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Rabies control intervention in the Bale Mountains

April 2015

Claudio Sillero-Zubiri1,2, Eric Bedin1,2 , Leta Edea1, Edriss Ebu1, Alo Hussein1, Fekede Regassa3, Shimelis Wondimum4, Awal Kassim4 and Jorgelina Marino1,2

1Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme, Bale Dinsho, Ethiopia 2Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Tubney, OX13 5QL, UK.

3Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority, Coffee Exchange Building, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 4Bale Mountains National Park, Bale Dinsho, Ethiopia

Summary

Intensive monitoring of Ethiopian wolves in core areas of the Bale Mountains permitted early detection of a rabies epizootic in the Sanetti Plateau, prompting an emergency intervention to curtail the spread of the disease. Between 10th July 2014 and the time of this report, 25wolf carcasses were found and six animals were observed with symptoms of rabies infection. Rabies was confirmed in samples collected from eleven carcasses. The epizootic, initially restricted to the Sanetti Plateau, reached the Morebawa population by January 2015. It is unclear whether this was part of the same epizootic, or a second event with a different origin.

Immediately after laboratory tests confirmed rabies, an action plan to tackle the outbreak was developed and authorized by the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Authority (EWCA). An Emergency Response Team was composed with staff from EWCP, EWCA and the Bale Mountains National Park. The emergency vaccination intervention started on 11th August 2014, as extended as late as March 2015. In total 44 wolves were vaccinated in the Sanetti Plateau, 22 in the Web Valley (adding to the 10-15 animals reached by the vaccination trial implemented in July -August 2014), and 40 in Morebawa. Vaccination targeted the dominant male and female in each pack, to enhance the survival of the breeding unit, starting with the packs affected by rabies and expanding to the neighbouring packs to contain the disease to this apparent nucleus. The ongoing plan to control rabies in Bale also includes awareness campaigns and domestic dog vaccinations around wolf ranges.

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Background

The endangered Ethiopian wolves Canis simensis are restricted to the Afroalpine areas of Ethiopia and live in small populations. Together with habitat loss, diseases transmitted by domestic dogs pose the major threat to their survival. Out of an estimated global population of some 500 individuals, around 300 live in the Bale Mountains National Park, where the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme (EWCP) is based. This crucial population is threatened by recurrent epizootics of rabies, which can decimate local populations by two thirds, over a short period of time.

To reduce the risk of viruses spreading to the wolves in Bale, EWCP vaccinates domestic dogs and monitors wolf core areas, alert to any sign of disease. The early detection of carcasses has been crucial to curtailed epizootics in the past, by implementing reactive vaccinations in collaboration with the Ethiopia Wildlife Conservation Authority. EWCP detected rabies outbreaks in wolves in 1991, 2003, and again in 2008-9, and implemented reactive vaccinations on the last occasions to control the spread of the disease. Canine distemper virus (CDV) can also cause considerable mortality and CDV outbreaks were detected in wolves in Bale in 2005-6 and again in 2010. As a result, the dynamics of the wolf population in Bale has been characterized by a series of local population crashes and recoveries, backed up by continuous vaccination of domestic dogs and re-active vaccination of wolves in response to epizootics.

EWCP is testing methods to deliver vaccines against rabies and CDV using oral baits, as agreed in the Ethiopian Wolf National Action Plan. If coverage rates of oral vaccines prove to be sufficiently high, this method would provide a more efficient way to vaccinate wolves, either as a prophylactic or emergency measure.

The EWCP monitoring team found an Ethiopian wolf carcass on 10th July 2015 in the Sanetti Plateau, triggering a new intervention. This document provides a detailed report of the vaccination campaign.

Rabies outbreak

A wolf carcass was found on 10th July 2014 at the core of the Sanetti population, in the area occupied by the BBC/New BBC packs. Intensive monitoring of the surrounding areas started immediately, but no other carcass was detected until 4th August, when the finding of two dead juvenile wolves in the neighbouring territory of Garba Gurracha pack, testified the beginning of a rabies outbreak in the Sanetti population. Since then, a total of 25 carcasses were found and 6 wolves were observed with symptoms consistent with rabies infection in the Sanetti Plateau and Morebawa. (Table 1, Figure 1 and Appendix 1). Rabies was confirmed as the cause of death in eleven cases by EPHI (Ethiopian Public Health Institute) and by APHA (Animal & Plant Health Agency, UK). Other carcasses were too old to provide suitable samples, but it is logical to assume that rabies was also the cause of death, given the timing and location (Figure 1).

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Sub-population Rabies cases (carcasses and sick wolves)

Central Peaks 7 Chafadalacha 1 Morabawa East 2 Morabawa West 4 Rafu 3 Sanetti 14 BALE total 31

Table 1. Dead or sick wolves recorded between July 2014 and April 2015 in various areas of Bale Mountains National Park.

The timing and distribution of the carcasses found indicates two phases in the rabies outbreak. The first phase led to beginning of the first emergency vaccination intervention took place in and around the Sanetti plateau. The first case was witnessed on 10th July 2014 and the last death was estimated to have occurred by mid October 2014 in Rafu area. This late finding led to a second wave of vaccinations on packs adjacent to the corridors linking Sanetti, East Morebawa and Web valley, namely Fotora and Osole packs. The initial vaccination in Sanetti targeted packs in the vicinity of the core infected area to create a buffer, and Huke pack was ultimately vaccinated.

Since October 2014 no fresh carcasses were found until 23rd January 2015, when two animals were found freshly dead in Huke pack in East Morebawa, on the border with West Morebawa. Rabies was confirmed by APHA and vaccination was resumed in Morebawa. While vaccinating in West Morebawa, rabies cases were witnessed either by the finding of a fresh carcass in Waota pack or the report of a sick animal in Leliso pack. Since then, two more dead animals were found in late March. It is still unclear if the rabies outbreak that stroke West Morebawa is related to the 2014 event in Sanetti or whether it represents a distinct outbreak. Analyses of the rabies strain will provide a better understanding.

In late February 2015, a new mortality incident was reported in Sanetti plateau, with a dead animal found in the New BBC pack. In late March-early April, two more juveniles were found dead in the same territory. One carcass was fresh enough to permit necropsy and rabies was confirmed by APHA. Notably, the most recent records happened nine month after the index case in Sanetti (July 2014)(Figure 1). None of the animals found dead recently were vaccinated.

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Figure 1 Distribution of Ethiopian wolf carcasses across the Bale Mountains National Park in relation to the time laps since the first recorded casualty

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Intensive monitoring resulted in no evidence of rabid wolves in the crucial population of the Web Valley. The EWCP monitors regularly find and record domestic dogs within wolf range (Figure 2) particularly in the Web Valley, surrounded by settlements. The Web Valley has been focus of EWCP domestic dog vaccination efforts (Figure 3). In early March 2015, EWCP resumed vaccination in two Web Valley packs, whose territories lay within intensive human settlements, namely Alandu and McKenna packs.

Figure 2 Domestic dogs recorded by the EWCP monitoring team within wolf range between April 2014 and March 2015.

Intervention

An action plan with immediate actions to tackle the outbreak was developed and authorized by the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Authority (EWCA). The plan followed policy and measures identified in the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) Management Plan and in the 10 year National Action Plan for the conservation of the Ethiopian Wolf as routine activities to be implemented. The most immediate response was the vaccination of wolves around the infected packs, using a 2ml intramuscular injection of Nobivac Rabies vaccine by Merck.

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Figure 3 Rabies vaccination coverage of domestic dogs conducted by EWCP in surrounding villages (April 2014 – March 2015).

Vaccinations started on 11th August 2014 with an Emergency Response Team composed by EWCP staff (capture and logistic teams), EWCA veterinarian, and one expert and one scout from BMNP, under the coordination of Prof. Claudio Sillero (EWCP Director), Eric Bedin (EWCP Coordinator) and Dr Fekede Regassa (EWCA Veterinary Officer) (participants’ details: Appendix 2). In total, one hundred trap sets were deployed between 11th August and 21st October (details in Appendix 3) during the first intervention. After intensive trapping, 44 wolves were vaccinated within the affected and neighboring packs in the Sanetti Plateau, and another 20 in the Web Valley and East Morebawa (Table 2 and Figure 4 and 5). In the Web Valley, seven other wolves were captured that were known to have consumed the SAG2 vaccine during the oral vaccination implemented between 27th July and 21st August 2014. Also, six domestic dogs were caught in the traps set within the Tarura pack territory in the Web Valley, and these were euthanized by BMNP staff, following park regulations. During the intervention in Morabawa, 57 trap sets were installed between 4th February and 15th March 2015. Forty-two wolves were vaccinated in East Morebawa, West Morebawa and Web Valley (Figure 6). As for the first event, EWCP team was accompanied by the EWCA veterinarian, one expert and one

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scout from BMNP. For the vaccinations in Web Valley during early March, EWCA authorized Leta Edea (vet assistant and former EWCP veterinarian) to oversee the captures, due to the unavailability of the EWCA veterinarian. This shows recognition of the professionalism of the EWCP team and trust in the work carried out. In total one hundred six wolves were vaccinated between 11th August 2014 and 15th March 2015. This represents roughly a third of the Bale mountain wolf population (Table 2).

Subpopulation Pack territory Wolves vaccinated

SANETTI TOTAL 44 Aug-14 Badagasa 5

Batu 2 BBC 6 Garba Guracha 8 Lakota 10 BBC2 3 Quarry 10

WEB VALLEY TOTAL 22 Sep-14 Bowman 2

Genale 6 Tarura 1

Mar-15 Alandu 5 Mckenna 8

MORABAWA TOTAL 40 Oct-14 Osole 8

Fotora 3 Feb-15 Fulbana 5

Wesema 4 Waota 5 Leliso 4 Gurati 2 Duna 4 Huke 5

GRAND TOTAL 106

Table 2 Ethiopian wolf vaccinations by the Emergency Response Team in 21 wolf packs in the Bale Mountains between August 2014 and March 2015

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Other actions

In accordance with the Action Plan for Ethiopian Wolf Conservation, supported by EWCA, the BMNP and the Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS), other actions were implemented during the vaccination intervention. These are:

• Awareness and information campaigns about the rabies outbreak in local communities near the infected area and the surroundings, including management of free-roaming domestic dos within Ethiopian wolf range;

• Vaccination of domestic dogs among the local communities inside the BMNP;

• Continuous monitoring of wolf packs in and around the infected area to document any further mortality;

• Oral vaccination trial in Web valley where three packs were vaccinated. Preliminary results

shown in Table 3 are encouraging.

Pack Wolves

captured Titres

Bait uptake Positive "Borderline" Negative GENALE 6 3 3 unknown (night trials)

BOWMAN 5 1 2 2 5 wolves TARURA 5 2 3 4 wolves Totals 16 4 (25%) 4 (25%) 8

Table 3 Preliminary results of antibodies response following SAG2 oral vaccination, carried out in August 2015 in three Web Valley packs, BMNP. (Titres >0.5 positive (protected), titres >0.3 “borderline” in the wild, baseline from wolves before trial: 0.1, bait uptake to be confirmed by biomarker).

Current situation

Rabies epizootics killed wolves in the Sanetti Plateau and West Morebawa populations before and during the breeding season. Breeding success had been documented in detail by EWCP monitors for the Sanetti packs at the time of this report, but that information is not yet available for the Morebawa packs.

Despite the rabies outbreaks, no wolf packs went extinct in Bale this item round. Good breeding success rates indicate that at least the Sanetti population is already in its way to full recovery (Table 4).

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Subpopulation Pack Litter size (Sept-Nov 2014)

Pups surviving (Feb-Apr 2015)

survival rate

WEB VALLEY ALA 4 1 25% BOW 4 4 100% MCK 4 4 100% MEG 5 4* 80% MEG2 4 3* 75% MEG 3 5 4 80% TAR 5 5 100% SANETTI* BAD 4 0 0% BAT 6 4 67% BBC 5 5 100% BBC2 3 0 0% GAR 5 5 100% MORABAWA* FOT 2 2 100% GEN 2 2 100% GEN2 4 4 100% HUK 3 2 66% OSO 4 4 100% CENTRAL PEAKS* HOR 4 4 100%

TOTALS 73 57 78%

Table 4 Reproductive success and pup survival in wolf focal packs in the BMNP for the season 2014-2015. [* pending confirmation]

Acknowledgements

This emergency intervention was made possible thanks to the support of various individuals and organisations. In addition to the long-term support to EWCP the Wildlife Conservation Network and the Born Free Foundation, were able to step in and raise emergency funds at very short notice. Our thanks go to them. Additional emergency funding for this operation was provided by the Zoological Society of London, the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (through the Ethiopian Wildlife Natural History Society), Lobelia Press, Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and Populations (ZGAP), John Stuelpnager, Houston Zoo, Saint Louis Zoo, Jan Richardson, Meryt and Peter Harding, the French Association of Zoo Vets (AFVPZ) Dakota Zoo Conservation Fund, and many others.

This operation would not have been possible without the support of our partners in Ethiopia. Our thanks go to the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority, the Bale Mountains National Park and the Frankfurt Zoological Society.

All biological samples were analysed by the Ethiopian Public Health Institute in Addis Ababa and the Animal and Plant Health Agency in the UK. We are grateful to the teams led by Dr Assefa Deressa and Dr Anthony Fooks respectively. Finally, we were able to start vaccinations immediately thanks the generous and efficient support of the logistic teams of Merck MsD Animal Health (Rabivac IM vaccine) and Virbac (SAG2 oral vaccine).

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References

Haydon DT, Laurenson MK, Sillero-Zubiri C (2002) Integrating epidemiology into population viability analysis: Managing the risk posed by rabies and canine distemper to the Ethiopian wolf. Conservation Biology 16: 1372 1385.

IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group (2011) Strategic plan for Ethiopian wolf conservation. Oxford, United Kingdom: IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group.

Knobel DL, Fooks AR, Brookes SM, Randall DA, Williams SD, et al. (2008) Trapping and vaccination of endangered Ethiopian wolves to control an outbreak of rabies. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 109-116.

Laurenson MK, Sillero-Zubiri C, Thompson H, Shiferaw F, Malcolm JR (1998) Disease threats to endangered species: patterns of infection by canine pathogens in Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) and sympatric domestic dogs. Animal Conservation 1: 273-280.

Randall DA, Marino J, Haydon DT, Sillero-Zubiri C, Knobel DL, et al. (2006) An integrated disease management strategy for the control of rabies in Ethiopian wolves. Biological Conservation 131: 151-162.

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Appendix 1 –Carcasses and sick wolves

Date found Location ObserverEstimated date

of death Sex/age Pack territory

Tested for rabies

Notes UTM E UTM N

1 10/07/2014 Sanetti AG, IM 08/07/2014 Adult male BBC Rabies + Full necropsy; tested in EPHI and AHVLA. 598032 757731

2 04/08/2014 Sanetti AH 28/07/2014 Juvenile Garba Guracha Decomposed, incomplete. No samples. 596127 759302

3 04/08/2014 Sanetti AH 02/08/2014 Juvenile new BBC Rabies + Full necropsy; tested in EPHI . 598237 757663

4 06/08/2014 Sanetti SW, SK 27/07/2014 Adult male Batu Decomposed, incomplete. Only tissue sample collected

593797 756126

5 07/08/2014 Sanetti AH, IM 28/07/2014 Juvenile Bilisa Decomposed; incomplete; no samples. 598794 754964

6 11/08/2014 Central Peaks SK; Scout 01/08/2014 JuvenileKurumsa/ Worgona

Decomposed, incomplete. Tissue and hair samples.

592194 762931

7 12/08/2014 Sanetti BK, KK 11/08/2014 Subadult male Batu Rabies + Full necropsy; tested in EPHI . 594032 756838

8 02/09/2014 Sanetti HA 28/08/2014 Subadult female BBC Rabies + Full necropsy; tested in EPHI . 597131 757923

9 02/09/2014 Sanetti HA 24/08/2014 Adult male Badagasa Rabies + Full necropsy; tested in EPHI . 599446 760202

10 09/09/2014 Sanetti KW, ABH, Scout 24/08/2014 Subadult Garba Gurracha Decomposed, incomplete. Only tissue sample collected.

596687 758606

11 22/09/2014 Central Peak EWCP Vet Team 20/09/2014 Adult male Worgona/ Shaya Full necropsy. 582016 760276

12 20/10/2014 Rafu MD,SW,TM 25/09/2014 Adult female Lakota Very decomposed 589149 756389

13 29/12/2014 Sanetti TM, AG 20/10/2014 Adult male BBC Decomposed; tissue sample. 596299 755585

14 23/01/2015 Morabawa East SK,SW 20/01/2015 Subadult male Huke Rabies + Full necropsy; tested in APHA, UK 566487 759861

15 23/01/2015 Morabawa East SK,SW 20/01/2015 Juvenile male Huke Rabies + Full necropsy; tested in APHA, UK 566600 759800

16 07/02/2015 Morabawa west SN 06/02/2015 Adult male Waota Rabies + Full necropsy; tested in APHA, UK 562131 760916

17 17/10/2014 Rafu SN 13/10/2014 Adult female Lakota/Batu Full necropsy. 589149 756058

18 17/11/2014 Rafu SN 15/10/2014 Adult male Buyamo Only tissue and hair samples 585943 760764

19 22/02/2015 Sanetti TM 12/02/2015 Adult female BBC2 599221 757984

23 27/03/2015 Rafu AH 2014 Lakota Decomposed; only hairs smapled; no necropsy 587524 760333

24 28/03/2015 Rafu AH, TM 2014 Adult Lakota Decomposed; no necropsy 589304 759993

20 03/04/2015 Morabawa West IM,SW 20/03/2015 Subadult male Leliso Rabies + Tested in APHA, UK 559328 760179

21 03/04/2015 Morabawa West IM,SW 27/03/2015 Adult male Leliso Rabies + Full necropsy, tested in EPHI and APHA 559276 760287

22 10/04/2015 Sanetti IM, AG 08/04/2015 Juvenile male BBC2 Rabies + Full nrecopsy tested in APHA, UK 599658 757982

25 25/04/2015 Sanetti AG, TM 01/04/2015 Juvenile male BBC2 Decomposed; no necropsy 599140 757894

Ethiopian wolf carcasses and sightings of sick wolves in the Bale Mountains, staring in early July 2014. AG: Anteneh Girma, ABH: Abubakar Hussein, AH: Alo Husein, BK: Burka Kadiro, HA: Hussein Abdulmanan, IM: Ibrahim Mohamed, KK: Kassim Kedir, KW: Kebede Wolde, SK: Sultan Kedir, SN: Seid Naser, SW: Sultan Washo, APHI: Ethiopian Public Health Institute, AHVLA: Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (UK)

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Date Location Observer Comments UTM E UTM N

1 15/08/2014 Central PeaksNyala Association, Tourist

GuideShaya end of Worgona Valley 591033 768378

2 1st week Aug Central Peaks Kodi Mohammed Worgona pack territory 590319 763219

3 02/09/2014 Sanetti HA (EWCP Camp Guard) BBC pack territory 597092 757133

4 02/09/2014 Chafadalacha Shepherd Abala pack territory 596563 751984

5 06/09/2014 Central Peaks AG, SW (EWCP Monitors) Shaya /Worgona pack territory.

Adult male. Unable to walk589790 766102

6 08/02/2015 Morabawa West shepherd Terura area, 2-3 km West from Liliso 559700 757672

Ethiopian wolves showing symptoms of rabies the Bale Mountains, staring in mid August 2014. AG: Anteneh Girma, AH: Alo Husein, SW: Sultan Washo

Appendix 2 Emergency Response Team

Prof Claudio Sillero (EWCP Director) Ato Aschalew Gashaw (BMNP Warden) Dr Fekede Regassa (EWCA Veterinary Officer) Mr Eric Bedin (EWCP Field Coordinator) Ato Edriss Ebu (EWCP Manager) Ato Leta Edea (Vet assistant, former EWCP) Ato Shamel (BMNP deputy warden) Ato Muktar Abute (EWCP Vet assistant) Ato Shimelis Wondinu (BMNP Expert) Ato Awal Kassim (BMNP Expert) Ato Alo Hussein (EWCP Senior Monitor) Supported by 4 EWCP Monitors, 6 BMNP scouts, and additional logistic support from BMNP and FZS.

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Appendix 3 – Trap sets and wolves vaccinated (n = 106)

Trap Date UTM E UTM N Wolves vaccinated Pack territory Location

1 11/08/2014 594672 755475 2 Quarry Sanetti 2 11/08/2014 594869 755603 1 Quarry Sanetti 3 11/08/2014 594459 755310 1 Batu Sanetti 4 11/08/2014 594287 755308 1 Batu Sanetti 5 12/08/2014 594376 756432 1 Quarry Sanetti 6 12/08/2014 594174 756258 1 Quarry Sanetti 7 12/08/2014 593910 756217 0 Quarry Sanetti 8 12/08/2014 593837 756566 1 Quarry Sanetti 9 12/08/2014 594287 756724 0 Quarry Sanetti

10 12/08/2014 594604 757260 0 Quarry Sanetti 11 12/08/2014 594324 757223 1 Quarry Sanetti 12 13/08/2014 589744 758797 1 Lakota Sanetti 13 13/08/2014 589361 758597 1 Lakota Sanetti 14 13/08/2014 589595 759228 4 Lakota Sanetti 15 13/08/2014 589305 758985 1 Lakota Sanetti 16 14/08/2014 589419 759456 0 Lakota Sanetti 17 14/08/2014 589753 759743 1 Lakota Sanetti 18 14/08/2014 589511 760126 2 Lakota Sanetti 19 14/08/2014 589892 760046 0 Lakota Sanetti 20 14/08/2014 590432 759870 0 Lakota Sanetti 21 14/08/2014 590247 759525 0 Lakota Sanetti 22 14/08/2014 595600 759525 0 Lakota Sanetti 23 14/08/2014 595000 759300 0 Lakota Sanetti 24 14/08/2014 596020 759186 2 Garba Guracha/BBC Sanetti 25 14/08/2014 596078 758993 5 Garba Guracha/BBC Sanetti 26 14/08/2014 596443 759293 1 Garba Guracha/BBC Sanetti 27 16/08/2014 596581 759015 0 Garba Guracha/BBC Sanetti 28 16/08/2014 595705 759421 0 Garba Guracha/BBC Sanetti 29 18/08/2014 597867 757189 2 BBC Sanetti 30 18/08/2014 597627 757054 1 BBC Sanetti 31 18/08/2014 596966 756798 0 BBC Sanetti 32 18/08/2014 596745 757216 2 BBC Sanetti 33 19/08/2014 597442 755777 0 BBC Sanetti 34 19/08/2014 597420 755466 1 BBC Sanetti 35 19/08/2014 597455 756385 0 BBC Sanetti 36 19/08/2014 596835 756618 0 BBC Sanetti 37 20/08/2014 598527 757756 0 New BBC Sanetti 38 20/08/2014 598501 757479 0 New BBC Sanetti 39 20/08/2014 598156 757530 0 New BBC Sanetti 40 20/08/2014 598192 757749 0 New BBC Sanetti 41 21/08/2014 600191 760818 2 Badagasa Sanetti 42 21/08/2014 600217 760495 3 Badagasa Sanetti 43 21/08/2014 600073 760293 0 Badagasa Sanetti 44 22/08/2014 600588 761057 0 Badagasa Sanetti 45 22/08/2014 600585 761309 0 Badagasa Sanetti 46 23/08/2014 600395 760895 0 Badagasa Sanetti 47 23/08/2014 595322 754290 2 Quarry Sanetti 48 23/08/2014 595104 754532 0 Quarry Sanetti 49 23/08/2014 594911 754200 1 Quarry Sanetti 50 23/08/2014 594722 754038 0 Quarry Sanetti

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51 25/08/2014 594421 753609 0 Quarry Sanetti 52 25/08/2014 594319 753367 0 Quarry Sanetti 53 25/08/2014 598799 756588 3 New BBC Sanetti 54 25/08/2014 598555 756228 0 New BBC Sanetti 55 02/09/2014 577223 777532 0 Tarura Web Valley 56 02/09/2014 577211 777256 0 Tarura Web Valley 57 02/09/2014 577465 777346 0 Tarura Web Valley 58 02/09/2014 577654 777145 0 Tarura Web Valley 59 02/09/2014 577415 776879 0 Tarura Web Valley 60 02/09/2014 577136 776799 1 Tarura Web Valley 61 02/09/2014 576784 776960 0 Tarura Web Valley 62 04/09/2014 577797 777755 0 Tarura Web Valley 63 04/09/2014 577993 777238 0 Tarura Web Valley 64 05/09/2014 575457 773828 0 Tarura Web Valley 65 05/09/2014 575460 773982 0 Bowman Web Valley 66 05/09/2014 575161 773818 0 Bowman Web Valley 67 05/09/2014 575106 773964 0 Bowman Web Valley 68 05/09/2014 574814 773763 0 Bowman Web Valley 69 05/09/2014 574848 773466 2 Bowman Web Valley 70 05/09/2014 575323 773265 0 Bowman Web Valley 71 07/09/2014 570999 769242 0 Genale Web Valley 72 07/09/2014 570826 769179 0 Genale Web Valley 73 07/09/2014 570688 769289 2 Genale Web Valley 74 07/09/2014 570522 769281 0 Genale Web Valley 75 07/09/2014 570810 769867 0 Genale Web Valley 76 07/09/2014 570748 769460 1 Genale Web Valley 77 07/09/2014 570926 769482 0 Genale Web Valley 78 08/09/2014 571240 769257 0 Genale Web Valley 79 08/09/2014 570980 769636 0 Genale Web Valley 80 09/09/2014 572608 771623 0 Genale Web Valley 81 09/09/2014 572831 771338 1 Genale Web Valley 82 09/09/2014 572644 771251 0 Genale Web Valley 83 09/09/2014 572509 771211 1 Genale Web Valley 84 09/09/2014 572221 771042 1 Genale Web Valley 85 09/09/2014 572078 771034 0 Genale Web Valley 86 09/09/2014 573221 771774 0 Genale Web Valley 87 19/10/2014 570036 765778 2 Osole Morabawa East 88 19/10/2014 570045 765604 4 Osole Morabawa East 89 19/10/2014 570349 765760 2 Osole Morabawa East 90 19/10/2014 570371 765538 0 Osole Morabawa East 91 19/10/2014 570703 765450 0 Osole Morabawa East 92 19/10/2014 570695 765727 0 Osole Morabawa East 93 20/10/2014 573322 764433 0 Fotora Morabawa East 94 20/10/2014 573232 764337 2 Fotora Morabawa East 95 20/10/2014 573150 764661 0 Fotora Morabawa East 96 20/10/2014 572734 764869 0 Fotora Morabawa East 97 20/10/2014 572867 764627 0 Fotora Morabawa East 98 20/10/2014 573552 764425 0 Fotora Morabawa East 99 20/10/2014 573147 764216 1 Fotora Morabawa East

100 21/10/2014 572855 764863 0 Fotora Morabawa East 101 04/02/2015 569126 767148 4 Weshema Morabawa East 102 04/02/2015 569578 767396 0 Weshema Morabawa East 103 04/02/2015 569556 767204 0 Weshema Morabawa East 104 04/02/2015 569556 767091 0 Weshema Morabawa East

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105 05/02/2015 568223 766533 0 Fulbana Morabawa East 106 05/02/2015 568106 766700 0 Fulbana Morabawa East 107 05/02/2015 567897 766746 1 Fulbana Morabawa East 108 05/02/2015 567936 766433 3 Fulbana Morabawa East 109 05/02/2015 568091 765827 1 Fulbana Morabawa East 110 05/02/2015 568172 765495 0 Fulbana Morabawa East 111 05/02/2015 568377 765280 0 Fulbana Morabawa East 112 06/02/2015 562566 760677 0 Waota Morabawa West 113 06/02/2015 562354 760878 0 Waota Morabawa West 114 06/02/2015 562239 761091 0 Waota Morabawa West 115 06/02/2015 562014 761378 2 Waota Morabawa West 116 06/02/2015 562028 760724 0 Waota Morabawa West 117 06/02/2015 561812 760972 2 Waota Morabawa West 118 07/02/2015 562748 760356 1 Waota Morabawa West 119 07/02/2015 562385 760115 0 Waota Morabawa West 120 08/02/2015 559326 761447 0 Gurati Morabawa West 121 08/02/2015 559367 761260 0 Gurati Morabawa West 122 08/02/2015 559586 761324 2 Gurati Morabawa West 123 08/02/2015 559159 761804 0 Gurati Morabawa West 124 08/02/2015 559008 760984 2 Leliso Morabawa West 125 08/02/2015 558771 761106 0 Leliso Morabawa West 126 08/02/2015 558617 761352 1 Leliso Morabawa West 127 08/02/2015 558739 761557 1 Leliso Morabawa West 128 09/02/2015 559583 761938 0 Gurati Morabawa West 129 09/02/2015 559793 761889 0 Gurati Morabawa West 130 10/02/2015 562839 763682 0 Duna Morabawa West 131 10/02/2015 562891 763396 0 Duna Morabawa West 132 10/02/2015 563073 763624 0 Duna Morabawa West 133 10/02/2015 563104 763320 0 Duna Morabawa West 134 10/02/2015 563510 763402 2 Duna Morabawa West 135 10/02/2015 563804 763578 2 Duna Morabawa West 136 10/02/2015 563537 763684 0 Duna Morabawa West 137 10/02/2015 563573 763880 0 Duna Morabawa West 138 12/02/2015 566840 761263 1 Huke Morabawa East 139 12/02/2015 566936 761067 0 Huke Morabawa East 140 12/02/2015 566977 760706 0 Huke Morabawa East 141 12/02/2015 566606 761320 1 Huke Morabawa East 142 12/02/2015 566477 761621 0 Huke Morabawa East 143 12/02/2015 567902 761249 2 Huke Morabawa East 144 12/02/2015 568344 761218 1 Huke Morabawa East 145 12/02/2015 568286 760913 0 Huke Morabawa East 146 14/03/2015 573030 774831 3 Alando Web Valley 147 14/03/2015 573309 774635 0 Alando Web Valley 148 14/03/2015 573611 774260 0 Alando Web Valley 149 14/03/2015 573821 774151 1 Alando Web Valley 150 14/03/2015 572953 774260 0 Alando Web Valley 151 14/03/2015 573018 774122 1 Alando Web Valley 152 15/03/2015 574639 779662 0 McKenna Web Valley 153 15/03/2015 574492 779762 1 McKenna Web Valley 154 15/03/2015 574211 779900 0 McKenna Web Valley 155 15/03/2015 574099 779627 5 McKenna Web Valley 156 15/03/2015 573836 779404 0 McKenna Web Valley 157 15/03/2015 573786 779652 2 McKenna Web Valley