race: myth and reality - luverne public schools pdf's/sociology 2014 pdf...race: myth and...

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Chapter 12 Race and Ethnicity Articles

Race and Ethnicity Rwanda

Race: Myth and Reality

•  The Reality of Human Variety •  The Myth of Pure Races •  The Myth of a Fixed Number of Races •  The Myth of Racial Superiority •  The Myth Continues

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Ethnic Groups

•  People often confuse the terms race and ethnic group

•  Race Refers to Biological Characteristics •  Ethnicity Refers to Cultural Characteristics

– Common Ancestry – Cultural Heritage – Nations of Origin


Minority and Dominant Groups

•  Minority Group - People Singled Out for Unequal Treatment

•  Minority Group Not Necessarily Numerical Minority

•  Emergence of Minority Groups – Expansion of political boundaries – Migration


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Minority and Dominant Groups

•  Dominant Group - Group with Most… – Power – Privileges – Highest Social Status

•  Dominant Group Does the Discriminating


Constructing Racial-Ethnic Identity

•  Sense of Ethnicity – Relative Size – Power – Appearance – Discrimination

•  Ethnic Work and the Melting Pot


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Prejudice and Discrimination (handout on race relations terms) •  Learning Prejudice

– Prejudice vs. Discrimination – Learning from Association – Far-Reaching Nature of Prejudice –  Internalizing Dominant Norms

•  Lighter/Darker Skin •  Ethnic Maps



A LowSense

A Heightened Sense

Part of the majorityGreater powerSimilar to the “national identity”No discrimination

Smaller numbersLesser powerDifferent from the “national identity”Discrimination

A Sense of Ethnicity

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20%

5%

30%

10%

15%

25%

35%

40%

45%

Applicants whose income was below the median income

Applicants whose income was above the median income

These Applicants Were Charged Higher Interest (given subprime loans)

Applicants who have 100% to 120% of median income

WhitesLatinosAfrican Americans

15

25

30

11

26

30

14

36

43

These Applicants Were Denied a Mortgage

Buying a House: Institutional Discrimination and Predatory Lending This figure, based on a national sample, illustrates institutional discrimination. Rejecting the loan applications of minorities and gouging them with higher interest rates are a nationwide practice, not the acts of a rogue banker here or there. Because the discrimination is part of the banking system, it is also called systemic discrimination.


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Individual and Institutional Discrimination •  Home Mortgages

– African Americans and Latinos were 60 percent more likely to be rejected

•  Health Care – Discrimination does not have to be deliberate – Researchers do not know why race–ethnicity

is a factor in medical decisions


Theories of Prejudice

•  Psychological Perspectives – Frustration and Scapegoats – The Authoritarian Personality

•  Sociological Perspectives – Functionalism


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Theories of Prejudice

– Conflict Theory •  Keep Workers Insecure •  Exploit Racial-Ethnic Divisions

– Symbolic Interactionism – How Labels Create Prejudice – Labels and Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes


Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations (How do we deal with Minorities.) Detailed graph on next slide.

•  Genocide •  Population Transfer •  Internal Colonialism •  Segregation •  Assimilation •  Multiculturalism (Pluralism)


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The dominant group structures the social institu- tions to maintain minimal contact with the minority group (e.g., the

U.S. South before the 1960s)

The dominant group tries to destroy the

minority group (e.g., Germany and Rwanda)

The dominant group exploits

the minority group (e.g., low-paid, menial work)

The dominant group expels the minority group

(e.g., Native Americans forced onto reservations)

The dominant group absorbs

the minority group (e.g., American

Czechoslovakians)

The dominant group encourages racial and ethnic variation; when

successful, there is no longer a

dominant group(e.g., Switzerland)

GenocidePopulation

TransferInternal

Colonialism Segregation AssimilationMulticulturalism

(Pluralism)

INHUMANITY

REJECTION

HUMANITY

ACCEPTANCE

Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations: A Continuum

Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: Europeans Americans •  White Anglo Saxon Protestants (WASPs)

held deep prejudices against other whites •  Nation’s Founders Included Only Those

from England •  Other “White” Europeans Inferior •  Naturalization Act of 1790: only white

immigrants could apply for citizenship


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Whites65%

Latinos15%

AsianAmericans 4%

African Americans 13%

NativeAmericans 1%Claim two or more races 2%

Race–Ethnicity of the U.S. Population


Americans of European Descenta

199,491,00065%

Americans of African, Asian, North, Central, and South American, and Pacific Island Descent

104,743,00034%

Claim Two or More Race–Ethnicities

Overall Total:309,401,000 12%0 8%4% 16% 20%

Percentage of Americans

46,944,000 15.4%

39,059,000 12.8%

13,549,000 4.5%

3,083,000 1.0%

5,167,000 1.7%

50,272,000 16.5%German

36,278,000 11.9%Irishb

28,630,000 9.4%English/British

17,749,000 5.8%Italian

11,526,000 3.8%Frenchc

9,365,000 3.1%Scottishd

9,887,000 3.25%Polish

4,929,000 1.6%Dutch

4,643,000 1.5%Norwegian

4,390,000 1.4%Swedish

3,130,000 1.0%Russian

1,914,000 0.5%Czech

1,539,000 0.5%Hungarian

1,419,000 0.5%Portuguese

1,980,000 0.6%Welsh

1,459,000 0.5%Danish

1,351,000 0.4%Greek

997,000 0.3%Swiss

839,300 0.2%Others

Latinoe

Asian Americanf

African American

Native Americang

1,546,000 0.5%Arab

U.S. Racial–Ethnic Groups

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Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: Latinos (Hispanics) •  A Note on Terms •  Numbers Origins, Location

– The massive unauthorized entry into the United States has aroused public concern

•  Spanish Language •  Diversity •  Comparative Conditions



Less than average: 5.1% to 18.8%

Average:19.1% to 33.7%

Higher than average: 34.8% to 75.0%

e:

SC35.1

NC 33.2

VA33.7

WA25.4

OR20.4

CA58.3

NV44.2

ID15.6

MT12.4

WY13.8

AZ42.7

NM59.1

CO29.3

ND11.0

SD14.3

NE16.6

KS20.1

OK29.2

TX53.3

MN15.2

IA10.2

MO18.2

AR24.9

LA38.6

WI15.4

IL35.4

KY12.8

TN 23.5

MS41.7

AL32.0

GA42.5

FL40.5

IN17.3

MI22.6

WV25.4

PA19.1

NY40.1

ME5.1

NH 7.2MA 21.3RI 21.7

CT 26.8NJ 38.9

DE 32.4

MD43.2

DC66.5

OH17.8

UT18.8

AK34.8

VT5.1

HI75.0

Percentage Minority

J J 38.9

E4

D2

Highest percentage of minority groups

1. Hawaii (75%)2. California (58.3%)3. New Mexico (59.1%)

Lowest percentage of minority groups

2. New Hampshire (7.2%)

1. Maine (5.1%); Vermont (5.1%)

3. Iowa (10.2%)

The Distribution of Dominant and Minority Groups

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Mexico31,550,000

66%

Central and SouthAmerica 7,583,00016%

Puerto Rico 4,224,0009%

Cuba 1,647,000 4%Other countries2,481,000 5%

Geographical Origins of U.S. Latinos


California28%

Texas19%

Other States22%

New York 7%

Illinois 4%

Arizona 4%New Jersey 3%

Colorado 2%New Mexico 2%

Florida 8%

Where U.S. Latinos Live

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Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: African-Americans •  The Struggle for Civil Rights •  Rising Expectations and Civil Strife

– Expected that these sweeping legal changes would usher in better conditions in life

•  Continued Gains – African Americans have made remarkable

gains in politics, education, and jobs


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Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: African-Americans •  Current Losses •  Race or Social Class? A Sociological

Debate – Division of African Americans into “haves” and

“have-nots” •  Racism as an Everyday Burden



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Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: Asian-Americans •  Background of Discrimination •  Diversity •  Reasons for Success

– Family life – Educational achievement – Assimilation into mainstream culture


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China23%

India19%

Philippines18%

Korea10% Vietnam

11%

Japan5%

OtherCountries

14%

Countries of Origin for Asian Americans

Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: Native Americans •  Diversity of Groups •  From Treaties to Genocide and Population

Transfer •  The Invisible Minority and Self-

Determination •  Pan-Indianism


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Looking Towards the Future

•  The Immigration Debate – The current wave of immigrants is so diverse

that it is changing the U.S. racial–ethnic mix •  Affirmative Action •  Towards a True Multicultural Society



European descentLatinosAfrican AmericansAsian AmericansNative AmericansClaim membership intwo or more groups

Year 2000281 million

69.4%

12.5%12.1%

3.7%0.7%1.6%


59.3%

20.2%12.4% 5.1%

0.8%5.9%

2.1%


49.9%

27.8%

12.2%

0.8%3.2%

Projections of the Racial–Ethnic Makeup of the U.S. Population

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Percentage of Americans who claim membership in these groups:

European descent

NOW

65%2000

69%2050

50%

Latino descent

2000

13%NOW

15%2050

28%

African descent

NOW

13%2000

12%2050

12%

Asian descent

2050

5.9%2000

3.7%NOW

4.4%

Native American descent

2000

0.7%NOW

1.0%2050

0.8%

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