radio one fm94.3

8/9/2019 Radio One Fm94.3

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LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 FM signal in time domain

2.2 Bessels coefficient graph

2.3 Bandwidth of fm signal

2.5 Effect of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis on modulating signal

3.1 Layout of studio equipment

4.1 Layout of transmitter section

4.2 Block diagram of transmitter section

4.3 Lease line modem

4.4 Telos audio codec

4.5 3DRX switcher

4.6 Omnia audio processor

4.7 Harris exciter

4.8 Cross V antenna

5.1 Block diagram of radio receiver system

5.2 Block diagram of audio amplifier system

6.1 HD Radio System Architecture Capable of Multicasting and Data

services


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Lists of abbreviations


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Chapter 1

1.Radio One fm94.3

1.1.History of Organization:-

Radio Mid Day West India Ltd is a joint venture between well known media group of

Mumbai, Mid-day Multimedia and world fame broadcasting group, BBC worldwide. In last 70

years Mid Day Multimedia has grown from a family-owned, one-paper company to a full-

fledged, multiple-media corporation listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National

Stock Exchange.

In first faze of privatization of FM Radio Service in India, Mid Day has started their FM

Radio Service in Mumbai in 2003 by name ofGo Radio and on frequency 92.5 MHz In second

faze they expand their service in six other metro cities namely Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata,

Chennai, Pune and Ahmedabad with brand name of Radio One on frequency at 94.3 MHz

(except Ahemdabad where frequency is 95 MHz). In Delhi they have started their service on 23rd

September 2006.

Radio Mid Day West India Ltd. is the fastest growing radio station company in the

metros headed by Vineet Singh Hukmani who is their Managing Director. Abraham Vernon is

theirNational Programming Director and Rajeev Bhandari is heading theirDelhi station as

Station Head. Their Delhi Stations Programming and RJs team is leaded by Debojeet

Shaha. Radio One is one of the most revenue generating station in Delhi under the leadership of

theirSales Head, Rajesh Ranjan.

With their motto Make Work Fun Radio One is the most exciting group to work in

They empowering and enabling young professionals to become truly multi-media professional.

1.2.Organizational activities:-


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In radio one 94.3 FM the major work is information broadcasting. The major part of

information contains songs, music, chats, live shows, news, advertisements and many more

These programs have been done professionally as well as socially. The main source of their

income is through these advertisements. The company has many centers in different cities with a

no. of employees and running successfully.


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Chapter 2

2. FM basics

2.1. History of FM:-

FM radio was invented by Edwin H. Armstrong in the 1930s for the specific purpose of

overcoming the interference (static) problem of AM radio, to which it is relatively immune. At

the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart. Instead of 10

kHz apart, they are 200 kHz part.

FM refers to frequency modulation, and occurs on VHF airwaves in the frequency range

of 88 to 108 MHz everywhere (except Japan). Japan uses the 76 to 90 MHz band. FM stations

are much more popular in economically developed regions, such as Europe and the United

States, especially since higher sound fidelity and stereo broadcasting became common in this

format.

Radio broadcasting is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, traditionally broadcast

through the air as radio waves (a form of electromagnetic radiation) from a transmitter to an

antenna and a thus to a receiving device. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast

common programming, either in syndication or simulcast or both. Audio broadcasting also can

be done via cable FM, local wire networks, satellite and the Internet

2.2 Introduction to Frequency Modulation:-

2.2.1. Definition:-


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Example if modulating freq is 100 Hz, and freq deviation is 75 kHz, the modulation index will

be 750. But if modulating freq is increased to 15 kHz, modulation index will become as low as 5.

Thus modulation index varies over a large range as frequency is varied.

2.3.1 Mathematical solution for fm wave

Bessel Function solution to FM wave is:-

v = A sin ([c t + mfSin [m t)

v = J0(mf)Cos [ct J1(mf)[Cos ([c- [m) t - Cos ([c+ [m) t ]

+ J2 (mf) [Cos ([c- 2[m) t +Cos ([c+ 2[m) t]

+ J3 (mf) [Cos ([c- 3[m) t +Cos ([c+ 3[m) t]

+.

Amplitude of Jn (mf) can be expressed as:-

Jn (mf) = (mf/ 2)n[1/n! - (mf/ 2)

2/1!(n+1)! + (mf/ 2)

4/2! (n+2)! - .]


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Fig 2.2 Bessels coefficient graph

2.4. Bandwidth of FM signal

2.4.1 Signal bandwidth

Since in fm radio broadcasting, freq deviation is 75 kHz and highest modulating signal freq is

15 kHz, by Carsons rule

BW = 2 (75 + 15)

= 180 kHz

2.4.2 Channel bandwidth

A guard band of 10 kHz is provided on each side to prevent adjacent channel interference

thus total channel bandwidth is 200 kHz.


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Fig 2.3 Bandwidth of fm signal

2.5. Noise considerations in FM:

Fm has a much better noise performance than AM. The channel noise affects the signal in

two ways:-

1. Changes in the amplitude of the signal resulting in AM noise.2.

Changes in the phase of the signal resulting in pm noise and thereby fm noise

In FM the noise still adds to the signal, but because the information resides in frequency

changes instead of amplitude changes, the noise tends to have less of an effect.

2.6. Need for PRE-EMPHASIS and DE-EMPHASIS:-

FM noise is directly proportional to the modulating signal frequency therefore , F noise is

more at higher audio frequencies as compared to lower ones but in any complex audio signal ,

the amplitudes of higher audio frequencies are much less than that of the lower ones therefore the

S / N ratio at higher audio frequencies becomes poor to overcome this problem Pre-emphasis

of audio signal before modulation is being done.

Air has adopted 50 Q sec curve which gives about 13 db boost at 15 kHz figure 11 (a) &

(b) illustrate the effect of pre-emphasis on the modulating signal frequency response at the

transmitterFig 11(c) & (d) show the effect of de-emphasis on the modulating signal and noise at

the fm receiver. The de-emphasis cancels out the pre-emphasis on the signal and also attenuates

the noise at the receiver.

Guard and

fc-

fc-

fc fc

fc


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Fig 2.5 Effect of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis on modulating signal

2.7 ADVANTAGES OF FM OVER AM

There are several advantages of Frequency modulation some of them are given below:-

y FM broadcasts operate in the VHF and UHF ranges in which there happens to be lessnoise than in the MF and HF ranges occupied by AM bands.

y Due to the use of space wave propagation in which the range of operation is limited toslightly more than line of sight, it is possible to operate several independent transmitters

with much less co-channel interference.

y Stereo transmission is possible with FM due to its wider bandwidth.y Additional information such as RDS, SCA can be sent along with the stereo signal.


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Chapter 3

3. Infrastructure of Radio One (94.3 FM)

3.1 Studio equipments layout:-

The layout of studio equipments is shown in fig 3.1. It consist of

y Mixing consoley Telephone sety RCS computer softwarey Mikes & Head phonesy Speakersy Preamplifiersy And other necessary equipments

Fig 3.1 Layout of studio equipment


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3.1.1Studio Block Diagram:-

The block diagram of studio equipment is shown below

Fig 3.2 block diagram of studio

a)Mixing console:-

Mixing console is a device which works as a multiplexer. There is no. of inputs and

outputs fed and emerge from it.

Mixing console having 14 input lines, as follows:-

a) 4 i/p lines from mike

b) 4 i/p lines from work stationc) 2 i/p lines from telephone interfaced) 2 i/p lines from CD playere) 2 i/p lines are kept spare


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It provides O/P in the following manner:-

a) P M (program) O/P to control room.b) AUX (auxiliary) O/P to telephone interfacec) AUD(audio) O/P to work stationd) UTL O/P is normally kept free

b)Microphone:-

Microphone is a device which converts the voice signal to electrical signal. In Radio One

94.3FM NEUMANN-TLM103ni microphones are used. It is a device to interact with live

audience at studio as well listeners at their home. enerally they are four in no., two of them are

used daily live processing and other two are reserved for different purposes like conferencing,and celebrity shows. One microphone is provided to the Radio Jokey (R.J.).

NEUMANN-TLM103ni microphones

c) Telephone Interface:-

It is a device in which many users can interact simultaneously. In Radio One fm 94.3

TELOS 2x12 apparatus is used at which twelve users can call simultaneously and R.J. can

receive any two out of these twelve calls.

TELOS 2x12


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d)RCS Computer software: -

In Radio One fm94.3 RCS software is used which provide the facility to make a schedule

of songs and advertisement for weeks, months and holidays. The changes can be done in that

schedulemeans new songs can be added and old songs can be deleted.

e) CD player:-

Automatic DENON CD PLAYER DN_6000 is used in Radio One fm94.3. The features

of this CD player is like, whenever the system is unable to feed data from computer memory,

microphone or telephone to control room it automatically starts and play songs of respective CD

insert in it. One CD player is also at transmitter section it works when data from studio failed to

reach to transmitter because of some faults.

DENON CD PLAYER DN_6000


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3.2. Back up studio:-

Block diagram of back up studio

Back up studio is used as secondary studio which works when main studio fails to give

transmission. The schedule program is stored and kept as back up if due to some reasons main

studio transmission stops the transmission automatically continues by this.

It is similar to main studio as well as this is recording studio also.

3.3. Administrative office

It have mainly have 3 team which can be divided according to their works . they are generally

bieng divided into the following:-


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y RJs team:- They mainly handle the live broadcasting as well as the song selection whichis to be played in the particular day and back up for the coming days is also framed by

them.

y Sales and marketing team:- They mainly handle the sales department of the company thatinclude advertisements of the company as well as they also seeks for the advertisement

which is to be played on the radio.

y Advertising team:- They mainly frame the outlook of the advertisement which is to beplayed on the radio.

3.4. Control room

Block diagram Control room

In the control room the analog output from main studio, back up studio are taken and

given to the switcher. Then the AES/EBU signals are fed to codecs. After this the digital outputs

are transmitted through LEASED- LINE, V-SAT, ISDN modems. Where for 128 KHz ISDN

modem is used, for 256 KHz VSAT modem and for 2MBPS LEASED LINE modem is used.

Again several equipments are used for switching purposes in the control room thats why it is

also called machine room.

The transmission from studio is carried to the BSNL local exchange and then transmits to

transmitter section at Pitampura via BSNL lines.


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3.4.1. Leased line modem

A Leased Line modem is a high-speed modem designed for use in a private

communications channel leased from a common carrier. Most digital lines require four wires

(two pairs) for full-duplex transmission. It may have built-in lower speeds for alternate use in

dial-up lines.

A leased line is a fixed, dedicated, digital, point to point line for data transfer. The term

"leased line" is a general description of a point to point circuit from a data carrier supplier. These

circuits can be supplied at various speeds and be presented at your site with various interfaces. A

leased line is not connected to a telephone exchange and does not provide DC power, dial tone

busy tone or ring signal.

3.4.2. Integrated services digital network

Abbreviation of integrated services digital network, an international communications

standard for sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone

wires. ISDN supports data transfer rates of 64 Kbps (64,000 bits per second).

There are two types of ISDN:

Basic Rate Interface (BRI) -- consists of two 64-Kbps B-channels and one D-channel for

transmitting control information.

Primary Rate Interface (PRI) -- consists of 23 B-channels and one D-channel (U.S.) or 30 B-

channels and one D-channel (Europe).

The original version of ISDN employs baseband transmission

3.4.3. Very small aperture terminal

Very small aperture terminal, an earthbound station used in satellite communications of

data, voice and video signals, excluding broadcast television. A VSAT consists of two parts, a

transceiver that is placed outdoors in direct line of sight to the satellite and a device that is placed


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indoors to interface the transceiver with the end user's communications device, such as a PC.

VSAT handles data, voice, and video signals.

Chapter 4

4. TRANSMITTER SECTION:-

The pictorial view of transmitter section is shown in figure. 4.1

TUNER

HARRIS

TelosAudio Codec

OMNIA

CD-01u

HARRIS 10 CD

3DRX

VSAT

LEASE LINE MODEM

TRANSMITTER

LAYOUT


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Fig 4.1 Layout of transmitter section

4.1. Block diagram of transmitter section

The block diagram of transmitter antenna section is shown in fig.

Fig 4.2 Block diagram of transmitter section

The radio signal from the local exchange on broadband line of 2 Mbps is received here

for further relay to household radios.

a) Modem:

Power

amplifier/

Intermediate

PA


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Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal

to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the

transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and

decoded to reproduce the original digital data. At the transmitter section it demodulates the

received signal so that it can be processed for relay.

Fig 4.3 Lease line modem

b) Codec-

A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoding and/or decoding a digital

data stream or signal. A codec encodes a data stream or signal for transmission, storage or

encryption, or decodes it for playback or editing. An example of this are the codecs used in the

sound cards of personal computers. The coding of signal in Radio one 94.3 fm transmitter is

done through AES/EBU.

Fig 4.4 Telos audio codec

Codecs are often designed to emphasize certain aspects of the media, or their use, to be

encoded.

Types-- AAC HE-AAC MPE -1 Layer II AMR-WB+

AES/EBU


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The digital audio standard frequently called AES/EBU, officially known as AES3, is used

for carrying digital audio signals between various devices. It was developed by the Audio

Engineering Society (AES) and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and first published in

1992. Later several different physical connectors are also defined as part of the overall group of

standards. A related system, S/PDIF, was developed essentially as a consumer version of

AES/EBU, using connectors more commonly found in the consumer market. These are now part

of the expanded AES3 standard as well.

Now,the received signal in now processed here under different tools for further relay

c) Switcher-

It receives the i/p signal from various codec as well as player and route any one of themon the o/p line for audio processing. The switcher works on the priority mode and switches the

received signal from either of lease line, VSAT, & ISDN on the basis of priority feed to them. At

radio one the priority is in order of lease line, ISDN then VSAT. In case the received signal from

all three of them are not available for sometime the C.D. player automatically plays the song

which can be transmitted over the switcher

Fig 4.5 3DRX switcher

d) Audio processor-

Audio signal processing, sometimes referred to as audio processing, is the intentionaalteration of auditory signals, or sound. As audio signals may be electronically represented in

either digital or analog format, signal processing may occur in either domain. Analog processors

operate directly on the electrical signal, while digital processors operate mathematically on the

binary representation of that signal.


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Traditionally the most important audio processing (in audio broadcasting) takes place just

before the transmitter. Studio audio processing is limited in the modern era due to digital audio

systems (mixers, routers) being pervasive in the studio.

Fig 4.6 Omnia audio processor

In audio broadcasting, the audio processor must:-

prevent over modulation, and minimize it when it occurs maximize overall loudness compensate for non-linear transmitters, more common with medium

wave and shortwave broadcasting

e) Exciter-

It is basically the combination of modulator and amplifier. At radio one the exciter

modulates the i/p audio signal at 94.3 MHz frequency which is the transmitting frequency band

for radio one. The exciter also excites the signal to 30watt power. At radio one we use the exciter

which is manufactured by HARRIS. Here we use digital exciter.


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Fig 4.7 Harris exciter

Sustainable performance is another key benefit of Harris. Unlike analog exciters whose

performance can degenerate over time. Harris will deliver the same exceptional signal quality

years after Installation as it did In the factory on the day of final test.

The signal after being processed is feed to the amplifiers block where they are amplified

to 10kwatt power

f) Control circuit

A microprocessor-based controller monitors over 100 operating functions of the

transmitter and makes intelligent operating decisions based on operating conditions The

controller is designed for direct connection to standard remote control systems, and includes an

RS-232 serial communications port The controller also includes built-in logic and controls for

automatic switching to a backup FM exciter and a reserve IPA section. The main controller

provides automatic power control, VSWR overload protection, automatic RF power soft start

AC restart and diagnostics. Base control functions without the main controller are VSWR

protection, IPA protection, transmitter on/off, failsafe, and interlock.

g) Power amplifiers/ Intermediate power amplifiers:-

The purpose of a power amplifier, in very simple terms, is to take a signal from a source

device and make it suitable for driving a loudspeaker. Ideally, the only thing different between

the input signal and the output signal is the strength of the signal. Power amplifier modules


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consist of two independent MOSFET amplifiers. Each power amplifier module is conservatively

rated to produce over 660 watts of output power into a system VSWR of 1.5:1 at up to 50

degrees Celsius ambient temperature at sea level. The IPA amplifier uses a single pair of

MOSFETs from a standard PA module. The second pair will automatically replace the first pair

on failure, to keep the transmitter on the air. Any PA module can be used as an IPA module,

without modificationthe transmitter on the air. Any PA module can be used as an IPA module,

without modification

h)Antenna

In RADIO ONE FM 94.3 2 pairs ofCROSS-V antenna is used. These antennas are

used in such a way that they are radically outward from main center pillar. This method or

technique is used to increase some range of the coverage area. The cross antenna is a medium

gain and circular polarization structure made of a conductor or strip line over a ground plane

following a cross contour of four or more branches. One end is feed by a generator and the other

one is charged with a load impedance.

Fig 4.8 Cross V antenna

The radio pattern of v antenna is directed in one one direction. To radiate the sound

signal in all direction we use 2 pairs of cross antenna. Thus , the main purpose of using 2 pairs of

cross v antenna is to get the uniform radiation pattern in all direction.


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Chapter 5

5. Reception at home

The radio signal can be received at home at the F.M radio kit. The radio set at home

consists of tuner for tuning the signal from various radio stations.

The block diagram of radio receiver is shown below:-

5.1. Radio Receiver System

Fig 5.1 Block diagram of radio receiver system

The power supply (not shown) is connected to the audio amplifier block.

y Aerial - picks up radio signals from many stations.y Tuner - selects the signal from just one radio station.y Detector - extracts the audio signal carried by the radio signal.y Audio Amplifier - increases the strength (power) of the audio signal.

This could be broken down into the blocks


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Fig 5.2 Block diagram of audio amplifier system

y Microphone - a transducer which converts sound to voltage.y Pre-Amplifier - amplifies the small audio signal (voltage) from the microphone.y Tone and Volume Controls - adjust the nature of the audio signal.

The tone control adjusts the balance of high and low frequencies.

The volume control adjusts the strength of the signal.

y Power Amplifier - increases the strength (power) of the audio signal.y Loudspeaker - a transducer which converts the audio signal to sound.


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Chapter 6

6. FUTURE OF FM

6.1. What is DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale)

Digital Radio Mondiale (abbreviated DRM; Mondiale being French for "worldwide") is a

set of digital audio broadcasting technologies designed to work over the bands currently used for

AM broadcasting, particularly shortwave. DRM can fit more channels than AM, at higher

quality, into a given amount of bandwidth, using various MPE -4 codecs. Digital Radio

Mondiale is also the name of the international non-profit consortium designing and

implementing the platform. Radio France International, TeleDiffusion de France, BBC World

Service, Deutsche Welle, Voice of America, Telefunken (now Transradio) and Thomcast (now

Thomson SA) took part at the formation of the DRM consortium. DRM was originally designed

to allow digital radio broadcasting in the LW, MW and SW bands, using frequencies below

30MHz Radio signals at frequencies below 30 MHz have rather odd propagation characteristics

compared to transmissions that use higher frequencies. DRM has near-FM sound quality plus the

ease-of-use that comes from digital transmissions. The improvement over AM is immediately

noticeable. DRM can be used for a range of audio content, and has the capacity to integrate text

and data. This additional content can be displayed on DRM receivers to enhance the listening

experience.

6.2 Why is Digital Radio Needed?


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There is a global trend towards the adoption of digital technology in radio and

communications, especially for distribution and transmission. Digitalization offers many

substantial advantages to national / international broadcasters and info casters.

We are seeing the introduction of high quality delivery system in homes. FM sound

broadcasting is gradually moving to a DAB standard. But coverage on FM 88-108 MHz (VHF)

is limited. For many national and international broadcasters, the advantages of a

complementary digital broadcast system BELOW 30 MHz are becoming clear. However

the limited fidelity of existing AM services is causing listeners to search for other alternatives.

Implementation of digital radio in today's AM bands (i.e. long, medium and shortwave)

will enable operators to provide services which will be successful with both existing and future

high-quality services operating on other parts of the dial. Digital broadcasting on short-

medium-, or long wave (AM) has many advantages when compared to the conventional analogue

system we use now.

6.3. Advantages of DRM

The advent of DRM has meant that new avenues of obtaining media have been opened up

to the general public. This is down in no small part to the fact that the large music labels and

movie studios feel confident enough in what DRM offers, to make their copyrighted media

available via online methods of distribution. Before DRM the major players in the movie and

music game wouldn't have contemplated making their material available on anything other than a

hard medium such as a CD or DVD.

This is a testament to the fact the DRM technology has advanced to a level where it can

maintain a level of security that even large multinational corporations are happy to use, and to an

extent invest their futures in, as the culture of media distribution shifts towards the online

environment

6.4. What is HD Radio?


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HD Radio is the brand name for a method of digital radio transmission. The HD Radio

system allows stations to broadcast digital audio, multiple program streams, text-based services

and traditional FM, all on the same frequency.

HD Radio: Innovative Digital Audio Broadcast for the Real World

Simultaneous broadcast of both conventional analog and digital signals on the same

channel:

y Uses current frequencyyou may even be able to use your current transmittery HD Radio digital AM has FM-analog qualityy HD Radio digital FM has near-CD qualityy Provides display of Program Associated Data, station branding and enhanced data

services

y Capable of multicasting additional digital audio channels on frequencyy Data tunneling for file transfer


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Fig 6.1 HD Radio System Architecture Capable of Multicasting and Data

services


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6.5. Advantages of HD Radio

There are a host of new benefits that HD Radio technology provides with the upgrade to

digital broadcasting:

Enhanced sound fidelity Upgraded audio quality: It offers new and crisp, crystal-clear sound. AM digital will have FM audio quality FM digital will have CD audio quality Improved reception static-free, crystal-clear reception, without pops, hiss, or fades Advanced data and audio services: multi-casting (multiple audio sources at the same dial position) on-demand audio services store-and-replay (listener store a Radio program for replay later) overlaying real-time traffic information on a navigational map This advanced digital display mechanism of the HD Radio has now enabled syndicated

radio programs to provide regional and local information in a text format.

New wireless data services Scrolling text displayed on Radio screen including song titles, artist names, traffic

updates, weather forecasts, sports scores, and more. The HD Radio uses the advanced

technology to display informational text on the radio screen.

maintain station brand equity Smooth evolution to a digital Radio world Its FREE! No subscription fees.


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6.6. Applications

1. Single Frequency Networks / Boostersa. External 10MHz reference input

i. Allows FM carrier and pilot to be locked to PSii. Carriers are locked dead-on

2. FM Multicast Capabilit3. Data and Text Capability4. AES/EBU input allows precise modulationlevel.

radio one fm94.3

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