radar satellites and maritime domain awareness · radar satellites and maritime domain awareness...

RADAR SATELLITES AND RADAR SATELLITES AND MARITIME DOMAIN MARITIME DOMAIN

AWARENESSAWARENESSJ.K.E. J.K.E. TunaleyTunaley

London Research and Development Corporation,London Research and Development Corporation,114 Margaret Anne Drive,114 Margaret Anne Drive,Ottawa, Ontario K0A 1L0Ottawa, Ontario K0A 1L0

(613) 839(613) 839--79437943

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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

London Research and Development London Research and Development CorporationCorporation 22

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

Ship Detection Performance using RadarShip Detection Performance using Radar––

RADARSATRADARSAT--22

––

Constellation of SmallConstellation of Small--SatsSatsTechnique for Radar and AIS Satellite Technique for Radar and AIS Satellite ConstellationsConstellations––

Trials/OperationsTrials/Operations

––

PerformancePerformance


REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENT

Persistent Surveillance of OceansPersistent Surveillance of Oceans––

All Weather, Day and NightAll Weather, Day and Night

––

Accurate Accurate GeolocationGeolocationDetection, Classification, Tracking, Detection, Classification, Tracking, Identification, IntentIdentification, IntentHigh Probability of DetectionHigh Probability of DetectionLow Probability of False AlarmLow Probability of False Alarm


CONSTRAINTSCONSTRAINTSSatellite RadarSatellite Radar

SensorSensor

––

CostCost––

Area Coverage RateArea Coverage Rate

––

Resolution (25 m to 50 m, or better)Resolution (25 m to 50 m, or better)––

Performance (PD, PFA)Performance (PD, PFA)

––

Constellation of Satellites (less than 6)Constellation of Satellites (less than 6)AIS, Other Sensors on Board or AvailableAIS, Other Sensors on Board or Available––

Radar and AIS reports within 10 min of each otherRadar and AIS reports within 10 min of each other


STUDY SENSORSSTUDY SENSORS

RADARSATRADARSAT--22––

MSSR, MSSR, ScanSARScanSAR

NarrowNarrow

Expanded Beam Expanded Beam WiSARWiSAR––

WiSARWiSAR

(MacDonald (MacDonald DettwilerDettwiler

and Associates)and Associates)

AIS and Other Sensors AIS and Other Sensors FusionFusion Assumed Assumed Focus on Multiple Detections of Each Focus on Multiple Detections of Each TargetTarget––

Detection, Tracking, AIS ValidationDetection, Tracking, AIS Validation


STUDY METHODSTUDY METHOD

Express Results/Requirement in Terms of Express Results/Requirement in Terms of Detections of Ship in Transit Across AOIDetections of Ship in Transit Across AOIUse Use AGIAGI’’ss

Satellite Tracking Kit (STK 8.2)Satellite Tracking Kit (STK 8.2)

––

Industry StandardIndustry Standard––

Object Model for Iterations (new in 2007)Object Model for Iterations (new in 2007)

––

Setup Scenario using GUI; Hybrid ApproachSetup Scenario using GUI; Hybrid Approach––

Drive STK using Scripting (VBS)Drive STK using Scripting (VBS)


TYPICAL STK SCENARIOTYPICAL STK SCENARIO

Create ShipCreate Ship––

Set Waypoints, Speeds, Sailing TimeSet Waypoints, Speeds, Sailing Time

Create Create Satellite(sSatellite(s))––

Define Sensor BeamDefine Sensor Beam

Create Constellation (if required)Create Constellation (if required)Choose ReportChoose ReportExecute STK many Times for Different Execute STK many Times for Different Sailing Epochs using ScriptSailing Epochs using Script


MSSRMSSR

Considered by CanadaConsidered by Canada’’s s ““Polar EpsilonPolar Epsilon””

Polar Epsilon RequirementPolar Epsilon RequirementProbability of False AlarmProbability of False Alarm 2x102x10--99/Res. Cell/Res. CellProbability of Ship DetectionProbability of Ship Detection 0.90.9Minimum Detectable Ship in Minimum Detectable Ship in Sea State 5Sea State 5

25 m25 m

Principal AOIPrincipal AOI 1000 1000 nminmi

off off CoastCoast


POSSIBLE MSSR BEAMPOSSIBLE MSSR BEAM

Swath Width (50% increase over SCNB)Swath Width (50% increase over SCNB) ~ 450 km~ 450 km

PolarizationPolarization HV,HHHV,HH

Resolution (Rule of Thumb: about same Resolution (Rule of Thumb: about same size as minimum ship length)size as minimum ship length)

~ 25 m~ 25 m

Near Incidence RangeNear Incidence Range 2020ºº--3434ºº

Far Incidence RangeFar Incidence Range 4646ºº--5555ºº


SIMULATIONSIMULATION

FromFrom Liverpool/Hong KongLiverpool/Hong Kong

ToTo Halifax/VancouverHalifax/Vancouver

Sailing IntervalSailing Interval 1 hr1 hr

Total Simulation TimeTotal Simulation Time 32 days32 days

Speed Range (fixed and Speed Range (fixed and random)random)

15 15 ktskts

to 30 to 30 ktskts


SHIP WAYPOINTSSHIP WAYPOINTS

Description Latitude LongitudeLiverpool 53ºº

24’ -3ºº

00’

North Anglesey 53ºº

30’ -4ºº

30’Irish Sea 53ºº

20’ -5ºº

00’

South Ireland 52ºº

00’ -6ºº

00’Southwest Ireland 51ºº

00’ -11ºº 00’

South Newfoundland 46ºº

00’ -53ºº 30’Halifax 44ºº

38’ -63ºº 35’


SCNB LIVERPOOLSCNB LIVERPOOL--HALIFAXHALIFAX

Fraction of No Accesses

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Speed (kt)

Frac

tion


SCNB HALIFAXSCNB HALIFAX--LIVERPOOLLIVERPOOL

Fraction of No Accesses

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Speed (kt)

Frac

tion


MSSR ACCESSESMSSR ACCESSES Liverpool-Halifax at 20 kts

MSSR Access Frequencies

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Number

Freq

uenc

y


PROBABILITYPROBABILITY

Probability of Exactly n Accesses = Probability of Exactly n Accesses = ppnn

Probability of Detection on One Access = Probability of Detection on One Access = ppDD

Probability of No Detection on Multiple Probability of No Detection on Multiple Accesses:Accesses:

P0

=Σn

pn

(1-pD

)n

where pD

= 0.9


MSSR & SCNB DETECTION PROBABILITIES MSSR & SCNB DETECTION PROBABILITIES (RANDOM SPEEDS 15 to 30 (RANDOM SPEEDS 15 to 30 ktskts))

Voyage and Beam Probability No Detection

Liverpool to Halifax –

SCNB 0.19Halifax to Liverpool –

SCNB 0.15Liverpool to Halifax –

MSSR 0.11Halifax to Liverpool –

MSSR 0.06Hong Kong to Vancouver –

SCNB 0.015Hong Kong to Vancouver –

MSSR 0.0003Atlantic 1000 nmi

AOI to Halifax –

SCNB 0.41Atlantic 1000 nmi

AOI to Halifax –

MSSR 0.25Pacific 1000 nmi

AOI to Vancouver –

MSSR 0.41


WiSARWiSAR

PROTOTYPE ORBITPROTOTYPE ORBIT SWATH 350 KMSWATH 350 KM

Parameter ValueAltitude 600 kmType Sun-synchronous,

circular.Local Time of Ascending Node

06:00

Mean Motion 14.8934 revolutions/day

Repeat Cycle Unknown


SWATHS FROM 3 SWATHS FROM 3 WiSARsWiSARs


33--WiSAR PROBABILITIESWiSAR PROBABILITIES LIVERPOOLLIVERPOOL--HALIFAXHALIFAX

Probability of No Detection

1.00E-081.00E-071.00E-061.00E-051.00E-041.00E-031.00E-021.00E-011.00E+00

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Speed (kt)

Prob

abili

ty


44--WiSARs, 1WiSARs, 1--PLANEPLANE SWATH 410 KMSWATH 410 KM


44--WiSAR ACCESSESWiSAR ACCESSES LIVERPOOLLIVERPOOL--HALIFAXHALIFAX

Access Frequencies

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Number

Freq

uenc

y


44--WiSAR RESULTSWiSAR RESULTS

VoyageVoyage Probability of No Probability of No DetectionDetection

Liverpool to Halifax (Random Liverpool to Halifax (Random Speeds)Speeds)

<10<10--66

Atlantic 1000 Atlantic 1000 nminmi

AOIAOI <0.01<0.01


MSSR CONCLUSIONSMSSR CONCLUSIONS

The MSSR swath width provides a much The MSSR swath width provides a much better detection performance than SCNBbetter detection performance than SCNBFor Atlantic and Pacific crossings MSSR For Atlantic and Pacific crossings MSSR provides a significant MDA capability (if provides a significant MDA capability (if combined with AIS)combined with AIS)For 1000 For 1000 nminmi

AOIsAOIs, the performance will , the performance will

be useful but does not satisfy a realistic be useful but does not satisfy a realistic requirementrequirement


WiSARWiSAR

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS EXTENDED SWATH (410 KM)EXTENDED SWATH (410 KM)

A constellation of 3A constellation of 3--WiSARs in one plane WiSARs in one plane provides good but incomplete MDA for ocean provides good but incomplete MDA for ocean crossings and for 1000 crossings and for 1000 nminmi

Canadian Canadian AOIsAOIs

(but (but

certainly not for northcertainly not for north--south voyages)south voyages)A constellation of 3A constellation of 3--WiSARs in 3 planes has WiSARs in 3 planes has poor performancepoor performanceA constellation of 4A constellation of 4--WiSARs in one plane WiSARs in one plane satisfies the radar component of the Canadian satisfies the radar component of the Canadian requirements and probably most of the US requirements and probably most of the US requirement as wellrequirement as well

Tel: (613) 839-7943; Email: [email protected]


AIS CONCLUSIONSAIS CONCLUSIONS

STK technique for determining imaging STK technique for determining imaging opportunities between RADARSATopportunities between RADARSAT--2 and 2 and ORBCOMM satellites is fast and ORBCOMM satellites is fast and inexpensive (STK Scenario + Script)inexpensive (STK Scenario + Script)STK technique is appropriate to STK technique is appropriate to performance estimation using N radar performance estimation using N radar satellites and M AIS satellites with various satellites and M AIS satellites with various constraintsconstraints

radar satellites and maritime domain awareness · radar satellites and maritime domain awareness...

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