r e s e a r c h r e p o r t - ncjrs · use of opiates showed little change among male arrestees and...

R e s e a r c h R e p o r t

National Institute of JusticeNational Institute of Justice

U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

National Institute of Justice

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A Program of the National Institute of Justice

New Features

Drug Use Forecasting1994 ANNUAL REPORT ON ADULT

AND JUVENILE ARRESTEES

◆ Adult and juvenile data◆ Drug use patterns for

specific offenses

The National Institute of Justice, a component of the Office of Justice Programs, is the research and developmentagency of the U.S. Department of Justice. NIJ was established to prevent and reduce crime and to improve thecriminal justice system. Specific mandates established by Congress in the Omnibus Crime Control and SafeStreets Act of 1968, as amended, and the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 direct the National Institute of Justice to:

■ Sponsor special projects and research and development programs that will improve and strengthen thecriminal justice system and reduce or prevent crime.

■ Conduct national demonstration projects that employ innovative or promising approaches for improvingcriminal justice.

■ Develop new technologies to fight crime and improve criminal justice.

■ Evaluate the effectiveness of criminal justice programs and identify programs that promise to be successful ifcontinued or repeated.

■ Recommend actions that can be taken by Federal, State, and local governments as well as privateorganizations to improve criminal justice.

■ Carry out research on criminal behavior.

■ Develop new methods of crime prevention and reduction of crime and delinquency.

The National Institute of Justice has a long history of accomplishments, including the following:

■ Basic research on career criminals that led to the development of special police and prosecutor units to dealwith repeat offenders.

■ Research that confirmed the link between drugs and crime.

■ The research and development program that resulted in the creation of police body armor that has meant thedifference between life and death to hundreds of police officers.

■ Pioneering scientific advances such as the research and development of DNA analysis to positively identifysuspects and eliminate the innocent from suspicion.

■ The evaluation of innovative justice programs to determine what works, including drug enforcement,community policing, community anti-drug initiatives, prosecution of complex drug cases, drug testingthroughout the criminal justice system, and user accountability programs.

■ Creation of a corrections information-sharing system that enables State and local officials to exchange moreefficient and cost-effective concepts and techniques for planning, financing, and constructing new prisons andjails.

■ Operation of the world’s largest criminal justice information clearinghouse, a resource used by State and localofficials across the Nation and by criminal justice agencies in foreign countries.

The Institute Director, who is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, establishes theInstitute’s objectives, guided by the priorities of the Office of Justice Programs, the Department of Justice, andthe needs of the criminal justice field. The Institute actively solicits the views of criminal justice professionals toidentify their most critical problems. Dedicated to the priorities of Federal, State, and local criminal justiceagencies, research and development at the National Institute of Justice continues to search for answers to whatworks and why in the Nation’s war on drugs and crime.

About the National Instituteof Justice

Drug Use Forecasting1994 ANNUAL REPORT ON ADULT

AND JUVENILE ARRESTEESThomas E. Feucht

November 1995

U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice Programs

National Institute of JusticeJeremy Travis

Director

Thomas E. FeuchtProject Director

The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance,Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime.

NCJ 157644

DUF 1994 Annual Report 3

Drug Use Forecasting 1994 Annual Report

From the Director of NIJ

The DUF data collected for 1994 indicate that the drug of choice among both male andfemale arrestees continues to be cocaine: the percentage using it is higher than for any othersubstance tested. For adult females and juvenile males, there was even a slight increase.

This news may be disheartening, but further analysis gives us cause for some optimism.Among male arrestees, the rate of cocaine use dropped slightly in 1994. Of the 13 siteswhere declines were noted, 4 reported a decline of at least 5 percent. With crack cocaineso strongly identified as a factor in the upsurge of youth violence in the past decade, thisevidence of decreased use comes as good news.

These encouraging results should not obscure the picture that DUF has revealed since theprogram’s inception in 1987: substance abuse is pervasive among people involved in thecriminal justice system. That some two-thirds of arrestees, male and female, were foundpositive for at least one drug in 1994 is ample evidence. Nor should declining drug use inthe general population allow us to lose sight of the severity of the problem among thisparticular subset.

In this report NIJ introduces a change in the way some of the DUF data is presented. Forthe first time, drug test results for arrestees are provided by type of offense, making itpossible to see which crimes tend to be associated with which specific illicit substances.

Increasingly, the DUF program is serving as a platform on which to conduct other researchrelated to substance abuse. A recent DUF-sponsored study examined the issue of firearmsavailability, finding it widespread among arrestees, particularly young people. The studyindicates how uses of the DUF program can be expanded to provide insights into othercrime-related issues.

Jeremy TravisNIJ Director

4 DUF 1994 Annual Report




Table of Contents

From the Director of NIJ ..........................................................................................31994 Results for Adult Arrestees and Juvenile Arrestees/Detainees ....................... 7Methodology ...........................................................................................................10Adult Site Pages

Atlanta ................................................................................................................11Birmingham ....................................................................................................... 12Chicago ..............................................................................................................13Cleveland ...........................................................................................................14Dallas ................................................................................................................. 15Denver ................................................................................................................16Detroit ................................................................................................................17Ft. Lauderdale .................................................................................................... 18Houston ..............................................................................................................19Indianapolis ........................................................................................................20Los Angeles........................................................................................................21Manhattan ...........................................................................................................22Miami ................................................................................................................. 23New Orleans ....................................................................................................... 24Omaha ................................................................................................................25Philadelphia ........................................................................................................26Phoenix...............................................................................................................27Portland ..............................................................................................................28St. Louis .............................................................................................................29San Antonio........................................................................................................30San Diego ...........................................................................................................31San Jose ..............................................................................................................32Washington, D.C. ............................................................................................... 33

Juvenile Site PagesBirmingham ....................................................................................................... 35Cleveland ...........................................................................................................36Denver ................................................................................................................37Indianapolis ........................................................................................................38Los Angeles........................................................................................................39Phoenix...............................................................................................................40Portland ..............................................................................................................41St. Louis .............................................................................................................42San Antonio........................................................................................................43San Diego ...........................................................................................................44San Jose ..............................................................................................................45Washington, D.C. ............................................................................................... 46

Guide to DUF Site Data Tables .............................................................................. 47



1994 DUF AnnualReport on Drug UseAmong ArresteesIn 1994, the DUF program collected datafrom 20,015 adult male booked arrestees at23 sites in major metropolitan areas acrossthe United States. Data from 7,839 adultfemale booked arrestees were collected at21 of these sites. In addition, 12 sitescollected data from 4,558 juvenile malearrestees/detainees.1

The 1994 DUF Annual Report differs fromprevious DUF reports in one importantrespect. Whereas prior reports showed onlythe frequency distribution of offense atarrest, this report includes urinalysis results(percentages positive for cocaine,marijuana, or any drug) by offense at arrest.The number of cases in a particular offensecategory is small for some sites. However,the overall distribution of urinalysis resultsby offense at arrest helps to illuminate thedrugs-crime nexus in a new way.Information about the categorization ofoffense at arrest is provided in the Guide tothe DUF site data tables on page 47.

Drug Use AmongAdult Male Arrestees■ In general, the 1994 data for adult male

arrestees reveal somewhat lower ratesof cocaine use, increased rates ofmarijuana use, and largely unchangedrates of opiate use.

■ At most sites, cocaine remained the mostprevalent drug used by male arrestees.

In a pattern that is consistent with DUF datafrom previous years, the percentage of malearrestees testing positive for cocaine wasconsistently higher than the percentagetesting positive for marijuana. Rates ofmarijuana use exceeded cocaine use at onlyfive sites, compared with seven sites in1993 and only two sites in 1992.

Use of marijuana:

■ Eleven of the 23 sites reported an

increased percentage of arrestees testingpositive for marijuana, with increases of5 percent or more at 3 sites. Eleven sitesreported lower percentages, but no ratedeclined by more than 3 or 4 percent.

Rates of marijuana use continued the slightupward trend noted in 1993. The medianrate across sites increased from 26 percentin 1992 to 28 percent in 1993 to 30 percentin 1994. Urinalysis results for marijuana in1994 ranged from 20 to 44 percent,compared with a range of 21 to 42 percentfor 1993. The greatest increases in marijuanause were reported among the youngest adultarrestees; these results are discussed in detaillater in this report.

Use of cocaine:

■ The percentage of adult male arresteestesting positive for cocaine decreasedslightly in 1994, although cocaineremained the most commonly used drugamong male arrestees.

Rates of cocaine use decreased at 13 of the23 sites from 1993 to 1994; only 6 sitesreported higher rates of cocaine use. Foursites reported a drop of at least 5 percent:Dallas, Houston, Miami, and San Diego.Only two sites—Omaha and Indianapolis—reported increases of 5 percent or more.The outliers that constitute the range ofvalues across sites changed only slightly(19 to 66 percent in 1993 compared with 19to 68 percent in 1994), while the medianrate fell from 43 percent in 1993 to 41percent in 1994.

Use of opiates:

■ Use of opiates showed little changeamong male arrestees and remained atrelatively low levels.

Overall rates of opiate use showed littlechange from 1993, and rates at specificsites fluctuated only slightly. Ten sitesreported lower rates, five sites reportedincreases, and eight sites reported no change.The range and median rate remainedvirtually unchanged, with a low rate of 1percent, a high of 28 percent (in Chicago,

which reported a rate of 27 percent in 1993),and a median rate of 6 percent. Opiate useis clearly linked to the age of arrestees: at 14of the 23 sites, those age 36 and older hadhigher rates of opiate use than any other agegroup.

Use of at least one drug:

■ In 1994, 13 of the 23 sites reported anincrease in the percentage of malearrestees testing positive for at least 1drug, and the median increased to 66percent from 63 percent in 1993.

The percentage of male arrestees testingpositive for any of the 10 illicit drugsincluded in the DUF survey ranged from 48to 82 percent, slightly wider than the rangereported for 1993 (54 to 81 percent).However, the median increased by 3percentage points, establishing a trend thatbegan in 1992, when the median rate was 60percent.

Drug Use Among theYoungest Adult MaleArresteesDrug use among adult male arrestees ages15 to 20 continued in a pattern first noted inthe 1993 data. (See the Guide to the DUFSite Data Tables on page 47 regarding theinterpretation of age categories used in thisreport.)

■ At all 23 sites, male arrestees ages 15 to20 had the lowest rates of cocaine use.

■ Eighteen of the 23 sites reported that therate of marijuana use among malearrestees ages 15 to 20 was higher thanthe rate for any other age group.

Cocaine use among the youngest adult malearrestees ranged from 9 to 38 percent, witha median rate of 21 percent. Among oldermale arrestees, the rate of cocaine use rangedfrom 21 to 74 percent, with a median of 44percent. Similarly, opiate use was generallylower for the youngest adult male arrestees.

For marijuana, however, rates were highestamong the youngest adult arrestees. Across



the sites, marijuana use among 15- to 20-year-old male arrestees ranged from 26 to66 percent, with a median rate of 49 percent.Among older male arrestees, rates rangedfrom 18 to 42 percent, with a median of 26percent. This difference in rates wasestablished in the 1993 data, though ratesamong the youngest male arrestees haveincreased slightly in the past year. (In 1993,rates of marijuana use among 15- to 20-year-old male arrestees ranged from 30 to60 percent, with a median of 44 percent.)

The percentage of adult male arrestees ages15 to 20 testing positive for at least one drugwas somewhat lower than the rate for olderarrestees. Percentages positive for at leastone drug among 15- to 20-year-old arresteesranged from 50 to 73 percent, with a medianrate of 60 percent. Among all older malearrestees, rates ranged from 47 to 84 percent,with a median of 66 percent.

Drug Use Among AdultFemale ArresteesData on a total of 7,839 adult female bookedarrestees were collected at 21 sites during1994. (Data from 20 sites were included inthe 1993 DUF Annual Report on AdultArrestees. Presented for the first time in1994 are adult female arrestee data fromOmaha.)

■ Adult female arrestees showed a slightincrease in cocaine use and relativelyunchanged rates of marijuana and opiateuse.

■ Cocaine remained the most widely useddrug among adult female arrestees.

At all but one site, San Diego, the percentageof female arrestees testing positive forcocaine was higher than the percentagetesting positive for marijuana. In manycases, the rate of cocaine use was at leastdouble the rate of marijuana use, a patternconsistent with the 1993 data.

Use of marijuana:

■ Marijuana use among adult femalearrestees remained largely unchanged

from 1993 to 1994. Rates of use in 1994ranged from 7 to 28 percent, with amedian rate of 17 percent. These rateswere considerably lower than those formale arrestees.

Compared with rates in 1993, rates ofmarijuana use in 1994 were higher at 8 sitesand lower at 11 sites. Changes of greatestmagnitude tended to be downward, withthree sites—Manhattan, New Orleans, andSan Diego—reporting decreases of 5 ormore percentage points and only a singlesite—Birmingham—reporting an increaseof at least 5 percent.

Use of cocaine:

■ In 1994, the percentage of adult femalearrestees testing positive for cocaineincreased slightly and cocaine remainedthe most common drug used, with ratestypically higher than those for adult malearrestees.

Both the range and the median rate ofcocaine use increased slightly from 1993 to1994. The range was from 18 to 80 percent,compared with a range of 19 to 70 percentin 1993. The median rate in 1994 rose to 50percent from 46 percent in 1993. Rates ofcocaine use increased at 9 sites anddecreased at 10 sites, and many of theseincreases and decreases were of substantialmagnitude. Increases of 5 percentage pointsor more were reported at six sites; thelargest increase over 1993 was 20 percent,reported in Indianapolis. Decreases of 5percentage points or more were reported atseven sites, with the largest drops, 18 and12 percent, occurring in Detroit and NewOrleans, respectively.

Use of opiates:

■ Use of opiates showed little changeamong female arrestees but remainedgenerally higher than use by malearrestees.

Overall rates of use showed little changefrom 1993. Seven sites reported increasesand nine sites reported decreases. Opiateuse rates ranged from 2 to 30 percent,

compared with 3 to 23 percent in 1993. Themedian rate in 1994 was 8 percent, comparedwith 9 percent the previous year. Amongthe various age groups, a general tendencywas found toward higher rates of use amongolder age brackets, with 17 sites reportingthat the highest age-specific rate was forarrestees ages 36 and over.

Use of at least one drug:

■ Overall drug use, as indicated by the useof at least one drug, remained largelyunchanged from 1993 to 1994.

In 1994, 10 sites reported an increase in thepercentage of female arrestees testingpositive for at least one drug, whereas 9reported lower rates in 1994. The range ofrates across sites widened slightly (32 to 90percent in 1994, compared with 42 to 83percent in 1993), but the median rate wasessentially unchanged at 67 percent.

Drug Use Among theYoungest AdultFemale Arrestees■ Among adult female arrestees ages 15 to

20, use of marijuana is very common,while the use of cocaine and other drugsis fairly limited. Female arrestees in thisage group recorded rates of marijuanause higher than all other age groups at 14of the 21 sites, but this age group alsorecorded the lowest rates of cocaine useat 18 sites.

In 1994, the overall percentage of 15- to 20-year-old female arrestees testing positivefor at least one drug—23 to 68 percent—was generally lower than the rate for olderarrestees—33 to 91 percent. The range ofcocaine use among these youngest femalearrestees was 0 to 53 percent, comparedwith 19 to 82 percent for older arrestees.For marijuana, however, the range for theyoungest arrestees was 16 to 45 percent,whereas the range for older arrestees was 6to 25 percent. Opiate use continued to beless common than cocaine or marijuana useamong these youngest arrestees, rangingfrom 0 to 29 percent.2



Drug Use AmongJuvenile MaleArrestees/Detainees■ In general, data for juvenile male

arrestees/detainees showed a continueddramatic increase in marijuana use (anincrease that was first noted in the 1993DUF annual report on juvenile arrestees/detainees), a slight increase in the rate ofcocaine use, and a continued very lowrate of opiate use. Influenced largely bythe increased use of marijuana, rates forany drug also increased markedly.

■ Marijuana remained the most prevalentdrug used by juvenile male arrestees/detainees, exceeding cocaine by a widemargin at all sites.

Eleven of the 12 juvenile sites reportedincreased rates of marijuana use amongmale juvenile arrestees/detainees,continuing a broad trend established in 1993,when all 12 sites reported increases inmarijuana use. Eight sites reported increasesof 5 percent or more over 1993 rates, andfive of these sites reported increases of 10percent or more. (See the chart on the backcover for marijuana trends over the past 3years.)

■ There was a slight upward trend in thepercentage of juvenile male arrestees/detainees testing positive for cocaine,though cocaine use remained much lesscommon among juvenile arrestees/detainees than use of marijuana.

Rates for cocaine use increased at eightsites and decreased at four sites. The medianpercentage positive across the sites rose to8.5 percent, up from 6.5 percent in 1993.

Drug use and school attendance:

On each site data page for juvenile arrestees/detainees, urinalysis results are presentedby correlation to school attendance. (Seethe Guide to DUF Site Tables on page 47for an explanation of how school attendancewas measured.) These data reveal importantinformation about the relationship betweendrug use and school attendance.

The proportion of arrestees/detainees whoreported attending school ranged from 65to 90 percent (excluding graduates), figuresthat are comparable to results for 1993.

■ At 11 of 12 sites, the percentage ofjuvenile arrestees/detainees not in schooltesting positive for cocaine was higherthan the percentage among those inschool.

■ The rate of cocaine use among those notattending school was up to 3.7 times ashigh as the rate among those who reportedattending school.

■ Marijuana use tended to be slightlyhigher among juveniles not attendingschool—up to 2.2 times higher than therate among those who reported attendingschool.

Of particular interest is the percentagepositive for cocaine and marijuana useamong juveniles not in school comparedwith the percentage positive for those inschool. For both drugs, rates tended to behigher among those not in school. However,cocaine use distinguished the two groupsmore than marijuana use. Sharp increasesover 1993 in the use of marijuana andcocaine was reported for both groups atmost sites.

Drug Use Related tothe Offense at ArrestResearchers have identified links betweendrug use and several specific categories ofcrime. Many studies have linked drug useto particular income-generating crimes suchas robbery, burglary, or prostitution. Othershave focused on the connection betweendrug use and violent crime.

Researchers frequently rely on self-reportsfor measuring drug use and other criminalactivity. Data from the DUF program,however, provide a unique assessment ofthese behaviors because they contain anobjective measure of drug use (urinalysis)and because they focus on arrestees/detainees apprehended for specific offenses.

At the same time, DUF data have certainlimitations for positing a relationshipbetween drug use and other criminal activity.In particular, the DUF urinalysis revealsevidence of drug use within the hours priorto arrest (for most drugs) and cannot beuniversally interpreted as evidence of druguse at the time of an alleged offense. This isbecause arrest may occur days or weeksafter the alleged offense was committed.The data are further complicated by thepossibility that an arrestee may be bookedfor several offenses. Only the most seriousoffense is currently recorded in the DUFdata, and this offense may be unrelated tothe arrestee’s use of drugs.3 Finally, analleged offense at arrest may or may notadequately characterize an individual’stypical criminal activities or the full rangeof his or her criminal activities.

Data in this report on adult and juvenileoffense at arrest is presented for four broadcategories (five for female arrestees) andfor specific offenses within each category.Offense at arrest is taken from the officialarrest register at the site. (See the Guide tothe Site Data Tables on page 47 for adescription of the categorization ofoffenses.)

Urinalysis results are reported by offensecategories for each site. A thoroughexamination of the relationship betweendrug use and offense at arrest requires amultivariate model that controls for a hostof other factors including age, ethnicity,and site differences. NIJ is planning acomprehensive analysis of these data for alater publication.

ConclusionsAs a number of law enforcementprofessionals and drug use experts havereported, marijuana use is increasing acrossthe country. For the second year in a row,broad increases in the level of marijuanause among juvenile arrestees/detainees werereported at nearly all juvenile DUF sites.Young adult arrestees—both male andfemale—also showed significant increasesin marijuana use.



This increase has occurred just as manysites are reporting a slight downturn incocaine use, especially among adult malearrestees. Because adult male arrestees ages15 to 20 are already among the least likelyto test positive for cocaine, it is tempting toforecast a cohort effect that will result in acontinued overall decline in cocaine ratesas these cohorts age.

Unfortunately, the 1994 juvenile DUF datatemper this forecast somewhat: cocaine usewas higher in 1994 at 8 of 12 sites. Thistrend, coupled with high rates of marijuanause, raises questions concerning therelatedness of cocaine use and marijuanause. For instance, to what extent doesmarijuana use serve as a gateway to cocaineuse? To what degree do marijuana andcocaine markets overlap, exposingmarijuana users to sources of other drugs?

Although the data presented here cannotanswer these questions completely, theygive dramatic testimony to the need for acontinued focus on the extensive use ofdrugs among persons entering the criminaljustice system. Particular attention must begiven to juveniles and young adults. Assucceeding cohorts of young persons wrestlewith the decision of whether to use drugs,our cities and neighborhoods continue toface the consequences of their decisions.Over the next decade, as the number ofteenagers grows in proportion to the generalpopulation, drug use and its attendantdelinquency may exact an even greater costfrom society.

Thomas E. Feucht, Ph.D.DUF Program Director

1 Eight sites gathered data on juvenile femalearrestees/detainees. Because these samples weretypically very small, these data are not presented.

2 Small sample sizes at some sites limits thestatistical significance of some age-specific rates.Sample size is reported on each site data page.

3 In July 1995, a revised DUF interview form wasimplemented that will capture information on multipleoffenses at arrest.

Methodology

Each quarter, trained local DUF staff obtain voluntary and anonymous urinespecimens and interviews from adult arrestees and juvenile arrestees/detaineeswho have been in a booking facility for not more than 48 hours. Data and urinesamples are collected at selected booking facilities throughout the United States.At each of the 23 adult sites, approximately 225 adult males are interviewed eachquarter. In all except 2 sites, approximately 100 adult females are also sampled.At 12 of these sites, data and samples are collected each quarter for approximately100 juvenile male arrestees/detainees. Ten of these sites also collect data onfemale juvenile arrestees/detainees. However, given the small sample size ofDUF female juvenile arrestees/detainees, these data are not presented here.

Response rates for both adults and juveniles are consistently high. More than 90percent of the total sample consent to be interviewed and over 80 percent agreeto provide a urine specimen.

Adult arrestees are selected at the discretion of site personnel, who are guided bya target sample size and crime charge priority system. To obtain samples of adultmale arrestees with a sufficient distribution of serious arrest charges, DUFinterviewers, where possible, place a priority on felony arrestees and thosearrested for offenses other than the sale or possession of drugs. Analyses haveshown that those arrested for drug offenses are more likely than other arresteesto be using drugs; as a result, DUF statistics are likely minimum estimates of druguse among the population of those adults arrested for serious offenses. With theexception of Omaha, where all arrestees are included to obtain a sample ofsufficient size, males charged with driving offenses generally are excluded fromthe sample due to DUF’s emphasis on more serious crimes. Because they arefewer in number, all adult female arrestees and all juvenile male and femalearrestees/detainees brought to the booking center during the data collectionperiod are included in the DUF sample, regardless of the charge.

At most sites, adult and juvenile catchment areas are identical. In 10 adult sites,the catchment area is the entire city. In another 10 adult sites and in 9 of 12juvenile sites, it is the entire county or parish. (The city of Denver is DenverCounty in its entirety.) However, in Birmingham and San Diego, the catchmentarea includes the city and part of the county. In St. Louis and Washington, D.C.,it is only the city, excluding the surrounding county, and in Los Angeles itcomprises parts of the city and county.

All urine specimens are sent to a central laboratory for analysis for 10 drugs:cocaine, opiates, marijuana, PCP, methadone, benzodiazepines, methaqualone,propoxphene, barbiturates, and amphetamines. All positive results foramphetamines are confirmed by gas chromatography to eliminate those causedonly by over-the-counter medications. For most drugs, urinalysis can detect usewithin the previous 2 to 3 days; use of marijuana and PCP can sometimes bedetected several weeks after use.

DUF Annual Report on Adult Arrestees 1994 11

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1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsAtlantaCatchment Area:Entire city.

DUF Sample Size

Males: 752Females: 322

Age of Booked Arrestees (%)

Age Males Females15–20 15 921–25 15 1626–30 14 2231–35 21 2136+ 35 30

Race of Booked Arrestees (%)

Race Males FemalesBlack 92 85White 7 15Hispanic 1 0Other 0 1

% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10

Drug Use Trends Among Booked Arrestees

Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males

Total Males (N)Total Females (N)

Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

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hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race

Drug Use by Male and Female Booked Arrestees

OpiatesMarijuanaCocaineAny Drug

Less than 20 cases.**

12

��

��

��

��

��16

72

6257

1525

42

69 60 69 73 83 64 71 52 80 0

40 70 71 87 74 71 81 0 0

35 47 62 79 57 59 32 60 0

20 55 62 83 65 63 62 0 0

45 47 25 15 12 25 20 40 0

27 19 17 10 11 16 11 0 0

0 4 4 3 2 2 4 0 0

0 4 1 6 5 4 4 0 0

20 30 16 16 10 17 15 20 0

7 11 11 16 13 12 17 0 0

115 111 109 156 261 693 54 5 0

30 53 72 69 98 273 47 0 2

Total Males (752) 57 25 69

Violent offenses (194) 37 29 56 Robbery (13) 69 31 77 Assault (145) 32 26 52 Weapons (27) 37 48 63 All others (9) 56 33 67

Property offenses (244) 73 15 78 Larceny/theft (157) 79 17 82 Burglary (36) 75 8 78 Stolen vehicle (31) 48 13 55 All others (20) 65 20 75

Drug offenses (118) 68 47 88 Sales (28) 57 68 93 Possession (90) 71 40 87

Other (196) 52 19 61

Total Females (322) 62 15 72


Property offenses (71) 54 16 63 Larceny/theft (43) 51 16 63 Burglary (5) 60 20 60 All others (23) 56 13 65


Prostitution (19) 90 16 100Other (136) 65 13 74

Percent Positive for Drugs,by Offense Category(N’s in Parentheses)

Note: Positive by urinalysis. Any Drug includes cocaine, opiates, PCP, marijuana, amphetamines,methadone, methaqualone, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and propoxyphene.

Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program

12 DUF Annual Report on Adult Arrestees 1994

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1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program Findings

Catchment Area:City and part of the county.

DUF Sample Size






% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

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hite

His

pani

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ther

% Positive by Race




18

��

��

��

��

��16

63

5050

1728

34

69

Total Males (663) 50 28 69




Other (243) 59 23 72







Birmingham

53 65 80 73 73 71 62 0 0

48 50 75 70 61 60 72 0 0

24 40 60 59 65 54 35 0 0

24 33 61 65 47 50 49 0 0

48 37 31 18 10 29 25 0 0

29 20 21 15 11 16 18 0 0

4 4 4 2 4 4 3 0 0

0 3 4 3 4 2 6 0 0

22 22 18 9 10 17 12 0 0

5 14 18 20 21 14 27 0 0

105 157 128 126 147 527 135 0 0

21 66 72 74 100 245 88 0 0




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1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsChicago

% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males

Total Males (N)

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race

Drug Use by Male Booked Arrestees

Marijuana



39

��

��

��

��

��

79

57

38

27

Catchment Area:Entire city.

DUF Sample Size

Males: 924


Age Males15–20 2521–25 2426–30 1431–35 1636+ 21


Race MalesBlack 77White 9Hispanic 14Other *

Total Males (924) 57 38 79




Other (8) 38 38 50


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` 72 76 80 87 83 80 68 81 0

33 53 66 76 68 57 53 57 0

57 43 27 23 29 40 24 39 0

12 30 37 29 33 30 14 18 0

30 44 44 39 43 40 33 39 0

227 226 128 145 195 706 85 126 1

Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program* Less than 1%.



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1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsCleveland

Total Males (743) 48 28 66




Other (188) 34 25 55







% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




17

��

��

��

��

��17

82

7448

1628

43

66


DUF Sample Size





Race Males FemalesBlack 78 75White 15 22Hispanic 4 2Other 3 *

66 64 62 72 66 72 51 48 15

53 77 91 89 77 81 85 88 0

34 39 49 60 56 54 27 36 5

41 63 88 78 75 75 70 75 0

50 39 23 16 13 28 29 19 5

24 19 12 18 13 13 25 25 0

0 1 2 2 8 3 1 3 5

6 5 2 5 6 2 10 25 0

25 21 12 7 17 18 12 13 0

24 9 17 19 23 13 29 50 0

127 169 132 134 177 577 111 31 20

17 86 81 63 84 249 73 8 1

Note: Positive by urinalysis. Gaps on graph represent periods when data were not collected. AnyDrug includes cocaine, opiates, PCP, marijuana, amphetamines, methadone, methaqualone,benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and propoxyphene.



Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsDallasCatchment Area:Entire county.

DUF Sample Size





Race Males FemalesBlack 62 57White 26 34Hispanic 12 8Other * 1

% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




21

��

��

��

��

��20

63

4635

2233

73

57

Total Males (1004) 35 33 57




Other (151) 30 34 55








55 49 64 64 57 63 50 45 50

42 58 65 70 70 64 63 69 33

18 25 41 50 46 40 24 31 50

22 34 50 58 52 49 39 56 33

47 33 39 25 17 36 27 29 0

16 26 23 20 26 23 22 25 0

1 2 2 2 8 2 4 2 50

6 2 9 7 13 7 9 3 0

21 16 22 20 19 21 17 18 50

8 18 23 21 31 22 21 22 0

234 210 188 162 207 626 258 118 2

50 87 101 105 77 242 145 32 3



Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsDenverCatchment Area:Entire city.

DUF Sample Size






% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




17

��

��

��

��

��20

68

5140

2239

54

67

Total Males (927) 40 39 67




Other (323) 30 36 58








70 65 70 70 62 78 61 60 50

64 64 69 78 60 79 67 56 38

21 34 46 52 42 56 28 31 12

26 48 58 64 47 71 42 39 15

64 48 39 30 25 40 36 40 31

45 27 11 24 15 22 24 20 15

2 4 1 3 8 2 6 5 6

5 4 6 4 6 3 5 8 0

16 22 22 18 20 24 18 16 12

12 16 12 22 22 18 18 16 8

135 170 176 191 255 375 235 289 16

42 84 83 92 87 151 120 105 13



Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsDetroitCatchment Area:Entire city.

DUF Sample Size






Total Males (229) 34 38 66




Other (69) 30 22 55







% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




21

��

��

��

��

��14

62

4634

1638

137

66 71 58 59 85 65 66 50 0 0

50 38 81 75 67 57 80 0 0

9 26 38 80 48 34 50 0 0

30 12 75 75 44 39 70 0 0

66 47 31 10 15 39 0 0 0

20 31 12 0 11 18 10 0 0

0 3 0 5 23 7 33 0 0

0 0 25 0 28 11 30 0 0

4 16 9 15 23 14 33 0 0

0 12 31 0 39 20 30 0 0

55 62 32 20 60 222 6 0 1

10 16 16 8 18 54 10 0 0


* Less than 1%.

Note: Positive by urinalysis. Gaps on graph represent periods when data were not collected.Any Drug includes cocaine, opiates, PCP, marijuana, amphetamines, methadone, methaqualone,benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and propoxyphene.


Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsFt. LauderdaleCatchment Area:Entire county.

DUF Sample Size






% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




18

��

��

��

��

��17

62

5241

1829

31

58

Total Males (915) 41 29 58




Other (286) 40 26 57








60 55 64 58 56 61 56 52 67

41 56 78 59 64 61 64 25 50

26 34 49 48 45 45 38 33 0

28 49 62 50 54 49 55 25 50

51 38 27 17 21 29 30 27 67

28 16 26 15 15 24 14 0 25

0 1 0 2 2 1 1 2 0

0 1 1 4 4 2 3 0 0

18 20 15 13 17 16 18 11 0

14 16 19 19 20 19 18 0 25

152 181 162 177 228 442 406 63 3

29 85 94 111 101 173 241 4 4


* Less than 1%.


Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsHoustonCatchment Area:Entire city.

DUF Sample Size





Race Males FemalesBlack 50 57White 22 25Hispanic 27 18Other 1 *

Total Males (884) 29 23 48




Other (250) 37 19 52








% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




12

��

��

��

��

�� 13

48

3629

1323

63

48 51 39 46 55 47 58 39 37 14

38 41 49 58 50 48 58 32 50

15 19 32 45 31 38 23 18 14

15 26 37 54 43 38 39 25 0

44 23 22 19 13 28 20 16 0

26 11 17 10 8 13 18 7 0

3 3 1 4 3 4 2 2 0

0 8 2 4 10 5 7 7 50

16 10 13 15 10 17 10 7 0

8 8 11 16 15 10 17 9 0

144 167 142 168 262 444 194 237 7

47 117 89 69 107 244 106 75 2



Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsIndianapolisCatchment Area:Entire county.

DUF Sample Size





Race Males FemalesBlack 66 62White 34 37Hispanic * *Other * 1

% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race



Less than 1%.*


23

��

��

��

��

��24

69

5647

2239

53

69

Total Males (937) 47 39 69




Other (240) 37 33 58








71 70 72 69 66 74 60 100 0

62 63 69 76 72 76 59 0 50

32 44 54 53 52 60 22 50 0

52 52 64 63 52 70 36 0 0

55 51 37 32 24 36 44 50 0

28 30 8 27 20 21 24 0 50

2 2 * 2 6 2 2 0 0

0 2 3 6 10 4 6 0 0

21 29 24 20 22 25 18 0 0

17 25 13 31 26 23 24 0 0

174 177 197 157 223 603 315 2 1

29 93 75 71 87 214 129 1 2



Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsLos AngelesCatchment Area:Part of city and part of county.

DUF Sample Size






% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




23

��

��

��

��

��24

72

5348

1220

1210

66

Total Males (975) 48 20 66




Other (156) 33 19 50








55 57 70 72 73 80 78 58 58

49 64 69 77 83 80 83 47 43

30 37 50 57 58 66 34 44 42

31 39 52 61 66 69 49 34 29

26 28 20 20 10 22 25 18 5

20 21 12 11 4 14 15 6 0

2 5 8 11 16 10 9 10 10

0 7 8 12 24 8 18 12 14

18 22 28 32 21 22 34 24 10

13 25 22 23 27 20 34 18 14

121 210 177 186 281 263 130 558 19

39 109 97 103 131 209 137 125 7



Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsManhattanCatchment Area:Entire borough.

DUF Sample Size






% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Blac

kW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




44

��

��

��

��

��35

90

8068

1524

3019

82

Total Males (751) 68 24 82




Other (84) 74 20 84







66 71 88 86 84 88 83 73 40

59 78 99 92 92 92 88 85 0

19 52 76 80 77 77 62 57 33

53 63 89 85 83 83 78 76 0

51 37 22 19 15 26 20 25 7

18 30 20 12 8 18 14 10 0

4 14 20 25 21 14 23 26 7

29 20 27 32 36 21 41 45 0

10 33 37 40 38 34 38 37 7

41 33 40 46 50 37 55 52 0

80 92 147 178 251 407 108 221 15

17 46 74 74 107 187 64 67 0




Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug


% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males

Total Males (N)

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race

Drug Use by Male Booked Arrestees

Marijuana



20

��

��

��

��

��

66

56

28

2

MiamiCatchment Area:Entire county.

DUF Sample Size

Males: 908


Age Males15–20 1721–25 2026–30 1831–35 1936+ 27


Race MalesBlack 55White 11Hispanic 33Other *

Total Males (908) 56 28 66




Other (116) 55 31 66

Percent Positive for Drugs,by Offense Category(N’s in Parentheses) C

ocai

neM

ariju

ana

Any

Dru

g60 56 70 72 72 70 55 63 50

38 41 62 67 65 61 46 50 0

49 35 32 18 13 29 21 28 50

1 2 1 4 3 2 3 2 0

28 22 26 17 11 22 14 20 0

152 182 160 172 242 498 102 300 2




Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsNew Orleans

Total Males (977) 47 28 63




Other (166) 45 31 62







% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




9

��

��

��

��

��22

32

2547

728

25

63


57 58 63 77 64 64 59 47 33

23 19 39 36 36 33 33 0 0

34 38 53 66 48 49 28 29 0

4 14 32 33 29 26 26 0 0

41 34 24 25 19 28 36 12 33

17 9 7 3 6 8 7 0 0

4 4 1 7 6 5 7 0 0

2 0 5 3 1 2 6 0 0

24 24 22 24 16 21 28 6 0

4 8 13 10 7 8 13 0 0

202 200 165 154 256 851 88 17 3

48 64 85 99 73 306 54 8 0

Catchment Area:Entire parish.

DUF Sample Size








Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsOmaha

% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




13

��

��

��

��

��17

58

3426

2844

22

59 57 64 57 60 57 70 51 39 56

45 69 67 53 56 62 56 67 20

15 25 24 28 38 37 14 20 17

0 42 43 42 41 38 32 67 0

53 56 40 39 30 50 40 29 52

45 38 33 21 7 30 27 33 20

3 3 0 1 4 4 2 0 0

0 0 0 0 7 3 0 0 0

16 19 13 14 22 22 14 9 13

0 19 10 21 15 11 17 33 0

203 203 136 154 188 441 344 66 23

20 26 21 19 27 64 41 3 5


Total Males (885) 26 44 59

Violent offenses (178) 20 48 59Robbery (18) 33 72 83Assault (91) 21 38 50Weapons (43) 19 67 77All others (26) 8 35 42

Property offenses (161) 26 35 55Larceny/theft (68) 32 31 56Burglary (29) 21 34 55Stolen vehicle (1) 100 0 100All others (63) 19 40 54

Drug offenses (72) 58 67 93Sales (28) 57 71 89Possession (44) 59 64 96

Other (474) 23 42 56


Violent offenses (13) 15 31 54Robbery (1) 0 100 100Assault (7) 14 14 29Weapons (5) 20 40 80All others (0) 0 0 0

Property offenses (30) 30 30 57Larceny/theft (21) 33 29 57Burglary (0) 0 0 0All others (9) 22 33 56

Drug offenses (9) 67 33 89Sales (5) 60 40 100Possession (4) 75 25 75




DUF Sample Size






Note: Positive by urinalysis. Gaps on graph represent periods when data were not collected.Any Drug includes cocaine, opiates, PCP, marijuana, amphetamines, methadone, methaqualone,benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and propoxyphene.


Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsPhiladelphiaCatchment Area:Entire city.

DUF Sample Size






Total Males (1067) 54 32 76




Other (166) 53 27 72







% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




33

��

��

��

��

��35

76

6154

1832

1814

76


69 74 82 80 76 77 73 78 25

49 64 75 88 85 74 78 72 100

21 49 66 66 65 57 49 48 25

17 47 66 79 70 61 59 53 100

53 38 36 25 13 33 24 41 25

36 23 17 15 11 18 19 22 33

8 15 10 15 22 11 21 24 0

4 13 15 23 25 12 33 33 33

38 36 37 31 31 32 35 50 25

19 31 27 37 40 26 53 42 33

188 247 201 176 247 727 187 139 4

53 77 113 99 107 306 100 36 3



Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsPhoenixCatchment Area:Entire county.

DUF Sample Size






Total Males (999) 28 29 65




Other (432) 28 26 64







% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




32

��

��

��

��

��25

67

3628

2229

126

65


69 64 66 71 57 70 67 60 33

68 63 67 77 61 80 68 58 25

21 21 29 32 35 47 21 35 0

27 31 33 46 37 65 27 40 8

42 36 33 26 15 26 29 31 28

32 20 23 21 19 24 22 19 17

1 2 6 7 12 5 4 12 0

4 5 10 21 16 6 15 13 0

24 21 34 22 23 25 24 28 6

32 25 27 45 32 25 36 29 0

72 258 231 197 239 151 554 272 18

44 122 126 117 133 91 327 111 12



Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsPortlandCatchment Area:Entire county.

DUF Sample Size






Total Males (972) 32 27 65




Other (491) 29 26 62







% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




32

��

��

��

��

�� 21

74

4332

1927

2112

65



58 68 70 71 58 75 64 60 47

56 70 80 77 78 80 74 42 61

16 31 32 41 34 51 20 52 29

22 40 46 43 53 68 34 42 39

42 37 29 20 15 31 28 18 15

29 28 19 16 10 14 22 8 17

2 8 12 14 17 5 13 22 12

13 13 18 29 30 13 23 25 33

13 21 21 23 22 15 23 28 12

16 27 34 38 38 21 36 25 33

110 222 196 167 273 252 549 130 34

55 93 96 94 105 106 307 12 18


Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsSt. LouisCatchment Area:Entire city.

DUF Sample Size



Age Males Females15–20 24 821–25 26 2226–-30 17 2731–35 14 2236+ 19 21


Race Males FemalesBlack 85 76White 15 24Hispanic * 0Other 0 0

Total Males (888) 50 36 74




Other (103) 48 23 64







% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




21

��

��

��

��

��26

76

6950

1536

811

74


72 68 76 82 75 75 65 0 0

32 64 87 86 78 71 89 0 0

33 39 62 68 64 54 33 0 0

13 56 83 81 71 65 78 0 0

59 44 30 20 17 37 35 0 0

32 21 12 8 11 13 20 0 0

8 12 5 7 21 11 11 0 0

0 6 8 8 15 7 13 0 0

27 24 26 22 28 26 24 0 0

16 18 20 17 33 17 36 0 0

208 232 151 125 166 749 129 1 0

31 84 105 86 82 292 92 0 0



Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsSan AntonioCatchment Area:Entire county.

DUF Sample Size





Race Males FemalesBlack 17 13White 24 30Hispanic 60 57Other * *

Total Males (913) 31 30 52




Other (329) 22 25 43







% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




17

��

��

��

��

��22

39

2231

1530

1413

52 50 58 53 61 44 65 46 50 33

27 30 42 51 47 48 48 32 100

22 37 33 46 27 47 22 30 0

8 19 28 29 30 38 27 17 100

39 40 28 29 13 38 29 27 33

16 17 17 19 7 21 19 11 0

2 13 15 14 23 9 12 14 0

7 6 10 21 25 9 11 17 0

13 27 26 30 22 30 20 21 0

7 10 19 28 26 23 20 15 0

254 165 144 119 225 148 210 531 3

88 102 69 75 96 56 127 243 1




Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsSan DiegoCatchment Area:City and part of the county.

DUF Sample Size






Total Males (774) 30 36 79




Other (144) 16 32 62







% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race



29

��

��

��

��

��38

76

1830

2036

1312

79


73 73 84 83 80 79 82 78 63

64 67 74 87 76 73 80 65 70

18 21 28 34 40 49 13 35 3

12 8 15 31 19 46 10 22 4

47 40 45 35 23 36 42 33 17

24 21 27 16 16 23 22 12 13

6 9 10 14 17 5 7 25 0

4 5 10 12 22 14 13 14 9

30 34 46 41 38 27 42 46 10

32 20 34 31 29 30 30 26 26

78 184 147 153 202 207 268 268 30

25 75 86 90 122 77 229 69 23



Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsSan Jose

Total Males (1002) 19 30 55




Other (356) 17 28 52







% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race



22

��

��

��

��

�� 21

61

2319

1830

106

55


50 57 64 59 49 66 60 56 27

58 53 71 64 57 64 66 59 27

9 20 27 22 18 37 10 22 12

12 14 29 29 24 48 16 21 13

35 40 37 22 16 38 32 31 11

30 22 18 13 15 17 22 16 0

2 3 5 11 10 3 8 6 3

2 8 12 6 14 5 11 11 7

19 21 29 23 16 17 24 25 8

18 17 31 16 27 18 26 23 7

192 228 186 133 261 136 317 415 130

40 87 98 94 116 77 197 132 30


Catchment Area:Entire county.

DUF Sample Size







Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug

1994 Drug Use Forecasting Program FindingsWashington, D.C.Catchment Area:Entire city.

DUF Sample Size





Race Males FemalesBlack 93 94White 6 6Hispanic * *Other * *

Total Males (926) 38 30 64




Other (149) 40 26 62







% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Females

Drug

Cocaine

Marijuana

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Positive by Age

��Males


Females

Any Drug

% Positive

15–2

021

–25

26–3

031

–35

36+

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

% Positive by Race




24

��

��

��

��

��22

67

5538

1030

139

64


66 58 64 70 64 66 29 25 33

42 49 70 81 73 67 73 0 0

16 20 45 59 50 39 26 25 0

0 33 63 75 63 56 46 0 0

60 46 26 21 8 32 7 0 33

42 16 7 5 6 10 23 0 0

0 1 5 12 22 10 0 0 0

0 3 13 18 18 12 36 0 0

24 16 24 27 23 23 13 0 0

13 19 22 30 26 23 41 0 0

139 222 162 138 265 855 55 4 3

31 67 98 84 110 363 22 1 1


1994Juvenile Program

Findings

34 DUF 1994 Annual Report on Juvenile Arrestees/Detainees

1994 Annual ReportDrug Use Forecasting

DUF 1994 Annual Report on Juvenile Arrestees/Detainees 35

Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug


% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10

Drug Use Trends Among Male Juvenile Arrestees/Detainees

Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100

��Males Total Males (N)

Any Drug

% Positive

9–1

213

–14

15–1

617

–18

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther

Drug Use by Male Juvenile Arrestees/Detainees

Marijuana



7

38

6

34

2

✝ ✝ ✝ ✝

%

Drugs Positive by School Attendance

30

40

50

60

20

10

Male Juveniles

��

��

��

��

��

Multiple DrugsMarijuanaCocaineAny Drug

% Positive by Age % Positive by Race

In School (N=230) Not in School (N=110)Graduated (N=9) 11

BirminghamCatchment Area:Arrestees and detainees from JeffersonCounty, which includes Birmingham.

DUF Sample Size

Juvenile Males: 349


Age Juvenile Males9–12 413–14 2215–16 5417–18 21


Race Juvenile MalesBlack 86White 14Hispanic *Other 0


* Less than 1%.

Total Males (349) 6 34 38


Property offenses (91) 0 21 23 Stolen vehicle (15) 0 20 20 Larceny/theft (18) 0 44 50 Burglary (20) 0 15 15 All others (38) 0 13 16


Other (87) 9 36 42 Public peace (21) 5 38 48 Probation/parole

violation (37) 11 32 38 All others (29) 10 38 45



8 32 38 48 39 33 0 0

0 3 6 8 6 4 0 0

8 26 35 45 36 26 0 0

0 5 2 0 2 2 0 0

0 4 7 13 8 4 0 0

13 74 186 71 295 49 1 0

Note: Positive by urinalysis. Any Drug includes cocaine, opiates, PCP, marijuana, amphetamines,methadone, methaqualone, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and propoxyphene.1 Data based on voluntary self-reports.


Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug


% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100


Any Drug

% Positive

9–1

213

–14

15–1

617

–18

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther


Marijuana


14

47

17

42

*

✝ ✝ ✝ ✝

%


30

40

50

60

20

10

Male Juveniles

��

��

��

��



Less than 20 cases.**Less than 1%.*


ClevelandCatchment Area:Detainees from Cuyahoga County,which includes Cleveland.

DUF Sample Size

Juvenile Males: 416




Race Juvenile MalesBlack 72White 24Hispanic 3Other *

Total Males (416) 17 42 47







0 34 50 60 50 40 46 0

0 11 18 21 19 12 0 100

0 31 44 54 45 33 46 100

0 0 * 0 0 0 0 100

0 11 15 17 17 6 0 100

16 91 190 114 300 102 13 1


* Less than 1%.


Note: Positive by urinalysis. Any Drug includes cocaine, opiates, PCP, marijuana, amphetamines,methadone, methaqualone, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and propoxyphene.1 Data based on voluntary self-reports.


Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug


% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100


Any Drug

% Positive

9–1

213

–14

15–1

617

–18

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther


Marijuana



9

54

10

52

*

✝ ✝ ✝ ✝

%


30

40

50

60

20

10

Male Juveniles

��

��

��

��




DenverCatchment Area:Arrestees and detainees from DenverCounty, which is the city of Denver.

DUF Sample Size

Juvenile Males: 415




Race Juvenile MalesBlack 34White 12Hispanic 51Other 4


Total Males (415) 10 52 54







23 45 60 71 55 53 55 31

0 5 15 12 12 8 9 6

23 43 57 71 53 49 52 31

0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0

0 4 12 12 12 8 6 6

30 135 201 49 139 47 207 16

Note: Positive by urinalysis. Any Drug includes cocaine, opiates, PCP, marijuana, amphetamines,methadone, methaqualone, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and propoxyphene.1 Data based on voluntary self-reports. † No cases reported.



Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug


% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100


Any Drug

% Positive

9–1

213

–14

15–1

617

–18

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther


Marijuana



6

30

8

26

1

✝ ✝ ✝ ✝

%


In School (N=363) Not in School (N=60)

30

40

50

60

20

10

Male Juveniles

Graduated (N=9) 11

��

��

��

��

��



IndianapolisCatchment Area:Arrestees and detainees from MarionCounty, which includes Indianapolis.

DUF Sample Size

Juvenile Males: 432




Race Juvenile MalesBlack 62White 38Hispanic *Other *


* Less than 1%.








4 22 48 35 27 35 50 0

1 6 15 3 12 3 0 0

3 20 40 35 21 33 50 100

0 1 1 0 * 1 0 0

1 5 11 3 6 6 0 0

74 148 169 37 265 162 2 1




Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug


% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100


Any Drug

% Positive

9–1

213

–14

15–1

617

–18

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther


Marijuana


8

37

8

31

*

✝ ✝ ✝ ✝

%


30

40

50

60

20

10

Male Juveniles

��

��

��

��





Los AngelesCatchment Area:Detainees from three select Los Angelescity and county facilities.

DUF Sample Size

Juvenile Males: 417













0 29 39 38 28 38 43 38

0 5 7 10 2 2 13 3

0 20 33 31 27 33 34 21

0 2 0 0 0 0 * 0

0 5 6 11 2 9 12 0

5 41 186 178 123 55 210 29




Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug


% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100


Any Drug

% Positive

9–1

213

–14

15–1

617

–18

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther


Marijuana


16

51

11

41

0

✝ ✝ ✝ ✝

%


30

40

50

60

20

10

Male Juveniles

��

��

��

��

��





PhoenixCatchment Area:Detainees from Maricopa County, whichincludes Phoenix.

DUF Sample Size

Juvenile Males: 361





Total Males (361) 11 41 51







38 48 49 70 41 46 62 0

8 8 9 25 0 6 22 0

31 39 38 61 39 34 52 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 10 15 39 8 14 22 0

13 118 184 44 51 178 130 1


* Less than 1%.




Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug


% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100


Any Drug

% Positive

9–1

213

–14

15–1

617

–18

Blac

kW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther


Marijuana


*

2

23

3

18

*

✝ ✝ ✝ ✝

%


30

40

50

60

20

10

Male Juveniles

��

��

��

��



Less than 20 cases.**Less than 1%.


PortlandCatchment Area:Detainees from Multnomah County,which includes Portland.

DUF Sample Size

Juvenile Males: 395













6 13 24 40 28 21 27 9

0 2 4 3 5 1 7 4

6 8 18 33 23 17 13 0

0 0 1 0 0 * 0 0

6 1 2 4 2 3 0 0

17 124 174 78 126 216 30 23




Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug


% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100


Any Drug

% Positive

9–1

213

–14

15–1

617

–18

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther


Marijuana



8

38

10

34

2

✝ ✝ ✝ ✝

%


30

40

50

60

20

10

Male Juveniles

��

��

��

��

��




St. LouisCatchment Area:Detainees from the city of St. Louis.

DUF Sample Size

Juvenile Males: 293






Total Males (293) 10 34 38







17 33 47 0 39 22 0 0

13 6 14 0 11 6 0 0

13 31 42 0 36 17 0 0

0 2 1 0 2 0 0 0

9 6 9 0 8 6 0 0

23 130 139 0 270 18 0 0




Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug


% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100


Any Drug

% Positive

9–1

213

–14

15–1

617

–18

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther


Marijuana



7

39

9

35

1

✝ ✝ ✝ ✝

%


60

80

100

40

20

Male Juveniles

��

��

��

��

��




San AntonioCatchment Area:Arrestees and detainees from BexarCounty, which includes San Antonio.

DUF Sample Size

Juvenile Males: 306













17 34 47 20 33 16 44 33

4 8 10 20 9 5 10 0

17 31 42 20 28 14 40 33

0 1 1 0 2 0 1 0

4 7 7 20 6 3 8 0

23 134 144 5 46 37 212 6




Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug


% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100


Any Drug

% Positive

9–1

213

–14

15–1

617

–18

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther


Marijuana


*

16

42

2

33

1

✝ ✝ ✝ ✝

%


30

40

50

60

20

10

Male Juveniles

��

��

��

��

��



Less than 1%.


San DiegoCatchment Area:Detainees from San Diego County, whichincludes the city of San Diego.

DUF Sample Size

Juvenile Males: 398















14 33 51 45 36 44 46 38

0 3 1 7 0 1 4 3

14 28 42 24 27 40 33 31

0 1 * 2 0 0 1 3

4 14 19 16 6 21 17 28

28 117 193 58 90 98 181 29


Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug


% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100


Any Drug

% Positive

9–1

213

–14

15–1

617

–18

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther


Marijuana


*

8

35

5

28

*

✝ ✝ ✝ ✝

%


30

40

50

60

20

10

Male Juveniles

��

��

��

��



Less than 1%.


San JoseCatchment Area:Detainees from Santa Clara County,which includes San Jose.

DUF Sample Size

Juvenile Males: 386













27 26 39 40 40 33 38 19

0 4 6 10 6 3 6 6

27 21 32 28 40 24 32 6

0 0 * 2 0 1 * 0

0 2 11 12 6 8 11 0

30 103 212 40 50 90 194 47




Coc

aine

Mar

ijuan

aA

ny D

rug


% 1990 1991 1992 1993

1994

30

50

70

90

10


Males

Drug

Cocaine

Opiates

Multiple Drugs

0 20 40 60 80 100


Any Drug

% Positive

9–1

213

–14

15–1

617

–18

Bla

ckW

hite

His

pani

cO

ther


Marijuana


*

23

64

9

61

*

✝ ✝ ✝ ✝

%


Male Juveniles

��

��

��

��



20

40

60

80

100

Less than 20 cases.**Less than 1%.


Washington, D.C.Catchment Area:Detainees from the District of Columbia.

DUF Sample Size

Juvenile Males: 390












29 54 73 68 65 29 50 0

0 7 10 14 9 0 10 0

29 51 70 65 62 29 50 0

0 1 0 2 * 0 0 0

4 14 28 35 24 0 10 0

28 102 201 57 372 7 10 1


* Less than 1%.




Drug Use Forecasting 1994 Annual ReportGuide to DUF Site Data Tablesfor juveniles, the percentage distribution ofthe offense at arrest is a function of thecomposition of the population of arrestees/detainees at the facility at the time ofcollection. No categories of female orjuvenile arrestees are excluded orundersampled.

Urinalysis results by offense at arrest. Aswith the age and race of the adult arresteeand juvenile arrestee/detainee, informationon the offense at arrest is obtained fromofficial booking records. For reportingpurposes, violent offenses include robbery,assault, weapons offenses, extortion,homicide, kidnapping, manslaughter, sexualassault, and rape. Property offenses includelarceny/theft, burglary, motor vehicle theft,arson, possession of stolen property, bribery,and pickpocketing. Drug offenses comprisedrug possession and drug sales. Otheroffenses are public peace offenses, flight/escape, traffic offenses (primarily drivingwhile intoxicated/driving under theinfluence), being under the influence of acontrolled substance, probation or paroleviolation, family offenses, resisting arrest,sex offenses (other than sexual assault orrape), liquor law violations, obscenity,gambling, embezzlement, and othermiscellaneous offenses including, forjuveniles, violating curfew or homesupervision. For females, prostitution isreported in a separate category.

Urinalysis results for cocaine, marijuana,and any drug are shown for the total sampleof arrestees, for each broad category ofoffenses, and for specific offenses. Thenumber of arrestees in each category isshown in parentheses. Specific offenseswere chosen because they constitutesignificant numbers of arrestees across sites.Though the distribution of arrestees acrossoffense categories varies from one site toanother, the same offenses are shown foreach site. Unavoidably, for some sites thenumber of cases in a specific offensecategory is very small.

Drug use by adult male and femalebooked arrestees and male juvenilearrestees/detainees. This bar graph showsthe percentage who were urine positive for

Pages 11 to 46 of this report contain 1-pagesummaries of essential data from each ofthe juvenile and adult DUF sites.

Results are for the sample of booked adultmale and female arrestees and juvenilemale arrestees/detainees. Data on adultfemale arrestees were collected at all buttwo sites. Sample selection proceduresdiffer for male and female arrestees and forjuvenile male arrestees/detainees (seeMethodology, page 10).1

Catchment area, sample size, age, andrace. Catchment areas for DUF collectionof adult data vary across sites. In mostcases, the entire county or city constitutesthe area from which arrestees are drawn. Ata few sites, the catchment area is a specificprecinct or set of precincts within the cityor county. In Los Angeles, the catchmentarea comprises parts of the city and county.

Sample size indicates the number of adultarrestees and juvenile arrestees/detaineeswho completed the DUF interview andprovided a urine specimen. Amongjuveniles, no distinction is made betweenarrestees and detainees. The sample is thetotal across four quarterly collection periodsin 1994. For some results, sample size isreduced slightly due to missing data.

Percentage distributions by age and raceare shown for each site. Typically, thesedata are obtained from official bookingrecords at the facility. While the minimumage of arrestees at adult facilities is usually18, a small number of persons under the ageof 18 are encountered among the adultarrestees. Because of this, the youngest agecategory for adults is reported as 15 to 20.For similar reasons, the oldest age categoryamong juveniles is 17 to 18.

For adult male arrestees, the percentagedistribution of the offense at arrest reflectsthe facility population at the time of DUFdata collection subject to selectionguidelines stipulated by NIJ. Specifically,adult males arrested for drug offenses arelimited to not more than 20 percent of thesample, and a priority is placed on felonyarrestees over misdemeanor and ordinancearrestees.2 For adult female arrestees and

drugs at the time of the DUF interviewaccording to EMITTM. The graph shows thepercentage positive for any of 10 drugs(listed at the bottom of each page), forcocaine, marijuana, and opiates, and formultiple drugs. The percentage positive isalso tabulated by age and race.

Drug use trends among booked arrestees.DUF data collection for adult arresteesbegan in 1987 in 12 sites while that forjuvenile male arrestees/detainees began in1988 at 2 sites. By 1990, this effort hadexpanded to include adults and juveniles innearly all the sites reported here. Some, likeAtlanta, started data collection in 1991. Thelast site to begin collecting juvenile datawas Denver in 1991. To providecomparability throughout the tables, dataseries are reported beginning with 1990.Gaps in the line graphs represent periodswhen data were not collected or whensample size was insufficient for monitoringpurposes. Graphs for both male and femaleadult arrestees are presented for 21 sites;male data are shown for 2 additional sites.

Drugs positive among male juveniles byschool attendance. Urinalysis results forany drug, for cocaine, marijuana, and formultiple drugs are shown by schoolattendance for juvenile arrestees/detainees.Data on school attendance are based onself-report and do not provide a measure offrequency of attendance or academicachievement. Although some arrestees/detainees have successfully completed theirschooling, this number is typically too smallfor analysis, and results in the graph arepresented only for those still in school andfor those who no longer attend but have notgraduated. Juveniles interviewed during thesummer months are asked if they plan toattend when school resumes in the fall.

1 Previous DUF reports omitted urinalysis resultsfor categories of arrestees with fewer than 20 cases.Beginning with this report, urinalysis results arepresented together with sample size for each categoryof arrestees, thereby providing a basis for assessingstatistical significance.

2 NIJ is reviewing the sampling procedures currentlyused in the DUF program. Any change in samplingprocedures will be noted here in future reports,together with implications of the change forcomparison of series data.

For more information on the National Institute of Justice and to learn how to obtainan electronic version of this report, please contact:

National Criminal Justice Reference ServiceBox 6000Rockville, MD 20849–6000phone: 800–851–3420phone: 301–251–5500e-mail: [email protected]

Marijuana Use by Juvenile Arrestees, 1992–1994*

BULK RATEPOSTAGE & FEES PAID

DOJ/NIJPermit No. G–91

U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

National Institute of Justice

Washington, D.C. 20531

Official BusinessPenalty for Private Use $300

Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program* Percent positive by urinalysis

Birmingham

Cleveland

Denver

Indianapolis

Los Angeles

Phoenix

Portland

St Louis

San Antonio

San Diego

San Jose

Washington, D

C

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1992

1993

1994

r e s e a r c h r e p o r t - ncjrs · use of opiates showed little change among male arrestees and...

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