CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study The significance of Radio to human life cannot be overestimated. This is true because beyond the physical requirement of food and shelter man needs to develop. The urge for Radio in the area of social development and fostering unity is a primal one and in our contemporary civilization a necessity for survival.

That is to say without Radio no society can exist, much less develop and survive. For existence as well as the organization of every society, Radio is a fundamental and vital process for social development and fostering national unity.

The Radio serves essential functions in the society by accepting and fulfilling certain obligations to the society. These obligations are mainly to be met by setting high professional standard of informativeness, truth, accuracy, objectivity and balance. It could be seen from the foregoing functions that Radio provide information and education, personal identity, entertainment most importantly integration and social interaction; integration and social interaction by giving insight into the circumstance of others as well as by helping with the development of social empathy. Radio is very important to developing communities everywhere, it also seeks to bring the people together and helps to advance national unity.

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However in the recent years Radio had undergone enormous and generally speaking, positive changes. Coinciding with the general rise in educational levels of the overall population, especially in terms of social development. The profession of Radio is very much developed because it integrates Radio into public policy dialogue, process and plan developmental strategy and outreach campaigns for public policy, dialogue and consensus building, thus fostering national unity.

Radio has improved in the quality of production and service to the society, particularly in the promotion of economic and national unity.

The obstacle to the use of communication technology to help marginalized groups to improve their situation lies in a lack of political will, and also in policies that fail to recognize the importance of communication as a social process that can help to bring change and development. For example, Radio leaps the barriers of isolation and illiteracy and it is the most economical electronic media to broadcast and receive. But despite the two billion radio receivers in the world and some 20,000 radio stations, radio is still not being used systematically to help fight poverty, malnutrition and poor health in the developing world.

The need for community participation at all stages of a development initiative has been widely recognized since the late 1970s. However, it has not been sufficiently recognized

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that participation and communication are different sides of the same coin. Only by creating communication processes in which people in the community enter into dialogue and analytical discussion within themselves, will they participate and decide for themselves on changes that affect their lives and become active in implementing them. Radio in particular can provide the platform for the public dialogue through which people can define who they are, what they want, and how to get it, at the same time building long term capacity to solve problems in ways that lead to sustainable social change and development, thereby fostering unity.

Distinct from other forms of broadcasting, radio is non-profit services that is owned and managed by government, but however there are some private radio stations and community radio stations usually managed by the community and private individuals. The programs are based on audience access and participation and reflect the special interests and needs of the society.

The earlier radio stations were simply radiotelegraphy systems and did not carry audio. The first claimed audio transmission that could be termed a broadcast occurred on Christmas Eve in 1906, and was made by Reginald Fessenden. Whether this broadcast actually took place is disputed. While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to radiotelephone devices where only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to large audiences. Charles Harold

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started broadcasting in California in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year.

For the next decade, radio tinkers had to build their own radio receivers. In the Hague, the Netherlands, PCGG started broadcasting on November 6, 1919. Dr. Frank Conrad began broadcasting from his Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania garage with the call letters KDKA. KDKA’s first commercial broadcast was moved from Saxonburg, Butler County, PA on November 2, 1920.

Later, the equipment was moved to the top of an office building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and purchased by Westinghouse. KDKA of Pittsburgh, under Westinghouse’s ownership, started broadcasting as the first licensed “Commercial” radio station in November 2, 1920. The commercial designation came from the type of license; advertisements did not air until years later. The first broadcast in USA was the results of the U.S. Presidential election, 1920. The Montreal station that became CFCF began program broadcasts on May 20, 1920, and the Detroit station that become WWJ began program broadcasts beginning on August 20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time.

Radio Argentina began regularly scheduled transmissions from the Teatro Coliseo in Buenos Aires on August 27, 1920, making its own priority claim. The station got its license on November 1923. The delay was due to the lack of official Argentine licensing procedures before that date. This station

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continued regular broadcasting of entertainment and cultural fare for several decades.

Radio is the older of the two main forms of electronic media, the other being television. Radio in commercial broadcast form has been around since about 1920. Of the two it is far better adapted to abstract thought (such as, to give a begin example, book reviews) and ideally is- well infinite as regards projection of subject matter. The demands are different- sight gags and talking heads are, mercifully, out of the question, but radio has enormous potential for entertainment and enlightenment as well as mere news, weather, traffic and sportive events. I have been off TV many years but an avid radio fan, and particularly espouse WBAI and similar underground stations. Radio can go, where TV simply cannot, and in a sense is far more democratic- there are or were 7 main TV channels in the New York area prior to digitalization. There are many times this number of different types of radio stations with widely divergent points of view and personalities.

Community media, and in particular radio, can provide the platform for the public dialogue through which people can define who they are, what they want, and how to get it, at the same time building long-term capacity to solve problems in ways that lead to sustainable peace and unity. Distinct from other forms of broadcasting, radio is non-profit service that is owned and managed by a particular community, usually through a trust or a foundation. It is also

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managed by the community, and its operation rely mainly on the government own resources.

Also radio reflect and promote local identity, character and culture by focusing principally on local content. Culture is how the people of a community talk about their past and their future. It is what they care about. Like life itself, culture is infinitely variable and constantly evolving. Community culture is also artistic expression through local radio, dance, poetry, theatre and storytelling. Local performers are encouraged to go on air uninhibited by considerations of the ‘professional standards’ they may have acquired from mainstream media. Culture is also language, so programming includes the languages of any minority groups in the country (Eyiah, 2004).

Also radio creates a diversity of voices and opinions on the air through its openness to participation from all sectors. Some discord is present in all communities, but the acknowledgment of conflict is necessary for democracy and for democratic communities. Radio tries to air objectively all sides of a discussion without itself taking sides. Radio encourages open dialogue and democratic process by providing an independent platform for interactive discussion about matters and decisions of importance to the country. In essence, the core of unifying process is the ability of people to hear and make them heard. Radio provides the forum for that to happen. This is consonant with the decentralization process in many countries that aims to being unified decision-making closer to the people concerned. And what is

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happening at the grassroots level- as portrayed by the radio programming can be heard by local government and private institutions, as well as being relayed to policy makers, thus making it possible to design unity initiatives that best meet the aspirations and needs of the people (David, 1999). Radio succeeds when it grows out of the community’s sense of internal cohesion and consciousness. A country that analyses its needs in detail and thinks about the causes of its problems and marginalization will often come to the conclusion that it requires communication (Radio broadcast) to help people formulate common understanding and common goals. This is the foundation stone for a country setting up its own radio station. The ownership and management of the future station are crucial issues that require good preparatory work. Even within the overall concept of country ownership of a station, there usually needs to be somebody, such as a foundation or an association, which represents the country’s interests and also provides a national unity. In addition, some sort of country radio needs to be formed to represent the different sectors in the country. The decision regarding all aspects of the ownership and management must be transparent and democratic.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Radio, despite its growth faces age-old problem stemming from poor ownership structure, a weak financial base, low quality, lack of access to information and conflict with authorities. There is always the tendency to forget that rural

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residents which constitute the majority of means to disseminate information and as a result, its contribution to national unity is restricted. In addition to the above, despite a number of programmes aimed or shown reflects foreign cultures which have negative effect on our own norms and values, and this no doubt is detrimental to our national unity.

The role of radio station owned and run by a community, in providing the forum for the participatory, public dialogue which is essential for social change and fostering unity. The radio station is a platform for identifying and analyzing problems and their solutions, thereby determining development inputs that truly meet local needs. Open access to air complaints from the audience can pressure local authorities to adopt practices of good governance and transparency thereby fostering unity. Cheap and easy to install and operate, radio can also be the interface between poor communities and the internet.

The obstacle to the use of radio technology to help marginalized groups to improve their situation lies in a lack of political will, and also in policies that fail to recognize the importance of radio as a social process that can help to bring changes, national unity and development. For example, radio broadcasting leaps the barriers of isolation and illiteracy and it is the most economical electronic medium to broadcast and receive. But despite the two billion radio receivers in the world and some 20,000 radio stations, radio has still not been used systematically to help fight

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poverty, malnutrition and poor health and national unity in the developing world.The need for community participation at all stages of a unity initiative has been widely recognized since the late 1970s. However, it has not been sufficiently recognized that participation and communication are different sides of the same coin. Only by creating communication processes in which people in the community enter into dialogue and analytical discussion among them will they participate and decide for themselves in changes that affect their lives and become active in implementing them.

The radio station is a platform for identifying and analyzing problems and their solutions, thereby determining development inputs that truly meet local needs. Open access to air complaints from the audience can pressure local authorities to adopt practices of good governance and transparency. Cheap and easy to install and operate, radio can also be the interface between poor country and the internet.

Listeners do not appreciate public radio primarily for its news programming. In the focus-groups undertaken throughout 1986, they spontaneously discussed morning edition, all things considered, and weekend edition more than any other programming.

Radio listeners do not place a high premium on staying informed. They know they can get local news and headlines from commercial radios, and many of them do. Yet they tune

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to public radio for detailed national and international news coverage- the story behind the story. Getting well beyond headlines, public radio tells why an event occurred, what it means, why it is important, and what to expect next. This is important to listeners.

They don’t care where programming is produced, as long as it maintains the qualities they value. Some listeners noted that some local shows do not always meet the standards of those produced by NPR.

Listeners value public radio’s distinctive qualities, and for them its national news occupies a unique position. They do not expect public radio to broadcast from “the scene”, they don’t fault public radio for its “inability” to provide local news, weather, and traffic- they can get all of this elsewhere.Indeed, when listeners discuss news on public radio they are talking about NPR news. There appear to be several reasons why national news is a definite listener drawn and local news is not.

Local news is not unique; it’s widely available on other radio stations, and this will not change soon. Of course, national news is also not unique- particularly on television. However, morning edition airs at a time when radio is better suited to listeners’ activities; and all things considered beats the television networks by ninety minutes.

Many listeners cite lower “professional standards” in local productions; many say station-originated programming just

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isn’t as good” as NPR’s. Of course this varies widely from station to station. Listeners refer not to technical qualities, but to presentation styles and professionalism. Many say local programming does not possess the analysis, intelligence, depth, respect and professionalism they expect from (National) public radio.

Listeners are very clear about the “tones” of public versus commercial radio. To much in public radio’s audience, commercial radio sounds “loud, insistent, hard-sell, noisy;” public radio is “low key, calm, relaxed, soothing.” Public stations sometimes cross this line with negative audience reaction. For instance, the audio from syndicated traffic services usually does not match morning edition’s tone; in order to do so it would be better for the host to read the printed version.

There are many other ways stations can improve their tone, professionalism, analysis, and other appeals. But perhaps there are qualities inherent in local news which simply does not satisfy public radio listeners. Information bits such as weather traffic and school choosing seem much more useful than stories about fires, robberies, muggings-perhaps even more highly valued than city council reports.

May be local events are perceived by listeners as transient or less universal than national and international events-less important to an audience that values public radio for its attention to the “important” things.

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1.3 Objectives of the Study The objective of this research is to:i. To evaluate the role of Radio in fostering national unity.ii. Examine how effective Radio is toward bringing the

desired national unity.iii. To find out the problems of Radio as an agent of

fostering national unity.iv. To find out problems associated with Radio

Broadcasting v. That Radio Nigeria Kaduna is really an instrument of

Fostering National Unity.

1.4 Hypothesis In a research project of this nature there is always the need for some assumptions to be included in the course of the study. To this end, certain hypothesis will be put forward and tested during the investigation.

Hypothesis can be defined as a statement of fact that is yet to be tested. In another development hypothesis is an intelligent guess which is subjected to prove.

It is scientific device to test and prove any assertion or confirmation made in tackling the problem.

Kerhinger defined a hypothesis as a “conjectural statement of the relations between two or more variables.

The hypotheses are usually stated in declarative sentence form either as a null hypothesis or as an alternative hypothesis.

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The under listed hypotheses are all drawn from our research in Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Kaduna

Ho: That Radio Nigerian Kaduna is an instrument of Fostering National Unity.

H1: That Radio Nigerian Kaduna is not an instrument of Fostering National Unity.

1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study This research is to evaluate the performance of Radio Nigeria Kaduna as an instrument of fostering National Unity, 2003-2008, it will cover only the period stated above. i.e. between 2003-2008. The study is limited by:

- Time constraints within which to carry out the research as it is not easy to carry out class work and research simultaneously

- Lack of sufficient data for the research- And also some of the respondents are not willing to

answer the questionnaire given to them

1.6 Significance of the Study This research work will help to enlighten the general public on the roles that Radio plays in fostering national unity in the country (Nigeria) and also to evaluate the performance of Radio Nigeria Kaduna.

The study will also help the policy makers at the Federal, State and Local Government to realize the contributions of Radio as an instrument of Fostering National Unity.

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This will enable them to make reasonable budgetary provisions to the existing Radio agencies to enable them to perform more effectively for the benefit of the society as a whole.

This study will also help any other person interested to conduct research on the field of Radio and other media organizations. And to be able to build up from where the researcher stopped at.

1.7 Methodology of the Study For one to find out certain problem and its solution, he has to apply different techniques or methods in achieving this. This is regardless of the concept one is or is going to deal with.

As a result of this, the primary data for this research work was sourced from two (2) main methods. They are:

a. Direct interview with staff of Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria, Kaduna.

b. A questionnaire tagged “Evaluation of the performance of Radio Nigeria Kaduna as an instrument of Fostering National Unity”

1.7.1Sources of Data

Data will be collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary source refers to main source of data while the secondary source refers to data that is obtained through surveys of documents and available literature.

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Primary data therefore, refers to data collected from interviews, questionnaire, from observation of documents and other procedures. However, the secondary sources include data gathered from already existing information which included books, publications, newspaper articles and internet services etc.

Interview

Interview have proved to be very important method of data collection, interviews are means of data collection that are used by the researcher because undependable part of fact finding and if well conducted, provides valuable information about policies and situation that might not be apparent from documents. It allows a face to face encounter between the interviewer and the respondent(s), to discuss in a friendly manner, those problems that need straight answers, where the respondent does not understand what the interviewer is trying to say. It was also chosen by the researcher to use interviewers because it is relatively inexpensive to cover a wide field of study and the respondents were willing to cooperate with the researcher.

It has been observed generally that people are usually more willing to talk to the researcher face to face than to actually write down their responses on paper. As such, the interview techniques as a means of data collection were designed mainly on the personnel due to its importance. The interview, which is to be conducted, must be made to fit into the overall fact finding strategy. The interviewee must be

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informed in advance of the proposed interview so that they could be prepared to answer any question put forward to them. The researcher should make preparation in advance about the suitable time and appropriate venue. In addition, the interviews provide the researcher with a primary understanding of the size and structure of Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Kaduna and how the activities of broadcasting is achieved and the overall set goals and objectives.

Questionnaire

As a method of data collection, the questionnaire involves the preparation and sending of list of questions pertaining the fact finding exercise to various respondents. It contains questions and spaces for answer to the various questions. Not all the personnel of the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria, Kaduna opted to grant the researcher and interview session. As a result, they preferred the use of research questionnaire, which saves time and energy for both parties, questionnaire allow for more time to think and write down the best answers to the questions which would cause quality and lead to the validity of the research findings.

- The explanation of its purpose in brief, of this is however not self evident from its contents.

- The preparation of short, unbiased and straight-forward questions.

- Bearing in mind the level of intellect and likely interest of the response.

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- Estimation of the time and cost in the process of concluding the study.

The use of questionnaires to carry out a survey usually proved slow, as many respondents sometimes find it hard to create time. The use of questionnaires suffers from not allowing a face to face contact between the two parties. This has been proven due to the fact that the respondent cannot ask another to further explain himself where the content of the question are not properly understood.

Questionnaires are of two types: the open-ended and the close-ended questioners

An opened-ended questionnaire is that which does not give any choice to the respondents. They provide answers to the questions, which have already been posed. These types of questions make analysis and data interpretation very simple for the researcher, for him to draw conclusions and subsequently, make recommendation.

A close ended questionnaire is that which offers the respondents answers from which they make a choice which is close to their view i.e. it requires a choice between a number of given answers e.g. are you a student, graduate or an employee? Etc. questionnaire are prepared and distributed to sample staff of the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria, Kaduna. It is made certain that every member of the sample population receives at least a copy of the

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questionnaire. It was expected that the responses from such questionnaires would enlighten the research on:

- An Evaluation of the performance of Radio Nigerian Kaduna as an instrument of Fostering National Unity.

- The adequacy of Fostering National Unity

- Do the Radio serve as an instrument of Fostering National Unity?

It was hoped that the analysis of this information would assist the researcher in arriving at a conclusion from the research findings.

1.7.2Population and Sample Size

The population for this research will be all the staff of the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria, Kaduna. Whose staff strength was five hundred (500). Therefore, the sample size for this study shall be two hundred people randomly selected. The sample size randomly selected will cut across the various strata of the employees and management staff. The sample size equally represents a sizeable number of the total population for the study, since it is above ten percent (10%) of the total population.

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1.7.3Sampling Techniques

The sampling method to be used in this study is the random sampling techniques. The researcher decide to use random sampling procedure for the study because, it is an easy means of gathering or getting information from a large group.

1.7.4 Justification for Sampling Techniques Employed

In choosing sample randomly the researcher takes into consideration, the cost reduction, this type of procedure will afford the researcher. If the data secured from only a small fraction of the aggregate, expenditure are smaller than if a complete census (total population) is attempted or taken. The greater speed with which the data can be collected and summarized will be more enhanced with a sample than with complete count or total population. Surveys that rely on sampling have more scope and flexibility regarding the type of information than can be obtained.

Greater accuracy will also be achieved; having a sample may produce more accurate result than the complete enumeration or total population.

1.7.3Method of Data Analysis

The researchers used the simple percentage method of statistical techniques for the analysis of data. The choice of this technique is for easier tabulation and clarity in the analysis of each question from the questionnaire

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administered. For example, the analysis took the form as expressed below.

Number of Respondents X 100

Total Respondents 1

Also tables may be drawn for each questionnaire

1.8 Plan of the Thesis

This study is divided into 5 (five) chapters.

Chapter one is introductory: it discusses the objectives of the study, its significance, the problem question(s), limitation and scope of the study.

Chapter two deals with the review of related literature. Chapter three shows the research methodology employed and the methods of data collection.

Chapter four analyzed the data gathered during the research. Chapter five is a summary of the research findings. It makes recommendations for improvement of observed weaknesses.

Finally, references cited in this work will be provided at other end of the study

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END NOTE 1. Michael F Salvester, (1989), Radio Broadcasting and Social

Problems, Kazan; Kazan State University Press. Pg. 4-6

2. Keith, T Robinson, (1994), Media, Culture and Morality, London; Rutledge Press. Pg. 18

3. Enugjun, M. Richard, (1999), The Media’s Image of Homeless Culture, Westport; Praeger Press. Pg. 25-27

4. Henshel, R. Lucky, (2000), Television and Society. Cambridge; Policy Press. Pg. 10

5. Maining. W. David, (2000), The Role of Radio broadcasting in Social Development, New York: Macmillan. Pg. 30-34

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CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.0 Introduction This chapter of the research will review comments, statements and opinions made by various writers and group of person’s as contained in books, newspapers, magazine and journals. Having direct or indirect bearing on the topic of this research.

“An Evaluation of the Performance of Radio Nigerian Kaduna as an Instrument of Fostering National Unity, 2003-2008”

2.1 Concept of Radio Radio broadcasting is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, broadcast through the air as radio waves (a form of electromagnetic radiation) from a transmitter to a receiving antenna. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast common programming, either in syndication or simulcast or both. Audio broadcasting also can be done via cable FM, local wire networks, satellite and the Internet.

The earliest radio stations were simply radiotelegraphy systems and did not carry audio. The first claimed audio transmission that could be termed a broadcast occurred on Christmas Eve in 1906, and was made by Reginald Fessenden. Whether this broadcast actually took place is disputed. While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to radiotelephone devices where only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to larger audiences. Charles Harold

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started broadcasting in California in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year. (Harold’s station eventually became KCBS).

For the next decade, radio tinkerers had to build their own radio receivers. In The Hague, the Netherlands, PCGG started broadcasting on November 6, 1919. Dr. Frank Conrad began broadcasting from his Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania garage with the call letters KDKA. KDKA's first commercial broadcast was made from Saxonburg, Butler County, PA on November 2, 1920. Later, the equipment was moved to the top of an office building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and purchased by Westinghouse. KDKA of Pittsburgh, under Westinghouse's ownership started broadcasting as the first licensed "commercial" radio station on November 2, 1920. The commercial designation came from the type of license; advertisements did not air until years later. The first broadcast in USA was the results of the U.S. presidential election, 1920. The Montreal station that became CFCF began program broadcasts on May 20, 1920, and the Detroit station that became WWJ began program broadcasts beginning on August 20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time.

Radio Argentina began regularly scheduled transmissions from the Teatro Coliseo in Buenos Aires on August 27, 1920, making its own priority claim. The station got its license on November 19, 1923. The delay was due to the lack of official Argentine licensing procedures before that date. This station continued regular broadcasting of

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entertainment and cultural fare for several decades (Baudino, 1977).

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2.2 Radio as a Mass Medium Mass denotes a section of the media specifically designed to reach a large audience. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass circulation newspapers and magazines. However, some forms of mass media such as books, and manuscripts had already been in use for centuries.

Mass media includes internet media (like blogs, message boards, pod-cats, and video sharing) because individuals now have a means to exposure that is comparable in scale to that previously restricted to a select group of mass media producers. The communications audience has been viewed by some commentators as forming a mass society with special characteristics, notably atomization or lack of social connections, which render it especially susceptible to the influence of modern mass-media techniques such as advertising and propaganda.

The term public media is less used and is defined as “media whose mission is to serve or engage a public” Radio is the older of the two main forms of electronic media, the other being television. Radio in commercial broadcast form has been around since about 1920. Of the two it is far better adapted to abstract thought (such as, to give a benign example, Book reviews) and ideally is-well infinite as regards projection of subject matter. The demands are different- sight, gags and talking heads are, mercifully, out of the question, but radio has enormous potential for entertainment and enlightenment as well as mere news,

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weather, traffic and positive events. I have been off TV many years but an avid radio fan, and particularly espouse WBAI and similar underground stations. Radio can go, where TV simply cannot, and in a sense is far more democratic- there are or were 7 main TV channels in the New York area prior to digitalization: - there are many times this number of different types of radio stations with widely divergent points of view and personalities (Collins, 2002).

Some promising work is being done under UNESCO auspices to use radio stations as the interface between the people and the internet. For example, programmes called “Radio browsing the internet” allow community broadcasters to discuss website information in the local language and adapt the information in the local interests thereby uniting the people or community. Listeners can request information on specific topics, such as market trends, agriculture, health, or life skills for poverty alleviation and unifying factor. The broadcasters search the web for the requested information and put the results on air. They can also arrange for on-line discussion between health workers, agricultural extensionists, or ordinary villagers with technical experts to discuss a particular problem and broadcast the results (Maining, 2000).

He further said Radio stations can also be the base for multi-purpose rural “telecenters”, places with an internet connection and other services such as public telephone and fax, collections of video, cassette tapes, books etc. the sale of records and equipment, and providing services such as

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desk-top publishing can help such centers to become self sufficient.

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2.3 Evolution of Radio Radio broadcasting has undergone tremendous changes in the last decade. The monopoly by government has been broken. Radio and television are improving and are gradually becoming powerful instruments for public information and education. However, despite progress made, Radio broadcasting remain constrained by acute problems including a lack of finance, human and material resources (Akin 2004) .

Except in countries undergoing serious social and political crises the Radio broadcasting have undergone tremendous and generally positive changes in the last decade. As a result of democracy movement of early 1990’s the monopoly of Radio broadcasting by government has been broken.

In virtually every country, private newspapers are flourishing. Ten years ago, in most French – speaking countries there was usually just one national daily newspaper, invariably every newspaper was government–owned with a few privately-sponsored newspapers struggling to survive as weeklies, bi-weeklies and monthlies (Stanley, 1998).

Lemert (1999) opined that the strongest government media monopoly broken last decade is that of the radio. He further says government authorities have always considered radio and television broadcasting as their own cherished territory, not to be penetrated by private operators. Now in almost

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every country, private radio stations proliferate, most of them broadcasting on Frequency Modulation (FM) channels with relatively low output and coverage areas.

Similar developments, though not so pronounced, have taken place in television, with the privatization of ownership and proliferation of cable and satellite broadcasting or relay stations.

The key question however, is whether the increase in number has led to improvement in the quality of production and service to society, particularly in the promotion of economic and social development (Richard, 2000).

Radio is the older of the two main forms of electronic media, the other being television. Radio in commercial broadcast form has been around since about 1920. Of the two it is far better adapted to abstract thought (such as, to give a begin example, book reviews) and ideally is- well infinite as regards projection of subject matter. The demands are different- sight gags and talking heads are, mercifully, out of the question, but radio has enormous potential for entertainment and enlightenment as well as mere news, weather, traffic and sportive events. The reseacher have been off TV many years but an avid radio fan, and particularly espouse WBAI and similar underground stations. Radio can go, where TV simply cannot, and in a sense is far more democratic- there are or were 7 main TV channels in the New York area prior to digitalization. There are many times this number of different types of radio stations with

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widely divergent points of view and personalities (Richard, 2000).

Depth of coverage is only one of the several qualities inherent in public radio news programming.

Listeners mention that public radio displays intelligence, integrity, and degree of professionalism not found elsewhere. They also feel that network journalism on public radio treats its subjects and its audience with respect. Public radio’s approach is analytical, not sensational; it assumes a certain level of intelligence among its listeners and, in so doing, treats them as intelligent people.

Public radio listeners are an intelligent group of people who appreciate being treated with respect; many say public radio is the only electronic mass medium that takes its audience seriously.Listeners believe that commercial broadcasters are locked in a rating war sensationalizing news in an effort to attract the biggest audience (Robert, 2007).

2.4 Relationship Between Radio and the Society Denis (1994) in his book titled theories of mass communication says but it is hard to draw a line between ideas concerning Radio broadcasting and wider theories of society.

Yet one can at least try to recognize some of the fundamental underlying assumptions about the relationship between Radio broadcasting and society. Most basic is the

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view that Radio broadcasting is an established social institution with its own distinctive set of norms and practices but with its scope activities subject to definition and limitation by the wider society. This implies that the Radio are essentially dependent on “Society” especially on the institutions of political, social development and economic power, although there is scope for influence in return, and the media institution may be gaining in autonomy, simple as a result of extending volume and scope of activities of the Radio .

Stephen (1998) further says the nature of relationship between Radio broadcasting and society depends on circumstances of time and place.

He also says that Radio in modern developed nation states, mainly elective democracies with free market (or mixed) economies which are integrated into wider international set of economic, political and social development relations of exchange, competition and also domination or conflict. He further argued that despite apparent stability in this social context, deep latent conflicts and tension exist nationally and internationally which find expression in conflicts of ideology, competing claims for resources and occasionally, social crises.

The Radio broadcasting is deeply involved in these matters as producers, disseminators and stores of meaning about event and context of social life.

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The theory of Radio broadcasting is characterized by widely divergent perspectives, in addition to a fundamental difference between the left and right of the social development between progressive and conservative, or critical and applied purpose- which plays a major part in structuring theory, these are two main difference of perspective in relation to Radio broadcasting and society (McQuail, 1993). He also said one of these separates Radio broadcasting centric from society centric (or social centric) approaches.Golding and Murdock (1998) says Radio centric theory sees Radio as a primary mover in social change and often themselves driven forwards by irresistible developments, whether or not society driven, tending to respond to each major shift of Radio technology and structure.

They further said the second main dividing line is between those theorists whose interest (and conviction) lies in the realm of culture and ideas and those who emphasize social forces and factors. This divide corresponds approximately with certain other dimension; humanistic versus scientific; qualitative versus quantitative; and subjective versus objective, while these differences may reflect only the necessity for some division of labour in a wide territory, they often involve competing and contradictory claims about how to pose questions, conducts research and provide explanation. These two alternatives are independent of each other, so that in fact several different perspectives on Radio broadcasting and society can be identified.

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Radio succeeds when it grows out of the community’s sense of internal cohesion and consciousness. A community that analyses its needs in detail and thinks about the causes of its problems and marginalization will often come to the conclusion that it requires communication to help people formulate common understanding and common goals. This is the foundation stone for a society setting up its own radio station.

The ownership and management of the future stations are crucial issues that require good preparatory work. Even within the overall concept of community ownership of a station, there usually needs to be somebody, such as a foundation or an association, which represents the community’s interests and also provides a juridical entity (Collin, 2002).

In addition some sort of community radio needs to be formed to represent the different sectors in the society. The decisions regarding all aspects of the ownership and management must be transparent and democratic.

Precise methodology for evaluating the impact of radio, based on appropriate social indicators, has still to be devised. However, some societies have managed to bring about important social changes and development initiatives and the result of thorough discussion and debate of issues broadcast by their own radio station. Some examples follow. To an outsider they may appear trivial, but in the context of

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the prevailing poverty and seen against the people’s traditional apathy and inertia, they signify that radio can create the will and energy for change in communities (Collins, 2002).

Collins also said Gambling, which had been a passionate pastime for men, because socially unacceptable in a society. A series of broadcast discussion and interviews with women and children of gamblers made the men conscious of the hardships their losses were causing, and so they gave it up.

Illegal logging and fishing by major corporations was brought to an end by people who brought their complaints to the radio station. The local authorities, who had been bribed to turn a blind eye, were brought to account by the criticisms expressed on the air.

Delinquent and unemployed youths were motivated to clean up the village pond and start an ornamental fish production enterprise. Butchers were prohibited from bringing live animals to the market and slaughtering them there.

Listeners feel that commercial broadcasters are locked in ratings war- sensationalizing news in an effort to attract the biggest audience. Listeners feel that public radio’s non-commercial nature allows it to provide a less afflicted public service.

This attitude permeates listeners perceptions about what motivates reporters. They feel that commercial considerations require reporters and newscasters to be

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personalities. By contrast, listeners believe that public radio’s non-commercial environment encourages news professionals to be professional to concentrate on intelligently informing the public (Robert, 2007).

He also said listeners feel that public radio reporters usually do not impose themselves upon a story, and they value this perceived detachment, objectively, accuracy, and professionalism. Everything Geraldo Rivera is, public radio reporters are not.

Most listeners are familiar with the term “National Public Radio,” and many use “NPR” interchangeably with “public radio”. For them, NPR is public radio.

A significant number are aware that “NPR” is a production center; but most listeners think is programmatic, not organizational terms.

Indeed, when asked point-blank if public radio’s news is based too heavily on events happening in Washington, DC, listeners typically react with surprise, indicating that this is where important news is made, so it should be a focus of attention.

They don’t care where programming is produced, as long as it maintains the qualities they value. Some listeners noted that some local shows do not always meet the standards of those produced by NPR.

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Listeners value public radio’s distinctive qualities, and for them its national news occupies a unique position. They do not expect public radio to broadcast from “the scene”, they don’t fault public radio for its “inability” to provide local news, weather, and traffic- they can get all of this elsewhere.

Several stations in cities where the focus groups were conducted invests a lot in local news and events converge; their local news sounds better than local news at many other public stations. Yet many listeners say this local news does not attract or endear them to public radio.

Indeed, when listeners discuss news on public radio they are talking about NPR news. There appear to be several reasons why national news is a definite listener drawn and local news is not.

Local news is not unique; it’s widely available on other radio stations, and this will not change soon. Of course, national news is also not unique- particularly on television. However, morning edition airs at a time when radio is better suited to listeners’ activities; and all things considered beats the television networks by ninety minutes.

Many listeners cite lower “professional standards” in local productions; many say station-originated programming just “isn’t as good” as NPR’s. Of course this varies widely from station to station. Listeners refer not to technical qualities, but to presentation styles and professionalism. Many say local programming does not posses the analysis,

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intelligence, depth, respect and professionalism they expect from (National) public radio.

Listeners are very clear about the “tones” of public versus commercial radio. To much in public radio’s audience, commercial radio sounds “loud, insistent, hard-sell, noisy;” public radio is “low key, claim, relaxed, soothing.” Public stations sometimes cross this line with negative audience reaction. For instance, the audio from syndicated traffic services usually does not match morning edition’s tone; in order to do so it would be better for the host to read the printed version.

There are many other ways stations can improve their tone, professionalism, analysis, and other appeals. But perhaps there are qualities inherent in local news which simply do not satisfy public radio listeners. Information bits such as weather traffic, and school choosing seem much more useful than stories about fires, robberies, muggings-perhaps even more highly values than city council reports.

May be local events are perceived by listeners as transient or less universal than national and international events-less important to an audience that values public radio for its attention to the “important” things.

2.5 Radio and Social Integration Functionalist theory is really only useful for considering question of social integration. Without integration there can be no agreement on goals and means no co-ordinated

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activity to achieve social development. Both “functional and normative” integration, are indispensable.

However, in a complex society there will be a number of different ways for societies to achieve required social development by the control and consensus, and Radio are only one institution among several with overlapping tasks in this respect (Burn, 1997) .

He further said that the effect of Radio as regard to national unity have often been studied in terms of the contribution made to formal control or the formation of consensus (sometime from a critical perspective) Radio broadcasting institution ensure conformity to national or general public interest or at least operate within limits of is considered broadly acceptable terms of criticism of government and society or matters of public.

Murdock (1997) argued that cohesion and loyalty within Radio broadcasting organizations are likely to contribute to integration into the society and to support for wider process of social control and cohesion, often Radio broadcasting take upon themselves to speak up for and express what they believe to be the dominant values of their own society, Radio broadcasting tend to support values not only of society as a whole but also of segments within it, defined in various ways, for instance local community Radio have consistently been portrayed, as helping to promote identity and national unity within the anonymity of large urban societies (Janowitz, 1987) .

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Social Uses of Radio James Luk’s (1982) research into the social uses of television, based on participant observation of family media use, has confirmed, or added tom what was already established. The offers a useful framework and presents a livefold typology of uses; structural, relational, affiliation or avoidance, social learning and competence/ dominance.

The first of these categories, structural refers to uses of Radio broadcasting as background providing companionship, regulating pattering of activity and talk.

Mendelssohn (1988) earlier described radio as “bracketing” the day and creating or controlling “moods”. The rational heading is similar to what was earlier called the coin of exchange, function of Radio broadcasting use; the Radio broadcasting provide common ground for talk. He further says the affiliation or avoidance dimension refers to Radio broadcasting as an aid to the media in increasing family solidarity, maintaining relationships and decreasing tension. Social development has mainly to do with various aspect of socialization competence/ dominance has to do with the role enactment and reinforcement, with validation of arguments, with being an opinion leader in order to foster unity.

Lindlof and Traudt (1983) have argued that television, far from undermining the family as was once supposed, probably helps to reduce tension in families and to maintain some personal space in a cramped physical environment.

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The further said it is certainly becoming clear that most normal human resources into domestic setting of television use in particular has revealed the extent to which something apparently simple as viewing television is governed by complex unspoken rules and understanding, which vary from one family to another.

2.6 Role of Radio in Community DevelopmentThe significance of Radio broadcasting for human life cannot be overestimated. This is true because beyond the physical requirements of food and shelter man needs to communicate with his or her fellow human beings. This urge for communication is a primal one and in our contemporary civilization a necessity for survival. That is to say, without Radio broadcasting no society can exist, much less develop and survive. For the existence as well as the organization of every society, communication is a fundamental and vital process fostering national unity (Kingsley, 2004).

Radio broadcasting such as radio, television, film, newspaper, magazine, boot etc. they are part of institution they work for and should not be blamed personally for what comes from the institution. The credibility of message is not for the individual communicator, but for the institution or the organization that sends it. Thus, Radio broadcasting deals with collective sender. For example, a newspaper is not produced by only one person. The newspaper and magazine is the end results of collective effort of reporters, editors, type – setters, pro – of readers, designers and printers.

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These must be well trained persons. It is, however, sad to admit that the Radio broadcasting have been infiltrated by some unqualified persons as well as some unscrupulous individuals with their own political agenda as other than to serve communities they supposed to educate, inform, entertain and mobilize for fostering unity. Hence, the establishment of media or radio commission in most democratic and civilized communities, institution and organizations engaged in Radio broadcasting anywhere must be weary of such persons. The other important area of notice is that Radio broadcasting deals with the concept of audience. Here there is no common motivation. Audience do not act together, they belong to different classes different education socio-economic status all in attempt to bring unity (Stanley 2002).

The Radio broadcasting serves essential function in the society by accepting and fulfilling certain obligation to the society.

These obligations are mainly to be met by setting high professional standard of informativeness, truth, accuracy, objectivity and balance.

In accepting and applying these obligations the elements of the Radio broadcasting should be self- regulating within the framework of law and established institutions they should might lead to crime, violence or civil disorder or give offence to any group of people in the society because of their faith or ethnicity (Joe, 1996).

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To Listeners, public radio is the sum of a number of positive qualities- qualities which make public radio important to them qualities which public radio must foster.

For instance, listeners perception of public radio as a public service distinguishes it from commercial radio as much as the lack of commercials does. It’s an accurate perception which public radio’s pre-occupation with increasing audience could shatter.

This is important to remember because it would be very easy to inadvertently blow the public service image.

Discussion about “audience doubling,” for instance, should always be carefully characterized and presented (Halper, 2009).

Its’ one thing for a listener to hear you say “Public radio will double its audience,” that’s commercial talk. It’s quite another to say “public radio will double its service to the audience”.

That’s the talk of a responsible public broadcaster consistent will audience perception.Of course, audience service is what most public broadcasters are implicitly addressing when they talk about doubling audience. It would be a shame if the audience or people who believe public monies would be better spent elsewhere-misunderstood these discussions. Such a misunderstanding could decimate the crucial “mutual bond

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of trust” between public radio and its listeners a bond identified by listeners as important. Remember the reasons they listen to and support it (Atgelt, 2008).

2.7 Functions of Radio The following are the specific function of Radio broadcasting to the society thus:i. Surveillance of the environment: This is the collection

and distribution of information within and outside a particular environment. The information flow is necessary for unity and cohence if we live in the society of collectivity.

ii. Correlation of parts of the society: this includes the interpretation of the information, the prescription of conducting and the comment on social value.

iii. Transmission of social heritage: By communicating information through the Radio broadcasting we are transmitting social and cultural values which aim at sustaining the society

iv. Educating the masses: Education on the policies of governments and the rights and responsibilities could be carried out through the mass media.

v. Entertainment function: the Radio broadcasting also entertain the public by providing emotional relaxation, intrinsic and cultural employment (i.e. provision of monetary escape from problems ) and killing boredom; and

vi. Mobilization function: this function of Radio broadcasting is very important to developing

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communities everywhere. It seeks to bring the people together and helps to advance national development and unity.

vii. To reflect and promote local identity, character and culture by focusing principally on local content. Culture is how the people of a community talk about their past and their future, it is what they care about.

viii. To create a diversity of voice and opinions on the air through its openness to participation from all sectors. Some discord is present in all communities, but the acknowledgement of conflict is necessary for democracy and for democratic communities. Radio tries to air objectively all sides of a discussion without itself talking sides, all in attempt to unit people.

ix. To encourage open dialogue and democratic process by providing an independent platform for interaction discussion about matters and decisions of importance to the community. In essence, the core of democratic process is the ability of people to hear and make themselves heard. Radio provides the forum for that to happen. This is consonant with the decentralization process in many countries that aims to bring democratic decision-making closer to the people concerned. And what is happening at the grassroots level- as portrayed by the radio programming can be heard by local government and private institutions, as well as being relayed to policy makers, thus making it possible to design development initiatives that best meet the aspirations and needs of the people.

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x. To promote social change, unity and development. In marginalized communities people all have their individual perceptions about their situation, but what is required for change and development is a collective perception of the local reality and of the options for improving it. This collective perception can only be achieved through internal discussions to analyze specific problems, identify possible solutions, and mobilize the appropriate people or groups for action. Radio provides the perfect plat form for this internal discussion.

xi. To promote good governance and civil society by playing a community watchdog role that makes local authorities and politicians more conscious of their public responsibilities. The marginalized and the oppressed normally have no way to complain when authorities take advantage of them, but radio gives them a voice to air their grievance and obtain their due rights (Collins, 2002).

It could be seen from the foregoing functions that Radio broadcasting provide information, and education, personal identify, entertainment and most importantly integration and social interaction by giving insight into the circumstance of others as well as by helping with development of social empathy (Eyiah 2004).

2.8 Radio in the Context of the Globalization of Media There is much discussion about the effect on local cultures of the increasingly globalize commercial media output with

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its well-tried and standard- if not banal- entertainment formats. But one thing is clear; they can never respond to the socio-economic and development needs of the countries they reach, let alone those of marginalized communities within those countries. Hence, globalize media and country media do not compete. The former provides irrelevant entertainment, while the latter deals with local issues in the local languages and cultural context, relating to local problems and concerns, and aiming to help the country develop socially, culturally and economically and fostering unity or uniting the people (Paul, 1973).

2.9 Government Policies and Legislation on Radio Many governments, which were previously allergic to any form of broadcasting they could not control, have made sweeping changes in recent years. This is particularly the case in Africa where, mainly after a conference called “Freedom for African Radio’s held in Bamako in 1993, many countries have now normally recognized the important role that radio can play and legislated in its favour. As a result, radio stations have mushroomed to the point where some African countries now have dozens of them. On the other hand, in several regions of the world, radio suffers because current legislation is either non-existent, inconsistent, or basically hostile. For example Asian broadcasting legislation generally lags behind that of Africa and Latin America (Collins, 2002).

There have been cases where the appropriate legislation in favour of radio existed, but, nevertheless, the government

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was reluctant to issue the license and employed delaying tactics for several years, caving in only when the station announced that it was going on air anyway, license or no license. In one case, when the license was finally issued, it had numerous conditions attached to it, such as limiting the station’s air time to two hours a day. But subsequently the government was so happy with the results achieved that it extended its permission first to 13 hours and then to 24 hours of air time daily, and allowed advertising to help the station towards sustainability. It also approved licenses for several other stations (Collins, 2002).

2.10 Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework model adopted as a basic for this study on workers participation in management (WPM) is the human relations approach to management. This approach is adopted because it tends to correct some deficiencies in the classical/ scientific management approach, which is also, used to compliments the basis of the study.

2.10.1The Classical/Scientific Management Approach Generally, the scientific management approach laid much emphasis on the recurring theme of the search for universal guidelines and principles that are applicable to all organizational settings. Hence, the approach rests on the acceptance of universal principles of management like coordination, hierarchically arrangement of positions with all well defined lines of authority and responsibility, communication, planning, controlling, organizing etc., which

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are chiefly geared to a hierarchical management (Pugh, 1980). There are three main streams of thought produced, which is today regarded as the scientific management theory, viz

The ideal Bureaucratic theory of Max Weber The scientific management of Taylor F. W. and The Administrative or Principles Theory of Henri Fayol.

(b) The ideal Bureaucratic theory of Max Weber, a German Sociologist (1864 - 1920) advocated for the separation of the means of production from leadership position so as to make for rational and objective decision making. While the theory also prescribed the need for the existence of clearly defined rules for regulating the behavior of members of any organization, together with clearly defined spheres of competence or division of labour among and between the members. The theory therefore specifies standards, which will determine specific standards that will determine who is qualified for position within an organization and such enumeration attached to such position (Blau, D. 1980) Max Weber further claims that the ideal bureaucratic theory is capable of attaining the highest degree of efficiency by providing the rational means of carrying on imperative control over human beings..

The major deficiency of this theory is that members of organization would spend more time muddling through endless maze of bureaucratic officialdom and redtapism

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than achieving cooperative organizational goals and objectives and objectives.

(b) Scientific Management Theory: f. W. Taylor (1856 - 1915) is regarded as the father of scientific management; the primary concern was on how to increase the everyday efficiency of an organization chiefly at the employee level. To Taylor low productivity is as a result of either demotivation or that the methods and tools used were inadequate and inefficient to enhance productivity. Taylor's main aim therefore, was on how to find best way of accomplishing a given job with minimum labour or cost and arriving at maximum productivity.

The scientific management theory is generally being criticized for taking a too crude mechanization view of human problems and perceived human beings as "automators" stressing the factor of output exclusively for economic gains.

(c) Administrative or Principles Theory of Henry Fayol (1941 - 1925): The profounder of this theory like the others, emphasis on the principles of division of work, unity of command, coordination, and hierarchical arrangement of functions and authority together with the subordinate of the individual to institutional authority, thereby emphasizing that management is a universal activity.

Henri Fayol states that the activity of any organization can be divided into six functions viz: Technical

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production, commercial, Financial, security, Accounting and managerial, with great emphasis on the pre-eminence of the managerial function. The above principles are in consonance with those propounded by Max Weber but with two additions issue. These are human initiative and spirit de corps within organization, which signify an initial recognition of the human element in organizational behaviour. However, Fayol implied that centralization as required in the Max Weber ideal bureaucracy implied that, that type of bureaucracy was not a necessarily good in all circumstances. Rather that maximum control over the individual worker can be gotten through strict rules, regulations and procedures. The above viewed people as passive instruments who act in accordance with the laid down rules and regulations and if their own, people, according to Fayol and his theories may not behave appropriately.

2.10.2 Human Relations School of Thought

The Human Relations school of thought evolved as a reaction to deficiencies in the scientific management theory. The theory is generally associated with Elton Mayo, David Moore, Frederick Herszberg, Braham Maslow. McGregor and so on. These theories are considered to be people oriented and often accused to being concerned with making employees happy to the extent of sacrificing productivity. As their approach is based on the group rather than the individual and upon democratic valves rather than autocratic leadership. (Pugh, 1980) Thus their emphasis is

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on the study of informal groups, employee satisfaction and group decision-making within organizational settings.

The works of Elton Mayo and McGregor will be used to illustrate the Human Relations school of thought, in order to show the relevance of the theoretical basis for the study on workers participation in management. (a) Elton Mayo is one of the pioneers of the Human Relations

School His famous "Hawthorne Experiments" at the Hawthorne, Illinois plant of western electric illustrated a major streams of thought of the Human Relation School In this study, Mayo emphasized that workers must first be seen and understood as people, as human beings, if they are to be understood as members of the organization they are working for, was more than just a set of individual man machine system. Lucey, T. (1991) had that it is apparent that certain social norms set by groups within the organization to a large extent determine the level of productivity and not only the standard set by the management of the organization. While, furthermore, workers in organizations act or make decisions as members of groups rather than as individuals and much of their behaviour is being conditioned by the norms of the work group. This approach is a departure from the scientific management approach. As it emphasis that people at their work places like the social setting, the style of leadership and the attention they get from their colleagues and the

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supervisory officers apart from the financial aspects of the job.

(b) McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y: McGregor made another important contribution to the Human Relations School by his exposition of two sets of propositions and assumptions about the nature and behaviour of people in organization. He termed the two sets as theory X and theory Y. Theory X is based on the assumption that the average human being dislikes work and would avoid it if he can. Consequently, people are lazy and have to be coerced, controlled and threatened. The theory Y asserts the opposite of theory X by emphasizing that the average person under proper conditions, not only accepts responsibility, but also seeks it.

(McGregor, D. 1983) Theory Y, therefore indicate that management essentials task is harness the inherent qualities of people by arranging conditions and methods of operation so that people can achieve their own goal best by directing their own efforts towards organizational objectives.

In conclusion, the following are the main arguments behind the Human Relations School of the thought of management, which made it relevant to the study of workers participation in management. (a) People are not only motivated by financial factors but

by a variety of social and psychological factors as well. (b) An organization is a social system as well as technical/

economic system.

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(c) Informal work groups have important roles in determining the attitudes and performance of individuals.

(d) Management requires social skills as well as technical ones.

(e) Traditional authoritarian leadership patterns should be modified substantially to consider psychological and social factors and should become more democratic' in nature.

(f) Participation in work organization, planning and policy formulation is an important element in organizations. This meant establishing effective communications between various levels in the hierarchy to ensure a free flow of information (Lucey. T. 1991, Sani A.A. 2001).

After looking at the various analysis of the management theories, the researcher of the management theory of F.W Taylor which is primary concern was on how to increase everyday efficiency of an organization chiefly at the employee level, because to Taylor productivity is as a result of either demotivation or that the methods and tools used are inadequate and inefficient to enhance productivity. Taylor’s main aim therefore, was on how to find the best way of accomplishing a given job with minimum labour or cost and arriving at maximum productivity of which the due process is also concern with prudent management of resources in the public service (Michael, 2000).

Therefore, after reviewing the different theories, for the purpose of this research. The researcher decide to adopt the

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scientific management theory as the theoretical framework for the research.

END NOTES1. Akin. S Olaide, (2004), Mass Communication and Third World

Countries; London, Macmillan Press. Pg. 38-43 2. Baudino J. Peter, (1977), Media In Perspective; Ibadan,

Heinemann Books. Pg. 2-3 3. Burn P. Okonko, (1997), The Media’s Image of Homeless

Culture, Westport; Praeger Press. Pg. 30-33 4. Atgelt C. Andrews, (2008), “Early History of Radio

Broadcasting in America.” The Broadcast Archive (Oldradio. Com). Pg. 20-25

5. Collins F. Collins (2002), Society for International Development; London, Sage Publications. Pg. 14-18

6. David M. Walter, (1999), People, Society and Mass Communication, London, N.Y Free Press. Pg. 7-10

7. David L. Micheal, (1991), Agenda setting: Readings on Media, public Opinion, and policy making. New York, USA Vintage Books. Pg. 27-31

8. Denis A. Patrick (1994), Television and Society. Cambridge; Polity Press. Pg 18-19

9. Eyiah, J. Keneth (2004), The Role of Radio broadcasting in Community Development: London: Macmillan Publisher. Pg. 30-36

10. Fatoyinbo, A. Gipson, (2002), Evolution of Radio broadcasting in African, London Macmillan Publisher. Pg. 20-23

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11. Halper D. Lucey, (2009), John Stepard’s FM Stations American’s First FM Network. “Boston Radio Archives (Boston Radio.Org). Pg. 9

12. Janowitz H. Friday, (1987), Media and Morality in the Third World; London, Routldge Press. Pg. 45-47

13. James L. Lawrence, (1982), Evolution of Mass Media in the World, London, Macmillan Publishers. Pg. 30-37

14. Joe, K. Ezekiel, (2001), The Role of Media in Development, New-york, Routledge Press. Pg.15-21

15. Kingsley L. Goodluck, (2004), The Role of Mass Media in the Community Development; London: Macmillan Publishers. Pg. 9-11

16. Lemert V. Gabriel, (1999), Mass Media and Social Problems, London; Routledge Press. Pg. 17-19

17. Lucey T. Jispson, (1991), Management Theory and Practice. Ibadan Heinemann Publishers. Pg. 7-9

18. Lindlof T. Johnson, (1983), Media and the Society, London N.Y Free Press. Pg. 31

19. Maining. W Dike, (2000), The Role of Radio broadcasting in Social Development New York: Macmillan. Pg. 40-43

20. Mendelssohn P. Joseph, (1988), Mass Media in the Developing Countries; Kazan University Press. Pg. 32

21. McQuail A. Augustine, (1993), The Role of Radio in Social Development. Macmillan New York. Pg. 46-47

22. Michael A. Patrick, (2000), A Handbook of Personnel Management; London, Macmillan. Pg. 5-10

23. Michael F Selvester, (1989), Mass Media and Social Problems, Kazan; Kazan State University Press. Pg. 18-20

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24. Murdock A. Philips, (1997), Evolution of Mass Media. London, Macmillan Publishers. Pg. 51-53

25. Paul R. Filimon, (1973), Structuring and selecting news, Beverly Hills, Sage Publications. Pg. 35-41

26. Pugh, D. Sunday, (1980), Management in Perspectives, Nsukka University Press. 14-17

27. Richard G. Stephen, (2000), The Role of Radio in Community Development; London, Macmillan Publishers. Pg. 11-13

28. Robert M. Joe, (2007), Media, Culture and morality, London, Routledge Press. Pg. 3-8

29. Sani A. Abubakar, (2001), Management Theory and Practice. Ibadan University Press. Pg. 10-11

30. Stanley S. David, (1998), Radio as Effective Means of Communication; U.S.A Vintage Books. Pg.58

31. Stanley D. Augustine, (2002), Media in Perspective; Kazan State University Press. Pg. 7-9

32. Stephen J. Micheal, (1998), Media, Culture and Morality; USA. Routledge Press. Pg. 19-21

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