radiation and human health · health effects dose (msv) effect >5000 probable death 1000...
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Radiation and Human Health
Don WilesAlmonte Lectures
25 January, 2019
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! Radiation! History of radiation damage!International Standards! Food Irradiation!Personal exposure!Recent Results
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First Some Definitionsá radiation: Heavy particlesShort range, high energy, dense damageâ radiation: electrons; longer range, medium energy, less dense damageã radiation: like x-rays, higher energylonger range, least dense damage
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Health Effects of Radiation
External Sources: General, Topical, Radiation Sickness
Internal Sources:
Organ-specificThyroid, Bone Marrow, Liver, Others
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Molecular Effects of Radiation
Most reactions are with water
Producing H20-, H2O+, H3O+ and OH
These oxidizing molecules canChange or destroy normal molecules
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Radiation Measurement
Gray: Gy 1 Gy = 1 Joule/KgAmount of radiation
Sievert: Sv (mSv)Amount of effective radiation
includes specific biological effects
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! Radiation! History of Radiation Damage!International Standards! Food Irradiation!Personal exposure!Recent Results
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Health EffectsDose (mSv) Effect
>5000 Probable death 1000 Possible Radiation Sickness 100 Might cause cancer 30 - 100 Full CT Scan 1.8 Normal annual background dose 0.1 Dose from lung x-ray 0.01 Dose from dental x-ray
CNSC
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Early Exposures
X-Ray expertsLost fingers, handsMany cancers (Marie Curie)
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American Watch-Dial Painters
Much Radium got into their bones
Many died of cancer or other problems
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Problems in Chernobyl
A few workers serious
I-131: ~ 1600 cancers – most cured Avoidable with KI pills
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Problems in Fukushima
~ 50 workers seriously affected
Most serious was the social effect of moving citizens away from the area.
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Locallized effects
Mostly medical treatments
Platinum needles of radium
131I thyroid treatment
Focussed 137Cs, 60Co
Recent Example: Bone cancer treatment
With Ra223:~
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Ra-223: a series of alpha emitters
Ra-223 á 11.4 dRn-219 á 4 secPo-215 á 2 msecPb-211 â 36 minBi-211 á 2 minTl-207 â 5 minPb-207 Stable
Gordon McNabb
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Radium goes directly to
Active bone centres – Cancersá particles have very short range
Normal Dose ~ 90 ìCi per treatment
My colleague gets 120 ìCi every four weeks
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! Radiation! History of Radiation Damage!International Standards! Food Irradiation !Personal exposure!Recent Results
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Natural Background Radiation
Source Dose Rate (mSv/a)
Cosmic Radiation 0.3 - 0.5Concrete House 0.5 - 1.54-hour Jet flight 0.01Radon (outdoors) 0.2Medical x-rays 0.3 - 0.4Human Body (14C, 40K) 0.2
Total (Average) 2 - 3 mSv/a
20
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Dose-response Curve
a major guide-postin controling the use of
radioactivity
Usually Cancers per mSv
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Many important scientists wantedto stop nuclear bomb testing.
Viktor Weisskopf et al“No level of radiation is safe”
Therefore, use a straight linedown to Zero
ICRP 1956
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Dose (Sv)
DataLinear, noThreshold
0 1 2 3
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Dose
Data
Linear with Threshold
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Dose
Data
Linear with Hormesis
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! Radiation! History of Radiation Damage! International Standards! Food Irradiation! Personal exposure! Recent Results
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Food Irradiation
Usually ã rays or X-rays ! Improves shelf-life! Kills harmful bacteria that spoil food! Kills insects that are poisonous to us! Does not reverse current damage! Done only when legal
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Food Irradiation in Canada
Permitted by Law:
Onions, Potatoes, Wheat, Wheat Flour,Dried spices;
Mangoes, Poultry, Shrimp, Ground Beef
What is Actually Done in Canada ???
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! Radiation! History of Radiation Damage! International Standards! Food Irradiation! Personal exposure! Recent Results
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In the beginning: 1947
B.Sc., B.Ed. - No job
Go to Industry, see what comes up!
I had never heard of Port Hopeor of Radium
Port HopeHome of Radium
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My First Job! in Port Hope, Ontario
Purifying Radium
darkened beakers, glowing powdersburned fingers, inhaling radium
Our film badges were black every day
In charge of the VaultGilbert Labine’s Diamonds
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DRW Fingerprints
Radium Burn
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MIT – 1950
Prof. Robley Evans
Radon in my Breath!
About 25 times the maximum allowed
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MIT Medical School
Strontium-90 in Urine
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90Sr 6 90Y 6 90Zr â â
Energy: Low High Stable
So they must measure Yttrium
BUT
Y(OH)3 adsorbs on the glass and is lost!
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Solution:
Add an acid
Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid!!
Very volatile on being warmed!!!
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! Radiation! History of Radiatio Damage!International Standards! Food Irradiation!Personal exposure!Recent Results
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Gamma ray energy (keV)
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DRW Radiation Exposure Data
DRW:2014 1300 Bq body burden 35 ng Ra
Ra gamma spectrum:
226Ra á 4.8 MeV222Rn 6.5218Po 6.0214Po 7.7 Sum = 25 MeV
214Pb â 0.25 MeV215Bi 0.64 Sum = 0.89 MeV
Total 25.9 MeV
1300 x 25.9 = 33,670 --> 33.7 x 103 MeV/sec distributed throughout the bones
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DRW Radiation History
Health Canada National Dose Registry
Not including the Port Hope or MIT radiation
34.80 mSvá radiation not included
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Since then, no effects
Biological Half Life
About 120 years
(Physical half life 1620 years)
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Thank You