radar presentation by my batch

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AVIATION AND AEROSPACE COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

Presented by my batch



Contents How It Works?

Development

ATC Radar Types

Benefits and Disadvantages

An Accident Example

The future

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How It Works?

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RAdio Detection And Ranging

Microwave(1GHz to 110Ghz)

Higher frequency gethigher resolution, butshorter range.



Microwave BandBand

Frequency Wave Length Description

L 1–2 GHz 15–30 cm

long range air traffic control and surveillance; 'L'

for 'long'

S 2–4 GHz 7.5–15 cmterminal air traffic control, long-range weather,marine radar; 'S' for 'short'

X 8–12 GHz 2.5–3.75 cm

missile guidance, marine radar, weather,

medium-resolution mapping and groundsurveillance; in the USA the narrow range10.525 GHz ±25 MHz is used for airport radar.Named X band because the frequency was asecret during WW2.

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Development The first “practical” application of radio waves for

RADAR was invented by Christian Huelsmeyer

in 1904, German for ship detection (Range = 3km)

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Huelsmeyer’sTelemobiloscope



Development cont. “Freya” was the first radar produced in quantity for

the German Navy

Land-based aircraft detection radar

Operated at 120 to 130 MHz

Peak Power output of 15 to 20 kW Max range of 100 nm

Over 1000 built throughout the war

Installed along Germany’s northern coast

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Development cont. CHAIN HOME was a network of “f loodlight” radars

positioned along the coast of England

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Categories

Primary SurveillanceRadar

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Secondary Surveillance Radar



Transponder

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Developed from the military IFF(identification, friend or foe) since

WWII

Mode A — provides a 4-digit octalidentification code for the aircraft, knownas a squawk code, assigned by the airtraffic controller

Mode C — provides a 10-bit binary Gray code for the aircraft's pressure altitude

Mode S — each aircraft can be assigned afixed, unique ICAO 24-bit, includingposition and velocity



Radars for ATC En Route Radar

Air Surveillance Radar

Weather Radar

ASDE

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En Route Radar

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En-route radar systems operates in L-Band usually. These radar setsinitially detect and determine the position, course, and speed of air targetsin a relatively large area up to 250 nm.



Air Surveillance Radar

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Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) is an approach control radar used todetect and display an aircraft's position in the terminal area. These radarsets operate usually in S-Band, and are capable of reliably detecting andtracking aircraft at altitudes below 25,000 feet (7,620 meters) and within40 to 60 nautical miles (75 to 110 km) of their airport.

Terminal Radar



Weather Radar

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Microburst Radar(MBR)

Doppler WeatherRadar



ASDE

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The Surface Movement Radar (SMR) scans the airport surface to locatethe positions of aircraft and ground vehicles and displays them for airtraffic controllers in bad weather. Surface movement radars operate in X-Band and uses an extremely short pulse-width to provide anacceptable range-resolution.

Airport SurfaceDetectionEquipment

Surface MovementRadar

Ground Radar



Benefits and Disadvantages Provide a controller a global picture about what is

going on in the air

Prevent midair collision and runway incursion by using TCAS and ASDE

Can be affected by the weather and terrain

Has limited range and can not cover all the airspace

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An Accident ExampleDate 12 November 1996

Type Mid-air collision

SiteCharkhi Dadri,Haryana, India

Totalfatalities

349

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Charkhi Dadri mid-aircollision

Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 763, 747-100

Air Kazakhstan Flight 1907, IL-76

•Flight 1907 did not follow the ATCinstruction to maintain 15,000 ft

• Also not equipped TCAS

• ATC only have primary surveillance radar

•The same route for arrival and departure



The Future

ADS-B

Satellite Based Surveillance

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Review

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How It Works?

Development

ATC Radar Types

Benefits and Disadvantages

An Accident Example

The future



ANY QUESTIONS?

radar presentation by my batch

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