radiation chapter 12 - florida gulf coast...
TRANSCRIPT
Rad
iatio
n
Cha
pter
12
Ter
min
olog
y
•R
adia
tion
•U
V li
ght
•In
frar
ed•
rem
s•
Rad
iois
otop
es•
Pho
tons
•Io
n•
Ano
de•
Cat
hode
•V
olts
•M
icro
wav
e•
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
Exp
osur
e to
Rad
iatio
n
•A
ll pl
ants
, ani
mal
s, a
nd h
uman
s ar
e co
nsta
ntly
exp
osed
•N
atur
al a
nd a
rtifi
cial
sou
rces
•T
he a
vera
ge U
.S. c
itize
n re
ceiv
es 3
50
mill
irem
s of
rad
iatio
n pe
r ye
ar
Nat
ural
Sou
rces
of R
adio
activ
ity
•80
% o
f exp
osur
e co
mes
from
nat
ural
so
urce
s•
Nat
ural
sou
rces
incl
ude
–U
V li
ght f
rom
the
sun
–R
adon
from
the
soil
–U
rani
um in
roc
ks a
nd s
oil
•55
% o
f the
exp
osur
e is
from
rad
on g
as
Exp
osur
e to
Nat
ural
Sou
rces
•T
he g
eogr
aphi
cal a
rea
varie
s in
ra
dioa
ctiv
e so
urce
s•
Tho
se li
ving
in h
ighe
r el
evat
ions
(m
ount
ains
) ar
e ex
pose
d to
–
Mor
e co
smic
rad
iatio
n–
Hig
her
conc
entr
atio
ns o
f ura
nium
and
thor
ium
in
the
soil
Art
ifici
al S
ourc
es o
f Rad
ioac
tivity
•M
an-m
ade
sour
ces
–C
omm
unic
atio
ns d
evic
es (
TV
s, r
adio
s,
com
pute
rs, c
ell p
hone
s)–
Mic
row
aves
–X
-ray
s an
d ot
her
med
ical
dev
ices
•A
bout
18–
20%
of r
adia
tion
expo
sure
co
mes
from
thes
e so
urce
s
The
Dis
cove
ry o
f Rad
iatio
n
•W
illia
m R
oent
gen
disc
over
ed x
-ray
s in
189
5•
Iren
e an
d F
rede
rick
Jolio
t-C
urie
dis
cove
red
radi
oact
ive
elem
ents
cou
ld b
e pr
oduc
ed fr
om
stab
le e
lem
ents
in 1
896
Wha
t Is
Rad
ioac
tivity
?
•A
ll m
atte
r co
nsis
ts o
f ato
ms
with
pro
tons
, ne
utro
ns, a
nd e
lect
rons
•U
nsta
ble
atom
s w
ith to
o m
any
or tw
o fe
w
neut
rons
are
rad
iois
otop
es•
The
y em
it pa
rtic
les
or e
nerg
y w
aves
kn
own
as e
lect
rom
agne
tic w
aves
to
beco
me
mor
e st
able
•T
he ty
pe o
f rad
iatio
n em
itted
dep
ends
on
the
type
of i
nsta
bilit
y
Tw
o T
ypes
of R
adia
tion
Non
ioni
zing
•H
as n
o ch
arge
d ph
oton
s•
Incl
udes
UV
ligh
t, vi
sibl
e lig
ht, i
nfra
red
light
, mic
row
ave,
and
ra
dio
freq
uenc
ies
Ioni
zing
•E
lect
roni
cally
cha
rged
w
ith p
hoto
ns a
nd a
cts
in s
uch
a w
ay t
hat
part
icle
s ar
e ch
ange
d•
Use
d fo
r nu
clea
r po
wer
, x-r
ays,
and
ot
her
med
ical
dev
ices
•T
he e
ffect
s ar
e cu
mul
ativ
e w
ith ti
me
Wha
t Are
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
Wav
es?
•W
aves
em
itted
thro
ugh
spac
e at
the
spee
d of
ligh
t in
the
form
of p
hoto
ns•
Eac
h ph
oton
has
a p
artic
ular
freq
uenc
y an
d w
avel
engt
h ex
pres
sed
in e
V
Typ
es o
f Ele
ctro
mag
netic
Wav
es
•T
he w
aves
var
y in
leng
th (
see
next
slid
e)•
The
long
est w
aves
are
use
d fo
r co
mm
unic
atio
n de
vice
s•
Mic
row
aves
are
sho
rter
and
use
d fo
r w
irele
ss
tran
smis
sion
s•
Ligh
t ray
s ar
e in
visi
ble,
but
pro
duce
hea
t•
Sho
rter
ligh
ts s
uch
as x
-ray
s an
d ga
mm
a ra
ys
cann
ot b
e se
en b
ut p
enet
rate
hum
an ti
ssue
s•
The
sho
rtes
t wav
es h
ave
high
er fr
eque
ncie
s an
d su
ffici
ent e
nerg
y to
ioni
ze
Th
e S
pec
tru
m o
f R
adio
acti
ve
Fre
qu
enci
es
Mea
surin
g R
adio
activ
ity
•T
he m
easu
rem
ent o
f ion
izin
g ra
diat
ion
is
espe
cial
ly im
port
ant b
ecau
se o
f the
po
tent
ial h
arm
•W
hen
phot
ons
are
emitt
ed, r
adia
tion
disi
nteg
rate
s, r
educ
ing
the
char
ge o
r ra
dioa
ctiv
e m
ass
•T
he r
ate
at w
hich
rad
iois
otop
es d
ecay
is a
be
cque
rel (
Bq)
or
curie
(C
i)
Mea
sure
men
t Dev
ices
Use
d
•F
or h
ighe
r le
vels
of r
adia
tion:
–Io
nizi
ng g
as d
etec
tor
cham
bers
–P
ropo
rtio
nal c
ount
ers
•U
sed
to m
easu
re b
eta
radi
atio
n in
labo
rato
ries
–S
cint
illat
ion
coun
ters
•U
sed
by th
ose
to lo
cate
sou
rces
of r
adio
activ
e co
ntam
inat
ion
–G
eige
r-M
uelle
r de
tect
or•
Wor
n by
thos
e w
ho w
ork
with
rad
ioac
tivity
–F
ilm b
adge
–D
osim
eter
Who
Mon
itors
Rad
ioac
tivity
Exp
osur
e?
•In
hos
pita
ls
–A
rad
iolo
gist
•In
nuc
lear
faci
litie
s–
Hea
lth p
hysi
cist
•In
pub
lic h
ealth
dep
artm
ents
–A
n en
viro
nmen
tal h
ealth
spe
cial
ist
Com
pute
d T
omog
raph
y (C
T)
Sca
ns
•In
vent
ed in
197
2 by
God
frey
Hou
nsfie
ld•
The
firs
t one
was
use
d at
the
May
o C
linic
•P
rodu
ces
3-di
men
sion
al im
ages
of t
he h
uman
bo
dy•
X-r
ay e
xpos
ure
is lo
nger
bec
ause
the
body
is
“slic
ed”
into
par
ts to
see
mor
e de
tail
(sof
t tis
sue,
bo
ne, a
nd b
lood
ves
sels
)•
Acc
ount
s fo
r 40
% o
f rad
iatio
n ex
posu
re fr
om
diag
nost
ic te
sts
and
is in
crea
sing
Rad
on
•R
adon
is a
rad
ioac
tive
gas
that
form
s du
ring
deca
y of
ura
nium
-238
•R
ound
nat
ural
ly in
roc
ks a
nd s
oil
•R
adon
gas
see
ps fr
om u
nder
grou
nd r
ock
into
bas
emen
t and
foun
datio
n cr
acks
•R
adon
exp
osur
e is
the
seco
nd le
adin
g ca
use
of lu
ng c
ance
r–
Sm
oker
s ar
e at
hig
her
risk
for
DN
A c
hang
es
Rad
on D
etec
tion
•R
adon
det
ectio
n ca
n be
don
e ea
sily
at
hom
e–
Cha
rcoa
l can
iste
r –
Alp
ha tr
ack
dete
ctor
s
•4
pico
curie
s pe
r lit
er is
con
side
red
“saf
e ex
posu
re”
to r
adon
in th
e ho
me
•R
adon
gas
exp
osur
e ca
n be
rep
aire
d in
ex
pens
ivel
y by
sea
ling
crac
ks w
ith c
aulk
an
d fo
am m
ater
ials
Hea
lth E
ffect
s of
Rad
iatio
n E
xpos
ure
•C
ell m
utat
ions
with
ioni
zing
exp
osur
e w
ere
disc
over
ed in
192
7•
Ear
ly r
esea
rche
rs s
uffe
red
serio
us e
ffect
s•
Bio
logi
cal e
ffect
s ar
e di
rect
ly p
ropo
rtio
nal
to in
divi
dual
cel
l div
isio
n an
d sp
ecifi
c fu
nctio
n of
cel
ls
Cel
l Dam
age
from
Rad
ioac
tivity
•D
NA
is d
amag
ed in
div
idin
g ce
lls–
Epi
derm
al s
kin,
bon
e m
arro
w, R
BC
s, a
nd
sper
m•
Dam
age
to li
popr
otei
n st
ruct
ures
in th
e nu
clea
r ce
ll m
embr
ane
–O
va a
nd ly
mph
ocyt
es•
The
mos
t har
m c
omes
to d
evel
opin
g fe
tuse
s–
Gen
etic
effe
cts
–M
enta
l ret
arda
tion
Can
cer
Ris
k
•T
he b
igge
st c
once
rn is
the
risk
of
deve
lopi
ng c
ance
r•
Effe
cts
of io
nizi
ng r
adia
tion
(incl
udin
g ov
erex
posu
re to
dia
gnos
tic r
adia
tion)
in
clud
e a
high
er r
isk
of
–Lu
ng c
ance
r–
Ski
n ca
ncer
–B
reas
t can
cer
–T
hyro
id c
ance
r –
Leuk
emia
Mea
sure
men
t of
Rad
iatio
n E
xpos
ure
•D
ose
abso
rbed
(ra
d)–
rad
= th
e ab
sorp
tion
of 1
00 e
rgs
of e
nerg
y fr
om 1
gra
m o
f mat
eria
l–
1 jo
ule
(J)
= 1
00 r
ads
= 1
gra
y (G
y)
•D
ose
of e
quiv
alen
cy (
rem
)–
rem
= th
e bi
olog
ical
dos
e eq
uiva
lent
of a
ro
entg
en–
1 si
ever
t (S
v) =
100
rem
s
Exp
osur
e to
Rad
iatio
n
•T
he g
ener
al p
opul
atio
n is
exp
osed
to
–20
0–30
0 m
edic
al r
ems
per
year
–10
0 re
ms
from
rad
on–
55 r
ems
from
terr
estr
ial s
ourc
es–
30 r
ems
from
cos
mic
sou
rces
–4
rem
s fr
om fa
llout
–Le
ss th
an 1
rem
from
indu
stria
l exp
osur
e (n
ucle
ar r
eact
ors,
min
es, i
ndus
tria
l use
, m
edic
al u
ses,
and
hig
h-vo
ltage
dev
ices
)
Pre
dict
ing
the
Effe
cts
of
Ioni
zing
Rad
iatio
n
•S
ever
ity d
epen
ds o
n th
e do
se o
f rad
iatio
n•
Det
erm
inis
tic e
ffect
s (d
ays
or m
onth
s af
ter
an
acut
e ra
diat
ion
dose
)•
Thr
esho
ld e
ffect
s (n
on
sto
chas
tic
effe
cts
are
diffe
rent
from
one
indi
vidu
al t
o an
othe
r•
Non
thre
shol
d ef
fect
s (s
toch
asti
cef
fect
s di
ffer
acco
rdin
g to
the
type
of c
ells
affe
cted
)•
Cu
mu
lati
veef
fect
s (t
he a
mou
nt a
bsor
bed
over
tim
e)
Reg
ulat
ion
by F
eder
al A
genc
ies
•O
ccup
atio
nal H
ealth
and
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion
(OS
HA
) m
onito
rs r
adia
tion
expo
sure
at t
he w
orks
ite
•T
he N
ucle
ar R
egul
ator
y C
omm
issi
on
(NR
C)
mon
itors
exp
osur
e in
nuc
lear
fa
cilit
ies
•T
he D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
atio
n (D
OT
) m
onito
rs tr
ansp
orta
tion
of n
ucle
ar w
aste
Pub
lic H
ealth
Inte
rven
tions
•T
he F
ood
and
Dru
g A
dmin
istr
atio
n (F
DA
) m
onito
rs u
se in
food
s•
The
U.S
. Pub
lic H
ealth
Ser
vice
(P
HS
) re
gula
te m
edic
al p
roce
dure
s•
The
Cen
ter
for
Env
ironm
enta
l Hea
lth
assi
st in
the
even
t of n
ucle
ar in
cide
nts
To
Red
uce
Rad
iatio
n E
xpos
ure
•In
crea
se th
e di
stan
ce fr
om a
rad
iatio
n so
urce
(U
V s
unlig
ht, r
adon
, etc
.)•
Wea
r pr
otec
tive
shie
lds
or c
loth
ing
•D
ispo
se o
f con
tam
inat
ed o
bjec
ts w
ith th
e he
lp o
f a
radi
olog
ical
hea
lth p
rofe
ssio
nal o
r he
alth
ph
ysic
ist
•Li
mit
the
time
expo
sed
to x
-ray
s or
rad
iatio
n tr
eatm
ents
•U
se a
HE
PA
filte
r in
furn
aces
and
air
cond
ition
ing
units
Sol
ar R
adia
tion
•Li
ght r
ays
(vis
ible
ligh
t, U
V li
ght,
and
infr
ared
ligh
t)•
Mos
t of t
he s
olar
rad
iatio
n re
achi
ng th
e E
arth
’s s
urfa
ce is
infr
ared
rad
iatio
n (5
5%)
and
visi
ble
light
(40
%)
•5%
of g
roun
d-le
vel s
olar
rad
iatio
n is
UV
ra
diat
ion
–P
rimar
ily in
the
UV
-A r
ange
UV
Lig
ht
•U
V li
ght i
s be
twee
n io
nizi
ng a
nd
noni
oniz
ing
radi
atio
n•
Sun
light
con
sist
s of
–
UV
-A (
a.k.
a. “
blac
k lig
ht”)
–U
V-B
(a.
k.a.
“er
ythe
mal
UV
ligh
t”)
–U
V-C
(a.
k.a.
“ge
rmic
idal
UV
ligh
t”)
•U
V r
adia
tion
trav
els
from
the
sun
to th
e E
arth
pas
sing
thro
ugh
the
ozon
e la
yer
–O
zone
abs
orbs
mos
t of t
he U
V-A
ligh
t
Hea
lth R
isks
of U
V L
ight
•U
V-A
pen
etra
tes
the
skin
cau
sing
pho
toag
ing
dam
age
•U
V-B
ligh
t cau
ses
tann
ing
and
sunb
urn
(ery
them
a) a
nd d
amag
es th
e im
mun
e sy
stem
•U
V-C
ligh
t can
dam
age
DN
A (
mel
anom
a) a
nd
othe
r m
olec
ules
•D
irect
UV
exp
osur
e ca
n ca
use
blin
dnes
s (p
hoto
kera
titis
, “w
elde
r’s fl
ash”
or
“sno
w
blin
dnes
s”)
and
cata
ract
s
Mon
itorin
g U
V L
ight
•T
he a
mou
nt o
f UV
ligh
t dep
ends
on
the
seas
on, t
ime
of d
ay, l
atitu
de, c
loud
s, a
nd
altit
ude
•M
onito
red
wor
ldw
ide
•N
atio
nal O
cean
ic a
nd A
tmos
pher
ic
Adm
inis
trat
ion
(NO
AA
) m
onito
rs it
in th
e U
.S.
•B
road
cast
ed b
y th
e N
atio
nal W
eath
er
Ser
vice
(N
WS
)
Art
ifici
al S
ourc
es o
f UV
Lig
ht
•W
eldi
ng to
rche
s•
Tan
ning
bed
s (U
V-A
and
UV
-B)
•B
lack
ligh
ts (
UV
-A)
•C
urin
g la
mps
use
d by
den
tists
•G
erm
icid
al la
mps
•M
ercu
ry v
apor
lam
ps•
Hal
ogen
and
xen
on la
mps
•H
igh-
inte
nsity
dis
char
ge la
mps
use
d by
de
rmat
olog
ists
•La
sers
Lase
r Li
ght
•U
sed
for
wel
ding
, sur
gery
, hom
e se
curit
y sy
stem
s, li
ght s
how
s, C
D/D
VD
pla
yers
, su
perm
arke
t sca
nner
s,F
AX
mac
hine
s, a
nd
prin
ting
equi
pmen
t
Ski
n C
ance
r
•T
he b
asal
cel
l lay
er c
onta
ins
mel
ano
cyte
sth
at
prod
uce
mel
anin
(pi
gmen
t for
tann
ing)
•M
elan
ocyt
es p
rodu
ce tw
o pi
gmen
ts–
Eum
elan
in (
brow
n)
–P
haem
elan
in (
yello
w a
nd r
ed)
•A
s th
e sk
in is
exp
osed
to li
ght,
mel
anoc
ytes
in
crea
se in
act
ivity
•D
amag
e to
mel
anoc
ytes
from
UV
rad
iatio
n ca
uses
can
cero
us m
utat
ions
kno
wn
as
mel
ano
ma
Non
ioni
zing
Rad
iatio
n
•V
isib
le li
ght (
VIS
)•
Infr
ared
ligh
t•
Mic
row
aves
•R
adar
•T
elev
isio
n•
Rad
io•
Ele
ctric
fiel
ds•
Mag
netic
fiel
ds
Vis
ible
Lig
ht
•N
atur
al o
r m
an-m
ade
•T
he s
peed
(te
mpe
ratu
re)
resu
lts w
hen
phot
os c
ollid
e•
Incl
udes
–
UV
ligh
t–
Inca
ndes
cent
ligh
t–
Flu
ores
cent
ligh
t–
Neo
n lig
ht
Mea
sure
men
t of L
ight
•W
att—
fund
amen
tal u
nit o
f opt
ical
pow
er
with
the
rate
of e
nerg
y of
one
J p
er s
econ
d•
Opt
ical
pow
er =
func
tion
of th
e nu
mbe
r of
ph
oton
s an
d w
avel
engt
h•
Lu
men
—th
e ph
otom
etric
equ
ival
ent f
or a
w
att w
ith v
isib
le li
ght
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
Fie
lds
(EM
Fs)
•E
MF
s ar
e ch
arge
d w
ith e
lect
rom
agne
tic
radi
atio
n (n
onio
nizi
ng)
•A
s w
e ar
e ex
pose
d to
hig
her
leve
ls o
f io
nizi
ng r
adia
tion,
the
risk
of E
MF
s be
com
es m
ore
impo
rtan
t•
Am
p=
the
mag
netic
com
pone
nts
of a
n el
ectr
ic fi
eld
•V
olt
= th
e st
reng
th o
f the
ele
ctric
fiel
d•
Her
tz=
the
freq
uenc
y of
an
elec
tric
fiel
d
EM
Fs
Sta
tic•
Doe
s no
t cha
nge
•D
irect
cur
rent
(D
C)
Use
d fo
r tr
ansp
orta
tion
and
MR
I dev
ices
•N
ot a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
tum
ors,
imm
une
supp
ress
ion,
or
horm
ones
Pul
sed
•R
ever
ses
dire
ctio
n at
re
gula
r in
terv
als
•A
C c
urre
nt
•F
ound
in e
lect
ricity
•In
clud
es R
Fs,
IFs,
an
d E
LFs
Rad
iofr
eque
ncy
Fie
lds
(RF
s)
•U
sed
for
tele
grap
h, te
leph
ones
, rad
io, t
elev
isio
n,
air
traf
fic c
ontr
ol, r
adar
, and
cel
lula
r ph
ones
•T
he s
hort
est r
adio
wav
es a
re k
now
n as
m
icro
wav
es (
MW
)•
Mic
owav
e to
wer
s em
it el
ectr
omag
netic
wav
es to
ca
rry
over
long
dis
tanc
es.
•T
he h
ighe
r th
e po
wer
of c
omm
unic
atio
n m
icro
wav
es, t
he b
ette
r th
e tr
ansm
issi
on fo
r an
alog
an
d di
gita
l sig
nals
Hea
lth E
ffect
s of
Mic
row
aves
•M
icro
wav
es g
ener
ate
heat
•M
icro
wav
es a
re a
bsor
bed
by th
e sk
in•
Res
earc
hers
feel
hig
h ex
posu
re to
te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n fie
lds
incr
ease
can
cer
rate
s in
hum
ans
•T
he m
ost s
usce
ptib
le o
rgan
is th
e br
ain
•T
he lo
catio
n of
the
cell
phon
e an
tenn
ae
and
leng
th o
f tim
e on
the
phon
e is
im
port
ant
Inte
rmed
iate
Fre
quen
cy F
ield
s (I
Fs)
•M
ost l
ikel
y en
coun
tere
d by
hos
pita
l (M
RI
tech
nici
ans)
and
mili
tary
per
sonn
el
(wor
king
with
hig
h-ra
nge
broa
dcas
ting
com
mun
icat
ion
tran
smitt
ers)
•F
or th
e la
yper
son,
exp
osur
e co
mes
from
co
mpu
ter
mon
itors
, TV
scr
eens
, ant
i-the
ft de
vice
s in
libr
arie
s an
d st
ores
, and
se
curit
y sy
stem
s
Ext
rem
ely
Low
Fre
quen
cy F
ield
s (E
LFs)
•T
he m
ain
sour
ce a
re tr
ains
and
ele
ctric
al
devi
ces
•T
here
is c
once
rn a
bout
the
use
of
hous
ehol
d ap
plia
nces
, wat
erbe
ds, e
lect
ric
blan
kets
, and
ele
ctric
toot
hbru
shes
•A
low
prio
rity
for
rese
arch
Hea
lth E
ffect
s of
EM
Fs
•D
amag
e to
veg
etat
ion
and
biol
ogic
al s
yste
ms
•C
orre
latio
ns h
ave
been
foun
d w
ith–
Chi
ldho
od le
ukem
ia a
nd lo
catio
n of
pow
er
lines
–T
estic
ular
can
cer
and
leuk
emia
am
ong
polic
e of
ficer
s us
ing
rada
r–
Leuk
emia
and
lym
phom
a w
ith r
adio
freq
uenc
y an
d m
icro
wav
e us
e am
ong
mili
tary
per
sonn
el•
The
res
earc
h ha
s be
en e
xten
ded
and
resu
lts a
re
inco
nclu
sive
Mor
e R
esea
rch
•T
he m
ost s
usce
ptib
le o
rgan
s ar
e th
e ey
es a
nd
brai
n•
Som
e re
sear
ch s
how
ing
incr
ease
d ris
k of
bre
ast
canc
er fo
r ra
dio
and
tele
grap
h op
erat
ors
•R
epro
duct
ive
effe
cts?
–H
ighe
r m
isca
rrai
ges
and
birt
h de
fect
s fr
om
preg
nant
wom
en u
sing
mon
itors
20
hour
s pe
r w
eek
or lo
nger
dur
ing
the
first
trim
este
r–
Som
e w
onde
r if
the
heat
from
lapt
ops
will
af
fect
spe
rm
Pro
tect
ion
Aga
inst
ELF
s
•T
here
are
no
stan
dard
s fo
r ex
posu
re to
ra
diof
requ
ency
rad
iatio
n (R
FR
) as
long
as
ther
e ar
e no
ther
mal
effe
cts
•T
he U
.S. F
CC
is m
onito
ring
ther
mal
ef
fect
s on
bra
in, t
estic
les,
bre
asts
, and
ly
mph
gla
nds
•O
SH
A s
tand
ards
are
10
times
hig
her
•T
he S
wed
ish
gove
rnm
ent h
as s
tand
ards
fo
r co
mpu
ter
mon
itors
Noi
se a
nd H
ealth
Effe
cts
•U
nwan
ted
soun
d•
Dea
fnes
s, p
erm
anen
t and
tem
pora
ry
hear
ing
loss
, and
psy
chol
ogic
al s
tres
s•
Mea
sure
men
ts–
hert
z (H
z) =
freq
uenc
y–
amps
(A
) =
loud
ness
–de
cibe
ls (
Db)
= in
tens
ity; a
lso
wat
ts p
er
cent
imet
er s
quar
ed (
W/c
m2 )
Tem
pora
ry H
earin
g Lo
ss
•T
he lo
uder
the
nois
e, th
e m
ore
hear
ing
loss
•W
hen
expo
sed
to lo
ud n
oise
the
pers
on
expe
rienc
es ti
nnitu
s an
d te
mpo
rary
dea
fnes
s (a
.k.a
. “te
mpo
rary
thre
shol
d sh
ift”
[TS
S])
•C
ontin
ued
expo
sure
dam
ages
hai
r ce
lls in
the
orga
n of
Cor
ti of
the
coch
lea
of th
e in
ner
ear
•T
he d
amag
e is
irre
vers
ible
Hea
lth E
ffect
s of
Ultr
ason
ic D
evic
es
•U
sed
in s
ubm
arin
es a
nd m
edic
al im
agin
g•
The
sou
nd w
ave
strik
es th
e bo
dy a
nd
refle
cts
back
to th
e pr
obe
•T
he d
ista
nce
betw
een
is m
easu
res
acco
rdin
g to
the
“ech
oes”
on
the
scre
en to
pr
oduc
e a
two-
dim
ensi
onal
imag
e•
Con
cern
s ab
out d
amag
e to
the
fetu
s
How
to
Red
uce
Exp
osur
e to
Rad
ioac
tivity
•A
utho
ritie
s go
vern
ed b
y:–
Nat
iona
l Env
ironm
enta
l Pol
icy
Act
of 1
969
–T
elec
omm
unic
atio
ns A
ct o
f 199
6
•T
he F
DA
and
FC
C r
ecom
men
ds:
•H
ave
the
cell
phon
e an
tenn
a m
ount
ed o
n th
e ca
r•
Use
hea
dset
s•
Hav
e on
ly s
hort
con
vers
atio
ns o
n ce
ll ph
ones