radiation-matter interactions · radiation-matter interactions cyril lachaud -apc. introduction ......
TRANSCRIPT
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Radiation-matterinteractions
Cyril Lachaud -APC
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IntroductionThe description of the interaction of particles
with matter is a vast domain...
In this 3h lecture I will not spend times on detailed calculations, etc...
but at the end I hope you’ll have good ideas of the things that occurs to particles when they travel
through matter...
You’ll find lot of informations on the web...
http://pdg.lbl.gov/2012/reviews/rpp2012-rev-passage-particles-matter.pdf
Almost all of these slides have been grabbed from others (thanks to them)
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Discovery of the positron e⁺1932 C.D. Anderson :Particle with positive curvature and minimum ionisation(size of the droplets)
Track length incompatible with a proton in the air, mass incompatible with a proton
Energy loss in a6 mm of Pb : compatible with that of electron
Hypothesis (discovery !) : particle with mass ~me
and charge +1, the positron
First anti-particle
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Units and conventions
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Fixed target vs. collider
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Fixed target vs. collider
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Which particles do we see in the detector
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Summary
Measure stable and quasi-stable particles (e, γ, µ, π, K, p, n, ν) : Kinematics (momentum and/or energy)The way particle interacts with / passes through detectors
Main goal of instrumentation :Precisely/fast measure kinematics of (quasi-) stable particlesUnambiguously/fast identify them
For that :We study how particles interact with the matterandWe choose the detector technologies that match the physics tasks
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(Heavy) charged particles interaction with matter
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(Heavy) charged particles interaction with matter
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Bethe-Bloch formula
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Bethe-Bloch formula
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Bethe-Bloch formula
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Bethe-Bloch formula
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Bethe-Bloch formula
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Bethe-Bloch formula
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Bethe-Bloch formula
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Bethe-Bloch
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Ionization constant
I/Z=10 except for low Z elements
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Different materials
Minimum ionizing particle (mip) energy is the same whatever the
material
dE/dx = 2MeV g-1 cm2
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Range
Example :K+ 700MeV in Lead
1) p/Mc = 1.422) R/M=400
3) R=197 g/cm2
4) D=17cm
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dE/dx for particle identification
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dE/dx remarks
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dE/dx illustrative numbers
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δ rays
I<<E<Tmax
μ : 180 GeV
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Multiple scattering
Most of this deflection is due to Coulomb scattering from nuclei, andhence the effect is called multiple
Coulomb scattering
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Cherenkov radiation
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Transition radiation
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Electrons/positrons
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Bremsstrahlung
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Electron interaction with matter
Critical EnergyIonization=Bremmstrahlung
X0 : Radiation length
Usually neglected
Ec
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Critical Energy
Ec
2 definitions
solid and gas
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Radiation length
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Cross section
The cross section is related to the probability of a given phenomena to occur (measured in barns : 1 barn = 10-24 cm2)
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Photon Interaction
Photons will interact with:- Atomic electrons- Nucleus- Electromagnetic field (electrons or nucleus)
With:- No energy loss (elastic diffusion) !! Thomson-Rayleigh- Partial energy loss (inelastic diffusion) !! Compton effect- Total energy loss (absorption) !! photo-electrique effect !! pair production
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Photon electric effect
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Photon electric cross section
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Compton scattering
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Electron and photon energy
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Angular distribution
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Electron angular distribution
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Pair production
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Relative importance
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Cross section
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Photon attenuation in matter
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Electromagnetic shower
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Moliere radius
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Interaction of hadrons
the mean distance beforenuclear interaction
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Summary