Rachel PetersonCALCIUM

Osteoporosis, the deficiency disease of calcium, has been discovered in 4000 year old Egyptian mummies

Determined by presence of dowager’s hump or curved spine

Used to create plaster of Paris 1000 years ago to set broken bones

HISTORY

Leafy greens: collards, kale, broccoli, turnip greens

Fortified foods: breakfast cereals and fruit juices

Dairy Products: milk, yogurt, cheeseCrackers, white bread, rollsSalmon and sardines

CALCIUM IN FOODS

RDA for Adults 19-50 years1000 mg/day

RDA after women are 50 and men are 701200 mg/day

Adolescents 1300 mg/day

Daily Value1000 mg/day

CALCIUM NEEDS

Occurs along length of intestinal tract

Absorbed most effi ciently in upper region of small intestine

Absorption decreases at end of small intestine and colon

Some is absorbed via passive diffusion

ABSORPTION

Our bodies are able to absorb greater amounts of calcium during periods of growth Infancy Pregnancy

Vitamin D promotes calcium absorptionAdults absorb 25-30% Reduced absorption

Secretion of stomach acid Chronic diarrhea Intake of phytic acid, oxalic acid, phosphorus,

polyphenols

ABSORPTION

Calcium is transported in two formsFree ionized formProtein-bound form

99% of calcium is stored in bones and teeth

Calcium is excreted via urine and sweat

TRANSPORT AND STORAGE

Low calcium levels: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) released PTH works with vitamin D to increase kidney’s reabsorption

of calcium Kidneys inhibit calcium from being excreted in urine PTH promotes synthesis of vitamin D and helps calcium be

released from bonesHigh calcium levels:

Less PTH is released Urinary calcium excretion increases Vitamin D synthesis decreases Calcitonin is released to block calcium loss from bones

CALCIUM IN THE BLOODSTREAM

Bone development and maintenanceBlood clottingTransmission of nerve impulsesMuscle contractionCell metabolismControlling blood pressure

FUNCTIONS

UL: 2500 mg/day for adults aging 19-50UL: 2000 mg/day for adults 50+Typically caused by supplementationHypercalcemia

High concentration of calcium in bloodKidney stone developmentKidney failureIrritability and headacheDecreased absorption of other minerals

UPPER LEVEL OF CALCIUM

OsteopeniaOsteoporosis

Affects 8 million women and 2 million men in US

More prevalent in Caucasian/whites and postmenopausal women

KyphosisPrevention: early intake of calcium and vitamin D, intake of other minerals, exercise/weight training

CALCIUM DEFICIENCY

KYPHOSIS

OSTEOPOROSIS

45% of adults report usingContain salts like calcium carbonate or calcium

citrateMay contain vitamin D to increase absorptionShould be used with caution

Hypercalcemia Calcium deposits Interactions with other minerals Lead contamination

SUPPLEMENTATION

Relationship between calcium supplementation and cardiovascular events

Found that supplementation had varied effects on cardiovascular events, stroke, and myocardial infarction

Concluded that the benefits of a calcium supplement outweigh the risk of cardiovascular events

CURRENT RESEARCH

Relationship between protein intake, calcium balance, and the health consequences

Researchers hypothesized that a high protein intake would exert a hypercalciuric eff ect and a low urinary pH Effects together promote skeletal demineralization

Found that high protein diets do induce an increase in urinary calcium excretion, but are not linked to an impaired calcium balance or decrease in bone density

CURRENT RESEARCH

Unable to access the Evidence Analysis Library

EAL

What are sources of calcium?What is the RDA for calcium?What two hormones are used in maintaining

blood calcium levels?What is the deficiency disease associated

with calcium?

QUESTIONS

Byrd-Bredbenner, G. Moe, D. Beshgetoor , & J . Bern ing, Ward law's Perspect ives in Nutr i t ion-Ninth Ed i t ion (pp. 512-523) . New York , NY: The McGraw-Hi l l Companies . (2013)

Calvez, J . , Poupin , N . , Chesneau, C . , Lassa le , C . , & Tome, D. (2012) . Prote in Intake, Ca lc ium Ba lance, and Hea l th Consequences . European Journa l o f C l in ica l Nutr i t ion , 281-295.

Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet : Ca lc ium. (2013, March) . Ret r ieved October 27, 2013, f rom Offi ce o f D ietary Supplements : Nat iona l Inst i tutes o f Hea l th : ht tp : / /ods .od.n ih .gov/ factsheets /Ca lc ium-Heal thProfess iona l /#h10

Downing, L . , & Is lam, M. A. (2013) . Infl uence o f Ca lc ium Supplements on the Occurance o f Card iovascu lar Events . Amer ican Journa l o f Hea l th -System Pharmacy, 1132-1139.

Hacker , A. N . , Fung, E . B . , & K ing, J . C . (2012) . Ro le o f Ca lc ium dur ing Pregnancy: Materna l and Feta l Needs. Nutr i t ion Rev iews, 397-409.

Peters , B . , Ver ly J r. , E . , March ion i , D . , Fi sberg , M. , & Mart in i , L . (2011) . The Infl uence o f Breakfast and Da i ry Products on Dietary ca lc ium and Vi tamin D Intake in Postpuberta l Ado lescents and Young Adul ts . Journa l o f Human Nutr i t ion and D ietet ics , 69-74.

Sizer , & Whi tney, Nutr i t ion: Concepts & Controvers ies (pp. 288-290) . Be lmont , CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learn ing. (2011)

Spangler , M. , Bry les -Ph i l l ips , B . , Ross , M. B . , & Moores , K . G. (2011) . Ca lc ium Supplementat ion in Postmenopausa l Women to Reduce R isk o f Osteoporot ic Fractures . Amer ican Journa l o f Heal th -System Pharmacy, 309-318.

BIBLIOGRAPHY