeeding days. However, sine this is so long after either burst, the correction wouldSlave the effect of reducing th exta^apolated values at moat by about25^ fa t those stations which had debria from the third burst.32

I * if


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^

4 5 , 000FEET

40OOQ

3S,000

30^000

2S,000

^ 20,000

15,000

10,000

5.000

\ \

'

K>WrED CLOJD

K.

I T O P

\\

"-%

.

\\

\^

1.A, ..,.1

06

\

1 ^ mmm.

1

-70 -60 -5 0 -40 -30 -20 -iOTEMPERATURE

0C 0 20 30

flgir 4.9 laAloaonde Obeermtioa for 1300 f^ 1 m^ 1952

.?^


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FIGURE 4 10 PRIMAEY CLOUD TRAJECTORIES FOK THE FOURTH BURST


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4 . 5 . 5 F i f t h B u r e tTb f i f t h b u r s t of t h e s e r i e s wa s d e t o n a t e d f r o a a 30 0 -fo o t towe r a t 1215 GCT 7 Ib j 1 95 2 . B ie a t i c c lo u d a t t e l M d al a zi m i B a l t i t u d e of 3 4 ,0 0 0 f e e t s e v e r a l ^ o u s a M f e e t b elo w t h el e v e l o f th t r o p o p a u so ( F i g u r e 4 . 1 1 ) .SliM t h i s waa t h e f i r s t t o w e r b u r e t o f t h e o e r i o o .M ore d e b r i s wa s e x p e c t e d t h a n w a s a s so c i a t e d w i t h t h e " ^ o p r e c e d i i ^b u r s t s , "both, because of ttie va D or iz a t lo n of ]M . te r i a l f ro a & e to i ra rand f ro a th inc rea se d amount o f te rros tria l de br i s re s u l t in g f romth c l o se r p r o x i m i t y of t h e b l a a t t o tto g r o u n d . F i g u r e 4 1 2 ahawwt h e c o ^ u t e d t r a j e c t o r i e s o f Uie p r im a r y c l o u d f o r a l l s t a n d a r di w t e o r o l o g l c a l l e v e l s f ro m 70 0 Mb t o 3 00 n b . D e b r i s a t ^m t h r e eu p p er l e v e l s moved a l a io s t d i r e c t l y e a s t w a r d , l ^ s p r l ^ i r y c l o drea ch ing -ttie co as t w i th in about two daya* Hie 700 nb (10 ,000 fe e t )t r a j ec to ry moved oo^-Hha t s low er , bu t over tho saaw ge ne ra l re g i n n .D e b r i s frsHB t h e b u r s t p r o d u c e d t h e h i ^ a a t d e p o s i t e da c t i v i t y a t t h e f i x e d a t e t i o n s i n t h o v i c i n i t y of t h e t e a t s i t e o fa i ^ of the t e s t a . I h i s -was due to the c


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45,000FEET

40,000

35,000

30,000

25,000

< 20,000

I5.X

io,o

8,000

\^

, .

'0 -

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a -s

Srei PORTE

N

0 -40 -5

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0 -2

TOP

M . ^ ^

_ ^ _I11tiX

X\\

OiwroWT TEM^RATUBE[ I

D "IC3 0C 13 2

j

0 30TEMPERATURE

figBT* 411 BadiO0ond Observation for 1200 OCT, 7 fcy 1952

36

,..|


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l> 1

JX

\

'rn'^}!AV^

W^\

^/

. ^ _ 4

- ^ . - . tOMAY^L:~pz rCK)MB;C!0,000Ft): \ . J

_,,,,-.f.

^ i

SYMBO-S INDICATE POSITIONS AT 6-HOURLY INTERVALS.DATE INEXCATES 0 0 0 0 6GT POSITION.

"1

- I i - a r - t t -

FIGURE 4.12 PRIMARY CLOUD TKAJECTOHIES FOR THE FIFTH BURST


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< 20,000

15,000

10,000

s.ooo

-30 -2 0 -10TEMPERATURE

20 30

Fipo-e 4.13 ladioaonde Obeervation for 1200 OCT, 25fcy19S2

8

' " I


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Ihe trajectories of the primary cloud from this burstare shown in Figure 4.14, In general, they are similar to those ofthe precediiig buret, indicating little wind shear In the firstIjOOO miles from the test site, but moving somevhat more slowly,t ^ upper trajectories crosalisg the Atlantic Coast in about threedays.

Agreeiwnt between areas of observed activity and thecomputed trajectories vas quite good, a e lack of vind directionalshear in the first part of th t' 'nj 'ctorl'ss r^S'ilted in 2, i:srr'r'area of ground contamination on 26 May. On 27 fey, heavy ralna in theGreat lakes region were responsible for the increased activity there.Fairly strong activity from the buret was general over moat of thUnited States at least until 1 June, undoubtedly the result of thegreat aaount of debris fron a tower burst as ccmpared vith an airburet.4.5.7 Seventh Burst

d e seventh burst -m^B detonated at 1155 GCT, 1 June1952, Ube cloud frcM iilB ower shot reached 37,000 feet, approxl-aately the level of the tropopause (Figure 4.15). Hie trajectoriesassociated with this burst, vhich alao Indicated little directionalshear in the w l M field, are shown in Figure 4.16.The results of the fallout monitoring networi: for thisburet alio clearly illustrate the greater amounte of debris associatedwith a tower burat. Hlgji activity was found under the priiwry cloudtrajectories on all daya following the burst. The almost conjiletelack of vertical shear in the trajectories until they reached thCSilo valley, coupled irlth videspread rainj resulted in th greatestconcentration of deposited activity In the Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,and Wisconsin area observed for any of the bursts. Aotivities ofseveral hundred thousand d/m/f t^/d^ vere f oiand in each of thesestates on 2 June. Strong concenta'ations of both deposited and airborne debriai froa Idae seventh burst vera fotmd over nuch of thecountry on oucceeding days,

4.5.8 B i i ^ ^ BuretThe ei^th and last burst of the eerlea vaa a towershot detonated at 1155 GCT^ 5 June 1952. Th resulting oushrooareached to 41^500 feet^ again near the level of ttf tropopause

(figore 4,17). The trajectories of the prl ur-y cloud are shoimin Figure 4,18. Tbe ta'ajectorles are again characterized by littledlrectloial wind shear as in lii throe pravioua bur eta. In thiscase, however^ ^ e debris took a uiore northerly patti, and reachedSouthern Canada before turning aoutteaatward and passir^ over theMiddle Atlantic states.

39

'4


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49/156

FEET

40.000

35,000

30,000

_j 25,000to

< 20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000 :

0 I

\

\1 1

1 < i U - REPORTED CLOUD TOPI > f 1l\IVk V

\ \ \ \

^N\ \ % \

*

\

, \\ \

\\\\"'V

BEw'pi

V\

3INT

^\ \1TEWTOAT

U C

-70 -SO -50 -40 -30 -20 -10TEMPERATURE

0C !0 20 30

F i ^ i r e 4.15 l ad iosond Observa t ion tat 1300 GCT^ 1 June 1952

4 1

Ih


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SYMBOLS INDICATE POSITIONS AT 6-HOURLY INTE WA LS.DATE INDICATES 00 0 0 GCT POSITION.FIGUBE 4 16 PRIMAR Y CLOUD TRAJECTORIES FOR THE SEVENTH BURST


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FEET

40,000

35,000

30 , 0 0 0

J 25 , 0 0 02g< 20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

\

REPOR

\

\

TED CLOUD T O PL 1_.____ L

\\

\ A\

\to V

1\1111;

SEW POINT

\TEMF

\EWITIRE

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -!0 0"C 10 20 30TEMPERATURE

Figure 4.17 Badiosonde Observation for 1300 GCT^ 5 June 1952

i 3


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53/156

Aa i r l t ^ -toe o t t e r t o w er b u r s t s , t h i s t e s t a l s o p r o d u ce d h e a vy c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f bo-Qi a i r b o r n e a nd d e p o s i t e d d e b r i s ,M ^ t r a i n t o t h e n o r t h o f t h e t e s t s i t e i n t h e 2 4 -h o u r p e r i o df o l l o w i n g the b u r e t l e d t o gusm ed p a p e r a c t i v i t i e s o f s e v e r a lB i l l i o n d / a / f t ^ / d a y a t G r e a t F a l l s ^ M o nta na , a n d B o i s e , I d a h o , o nS J u n e , A l so o n t h l a d a t e by f a r t h e h i ^ e a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o ra i r b o r n e a c t i v i t y v e r e f o u n d o n Hm h lg h- vo lU B a i r - f i l t e r s a m p l e s .V a lues rea te r- than 1^000 d /a / a i e t e r ^ were fotmd a t se ve ra l s t a t io n sto th e nor th , o f the t e s t s i t e , aad a va lu e of 130 ,000 d /m/meterSw as o b se rv ed a t l l k o , l e v a d a . H l ^ a c t i v i ^ fro ia t h i s b u r s t co n t i n u e d i n t h e e x p e c t e d a r e a s on t h e su c c e e d i n g d a y a . I t i si a t e r e s t i c g t o n e t s t h a t t h s s c a t i i c s s t s r s b o - o n d s r y c f t h e a r e a o fa c t i v i t y fro m t h e e l # . t h b u r s t p r o g r e s s e d e a s t ^ i r d i n a r e g u l a rfas h io n on th e naps o f 7 and 8 Ju ne . Tbla b o u n d a ry c o i n c i d e s i ne a c h c a se i r t l ^ th so u t h e a s t e r n b o u n d a r y , a t t h e e n d o f t h esaa^l lng per iod, of a imss of cold a i r -moving sou-t i ieastward froan e s t e r n C a n ad a , S i n c e t h e t r a j e c t o r i e s o f t h e p r i i M r y c l o u d p a s se do v e r o r t te o u g h t h i s a i r a a a a w h ic h w aa c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y c o n s i d e r a b l ei n s t a b i l i t y , i t : ^ y b e a as ta ce d t h a t t h e d e b r i s w as d i a t e i b u t e dttro ttg ho ttt i t s v e r t i c a l e x t e n t .

A c t i v i t y i n a p p r e c i a b l e a m o u n t a c o n t i n u e d t o b e p r e se n ti n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r maxij d ay s a f t e r t h e l a a t t e s t . A l t h o u ^a t q u i t e a f e w s t a t i o n s a c t i v i t y b e g a n t o a p p r o a c h t h p r s - t e s tb a c l ^ o a n d l e v e l s by I E Ju n e , sp o t t y a c t i v i t y o f m ore t h at i 1 .0 0 0d/m/ft^/day on the guisned papers and more than 20 d/ffl / t teter ' on t i iea i r f i l t e r c o n t i a u e d u n t i l a t l e a a t 1 8 Ju n e , t i e nd o f a aa rp li ngf o r t t e se t e a t e ^ .

4 .6 QimSEAS MOIITOBIIG PBCMIAMI n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s t a t i o n s i n Ca na da a nd B e r n u da , r e p o r t e d i nt l ie p reced ii ag see t lona^ , gmsBed paper o bs e rv a t io ns were ^ d e a t ^ r e es ta t i o n s in Europe and Af r ica and a t one in th e Canal Zone by theUSAF Air Weather Se rv ice and a t seven loc a t i o n s in fexico. C en tra land Soutl i ^erlc&JJBBSSBSBBBBBBSBBBBBlA ^^ a t t empt bas beenHBde t o e x t r a p o l a t e t l ie a c t l v i t j a t a n j of t h e se s t a t i o n s t o tl iea a ar p ll ng d a t e b e ca u se of t li e d i f f i c u l t y i n d e t e r m i n i n g v b i c h b w r a tt ti d eb ri s caae f rom. Sin ce th e re was a miaiffluja of a t le a s t f i v eo r s i x d ay s b etife eix t h e b u r s t d a t e a n d t l i s d a t e a c t i v i t y wa s f i r a td e t e c t e d a t a n y o f t h e s t a t i o n s , t h e m axlinam e x t r a p o l a t i o n f a c t o rC I f th s a ^ l e were no t couiite_d u n t i l se ve ra l weeks l a t e r ) vouldbe of " tee o rde r o f t e n , and in a l a o s t a l l c ase s "would be c on s id e ra b lyl e s s .^'S,! Eyrope and Africa

Thm locationa of tho stations in Europe aad Africa ao-eshown In Figure 4.19, togetiier with the la-ajectory of each of thecloud which oottld b@ tracked across the Atlantis, Only the topoost

4S

ro


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PATE INDICATES PCBJTIONAT 0000 GCT. \FIGURE 4.19 PRIMARY CLOUD TRAJECTORIES ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN


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teajectory tar each clomd ia shown aince thia reproaenta th levelof BaxliBua initial concentration and also, presuHsably, (in thecase of the seventh aM. eighth bursta, lack of wind data at 200 mb.Wide it.neceaaary to aae the SOO-mb trajectories) th level ofBaximuB wind speed. The .gaimd paper activity, uncorrected for decay, at each of the atatlona^Prestwick, Scotland; Shein-lain, Qeraanyj and Hheelua AFB, Tripoliiare shown in Figures 4,20-4,22,together irlth Gi aaount of precipitation observed during eachsampling period, . ' .

"**2 Ifexlco Central and South AmericaThe results of the fallout nonitoring program at.Btatinns In texlco. Central and South Anerlca are given in Table 4,4,

Bie table gives 'the'""unexte'apoiated'""activityBieasured on th gummed' paper, together with iia oncurrent proclpl-totlon (see figures in the Appendix for code table,). At several ata-tiona vhor 'no rain gage was available, d afflounts of precipitation"wr@ eati^tad by the obe.orver.The paucity of netaorologlcal data nakes it impossibleto coinput e-ajactoriea n these regions. However, eajectorlas fseveral of tho biirsts .Ce,g,, Figa. 4.S' and 416) indicated, a aouth-"ward wsvoa@nt of 0 0 ^ portion'of tho priaary. cloud, and in othercaa- debris which passed -oastward over the Atlantic iwy hava recurvedto th soutli and west .around tte Bermuda anticyclone, so liat 'prinarycloud debria aa far south aa Central Aiserica is a posaibility,'al-toough atiGh .movaaent would be alow coHiparsd to the average'sBid-

latitttd aiovHnt0.- ^ . . . ; " - -Ifaich of -tte debris which reached the Central and SouthAffi@rican stations, and probably all that reached the two southenaoststotlona of South Aaerica arrived as the result of mor coBrplex flowpatterns. One process by vhlch debris could be carried to southernlatltudoe is by the diffusion and/or fallout of dabrla into -ttencrtheaat "toadea of th northern hemlsphor, There, winds vould carryth dabrie aouthward to the intertropical convergence zone, whr8Blrlng ifi'tii aouthern hemiaphere air would occur, I bria could alsob@ brouglit to souiaiern latitudes by diffusion and fallout from thenorth winds- ^ich are frequently observed at h i ^ levels in thetropica.

Significant activity waa found at La Paz, .Bolivia, andLiMt, Pru., during.th first w o k of May, but If is la iosalble to.' ...determina If there VBM a souttoard progroaalon of debris, sine.'th@s .1 stations begMi obaervations several' daya before the other .

47


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t

4 0 0 0

soo

4 0 0

3 0 0

ISO

3 0

so

r-

__ \

XUxL 1 11111 1Tmkimt . i i -e .1 M IMI I I I !IMAY

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L.

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S 1 1 11 1 1 MIS

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1 tl

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rrf-J

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J J i X J

n

11 1 1 H I 1 11 1 M 1 1 1 1O

a o - o i a f -a o r - QoS" ~ftONS- LJ r n rJ^U nn f\m ^r

FIGTOE 4.20 UNEXTRAPOLATED GUMMED PAPER DATA FROM PftESTWICK, SCOTLAND


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4000

3000

2000

1000900800700

soo50 0

4 0 0

9 ? ; 300

ITW

d2 0 0

1009 0aorososot4 0

3 0 -

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StOtiXLUlllLU

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jJOlLlLLl 11 l - U X L L L X U U i - U ,11 ( L L L i Xl U- L L L L L U- L UUL1 ^ 13l .0(- 3.00 -0 3 1 - l O t f -a i i - 0 . 3 0 " -e-o.io*-


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Ii

4 T O 0

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5 0

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lAPFBLmSZ

^

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UNE 6

A. L j iL i i j i j aFIGTOE 4.22 0NEXTRAI>OLATEn GUMMED PAPEK DATA FROM WHEELUS AF B, LIBYA

" }


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*f

TABLE 4.4

Unextrapolated Gufflmed Paper Activity at Central and Soutti .A^rloan Stations

n

MU

l a y23456789101 1121 3141 5161718192 02 1

I f ex i co1 9 2 699* 8

1

1 70341 2064163 3079261 3

C i t y8 H 0O

HO

111111111

S a n J o s e9*58 I8 4 " 4 ' W

33

12 mod.4 h i Y j .4 none56 mod.8 n o d .1 8 hrj'4 h.Yj0 hYj,4 mod.8 n o d .0 none8 h v y .0 I g t ,0 I g t .0 KOd.6 5 I g t .

C a n a l879

>5

* 5 8" 3 3

1P

Zone I

PnHHO

B o g a t a4*32 K? 4 1 5 '

1 1^ N -Pb. 4* -HA( P

0 I g t .6 b v y .1 3 B O d ,1 3 t r .13 none0 I g t .0 t r .1 0 n o d .0 h v y .9 ttod.2 5 I g t .

Q u i t o0*1C78 * 3C

029600600404904 82486

' S\*

m

4614651254111553

Lima12*00 S77*00*

P- 43

45 13754 2 06

- y . .091 34

1 ?'1-1 4

10 110 6 hyy. 92 25 tr. 20 17 1


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n

Mexico City San Joee

^ t1 11 21 3141 516171 8

ft4S^9

1 13 5

omA221

45 8^ A

0 h Ty .1 7 t r .2 6 h v y .6 h v y .

T A M J : 4.4 (cont'd)

Canal Zone Bogota %iito Lima IA Paz Santiago

+3 4* *^

1 104215MOO121 16

A5511111

4^ 8

1 1 I g t ,0 t r .6 none6 I g t .0 rood.

43M

40041 2 0

1II22

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C^tt teal mA Smxth ^ e r i c a a a t a t i o n a . Of c o w r s e, i t i s a lw a ya p o s s i -tln â&t BQWB of & a c t i v i t y ^ whicli W^B r e l a t i v e l y low i n B o ata te s^ a r e a a l t o f c on tô ina t i on d i c in g tiie c ou n t ing p ro c e d ure .However^ " t ter* did seaa to t a a ou tl nm r d p r o g r e s s i o n o f a s t i v l ' ^wfeloh. was f i r s t o 'bterved a t San Jose^ Coata l i c a , on 21-22 Ifay; a tB< ô ta, GoltmlJift, oa 23 fey; a t Q ui to , Scuadcsr on 24 Ifayi and a tL i ^ mA Im, P a t on 1 J u n e , Bi f i r s t I t e e e s t a t i o n s w e re a o r 1 ^ ftt# l i i t@ rt ro pic a l convergonc zone^ e f fe c t i v e ly in lo r t t i e rn Eemiapl ie rea i r , l A i l i ^ a a n d l a P az w e re i n S o a l i e r n H em la pliero a i r .

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. -APISIDIl 1 .MffS OP HlDIOACTIfE WMLOm I I THE U H IH ) STAKS Affi) CMADA

Fl go re s Al-A.79 show "tt da ta from t l io fa l l ou t - a io n i t o r i i ^a t a t i o n a - i n im U ni ted S ta te s and- Canada^ p lo t t e d in -accordancewitli th toy ia*intd on eacli map. (T a lu ea i n p a ren - t t o a i a i n d i c a t efee aT-srsg* d a i l y ^sl 'se? fo r o^^-r^^at ioH? vM c^ ina d^ ^r tei ^t l y @X"tendd tor more than- one d ^ . ) Snow ims teen r e d u c e d t o I t si i a t e r q :Ulva len t ,. . ' t t e d a alie d l i n e s o ta tlln a r e a s v l - t t r a d i o a c t i v i t y ^ a a t e rt li an .100. d /m/ f t 2 / d a y o a t h e g u s ^ d p a p e r s , t i e s o l i d l i n e a r e aswi t l i more tlian-' 1000 d /m/ f t ^ /d ay . Areas of p r e c ip i t a t i o n a re in d i c a te d "by shad ing.- . . ' - -

55

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Flfuro A.2 Rod loictwi ffl|lot In tht 24-hoiir ptrlod btgifmlng 1830 6.0.1, 2 April 1952


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FifW A.7 Rodiooetlv follout in th 24-h0ur pariod beginning 1830 6.0.1, TApril 1952


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F lp r t A.8 Rodlooetivi foHoyf in th 24"hur ptriod biginnlnf 1830 6.O.T., 8 April 1952


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$@m A.IQ Rerdloarctivs fatloot in Ih s 24-hour (perk4 dberginnln~1830 GG,T:, I0April i s 2


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F ip r iA . I I Rodiooctlvt fa llout in th t 24-hour period bef innin f 1830 6.C.T., II April 1952


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rigyrs A 27 Rodioactiv fallout in th 24-hoyr ptriod bifinnlnf 1830 6.0.1,27 April 1952


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I I700 GCT Imil21730 GCT I S W l3 1730 GCTBApnI4 1630 GGT I my5 1215 GCT7m61m G C T I W yT l l l GCT IJmt,a l lss GCT SJSMU Unextw0bt.d

Pigurs A 29 Radioactive fat lout in ths 24-hour period bsginning 1830 G.C.T, 29 April 1952


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PRECVITATIW~ I P E T A T I I O NU)M

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Figurs A.30 R@rrS"loacll~(ballout. in the 24-h@ur perisd bsginnlng 1830 GGX, 30 April 1952


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Figure A.32 Rediocl~tive ollout in the %$-hour period beginning 1830 GC.T, 2 May 1952


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PREClPlTATlONPREEP1T&TMUCODE W T OE

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Figure A.33 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1830 G.C.T, 3 May I952


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bigrrrrA.34 Radioactive tallout in Ik e M-hwr period bsginning 1838 GG.T, 4May 1952


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F lp r t A.36 Radlooctwe fallout In th t 24-hour ptriod bf nning t830'6.C.T., 6May 1952


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radioactive debris from operations tumbler and snapper. observations beyond 200 miles from the test...

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