radiation chapter 12 - florida gulf coast...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Rad
iatio
n
Cha
pter
12
![Page 2: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ter
min
olog
y
•R
adia
tion
•U
V li
ght
•In
frar
ed•
rem
s•
Rad
iois
otop
es•
Pho
tons
•Io
n•
Ano
de•
Cat
hode
•V
olts
•M
icro
wav
e•
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
![Page 3: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Exp
osur
e to
Rad
iatio
n
•A
ll pl
ants
, ani
mal
s, a
nd h
uman
s ar
e co
nsta
ntly
exp
osed
•N
atur
al a
nd a
rtifi
cial
sou
rces
•T
he a
vera
ge U
.S. c
itize
n re
ceiv
es 3
50
mill
irem
s of
rad
iatio
n pe
r ye
ar
![Page 4: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Nat
ural
Sou
rces
of R
adio
activ
ity
•80
% o
f exp
osur
e co
mes
from
nat
ural
so
urce
s•
Nat
ural
sou
rces
incl
ude
–U
V li
ght f
rom
the
sun
–R
adon
from
the
soil
–U
rani
um in
roc
ks a
nd s
oil
•55
% o
f the
exp
osur
e is
from
rad
on g
as
![Page 5: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Exp
osur
e to
Nat
ural
Sou
rces
•T
he g
eogr
aphi
cal a
rea
varie
s in
ra
dioa
ctiv
e so
urce
s•
Tho
se li
ving
in h
ighe
r el
evat
ions
(m
ount
ains
) ar
e ex
pose
d to
–
Mor
e co
smic
rad
iatio
n–
Hig
her
conc
entr
atio
ns o
f ura
nium
and
thor
ium
in
the
soil
![Page 6: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Art
ifici
al S
ourc
es o
f Rad
ioac
tivity
•M
an-m
ade
sour
ces
–C
omm
unic
atio
ns d
evic
es (
TV
s, r
adio
s,
com
pute
rs, c
ell p
hone
s)–
Mic
row
aves
–X
-ray
s an
d ot
her
med
ical
dev
ices
•A
bout
18–
20%
of r
adia
tion
expo
sure
co
mes
from
thes
e so
urce
s
![Page 7: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The
Dis
cove
ry o
f Rad
iatio
n
•W
illia
m R
oent
gen
disc
over
ed x
-ray
s in
189
5•
Iren
e an
d F
rede
rick
Jolio
t-C
urie
dis
cove
red
radi
oact
ive
elem
ents
cou
ld b
e pr
oduc
ed fr
om
stab
le e
lem
ents
in 1
896
![Page 8: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Wha
t Is
Rad
ioac
tivity
?
•A
ll m
atte
r co
nsis
ts o
f ato
ms
with
pro
tons
, ne
utro
ns, a
nd e
lect
rons
•U
nsta
ble
atom
s w
ith to
o m
any
or tw
o fe
w
neut
rons
are
rad
iois
otop
es•
The
y em
it pa
rtic
les
or e
nerg
y w
aves
kn
own
as e
lect
rom
agne
tic w
aves
to
beco
me
mor
e st
able
•T
he ty
pe o
f rad
iatio
n em
itted
dep
ends
on
the
type
of i
nsta
bilit
y
![Page 9: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Tw
o T
ypes
of R
adia
tion
Non
ioni
zing
•H
as n
o ch
arge
d ph
oton
s•
Incl
udes
UV
ligh
t, vi
sibl
e lig
ht, i
nfra
red
light
, mic
row
ave,
and
ra
dio
freq
uenc
ies
Ioni
zing
•E
lect
roni
cally
cha
rged
w
ith p
hoto
ns a
nd a
cts
in s
uch
a w
ay t
hat
part
icle
s ar
e ch
ange
d•
Use
d fo
r nu
clea
r po
wer
, x-r
ays,
and
ot
her
med
ical
dev
ices
•T
he e
ffect
s ar
e cu
mul
ativ
e w
ith ti
me
![Page 10: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Wha
t Are
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
Wav
es?
•W
aves
em
itted
thro
ugh
spac
e at
the
spee
d of
ligh
t in
the
form
of p
hoto
ns•
Eac
h ph
oton
has
a p
artic
ular
freq
uenc
y an
d w
avel
engt
h ex
pres
sed
in e
V
![Page 11: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Typ
es o
f Ele
ctro
mag
netic
Wav
es
•T
he w
aves
var
y in
leng
th (
see
next
slid
e)•
The
long
est w
aves
are
use
d fo
r co
mm
unic
atio
n de
vice
s•
Mic
row
aves
are
sho
rter
and
use
d fo
r w
irele
ss
tran
smis
sion
s•
Ligh
t ray
s ar
e in
visi
ble,
but
pro
duce
hea
t•
Sho
rter
ligh
ts s
uch
as x
-ray
s an
d ga
mm
a ra
ys
cann
ot b
e se
en b
ut p
enet
rate
hum
an ti
ssue
s•
The
sho
rtes
t wav
es h
ave
high
er fr
eque
ncie
s an
d su
ffici
ent e
nerg
y to
ioni
ze
![Page 12: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Th
e S
pec
tru
m o
f R
adio
acti
ve
Fre
qu
enci
es
![Page 13: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mea
surin
g R
adio
activ
ity
•T
he m
easu
rem
ent o
f ion
izin
g ra
diat
ion
is
espe
cial
ly im
port
ant b
ecau
se o
f the
po
tent
ial h
arm
•W
hen
phot
ons
are
emitt
ed, r
adia
tion
disi
nteg
rate
s, r
educ
ing
the
char
ge o
r ra
dioa
ctiv
e m
ass
•T
he r
ate
at w
hich
rad
iois
otop
es d
ecay
is a
be
cque
rel (
Bq)
or
curie
(C
i)
![Page 14: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mea
sure
men
t Dev
ices
Use
d
•F
or h
ighe
r le
vels
of r
adia
tion:
–Io
nizi
ng g
as d
etec
tor
cham
bers
–P
ropo
rtio
nal c
ount
ers
•U
sed
to m
easu
re b
eta
radi
atio
n in
labo
rato
ries
–S
cint
illat
ion
coun
ters
•U
sed
by th
ose
to lo
cate
sou
rces
of r
adio
activ
e co
ntam
inat
ion
–G
eige
r-M
uelle
r de
tect
or•
Wor
n by
thos
e w
ho w
ork
with
rad
ioac
tivity
–F
ilm b
adge
–D
osim
eter
![Page 15: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Who
Mon
itors
Rad
ioac
tivity
Exp
osur
e?
•In
hos
pita
ls
–A
rad
iolo
gist
•In
nuc
lear
faci
litie
s–
Hea
lth p
hysi
cist
•In
pub
lic h
ealth
dep
artm
ents
–A
n en
viro
nmen
tal h
ealth
spe
cial
ist
![Page 16: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Com
pute
d T
omog
raph
y (C
T)
Sca
ns
•In
vent
ed in
197
2 by
God
frey
Hou
nsfie
ld•
The
firs
t one
was
use
d at
the
May
o C
linic
•P
rodu
ces
3-di
men
sion
al im
ages
of t
he h
uman
bo
dy•
X-r
ay e
xpos
ure
is lo
nger
bec
ause
the
body
is
“slic
ed”
into
par
ts to
see
mor
e de
tail
(sof
t tis
sue,
bo
ne, a
nd b
lood
ves
sels
)•
Acc
ount
s fo
r 40
% o
f rad
iatio
n ex
posu
re fr
om
diag
nost
ic te
sts
and
is in
crea
sing
![Page 17: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Rad
on
•R
adon
is a
rad
ioac
tive
gas
that
form
s du
ring
deca
y of
ura
nium
-238
•R
ound
nat
ural
ly in
roc
ks a
nd s
oil
•R
adon
gas
see
ps fr
om u
nder
grou
nd r
ock
into
bas
emen
t and
foun
datio
n cr
acks
•R
adon
exp
osur
e is
the
seco
nd le
adin
g ca
use
of lu
ng c
ance
r–
Sm
oker
s ar
e at
hig
her
risk
for
DN
A c
hang
es
![Page 18: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Rad
on D
etec
tion
•R
adon
det
ectio
n ca
n be
don
e ea
sily
at
hom
e–
Cha
rcoa
l can
iste
r –
Alp
ha tr
ack
dete
ctor
s
•4
pico
curie
s pe
r lit
er is
con
side
red
“saf
e ex
posu
re”
to r
adon
in th
e ho
me
•R
adon
gas
exp
osur
e ca
n be
rep
aire
d in
ex
pens
ivel
y by
sea
ling
crac
ks w
ith c
aulk
an
d fo
am m
ater
ials
![Page 19: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Hea
lth E
ffect
s of
Rad
iatio
n E
xpos
ure
•C
ell m
utat
ions
with
ioni
zing
exp
osur
e w
ere
disc
over
ed in
192
7•
Ear
ly r
esea
rche
rs s
uffe
red
serio
us e
ffect
s•
Bio
logi
cal e
ffect
s ar
e di
rect
ly p
ropo
rtio
nal
to in
divi
dual
cel
l div
isio
n an
d sp
ecifi
c fu
nctio
n of
cel
ls
![Page 20: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cel
l Dam
age
from
Rad
ioac
tivity
•D
NA
is d
amag
ed in
div
idin
g ce
lls–
Epi
derm
al s
kin,
bon
e m
arro
w, R
BC
s, a
nd
sper
m•
Dam
age
to li
popr
otei
n st
ruct
ures
in th
e nu
clea
r ce
ll m
embr
ane
–O
va a
nd ly
mph
ocyt
es•
The
mos
t har
m c
omes
to d
evel
opin
g fe
tuse
s–
Gen
etic
effe
cts
–M
enta
l ret
arda
tion
![Page 21: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Can
cer
Ris
k
•T
he b
igge
st c
once
rn is
the
risk
of
deve
lopi
ng c
ance
r•
Effe
cts
of io
nizi
ng r
adia
tion
(incl
udin
g ov
erex
posu
re to
dia
gnos
tic r
adia
tion)
in
clud
e a
high
er r
isk
of
–Lu
ng c
ance
r–
Ski
n ca
ncer
–B
reas
t can
cer
–T
hyro
id c
ance
r –
Leuk
emia
![Page 22: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Mea
sure
men
t of
Rad
iatio
n E
xpos
ure
•D
ose
abso
rbed
(ra
d)–
rad
= th
e ab
sorp
tion
of 1
00 e
rgs
of e
nerg
y fr
om 1
gra
m o
f mat
eria
l–
1 jo
ule
(J)
= 1
00 r
ads
= 1
gra
y (G
y)
•D
ose
of e
quiv
alen
cy (
rem
)–
rem
= th
e bi
olog
ical
dos
e eq
uiva
lent
of a
ro
entg
en–
1 si
ever
t (S
v) =
100
rem
s
![Page 23: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Exp
osur
e to
Rad
iatio
n
•T
he g
ener
al p
opul
atio
n is
exp
osed
to
–20
0–30
0 m
edic
al r
ems
per
year
–10
0 re
ms
from
rad
on–
55 r
ems
from
terr
estr
ial s
ourc
es–
30 r
ems
from
cos
mic
sou
rces
–4
rem
s fr
om fa
llout
–Le
ss th
an 1
rem
from
indu
stria
l exp
osur
e (n
ucle
ar r
eact
ors,
min
es, i
ndus
tria
l use
, m
edic
al u
ses,
and
hig
h-vo
ltage
dev
ices
)
![Page 24: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Pre
dict
ing
the
Effe
cts
of
Ioni
zing
Rad
iatio
n
•S
ever
ity d
epen
ds o
n th
e do
se o
f rad
iatio
n•
Det
erm
inis
tic e
ffect
s (d
ays
or m
onth
s af
ter
an
acut
e ra
diat
ion
dose
)•
Thr
esho
ld e
ffect
s (n
on
sto
chas
tic
effe
cts
are
diffe
rent
from
one
indi
vidu
al t
o an
othe
r•
Non
thre
shol
d ef
fect
s (s
toch
asti
cef
fect
s di
ffer
acco
rdin
g to
the
type
of c
ells
affe
cted
)•
Cu
mu
lati
veef
fect
s (t
he a
mou
nt a
bsor
bed
over
tim
e)
![Page 25: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Reg
ulat
ion
by F
eder
al A
genc
ies
•O
ccup
atio
nal H
ealth
and
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion
(OS
HA
) m
onito
rs r
adia
tion
expo
sure
at t
he w
orks
ite
•T
he N
ucle
ar R
egul
ator
y C
omm
issi
on
(NR
C)
mon
itors
exp
osur
e in
nuc
lear
fa
cilit
ies
•T
he D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
atio
n (D
OT
) m
onito
rs tr
ansp
orta
tion
of n
ucle
ar w
aste
![Page 26: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Pub
lic H
ealth
Inte
rven
tions
•T
he F
ood
and
Dru
g A
dmin
istr
atio
n (F
DA
) m
onito
rs u
se in
food
s•
The
U.S
. Pub
lic H
ealth
Ser
vice
(P
HS
) re
gula
te m
edic
al p
roce
dure
s•
The
Cen
ter
for
Env
ironm
enta
l Hea
lth
assi
st in
the
even
t of n
ucle
ar in
cide
nts
![Page 27: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
To
Red
uce
Rad
iatio
n E
xpos
ure
•In
crea
se th
e di
stan
ce fr
om a
rad
iatio
n so
urce
(U
V s
unlig
ht, r
adon
, etc
.)•
Wea
r pr
otec
tive
shie
lds
or c
loth
ing
•D
ispo
se o
f con
tam
inat
ed o
bjec
ts w
ith th
e he
lp o
f a
radi
olog
ical
hea
lth p
rofe
ssio
nal o
r he
alth
ph
ysic
ist
•Li
mit
the
time
expo
sed
to x
-ray
s or
rad
iatio
n tr
eatm
ents
•U
se a
HE
PA
filte
r in
furn
aces
and
air
cond
ition
ing
units
![Page 28: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Sol
ar R
adia
tion
•Li
ght r
ays
(vis
ible
ligh
t, U
V li
ght,
and
infr
ared
ligh
t)•
Mos
t of t
he s
olar
rad
iatio
n re
achi
ng th
e E
arth
’s s
urfa
ce is
infr
ared
rad
iatio
n (5
5%)
and
visi
ble
light
(40
%)
•5%
of g
roun
d-le
vel s
olar
rad
iatio
n is
UV
ra
diat
ion
–P
rimar
ily in
the
UV
-A r
ange
![Page 29: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
UV
Lig
ht
•U
V li
ght i
s be
twee
n io
nizi
ng a
nd
noni
oniz
ing
radi
atio
n•
Sun
light
con
sist
s of
–
UV
-A (
a.k.
a. “
blac
k lig
ht”)
–U
V-B
(a.
k.a.
“er
ythe
mal
UV
ligh
t”)
–U
V-C
(a.
k.a.
“ge
rmic
idal
UV
ligh
t”)
•U
V r
adia
tion
trav
els
from
the
sun
to th
e E
arth
pas
sing
thro
ugh
the
ozon
e la
yer
–O
zone
abs
orbs
mos
t of t
he U
V-A
ligh
t
![Page 30: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Hea
lth R
isks
of U
V L
ight
•U
V-A
pen
etra
tes
the
skin
cau
sing
pho
toag
ing
dam
age
•U
V-B
ligh
t cau
ses
tann
ing
and
sunb
urn
(ery
them
a) a
nd d
amag
es th
e im
mun
e sy
stem
•U
V-C
ligh
t can
dam
age
DN
A (
mel
anom
a) a
nd
othe
r m
olec
ules
•D
irect
UV
exp
osur
e ca
n ca
use
blin
dnes
s (p
hoto
kera
titis
, “w
elde
r’s fl
ash”
or
“sno
w
blin
dnes
s”)
and
cata
ract
s
![Page 31: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Mon
itorin
g U
V L
ight
•T
he a
mou
nt o
f UV
ligh
t dep
ends
on
the
seas
on, t
ime
of d
ay, l
atitu
de, c
loud
s, a
nd
altit
ude
•M
onito
red
wor
ldw
ide
•N
atio
nal O
cean
ic a
nd A
tmos
pher
ic
Adm
inis
trat
ion
(NO
AA
) m
onito
rs it
in th
e U
.S.
•B
road
cast
ed b
y th
e N
atio
nal W
eath
er
Ser
vice
(N
WS
)
![Page 32: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Art
ifici
al S
ourc
es o
f UV
Lig
ht
•W
eldi
ng to
rche
s•
Tan
ning
bed
s (U
V-A
and
UV
-B)
•B
lack
ligh
ts (
UV
-A)
•C
urin
g la
mps
use
d by
den
tists
•G
erm
icid
al la
mps
•M
ercu
ry v
apor
lam
ps•
Hal
ogen
and
xen
on la
mps
•H
igh-
inte
nsity
dis
char
ge la
mps
use
d by
de
rmat
olog
ists
•La
sers
![Page 33: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Lase
r Li
ght
•U
sed
for
wel
ding
, sur
gery
, hom
e se
curit
y sy
stem
s, li
ght s
how
s, C
D/D
VD
pla
yers
, su
perm
arke
t sca
nner
s,F
AX
mac
hine
s, a
nd
prin
ting
equi
pmen
t
![Page 34: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Ski
n C
ance
r
•T
he b
asal
cel
l lay
er c
onta
ins
mel
ano
cyte
sth
at
prod
uce
mel
anin
(pi
gmen
t for
tann
ing)
•M
elan
ocyt
es p
rodu
ce tw
o pi
gmen
ts–
Eum
elan
in (
brow
n)
–P
haem
elan
in (
yello
w a
nd r
ed)
•A
s th
e sk
in is
exp
osed
to li
ght,
mel
anoc
ytes
in
crea
se in
act
ivity
•D
amag
e to
mel
anoc
ytes
from
UV
rad
iatio
n ca
uses
can
cero
us m
utat
ions
kno
wn
as
mel
ano
ma
![Page 35: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Non
ioni
zing
Rad
iatio
n
•V
isib
le li
ght (
VIS
)•
Infr
ared
ligh
t•
Mic
row
aves
•R
adar
•T
elev
isio
n•
Rad
io•
Ele
ctric
fiel
ds•
Mag
netic
fiel
ds
![Page 36: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Vis
ible
Lig
ht
•N
atur
al o
r m
an-m
ade
•T
he s
peed
(te
mpe
ratu
re)
resu
lts w
hen
phot
os c
ollid
e•
Incl
udes
–
UV
ligh
t–
Inca
ndes
cent
ligh
t–
Flu
ores
cent
ligh
t–
Neo
n lig
ht
![Page 37: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Mea
sure
men
t of L
ight
•W
att—
fund
amen
tal u
nit o
f opt
ical
pow
er
with
the
rate
of e
nerg
y of
one
J p
er s
econ
d•
Opt
ical
pow
er =
func
tion
of th
e nu
mbe
r of
ph
oton
s an
d w
avel
engt
h•
Lu
men
—th
e ph
otom
etric
equ
ival
ent f
or a
w
att w
ith v
isib
le li
ght
![Page 38: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
Fie
lds
(EM
Fs)
•E
MF
s ar
e ch
arge
d w
ith e
lect
rom
agne
tic
radi
atio
n (n
onio
nizi
ng)
•A
s w
e ar
e ex
pose
d to
hig
her
leve
ls o
f io
nizi
ng r
adia
tion,
the
risk
of E
MF
s be
com
es m
ore
impo
rtan
t•
Am
p=
the
mag
netic
com
pone
nts
of a
n el
ectr
ic fi
eld
•V
olt
= th
e st
reng
th o
f the
ele
ctric
fiel
d•
Her
tz=
the
freq
uenc
y of
an
elec
tric
fiel
d
![Page 39: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
EM
Fs
Sta
tic•
Doe
s no
t cha
nge
•D
irect
cur
rent
(D
C)
Use
d fo
r tr
ansp
orta
tion
and
MR
I dev
ices
•N
ot a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
tum
ors,
imm
une
supp
ress
ion,
or
horm
ones
Pul
sed
•R
ever
ses
dire
ctio
n at
re
gula
r in
terv
als
•A
C c
urre
nt
•F
ound
in e
lect
ricity
•In
clud
es R
Fs,
IFs,
an
d E
LFs
![Page 40: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Rad
iofr
eque
ncy
Fie
lds
(RF
s)
•U
sed
for
tele
grap
h, te
leph
ones
, rad
io, t
elev
isio
n,
air
traf
fic c
ontr
ol, r
adar
, and
cel
lula
r ph
ones
•T
he s
hort
est r
adio
wav
es a
re k
now
n as
m
icro
wav
es (
MW
)•
Mic
owav
e to
wer
s em
it el
ectr
omag
netic
wav
es to
ca
rry
over
long
dis
tanc
es.
•T
he h
ighe
r th
e po
wer
of c
omm
unic
atio
n m
icro
wav
es, t
he b
ette
r th
e tr
ansm
issi
on fo
r an
alog
an
d di
gita
l sig
nals
![Page 41: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Hea
lth E
ffect
s of
Mic
row
aves
•M
icro
wav
es g
ener
ate
heat
•M
icro
wav
es a
re a
bsor
bed
by th
e sk
in•
Res
earc
hers
feel
hig
h ex
posu
re to
te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n fie
lds
incr
ease
can
cer
rate
s in
hum
ans
•T
he m
ost s
usce
ptib
le o
rgan
is th
e br
ain
•T
he lo
catio
n of
the
cell
phon
e an
tenn
ae
and
leng
th o
f tim
e on
the
phon
e is
im
port
ant
![Page 42: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Inte
rmed
iate
Fre
quen
cy F
ield
s (I
Fs)
•M
ost l
ikel
y en
coun
tere
d by
hos
pita
l (M
RI
tech
nici
ans)
and
mili
tary
per
sonn
el
(wor
king
with
hig
h-ra
nge
broa
dcas
ting
com
mun
icat
ion
tran
smitt
ers)
•F
or th
e la
yper
son,
exp
osur
e co
mes
from
co
mpu
ter
mon
itors
, TV
scr
eens
, ant
i-the
ft de
vice
s in
libr
arie
s an
d st
ores
, and
se
curit
y sy
stem
s
![Page 43: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Ext
rem
ely
Low
Fre
quen
cy F
ield
s (E
LFs)
•T
he m
ain
sour
ce a
re tr
ains
and
ele
ctric
al
devi
ces
•T
here
is c
once
rn a
bout
the
use
of
hous
ehol
d ap
plia
nces
, wat
erbe
ds, e
lect
ric
blan
kets
, and
ele
ctric
toot
hbru
shes
•A
low
prio
rity
for
rese
arch
![Page 44: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Hea
lth E
ffect
s of
EM
Fs
•D
amag
e to
veg
etat
ion
and
biol
ogic
al s
yste
ms
•C
orre
latio
ns h
ave
been
foun
d w
ith–
Chi
ldho
od le
ukem
ia a
nd lo
catio
n of
pow
er
lines
–T
estic
ular
can
cer
and
leuk
emia
am
ong
polic
e of
ficer
s us
ing
rada
r–
Leuk
emia
and
lym
phom
a w
ith r
adio
freq
uenc
y an
d m
icro
wav
e us
e am
ong
mili
tary
per
sonn
el•
The
res
earc
h ha
s be
en e
xten
ded
and
resu
lts a
re
inco
nclu
sive
![Page 45: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Mor
e R
esea
rch
•T
he m
ost s
usce
ptib
le o
rgan
s ar
e th
e ey
es a
nd
brai
n•
Som
e re
sear
ch s
how
ing
incr
ease
d ris
k of
bre
ast
canc
er fo
r ra
dio
and
tele
grap
h op
erat
ors
•R
epro
duct
ive
effe
cts?
–H
ighe
r m
isca
rrai
ges
and
birt
h de
fect
s fr
om
preg
nant
wom
en u
sing
mon
itors
20
hour
s pe
r w
eek
or lo
nger
dur
ing
the
first
trim
este
r–
Som
e w
onde
r if
the
heat
from
lapt
ops
will
af
fect
spe
rm
![Page 46: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Pro
tect
ion
Aga
inst
ELF
s
•T
here
are
no
stan
dard
s fo
r ex
posu
re to
ra
diof
requ
ency
rad
iatio
n (R
FR
) as
long
as
ther
e ar
e no
ther
mal
effe
cts
•T
he U
.S. F
CC
is m
onito
ring
ther
mal
ef
fect
s on
bra
in, t
estic
les,
bre
asts
, and
ly
mph
gla
nds
•O
SH
A s
tand
ards
are
10
times
hig
her
•T
he S
wed
ish
gove
rnm
ent h
as s
tand
ards
fo
r co
mpu
ter
mon
itors
![Page 47: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Noi
se a
nd H
ealth
Effe
cts
•U
nwan
ted
soun
d•
Dea
fnes
s, p
erm
anen
t and
tem
pora
ry
hear
ing
loss
, and
psy
chol
ogic
al s
tres
s•
Mea
sure
men
ts–
hert
z (H
z) =
freq
uenc
y–
amps
(A
) =
loud
ness
–de
cibe
ls (
Db)
= in
tens
ity; a
lso
wat
ts p
er
cent
imet
er s
quar
ed (
W/c
m2 )
![Page 48: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Tem
pora
ry H
earin
g Lo
ss
•T
he lo
uder
the
nois
e, th
e m
ore
hear
ing
loss
•W
hen
expo
sed
to lo
ud n
oise
the
pers
on
expe
rienc
es ti
nnitu
s an
d te
mpo
rary
dea
fnes
s (a
.k.a
. “te
mpo
rary
thre
shol
d sh
ift”
[TS
S])
•C
ontin
ued
expo
sure
dam
ages
hai
r ce
lls in
the
orga
n of
Cor
ti of
the
coch
lea
of th
e in
ner
ear
•T
he d
amag
e is
irre
vers
ible
![Page 49: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Hea
lth E
ffect
s of
Ultr
ason
ic D
evic
es
•U
sed
in s
ubm
arin
es a
nd m
edic
al im
agin
g•
The
sou
nd w
ave
strik
es th
e bo
dy a
nd
refle
cts
back
to th
e pr
obe
•T
he d
ista
nce
betw
een
is m
easu
res
acco
rdin
g to
the
“ech
oes”
on
the
scre
en to
pr
oduc
e a
two-
dim
ensi
onal
imag
e•
Con
cern
s ab
out d
amag
e to
the
fetu
s
![Page 50: Radiation Chapter 12 - Florida Gulf Coast Universityruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/envirophilo/ch12.pdf · Radiation Chapter 12. ... • The longest waves are used for communication](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5aaffb2f7f8b9a25088e2739/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
How
to
Red
uce
Exp
osur
e to
Rad
ioac
tivity
•A
utho
ritie
s go
vern
ed b
y:–
Nat
iona
l Env
ironm
enta
l Pol
icy
Act
of 1
969
–T
elec
omm
unic
atio
ns A
ct o
f 199
6
•T
he F
DA
and
FC
C r
ecom
men
ds:
•H
ave
the
cell
phon
e an
tenn
a m
ount
ed o
n th
e ca
r•
Use
hea
dset
s•
Hav
e on
ly s
hort
con
vers
atio
ns o
n ce
ll ph
ones