azris werilobiT gadmocemis idea, ra Tqma unda, erT dRes ar Camoyali­bebula. dRes Cven gvaqvs anbanuri damwerloba da SegviZlia TiToeul fonemas TiTo niSan­simbolo SevusabamoT, magram Tavdapirvelad es ase ar iyo. damwerlobam warmoqmnis Semdgom ganviTarebis ramdenime mniSv­nelovani etapi gaiara, raTa sabolood mieRwia anbanamde.

ra da rogor Caiwera adamianma pirvelad? rogor gamoiyureboda yvelaze Zveli nawerebi? ram gamoiwvia weris sistemis gamartiveba? winamdebare statiaSi SevecdebiT swored am sakiTxebs gavceT pasuxi.

ra aris damwerloba

damwerloba aris simboloebis, anu grafikuli niSnebis gamoyenebis

saSualeba, raTa vizualurad, kiTxviTi formiT gadmoices azri, idea.

mecnierebi misi ganviTarebis ramdenime etaps gamoyofen, imisda mixed­

viT, Tu metyvelebis rogori grZlivoba gadmoicema niSnebiT – fraza,

sityva, marcvali Tu bgera. aRsaniSnavia, rom damwerloba warmoadgens

kacobriobis udides kulturul miRwevas, vinaidan mis gareSe adamiani

verc erT mniSvnelovan movlenas ver aRnusxavda.

rogor gaCnda damwerlobis Seqmnis idea? ratom ar dakmayofilda

adamiani sametyvelo eniT?

metyvelebisgan damwerloba swored imiT gansxvavdeba, rom erTi uxi­

lavia, meore ki – xiluli. Tu dRes arsebobs audio­video Camweri, rom­

liTac msoflios nebismier adgils vukavSirdebiT, Zvel droSi uxilavi

enis manZilsa da droSi gadacema SeuZlebeli iyo. anu unda vivaraudoT,

maia RambaSiZe

damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria naxatebidan naxatebamde

anbani aris asoTa an simboloTa erTob­lioba, sadac es sim­boloebi calkeul bgeriT erTeuls war­moadgens.

kultura

fonema aris ling­visturi termini da aRniSnavs ama Tu im enis fonetikuri sis­temis Semadgenel bge riT erTeuls, bgeras.

66

rom rodesac garkveul movlenaTa CaniSvna da maTi manZilsa Tu droSi gadacema

gaxda aucilebeli, swored maSin gaCnda damwerlobac.

magram amasTanave warmoudgenelia damwerlobis sruli saxiT Camoyalibeba gan­

viTarebis im etapebis gauvlelad, romlebic azrisa da ideis gadmocemas martivi­

dan rTul formamde miiyvanen. amis magaliTi gvxvdeba Zvel mesopotamiaSi, sadac

is erTaderTi damwerloba aRmoCnda, romelmac ganviTarebis yvela etapi gviCve­

na – dawyebuli martivi naxatebidan, damTavrebuli rTuli Sinaarsis mqone Tixis

firfitebiT, romlebmac, Tavis mxriv, safuZveli Cauyares anbanuri damwerlobis

warmoSobas. am damwerlobis pirvelobas isic adasturebs, rom igi arc erTi adrin­

deli weris sistemis gavlenas ar amJRavnebs.

protodamwerloba

yvelaze Zveli naxatebi, rasac Cvenamde mouRwevia, aris gamoqvabulebsa da mRvi­

meebSi, kedlebze gamosaxuli cxovelebi (mag., bizoni, cxeni da sxva). cxadia, aseT

naxatebs damwerlobas ver vuwodebT, vinaidan warmoadgenen mxolod gamosaxule­

bebs, romlebsac verasdros wavikiTxavT. mecnierTa azriT, es ar iyo mxolod saxvi­

Ti xelovnebis nimuSebi da maTi gamosaxviT adamiani gadmoscemda raRac Sinaarss,

gamoqvabulSi gamosaxuli cxeni, safrangeTi, zeda paleoliTis xana

damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria – naxatidan naxatamde

67

magaliTad, rom man mokla es cxove­

li, mokla amdeni da amdeni da a.S. ga­

mosaxul cxovelTan erTad umetesad

Camosmulia xazebi, rac swored ricx­

vebis aRmniSvnel upirveles niSnebad

miiCneva.

gamoqvabulebSi Sesrulebul nax­

atebTan erTad arqeologebi waawyd­

nen sxvadasxva saxisa da Sinaarsis

mqone Cxirebs, saWdeebsa Tu iarliyebsac. dasavleT safrangeTSi aRmoCnda, maga­

liTad, arwivis Zvalze gamosaxuli aRniSvnebi, rac mTvaris fazebis Canawerebs

gadmogvcems. Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom es xazebi sxvadasxva periods gane­

kuTvneba.

sabeWdavebi

damwerlobis warmoSoba ukavSirdeba sul ufro da ufro kompleqsurad ganvi­

Tarebul sameurneo saqmianobas. am dros Cndeba sxvadasxvanairi formisa da ga­

mosaxulebis mqone mcire zomis Tixis cilindruli sabeWdavebi, romlebic svel

Tixaze gadatarebis Sedegad sxvadasxva Sinaarsis mqone kompoziciur naxatebs

toveben.

arwivis Zvalze Caxatuli mTvaris fazebis kalendari

cilindruli sabeWdavi da misi anabeWdi Tixaze

Tixis dasaTvleli figurebi

kultura

Tixis `konverti~ da masSi moTavsebuli figurebi

68

damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria – naxatidan naxatamde

Tixis saTvleli figurebi da `konvertebi~

me­20 saukunis miwuruls, SuamdinareTSi warmoebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis

Sedegad, mecnierebma sruliad ucnauri arqefaqtebi (anu arqeologiuri nivTmtki­

cebebi) aRmoaCines – es iyo sxvadasxva formis Tixis patara figurebi, romlebic

sakmaod didi periodis manZilze gvxvdeba da Zv. w. 8000­1500 ww.­iT TariRdeba.

Tavdapirvelad es figurebi SeumCneveli darCaT, maTTvis didi mniSvneloba ar

miuniWebiaT, vinaidan ar egonaT, rom raime ideis matarebeli iqnebodnen. magram

arqeologebi TandaTan darwmundnen, rom maTi uyuradRebod datoveba ar SeiZle­

boda, vinaidan aseTi figurebi mTel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi aRmoaCines. sainte­

resoa, rom egvipteSi arc erTi amgvari figura ar aris

napovni.

am Tixis figuraTa ganviTareba SeiZleba or eta­

pad davyoT: adreuli figurebi sadaa da geometri­

uli forma aqvT – sfero, wre, diski, konusi da a.S.,

mogviano xanisa ki aris daserili, amokveTili da

formamicemuli.

gamoiTqva varaudi, rom es figurebi gamoiyene­

boda angariSsworebisaTvis erTgvar sazom erTeulad. sxvadasxva tipis forma

sxvadasxva simbolos ganasaxierebda – mag., romelime cxovels, sakvebsa Tu nivTs.

fiqroben aseve, rom arsebobda am figurebis daTvlis sistema, romelic gamoixa­

teboda maTze Camosmuli xazebiTa da wreebiT, rac saSualebas iZleoda, rom didi

rao denobiT daeTvalaT esa Tu is saqoneli.

am dasaTvlel figuraTa ZiriTadi funqciis Sesaxeb varaudi kidev ufro mas Sem­

deg gamyarda, rac Zveli mesopotamiis erT­erT yvelaze Zvel qalaq uruqSi Tixis

69

mrgvali formis saintereso WurWlebi aRmoaCines, romlebic

zemodan sabeWdavebiT iyo dabeWdili. rogori iyo mecnier­

Ta gaoceba, rodesac am WurWlis gaxsnis Sedegad SigniT

ukve nacnobi formis Tixis dasaTvleli figurebi ipo­

ves!

aRmoCnda, rom es iyo mrgvali formis Tixis `kon­

vertebi~, romelTa erTi nawili gauxsneli, zogi ki

ukve damtvreuli iyo. maTi Seqmnis mizani unda yo­

filiyo Tavdeboba, garantia sizustisa da utyua­

roba Cadebuli figurebisa, romlebic TavisTavad

sxvadasxva nivTis simbolos warmoadgendnen. Ta­

namedrove enaze rom vTqvaT, es iyo imdroindeli

e.w. `Ceki~, romelsac Cven viRebT saqonlis SeZenis

dros. rogorc Cans, adamiani fiqrobda, rom Tu es

niSnebi jibeSi edeboda an Zafze aacvamda, SeiZle­

ba dakargvoda an advili iqneboda maTi gayalbeba. am

gziT ki piri, romelic meores nivTebs ucvlida (im dros

gavrcelebuli iyo aReb­micemoba, saqonlis e.w. ̀ barteru­

li~ gacvla), gamoZerwavda misTvis saWiro Tixis dasaTvlel

figurebs, gamosaxavda maTze saganTa raodenobas, Caawyobda

Tixisave `konvertSi~, daaxatavda zemodan figurebs, ris gacvlasac

apirebda, Sekravda `konverts~ da gadascemda meore adamians. amiT angari­

kultura

70

Sis uzustobisgan orive mxare iyo dazRveuli. Tu es

savaWro SeTanxmeba sakamaTo gaxdeboda, `garige­

bis~ monawileT SeeZloT sxvaTa TandaswrebiT

gaetexaT `konverti~ da daeTvalaT saqoneli.

rogorc Cans, saqonlis gacvlis dasadas­

tureblad mogonili aseTi xerxi imdenad mo­

saxerxebeli iyo maSindeli mosaxleobisTvis,

rom es figurebi lursmuli damwerlobiT

Sesrulebuli mniSvnelovani teqstebis para­

leluradac ganagrZobdnen arsebobas mas Sem­

degac, rac Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis miwuruls gaCn­

da damwerloba.

pirveli Tixis firfitebi

qalaq uruqSi, Tixis martivi dasaTvleli figurebis

garda, aRmoCenilia aseve Tixaze Sesrulebuli pirveli

naxatebi, e.w. `piqtogramebi~. isini gamoxatavdnen mTel Txro­

biT kompozicias, sadac naxatebi erTmaneTTan iyo dakavSirebu­

li. Semdgom periodSi es naxatebi gadaiqcnen lursmuli damwerlobis

Semadgenel nawilad.

Zvel mesopotamiaSi aRmoCenili yvelaze Zveli Tixis firfitebi daaxl. Zv. w.

3300­iT TariRdeba. es firfitebi Sumerebma Seqmnes da maTze cifrebia gamosaxuli,

vinaidan es firfitebi mxolod ricxvebsa da piqtografiul niSnebs asaxaven, maT

Camoyalibebul damwerlobas ver vuwodebT.

damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria – naxatidan naxatamde

71

Tuki qvis xanis adamiani mniSvnelovani movlenis dasafiqsireblad ga­

moqvabulis kedlebsa da Zvlebs iyenebda, Zveli SuamdinareTis adamianma

sawerad is masala gamoiyena, riTac mdidari iyo misi qveynis buneba da

rac iq bevrad meti iyo, vidre xe da qva – mesopotamiaSi uxvad moipove­

boda Tixa, romelsac iqauri macxovreblebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen mSeneb­

lobaSi. Tixa saweradac kargi masala aRmoCnda. wyaluxv SuamdinareTSi

aseve didad gavrcelebuli iyo lerwami, igive seli, romelic, sxva mniS­

vnelovan funqciebTan erTad (zeTi, samosi da a.S.), saucxood gamod­

ga Tixaze sawer saSualebad. Tixas zeldnen da lerwmisgan gamoTlili

grZe li samkuTxa kalmiT martivad gamosaxavdnen masze niSnebs.

nel­nela es rTulad misaxvedri rebusuli damwer­

loba gadaiqca nawilobriv ideogramul, nawilobriv

ki – marcvlovan damwerlobad. Zv. w. III aTaswleu­

lis miwurulidan vxvdebiT ukve iseT niSnebs, rom­

lebic erT marcvals gamoxataven. Sumerebma daiwyes

lursmuli/solisebri niSnebis kombinaciebis Sedge­

na. Tavdapirvelad es simboloebi Tavis aRsaniSn sag­

nebs gamosaxulebiT emsgavsebodnen, Semdgom ki ukve

marcvlis aRmniSvneli gaxdnen. aseTi ideografi­

ul­marcvlovani, lursmuli/solisebri damwerloba

gadamwerebi Tel barsifidan, siria

marcvlovania dam­werloba, rodesac erTi niSani, simbo­lo gadmoscems erT marcvals (mag., ba, ab, bab).

ideogramulia dam­werloba, rodesac erTi niSani, simbolo gamoxatavs mTli an sity vas an ideas.

kultura

am damwerlobis magaliT­ad mogvyavs e.w. `ludis firf­ita~ – es aris rebusis msgavsi gamosaxu leba, romelic gviyve­ba qeris gacvlis ambavs: 135 000 litri (1) qeris (2) gacvlis pe­riodi: 37 Tve (3), am saqmis pa­suxismgebeli piri: quSimi (4), sabuTis mizani: saboloo an­gariSi (5), qeris gacvla – xeli­dan xelSi (6).

sainteresoa, rom Sumerebs werasTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi terminebi hqondaT: SAR/ŠAR – `wera~; DUB.ŠAR – `firfita~; ŠID – `kiTxva, daTvla, xmamaRla warmoTqma~; DIŠ SANTAG – `samkuTxedi~. cnobilia aseve gadamwerTa sko­

lis e.w. `gamocdis teqsti~, sadac moswavlis Segonebas vxvde biT:

SAĜ.NAM.DUB.ŠAR SANTAG – `weris xelovnebis dasawyisi aris soli~.

72

mTel Zvel axlo aRmosavleTSi gavrcelda (elamuri, aqaduri, xeTuri,

xurituli, ugarituli, urartuli, Zv. sparsuli) da sabolood gadaiqca

anbanur damwerlobad, romlis pirveli magaliTia finikiuri anbani.

damTxvevad ar unda miviCnioT, rom swored am epoqidan mogvepoveba

damwerlobis nimuSebi babilonis gareTac: aRmosavleTiT – xuzestanSi

(irani) da dasavleTiT – egvipteSi. xuzestanis centrSi, suzaSi napovni

Tixis firfitebi aseve dafarulia damwerlobis niSnebiT. es ar aris

gasakviri. adreul epoqebSi xuzestansa da babilonSi kulturuli gan­

viTareba TavTavisi gziT midioda, magram im periodSi, romelzec Cven

vlaparakobT, es ori regioni kulturulad da ekonomikurad erTnairad

viTardeboda da erTnairi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba erTnair saWiroe­

bebs moiTxovda. aq aRmoCenili Tixis firfitebi Tanadroulia babilonSi

aRmoCenili pirveli Tixis firfitebisa, anu ver vxvdebiT damwerlobis

Casaxvis niSnebs da amitom ar gamoricxaven, rom xuzestanSi damwerlo­

bis idea swored babilonidan Sesuliyo.

rac Seexeba egviptes, damwerloba aqac da babilonSic erTsa da imave

epoqaSi Cndeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom lursmuli/solisebri damwerloba

da egvipturi ieroglifebi metad gansxvavebulad gamoiyurebian, mainc

saubaria maT kavSirze. arqeologiuri wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom es

ori regioni erTmaneTs ucvlida Zvirfas qvebs, liTonsa da sxva Zvir­

faseulobas. mag., cnobilia, rom laJvardis qva, romelsac egvipteSi ux­

vad iyenebdnen, swored avRaneTidan Seitanes.

finikiuri damwerlo­ba – CvenTvis cnobi­li uZvelesi anbanu ri damwerloba, ro me lic Sedgeba 22 Tanxmovnis­gan.

damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria – naxatidan naxatamde

lursmuli damwerlobis nimuSi – `Sumeris mefeTa sia~

73

kultura

da mainc, sad Seiqmna Tavdapirvelad damwerloba?

mecnierebi upiratesobas mainc SuamdinareTs aniWeben.

saqme isaa, rom, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, iq dastur­

deba damwerlobis ganviTarebis yvela etapi, daw­

yebuli naxatebiT, damTavrebuli marcvlovani

lursmuli damwerlobiT. egvipteSi Casaxul

damwerlobas ki winapiroba ar aqvs, igi meso­

potamiuri damwerlobis ganviTarebis mxo­

lod meore fazidan dasturdeba.

rac Seexeba sxva adrindel damwer­

lobebs, rogoricaa induri da Cinuri

damwerlobebi, isini mogviano periodSi

yalibdeba ise, rom maT ZvelaRmosavlur

damwerlobasTan ver vakavSirebT. Zveli

mesopotamiuri damwerlobisgan mogvi­

anebiT warmoiSva finikiuri – pirveli an­

banuri damwerloba, romelsac bevr sxva an­

banTan erTad qarTuli anbanis warmoSobac

ukavSirdeba.

weris sistemis gamartiveba gamoiwvia im saWiroebam,

rom adamians saweri da dasamaxsovrebeli Zalian didi ma­

sala gauCnda. damwerlobis warmoSoba ki ukavSirdeba im dros,

rodesac adamianma SeZlo metyvelebis manZilsa da droSi gacocxleba.

74

ukan naxatebisken? Tanamedrove piqtogramebi

dRes Znelad Tu moiZebneba adamiani, romelsac Sexeba ar hqondes Tanamedrove

`piqtogramebTan~. esenia: sagzao niSnebi, aeroportSi gamosaxuli simboloebi da

mravali sxva.

gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad viyenebT kompiuterul simboloebs. teqnikis ganvi­

TarebasTan erTad damwerlobis ganviTarebac sxvadasxva etaps gadis – Tu erT

dros werils vwerdiT, dRevandel dRes `CaTSi~ drois simwiris gamo gamovsaxavT

ama Tu im simbolos, romelic emociasa Tu guneba­ganwyobilebas, aseve Cven mier

dagegmil qmedebebsac ki gamoxatavs. amisaTvis Sedgenilia simboloTa leqsikone­

bi, romlebic zustad imave mniSvnelobas atareben, rasac erT dros Seqmnili Sume­

ruli niSnebi. cxadia, dRes bevrad mosaxerxebelia videogamosaxulebis meSveo­

biT urTierToba, vidre safosto werilis gagzavna. da Tuki qristes Sobamde III

aTaswleulis dasawyisSi adamianma manZilsa da droSi metyvelebis gadacemisTvis

damwerloba Seqmna, qristes Sobidan III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi, teqnikuri prog­

resis wyalobiT, igi manZilze komunikacias damwerlobis gareSec axerxebs.

damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria – naxatidan naxatamde

75