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Quyn sch cho Nhn Loi

Tm lc o Php ca c Pht

Buddhadasa Bhikkhu (Hoang Phong, chuyn ng)

(1906 - 1993)

Li gii thiu ca ngi dch

i s Ajahn Buddhadasa Bhikkhu (1906-1993) - tn gi c ngha l "ngi t kheo

phc v cho c Pht" - xut gia khi va hai mi tui v tu hc trong mt ngi cha ti th

Bangkok, Thi Lan. Th nhng khng lu ngay sau ng nhn thy s sinh hot trong

cha cng nh bi cnh ni th khng thch hp vi ng nn bn tr v qu min nam

Thi Lan. Tm c mt ngi cha hoang ph, ng chnh trang li ngi cha ny v t tu tp

mt mnh.

Nm 1956, ng m mt kha hc dnh ring cho mt s lut gia ngi Thi ang

c o to chun b tr thnh cc quan ta. Cc bui thuyt ging ca ng c ghi chp

v lu li. Hai nm sau th c mt ngi Thi tn l Pun Chongprasoed gom cc bn ghi chp

ny thnh mt tp sch nh. n nm 1961 th c mt v t kheo ngi c tu hc ti Thi Lan

tn l Roderick S. Bucknell (Rod Bucknell), php danh Ariyananda Bhikkhu, dch sang ting

Anh v ly ta l The Handbook for Mankind. Hin ng l gio s ging dy v khoa tn

gio ti i hc Queensland (c Chu). Gn y hn th c mt n t thn cn ca nh s

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qu c Ajahn Chah (1918-1992) l b Jeanne Schut dch sang ting Php vi ta l Manuel

pour l'Humanit. Hin nay b l mt ngi tham gia rt tch cc vo vic hong Php v l

mt nh dch thut rt hng say cc kinh sch ca Pht Gio Nguyn Thy.

Quyn sch ca Ajahn Buddhadasa ch l mt tp sch nh th nhng li c cc

ngi khc gn cho mt ci ta tht kh quan trng l "Quyn Sch cho Nhn Loi". Th

nhng sau khi c xong th chc hn chng ta cng s ng rng quyn sch ny rt xng

ng mang ci ta y. Cch nay nhiu nm m n bn ting Thi cng c pht

hnh trn 100.000 cun v tr thnh quyn sch "gi u ging" cho nhiu ngi dn

trn qu hng . ng thi quyn sch ny cng c dch sang rt nhiu th ting v

c bit rt c a chung ti cc nc Ty Phng. Tht vy nhng li thuyt ging ca

i s Buddhadasa tht n gin v minh bch, c ng v chnh xc, vt thot khi mt s

thut ng cng nh mt vi khi nim quen thuc ca Pht Gio. Nhng li thuyt ging tht

thm su v trong sng ca ng i khi c th khin chng ta phi bng hong.

Quyn sch khng nhm vo ch ch phn tch nhng g trong kinh in m ng

hn l nhc nh chng ta hy nn nhn thng vo bn cht ca chnh mnh v ca mi vt

th chung quanh hu gip chng ta bit ng x thch nghi hn vi ci bn cht y ca chng

v gip chng ta tr thnh nhng con ngi sng sut, hon ho v an vui hn. Bn dch

sang ting Vit ny c da vo n bn ting Anh ca Rod Bucknell v ting Php ca

Jeanne Schut trn y.

i s Buddhadasa

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Chng I

TM HIU PHT GIO

Cc hc gi ngy nay u cng nhn rng tt c cc tn gio trn th gii u pht

sinh t s s hi. Vo nhng thi k xa xa, con ngi rt khip s sm st, bng ti v cc

hin tng m h khng sc hiu hoc khc phc c. Nhm mc ch mong cu

trnh c him nguy, h tm mi cch biu l thn phn nh b v s ngoan ngon ca h

v ng thi tn vinh nhng th y. Sau , khi kin thc v s hiu bit ca con ngi pht

trin hn, s s hi trc y i vi cc hin tng thin nhin li chuyn thnh mt th s

hi khc kh nhn bit hn. Cc tn gio c pht sinh bng s sng bi cc hin tng

thin nhin, thn linh v cc nhn vt trn tri ngy cng tr nn khi hi, v s s hi tr

thnh tinh t hn nhiu: y l s s hi trc nhng kh au, v i vi s s hi ny th li

khng c mt phng tin vt cht no c th lm cho n gim bt i c. Con ngi bt

u cm thy s hi trc sinh, lo, bnh, t, k c nhng mi tht vng v lo bun khc bt

ngun t s thm mun, gin d v v minh - v y l nhng th m khng mt quyn lc

hay mt s giu c no c th lm cho ngui ngoai c.

Cch nay lu lm ti n , ni cho ra i nhiu nh t tng v hc gi cao

thm, con ngi khng cn tm cch sng bi cc nhn vt siu nhin na m ngc li ch

dn mi n lc tm kim cc phng php gip mnh tm hiu th no l s sinh, s gi nua,

bnh tt v ci cht, v c cc phng php gip loi tr s thm mun, hn th v v minh.

Chnh nhng c gng truy tm y a n s ra i ca Pht Gio, mt phng php thc

dng do c Pht khm ph ra nhm loi b kh au v chm dt hon ton mi s s hi

ca con ngi.

"Pht Gio" c ngha l "Gio Hun ca mt Con Ngi Gic Ng". Mi v Pht l

mt con ngi "Gic Ng", mt con ngi thu hiu c s tht v cc s vt, v y hiu

c mt cch chnh xc bn cht ch tht ca tt c mi s vt v nh y m v y bit ng

x thch nghi vi tt c mi cnh hung xy ra. Pht Gio l mt tn gio xy dng trn tr

thng minh, khoa hc v s hiu bit. Mc ch ca tn gio y l gip loi tr kh au v

cc nguyn nhn mang li kh au. Tt c mi hnh thc tn th hng vo cc vt th thing

ling bng l lc, nghi thc cng bi hay s cu xin u chng c g gi l Pht Gio c. c

Pht gt ra ngoi cc nhn vt ng trn tri m mt s gio phi xem y l cc v sng to

ra mi s vt, v cng gt b c cc v thn linh m ngi ta ngh rng tr x ca h l cc v

sao. Tri li, ngi ta cho bit l c Pht tng khuyn rng: "S hiu bit, khn kho v ti

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nng l nhng g s mang li thnh cng v nhng hu qu li ch; t chng l nhng iu

tt, hon ton khng lin h g vi s chuyn ng ca cc vt th trn tri. Nh vo nhng

iu xng ng t c t cc phm tnh y, mt c th c th vt xa hn gp bi so vi

nhng ngi di dt ch bit ngi yn lo chuyn bi ton". c Pht li cn ni thm:

"Nu nc sng, chng hn nh nc ca con sng Hng ny, tht s c th ra ht ti li v

ty xa ht kh au, th cc con ra, con cua, con c v s c sng trong cc con sng thing

ling tt phi c ty xa ht mi ti li v kh au ch". Ngi cng ni thm nh sau:

"Nu mt ngi no c th loi c kh au ca mnh bng cch cng dng, bng s

tn knh v cu nguyn, th s chng cn ai trong th gian ny phi gnh chu kh au c, bi

v c ai m li chng bit by t s tn knh v cu nguyn. D cho h c t ra tht ngoan

ngon, bit tn knh v thc thi nghi l u n, th nhng trn thc t th h vn c phi

gnh chu kh au, v th tht ht sc hin nhin l nhng th y nht nh khng phi l gii

php hu hiu gip h tm thy s gii thot khi nhng kh au ca chnh h".

Nu mun t c s gii thot, trc ht chng ta phi qun xt tht cn thn nhng

g chung quanh ta, hu qun nhn c bn cht ch tht ca chng, v sau th cn c vo

s hiu bit y m ng x mt cch thch nghi. y chnh l cn bn gio hun ca Pht Gio,

v y cng l nhng g m chng ta phi tm hiu v ghi khc trong tm... Pht gio khng

ch trng tm hiu cc gi thuyt hay cc nh m ngc li ch khuyn khch chng ta

phi hnh ng nh th no cho ph hp vi trc gic su kn trong mi con ngi ca chng

ta. y khng phi l cch chp nhn m qung tt c nhng g c nghe thy. Nu c mt

ngi no qu quyt v mt iu g, th ta phi lng nghe v xt on quan im ca ngi

y vi mt cch ht sc khch quan. Nu nhn thy quan im y hp l th ta c th tm thi

chp nhn v sau th tm cch kim chng li. Chnh y l mt trong cc c im ca

Pht Gio, v y cng l nhng g cho thy Pht Gio khc hn vi cc tn gio khc trn

th gii.

Tn gio no cng u hm cha nhiu kha cnh khc nhau v do cng mang

nhiu sc thi khc nhau, chng qua y l do cc gc nhn khc nhau m ra. Nhiu ngi

nhn tn gio qua nhng gc cnh sai lm v Pht gio khng phi l mt ngoi l. Pht gio

cng l mt tn gio nh cc tn gio khc, v v th cng c nhn di nhiu gc cnh

khc nhau, do cng hin ra di nhiu th dng tht khc bit nhau. L do l v mi ngi

trong chng ta u c mt quan im ring, s tht ca mnh ph hp vi s hiu bit v quan

im ring ca mnh. Tm li l "s tht" thay i ty theo tng ngi. Chng ta qun xt cc

vn theo cc cp bc hiu bit chnh lch nhau, bng cc phng tin khc nhau v qua

cc mc thng minh khc nhau. Do rt kh cho chng ta chp nhn l ng nhng g

vt cao hn tr thng minh, kin thc v s hiu bit ca mnh. Ngay c trng hp m

chng ta c v nh chp nhn kin ca ngi khc i na, th nhng chng ta cng c tip

tc ngh rng y khng phi ci "s tht" theo ng nh chng ta ngh. Quan nim v s

tht ca chng ta s c ci thin ph hp vi cp bc thng tin tun t ca tr thng minh,

vi kin thc v kh nng hiu bit ca mnh, ri n mt lc no th chng ta s t

c "s tht ti hu".

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Nh ni n trn y, Pht Gio l mt phng php thc dng nhm mc ch

gii thot chng ta khi mi kh au bng cch gip chng ta nhn thy bn cht ch tht ca

mi s vt, v y cng l nhng g m chnh c Pht thc hin cho mnh. Tt c kinh

sch ca cc tn gio u khng trnh khi s thm tht, Tam Tng Kinh (Tripitaka) ca

chng ta cng khng phi l mt ngoi l. Theo dng thi gian, nhiu on c thm vo

thch nghi vi cc tro lu t tng ng thi, hoc v mun chinh phc lng tin ca qung

i qun chng mnh m hn, hoc ch v lng nhit tm qu ng i vi tn gio ca mnh.

Tic thay, l lc v nghi thc c pht trin thm v ngy nay th tt c cc th y li c

xem l Pht Gio. Ngi ta lp ra nghi l cng dng, hin dng bnh tri, hoa qu ln

"hng linh" ca c Pht ging nh l hin dng thc phm cho cc v t kheo ang cn

sng, lm nh th qu tht khng ph hp cht no vi gio l Pht Gio. Th nhng mt s

ngi li xem y l cch tu tp Pht Gio ch tht, ri c ng nh th m mang ra thuyt

ging v tu tp

Cc nghi thc v l lc i loi nh va k pht trin rt mnh v lm che khut i

cn bn Pht Gio ch tht v c mc ch nguyn thy ca Pht Gio. Hy nu ln mt th

d, chng hn nh l a tin mt ngi vo cha li bin thnh mt nghi l tng qu cho v

tn t kheo. Khch kha c mi th mang theo thc phm cng tham gia vo cnh vui

nhn ca bui l, c khi bui l chm dt vi cnh no nhit v mi ngi u say kht.

Quang cnh l lc nh th chng nhng xy ra cha m cn c ti nh na! V phn ngi

tn t kheo th vi hm sau l xut gia cng c th s ri b tng on v li cn c th tr

thnh mt ngi chn ght cha chin hn trc na. Chng ta nn nh rng nhng chuyn

nh th khng h xy ra trong thi k ca c Pht; cc bui l lc nh th ch pht trin v

sau ny m thi. Vo thi k ca c Pht, xut gia ch c ngha l t b t m v gia nh

vi s ng ca cha m. y l cch nh du s chm dt ci qu kh ca mnh trong gia

nh trc ht bc theo chn ca c Pht v tng on gm cc v t kheo, v sau

khi thun tin th xin th phong v rt c th s khng cn dp no quay v gp li gia nh

na. Trong vi trng hp him hoi, vi v c th tr v thm cha m, th nhng y l cc

trng hp ngoi l. Trong gii lut c mt iu khon cho php ngi t kheo c v thm

nh nu c mt l do chnh ng, th nhng vo thi k ca c Pht th iu khon ny

khng my khi c p dng. Tm li, vo thi by gi ngi tu tp c th phong t kheo

khng cn phi c cha m chng kin, cng khng cn n l lc, v ngi t kheo sau khi

c th phong cng khng ri b tng on vi ngy sau .

Tic thay, ngy nay cc hnh thc "Tn Pht gio" nh trn y ang bnh trng trn

ton cu. o Php (Dhamma), tc cn bn gio hun ch tht v ti thng ca thi xa gi

y phi m ang thm ci gnh nng ca l lc, khin cho ch ch ca Pht Gio b che

khut i, b nh i hay bin dng i. Vic xut gia tr thnh mt phng tin gip cu

vn danh d cho mt thanh nin b ngi ta ch trch chng hn, hoc gip mnh d tm v

hn, bi v khi xut gia th c xem nh tr thnh mt ngi chn chn. i vi mt

s ngi khc th y cn l mt c hi gom gp tin bc - lun lun c ngi tnh nguyn

ng ra m trch cng vic ny - tc c ngha l lm giu. Chuyn nh th m cng c

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gi y l "Pht Gio", v nu c ai phn i th s b gn ngay l ngi ngu dt chng bit t

g, hoc l ngi chng bng tn gio!

Vic hin dng vi vc trong dp l Kit H (Kathina) cng li cho thy thm mt s

thoi ha khc na. Mc tiu ban u ca c Pht trong vic hin dng vi vc l va tp

cho tng on bit sng tp th v cng gip cho h may mc. y l cch to dp cho cc

v t kheo hp li vi nhau cng ct may hu khi ph phm th gi lt nht. Trong trng

hp nu ch vi may c mt chic o duy nht th khng nht thit s dnh ring

chic o y cho v c tui o cao nht, m phi dnh cho v no xng ng nht hoc v no

cn n nht (v o ca ngi ny rch nt chng hn), v chic o y th phi c hin

dng vi danh ngha ca ton th tng on. nh ca c Pht l tinh thn tp th s

gip cho cc v tu hnh khng t nh gi mnh qu cao. Vo thi by gi, d tui o nhiu

hay t th v no cng phi gi s khim tn, tt c u ngang hng nhau v cng nhau hp li

may ct, git, nhum - bng cch nu cc loi cy c cho ra mu - v c cc vic linh tinh

khc na vi mc ch l phi hon tt vic may mc trong vng mt ngy. y l cch gip

cho ngi t kheo thc c s hp tc v tng tr ln nhau, chnh y l ch ch m

c Pht mong mun, tc c ngha l ngi tu hnh khng c hon ton nh v vo ngi

th tc. Ngy nay, ngi ta li dng dp ny by thm ra mi th, no l nghi l, cc tr

vui chi, to dp m ci ni n o. T hi hn na l i vi mt s ngi th y cn l

mt c hi kim thm tin. Ngi ta xem y l mt dp cng n ung ngoi tri vi

nhau, th ri nhng g gi l tt lnh v cng c m ng l ra mi ngi s c hng, th

li chng tm thy u c.

S thoi ha y cng chng khc g nhng th ung nht honh hnh trong c th ca

Pht Gio, mang li nhng tn ph khng nh. Cc th ung nht y hin ra di hng trm

th dng khc nhau, khng sao k ht c. y l nhng loi ung bu c hi v nguy

him dn dn che lp v ph kn nn tng tinh khit ca Pht Gio v nhng g tht s Pht

gio, khin cho Pht Gio phi b bin dng i. Mt trong s cc hu qu mang li l s xut

hin ca v s gio phi ln nh loi, m mt s cn dnh lu c vi vn dm ! Tht

ht sc quan trng phi phn bit cho c u l Pht Gio nguyn thy v u l cc th

hnh thc lch lc nh va k. Chng ta khng nn bm vu mt cch ngu xun vo ci v

bc bn ngoi y tc l cc th nghi thc v l lc y n c th nh mt i mc tiu ch

tht ca Pht Gio.

i vi Pht Gio th ch ch ca vic tu tp ch tht l tinh khit ha cch hnh x

ca mnh lin quan n thn xc v ngn t, v tip theo l tinh khit ha tm thc, v khi

tm thc c tinh khit ha th n s mang li mt s qun nhn su xa v mt s nhn

thc ng n. Khng bao gi nn ngh rng nu l Pht Gio th phi nh th ny hay nh

th kia, bng cch vin c l tt c mi ngi u bo nh th. y cng l mt s sai lm m

nhng ngi theo cc tn gio khc thng hay phm vo khi h cho rng cc th ung nht

ng h thn y l Pht Gio; qu tht l khng ng nh th v y ch l nhng th ung

bu ca Pht Gio m thi. Nhng ai trong chng ta v li ch cho ring mnh v cho ngi

khc m quyt tm qung b Pht Gio, th cng nn hiu rng chnh mnh cn phi nm vng

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phn tinh anh ch tht ca Pht Gio v khng nn bm vu vo nhng th d tha khng

mang mt ngha no c.

n y chng ta hy tm hiu xem ti sao tnh cch a dng ca Pht Gio, k c i

vi cn bn Pht Gio ch tht, li c th a n mt s hiu bit sai lm. Th d nh qua

gc nhn ca mt trit gia v o c th Pht Gio s hin ra nh l mt tn gio ca "lun

l", v ngi ta s thy cp n cc vn lin quan n nhng g xng ng v nhng g

thiu o c, n ci tt v ci xu, n s lng thin, lng bit n, s hi ha, lng ngay

tht, v.v... Tam Tng Kinh y p nhng li gio hun trong lnh vc lun l y. Nhng

ngi mi khi s tu tp thng nhn Pht Gio qua gc cnh ny, c ngha l h thng b

thu ht bi nhng g thuc v o c.

Nu nhn Pht gio di kha cnh ca s tht, th chng ta s nhn thy hin hin ra

mt th dng su xa hn, y l mt th s tht b vi lp tht su m ngi thng khng th

nhn thy c. Khi no nhn ra c s tht th cng c ngha l hiu c bng l

lun v tnh cch h o ca tt c mi s vt, biu trng bi hin tng v thng, s bt toi

nguyn v tnh cch v-ng; v cng c ngha l hiu c bng tr thc bn cht ca kh

au, s loi b hon ton kh au; v sau ht cng c ngha l nhn thc c tt c nhng

th y di kha cnh ca s tht tuyt i, mt s tht khng bao gi thay i m tt c

chng ta phi nm vng. y l Pht Gio nhn di kha cnh ca s tht.

Nu nhn Pht Gio di kha cnh mt tn gio th Pht Gio s cho thy l mt

phng php thc dng, c xy dng trn o c, s tp trung tm thn v s hiu bit, v

nh cao nht ca phng php ny l m ra mt s qun thy su xa mang tnh cch trc

gic. Nu tu tp ng theo phng php mt cch tch cc v n cng th s n s gip

gii thot khi mi kh au. y l Pht Gio nhn di kha cnh ca tn gio.

Sau l cch nhn Pht Gio nh l mt ngnh tm l hc, ng vi nhng g c

trnh by trong phn th ba ca Tam Tng Kinh, v trong phn ny th bn cht ca tm thc

c m t mt cch v cng chnh xc. K c ngy nay, tm l hc Pht Gio vn cn l mt

ngun cung ng nhng hiu bit li ch v k th cho nhng nh nghin cu v tm thn, bi

v tm l hc Pht Gio su xa hn rt nhiu so vi nhng hiu bit do ngnh tm l hc hin

i mang li.

Th nhng li vn cn mt kha cnh khc na nhn vo Pht Gio, y l kha cnh

trit hc. i vi trit hc, s hiu bit c th t c c bng l lun v bng s hp l

(lgic), th nhng s hiu bit ny khng th chng nghim c bng cc phng php thc

nghim. S hiu bit y i ngc li vi khoa hc bi v s hiu bit khoa hc c khm

ph ra nh vo cch quan st bng mt, bng cc th nghim vt l v bng cc th nghim,

k c cch "nhn vo bn trong" nh vo trc gic. Th d mt khi nim thuc loi tht su

xa chng hn nh "tnh khng" (v thng) s ch l mt th trit hc i vi nhng ngi

cha sc lng su vo s thc, th nhng li l mt th khoa hc i vi nhng ngi

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hiu thu c n, tc l nhng ngi t c s hon thin v c gi l A-la-hn, y

l nhng ngi nhn thy tnh khng mt cch minh bch v bng trc gic.

Rt nhiu kha cnh ca Pht Gio, nht l Bn S Tht Cao Qu (T iu ), t ra tht

ht sc khoa hc bi v nhng S Tht y c th kim chng c bng cc kt qu th

nghim minh bch nh vo phng php ni qun (instrospection). Bt c ai c kh nng quan

st v hng quan tm n vic nghin cu v tm ti u c th nhn thy tnh cch c th

kim chng c v mi tng quan gia nguyn nhn v hu qu, tng t nh trong lnh

vc khoa hc. Tht th, Pht Gio khng phi l mt th g m h v ti tm, cng khng

phi l mt ngnh trit hc n thun tng t nh nhng ngnh trit hc khc do con ngi

sng ch.

Mt vi ngi khc xem Pht Gio nh mt th vn ha. Tht vy, mt s chuyn gia

uyn bc tm thy trong Pht Gio mt s kha cnh phn nh chung cho tt c cc nn vn

ha, th nhng cng c nhng kha cnh c th ch c trong Pht Gio m thi.

D sao th trong s tt c cc kha cnh tht a dng trn y ca Pht Gio vn c

mt kha cnh m ngi Pht t chn chnh phi xem trng hn c, y l kha cnh tn gio

ca Pht Gio. Phi hiu rng trc ht Pht Gio l mt phng php thc dng v trc tip,

gip t c s hiu bit v bn cht ch tht ca mi s vt, mt s hiu bit gip t b tt

c mi hnh thc ca s ham mun, bm vu, v minh v b tc, nhm gip mnh tm thy s

t do. y cng chnh l cch gip chng ta i su vo tm im ca Pht Gio. Pht gio

nhn di kha cnh s t ra hu ch hn nhiu so vi cc cch nhn Pht Gio nh mt h

thng lun l n thun, hoc nh l mt s tht gii hn bng mt s hiu bit su xa nhng

ch mang tnh cch l thuyt; v cng s ch li hn nhiu so vi cch nhn Pht gio nh mt

trit hc, v y cng ch l mt cch t bin v l lun, khng gip cho tm thc ty xa

c mi th nhim; v nht nh cng s ch li hn nhiu so vi cch nhn Pht Gio nh

mt truyn thng vn ha, tc mt th sinh hot ngon mc ch li ko c s quan tm ca

cc nh x hi hc.

t nht th cng nn xem Pht Gio nh l mt ngh thut, mt th ngh thut sng.

Tht vy, Pht Gio tng trng cho mt tim nng v mt s sng sut gip mt c th bit

hnh x vi t cch con ngi v bit sng tht gng mu, ng knh v vt cao hn

nhng ngi chung quanh, khin cho mi ngi phi knh phc mnh. Nhng g cn phi lm

l trau di "ba c tnh": trc nht l gi gn o c tht nghim tc (tu gii), sau l mang

li s tnh lng v thng bng cho tm thc hu gip cho n hot ng mt cch hu hiu hn

(tu nh), v sau cng l lm pht sinh mt tr tu phong ph v mt s qun thy minh bch v

bn cht ch tht ca mi s vt (tu tu), khin cho chng khng cn kh nng no gy ra kh

au c na. Nhng ai thc hin c ba c tnh y soi sng cuc i mnh th cng

c ngha l h t c im cao nht ca ngh thut sng. Ngi Ty phng quan tm

v nghin cu hng say nht v kha cnh ny ca Pht Gio. Tht th y l kha cnh gip

cho ta thm nhp tht su vo im tinh anh v ch tht nht ca Pht gio bin n tr

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thnh mt th kim ch nam hng dn cuc i mnh, hu mang li cho mnh nim hn hoan,

lng thnh knh, gip mnh loi b c mi th lo bun v o gic. N cn gip nh tan

mi s s hi, k c s s hi phi la b nhng g lm cho tm thc b nhim, (l s thm

mun, tiu cc v u m) bi v nu thiu nhng th y th s khin cho cuc sng ny tr nn t

nht, v v, khng cn g hp dn na, hoc ci s phi hon ton t b tt c s ngn chn

mi s vn hnh ca t duy v cc hnh ng tch cc. Th nhng trn thc t th li khng

hn nh th v nhng ai bit xy dng cuc i mnh da vo ngh thut sng ca Pht Gio

th h s khc phc c d dng nhng g xy ra chung quanh h. Bt c g d y l sc

vt, con ngi, ca ci vt cht hay nhng g khc, nu chng tm cch thm nhp vo tri thc

ca h qua cc ca ng nh th gic, thnh gic, khu gic, v gic, xc gic hay t duy, th

nht nh chng s b nh bi v khng th no lm cho tm thc h b u m c, khng th

nh la h c v lm cho h b dao ng. Chin thng c tt c nhng th y s mang

li mt nim hn hoan trong sng.

Nhng ai hng quan tm n "o-Php ca c Pht" (Buddha-Dhamma) th n mt

lc no s nhn thy tm thc mnh bng tnh dy. V th o Php ca c Pht cng c

th xem nh l mt th thc phm tht cn thit. Tht vy, nhng ngi b cc th nhim

tm thn chi phi th lun lun tm cch nui dng mnh bng nhng th thc phm mang

li t mt, tai, mi, li v thn xc, tuy th ni h cng vn c mt th g khc su xa hn,

khng thc dc h chy theo cc loi thc phm y: y l ci th dng tinh khit v phng

khong ca tm hn h, ci th dng hng h vo nhng g hn hoan v ngt ngo mang

li t nhng mn n tinh thn, v trc ht l t nhng mn thm ngon ca o c tinh

khit. Nhng mn n tinh thn y mang li s toi nguyn cho nhng ai t c s tnh thc,

to c cho mnh mt s tnh lng ni tm cao , ha gii c tc ng ca nhng th

nhim thng lm cho tm thc b u m, gip h t c mt s qun thy minh bch v

bn th ch tht ca mi vt th, khin h khng cn bm vu vo chng na. y l nhng

sinh linh bit dng li, khng cn chy ngc chy xui ging nh nhng ngi m c Pht

v nh nhng "m khi ca ban m v ngn la ca ban ngy".

"m khi ca ban m" c ngha l mt ng, bn chn, nhng ai vng vo cn

bnh y th m m c vt tay ln trn m lo ngh n nhng g phi lm, suy ngh tm cch

no tt nht tr nn giu c hu cung ng tt c nhng g m mnh c mong. Tm thc h

dy c nhng "m khi". Th ri no h c bit lm g khc hn l nm thng cng cho n

sng, ri li phi ng ln tip tc chy ngc xui tm cch tha mn nhng dc vng ca

"m khi" m h p sut m hm qua - c Pht gi s sinh hot cung nhit l

"ngn la ca ban ngy". Cc triu chng y cho thy mt tm thc bt an, thiu hn nhng

mn n tinh thn, mt tm thc phi chu ng nhng ci i v ci kht bnh hon pht sinh

t s thm mun. Sut m, nhng nn nhn ng thng y p cn thn cc "m khi"

gi hi nng, ch n sng hm sau s lm cho chng bng ln thnh ngn la t chy

mnh trong sut ngy hm y. Nu trn i, ta ch bit ban m th khi, ban ngy th lm

cho n bng chy ln, th lm th no m ta c th tm thy c s trong sng v an bnh?

C th ngh li xem c ng bun hay khng nu sut i t lc mi sinh cho n lc ci cht

10

xy n, chng ta phi chu ng ci cnh a y v kh s y, n gin ch v khng bit

pht huy mt s qun thy su xa gip dp tt i cc "m khi" v cc "ngn la" y. Nu

mun cha tr chng bnh y th phi cn n s hiu bit - tc l nhng "phng thuc" - m

c Pht ban cho chng ta. Khi v la s gim bt i khi cc mc hiu bit v bn

cht ch tht ca mi s vt gia tng.

Nh chng ta thy, Pht gio gm c nhiu kha cnh hay th dng khc nhau. Mt

qu ni s hin ra di nhng hnh th khc nhau ty theo cc hng nhn khc nhau, i vi

Pht Gio cng th, ty theo cch nhn ca chng ta m Pht Gio s mang li nhng li ch

khc nhau. Pht Gio no c khc g vi cc tn gio khc, cng sinh ra t s s hi ca con

ngi - th nhng khng phi t s s hi ca nhng k ngu n ch bit qu ly di chn

cc v thn thnh hay cc hin tng thing ling - m ng hn y l mt th s hi tht

tinh t, s hi phi mi mi b tri buc trong sinh, lo, bnh, t, s hi khng sc vt ln

c nhng kh au ang phi by ra trc mt. Cn bn Pht Gio ch tht khng nm

trong cc trang sch, khng n cha trong nhng li tng nim bt tn, hoc nhng g c

ghi chp trong Tam Tng Kinh, li cng khng phi l nhng g phn nh t cc nghi thc v

l lc. Gio l ca c Pht ch tht l mt php tu tp gip ty sch nhng th " nhim"

thng mn cc ca ng ca thn xc, ngn t v t duy thm nhp vo tm tr v lm

cho n b u m. Php tu tp khng cn n kinh in hay cc tp sch ch dn, cng khng

cn n nghi l hay bt c th g t bn ngoi, k c thn thnh v cc v thin nhn trn tri,

m nht thit ch cn trc tip tp trung v canh chng nhng g pht sinh t thn xc, ngn t

v t duy; ni mt cch khc l phi c gng v kin tr loi b nhng g c th lm cho tm

thc b u m, hu gip cho s qun thy minh bch v su xa c th hin hin. Khi thc hin

c iu th ng nhin chng ta s c kh nng hnh ng mt cch thch nghi

trong bt c mt bi cnh no. V t y cho n cui cuc i, chng ta cng s t gii thot

cho mnh khi mi kh au. y l cn bn Pht Gio ch Tht m chng ta phi hc hi.

11

Chng II

BN CHT CH THT CA MI S VT

Ch "tn gio" hm cha mt ngha bao qut hn so vi ch "lun l". Lun l c

mc ch ci thin nhng g lin quan n cch hnh x v hnh phc ca con ngi. Cc loi

lun l u na n nh nhau bt c x kt no ca th gii ny. Tn gio l mt phng

php tu tp thuc mt cp bc cao thm hn nhiu, th nhng cc phng php thc hnh

gia cc tn gio th li ht sc khc bit nhau. Lun l gip cho ta tr thnh mt ngi lng

thin, bit hnh x ph hp vi nhng nguyn tc quy nh cho np sng tp th trong x hi,

nhm mc ch gip mnh khng gy ra thit hi cho ngi khc. Th nhng mt ngi d

cho tht o c i na th cng phi gnh chu kh au nh tt c mi ngi khc, y l

nhng kh au lin quan n s sinh, s gi nua, n au v ci cht, y l cha ni n s

chi phi ca nhng th u m tm thn. Qu tht lun l khng th gip loi b c s thm

mun, ght b v u m, do cng s khng loi b c kh au. Trong khi tn gio -

nht l i vi Pht Gio - nhm vo nhng mc ch cao xa hn: y l s loi b hon ton

nhng th nhim tm thn, c ngha l s nh ch ca mi th dng kh au lin quan n

s sinh, s gi nua, n au v ci cht. iu cho thy l tn gio khc vi lun l n

thun, v i vi Pht Gio th s khc bit li cn ni bt hn na, nht l khi em so

snh Pht Gio vi cc h thng lun l thng thng trong th gian ny. Qu tht s khc

bit qu ln v tht hin nhin, v th chng ta cng nn quan tm tm hiu Pht Gio xem

sao.

Pht Gio l mt phng php nhm mc ch mang li mt s hiu bit chuyn bit

gn lin vi s thc hnh, v nhm a n cho chng ta mt s qun thy thc tin mang

mt cu trc r rt gip tm hiu bn cht ch tht ca mi s vt. Nn ghi nh cch nh

ngha ny, v n s gip chng ta hiu c Pht Gio d dng hn.

Chng ta phi lun t vn xem chng ta qun thy cc vt th c tht ng vi s hin

hu ca chng hay khng. Ngay c trng hp m chng ta bit chnh mnh l g, s sng l

g, cng n vic lm l g, bn phn l g, cc phng tin sinh sng l g, tin bc l g, ca

ci l g, danh d v s lng danh l g, th nhng chng ta c dm t nhn l chng ta hiu

c nhng th y mt cch tng tn hay khng? Nu nh chng ta tht s hiu c cc

vt th ng vi s hin hu ca chng, th chng ta s khng th no hnh ng sai lm

c, v nu v nh hnh ng ca chng ta lc no cng gi c ng n th no chng ta

c phi gnh chu kh au nh th ny u. Tht ra th chng ta m tt v bn cht ch tht

12

ca mi vt th, do chng ta ch c th hnh x ng c phn no m thi, v v th

khng th no trnh khi c s pht sinh ca kh au. Php tu tp Pht Gio c mc ch

gip chng ta nhn thy nhng g "ng nh th". Khi hiu c mt cch tht minh bch

"n l nh th" th cng c ngha l t c Qu trn Con ng, v cng c th y l qu

cui cng cn gi l Nit-bn, bi v s hiu bit ty xa c tt c mi th nhim

trong tm thc ca mnh.

Khi no chng ta t c s hiu bit "y l nh th", tc c ngha t c bn

cht ch tht ca mi vt th, th khi s tnh ng cng s ln lt v vt ln trn s am

m, v ng nhin khi chng ta cng s c gii thot khi mi kh au. Th nhng

trong lc ny y th chng vn cn ang tu tp mt cp bc m chng ta cha sc

hiu c th no l bn cht ch tht ca mi s vt, v nht l chng ta vn cha t c

s hiu bit rng tt c u v thng v hon ton khng hm cha mt ci "ng" mang tnh

cch c th no c. Chng ta vn cha nhn thc c l s sng ny cng vi tt c nhng g

m chng ta gn b, yu thch, ham mun v qu chung... u l v thng, bt toi nguyn,

v trng khng v mt ci "ng", cho nn chng ta vn cn tip tc say m nhng th y,

yu qu chng, ham thch chng, vui sng c c chng, bm cht ly chng. Th nhng

khi hiu c nhng li ging hun ca c Pht, th chng ta cng s nhn thy mi vt

th mt cch ng n hn, nhn ra mt cch tht minh bch l chng u v thng, bt

toi nguyn v khng hm cha mt ci "ng" no c, v hiu rng chng khng ng cho

chng ta bm vu. ng nhin sau th mt s thng tin tun t s xy ra gip chng ta

tho g dn dn sc mnh thng tr ca nhng vt th y.

Ct ty nhng li gio hun ca c Pht ng theo trong Tam Tng Kinh tht ra

khng ngoi s hiu bit v bn cht ch tht ca mi s vt - n gin ch c th. Phi cn

ghi khc trong tm cch nh ngha y: y l nhng g tht cn thit cn phi nh trong khi tu

tp.

n y thit ngh chng ta cng nn chn mt th d chng hn nh Bn S Tht

Cao Qu (T Diu ) chng minh cho s vng chc ca cch nh ngha trn y.

S Tht Cao Qu Th Nht cho bit tt c u l kh au hay nguyn nhn ca kh

au, y l cch nu ln mt cch chnh xc cc vt th l g. Th nhng chng ta li khng

sc hiu tt c ch l ngun gc ca kh au, cho nn chng ta vn ham mun mun

c c nhng vt th. n khi no chng ta bit nhn chng l ngun gc mang li kh au,

th nht nh khi y chng ta s khng cn thm mun c c chng na.

S Tht Cao Qu Th Hai cho bit l s ham mun l nguyn nhn mang li kh au.

Ngi ta cng vn khng hiu y l g, khng nhn thy g c, khng sc hiu c rng

s ham mun l nguyn nhn mang li kh au. S d chng ta ham mun c ci ny hay ci

n, n gin ch v chng ta khng hiu c bn cht ca s ham mun l g.

13

S Tht Cao Qu Th Ba cho thy l s gii thot - c ngha l khng cn b tri buc

bi kh au, tc th dng Nit-bn - l s tt ngh hon ton ca s ham mun. Chng c ai

chu hiu rng Nit-bn l mt th dng c th t c bt c lc no v bt c ni u, v

vo ng lc m s ham mun hon ton tan bin ht. S d khng hiu bn cht ca s sng

l g nn ngi ta cng chng quan tm n vic phi dit b s ham mun. Cng th ngi ta

no c quan tm n Nit-bn lm g bi v ngi ta khng h bit n l g.

S Tht Cao Qu Th T cn gi l "Con ng" hay "Bt Chnh o". y l

phng php gip loi b mi s ham mun. Chng c ai chu hiu nh th, v cng chng c

ai quan tm l Bt Chnh o li c th gip loi b c mi kh au. Chng c ngi no

nhn thy y l mt s tr lc m mnh phi cn n, mt im ta m mnh phi nhanh

chng lm cho vng chc thm. H khng h quan tm n Con ng Bt Chnh Cao Qu

ca c Pht, mc d y l mt vin bo chu hon ho v qu gi nht so vi c ci khi

hiu bit ln lao ca con ngi. S u m y qu tht ht sc l kinh hong!

Chng ta va thy Bn S Tht Cao Qu mang li cho chng ta mt s hiu bit

minh bch v bn cht ch tht ca mi vt th, tc c ngha l nu chng ta c a bn vi

s ham mun, th nht nh n s mang li cho ta kh au..., th nhng chng ta vn c nht

nh tip tc a bn vi n cho n mt lc m chng ta khng cn sc m gnh chu

kh au na! Qu tht y l mt s khi hi tht thm thng! Nu khng hiu c bn

cht ch tht ca mi s vt th chng ta khng th no hnh x mt cch thch ng trn bt

c bnh din no. Tht vy qu ht sc him hoi c th xy ra trng hp m hnh ng

ca mnh t ra thch ng mt cch t nhin. Thi thng th hnh ng ca mnh cng khng

khc g hnh ng ca nhng ngi b chi phi bi s bm vu v ch bit nhn vo cu cnh

m bo cha cho phng tin. Th nhng trn phng din tm linh, th nhng hnh ng

nh th th khng th no bo cha c.

n y chng ta th lt li mt on trong kinh sch Pa-li tm lc v ct ty ca

Pht Gio xem sao. y l nhng li ca v t kheo A-thuyt-th (Assaji) ni vi X Li Pht

(Sariputta) khi X Li Pht yu cu v ny hy tm lc ct ty ca Pht Gio bng mt vi

li tht ngn gn. A-thuyt-th tr li nh th ny: "Bt c mt hin tng no cng u pht

sinh t mt nguyn nhn. c Pht chng minh cho thy nhng nguyn nhn y l g v ti

sao li c th lm cho cc hin tng bin mt khi ngi ta loi b c cc nguyn nhn

lm pht sinh ra chng. y l nhng g m V Thy thuyt ging". Nhng g m c

Pht mun nu ln l mi hin tng t khi thy u cn n nhiu nguyn nhn kt hp vi

nhau lm pht sinh ra chng. Khng th no loi b c mt hin tng khi no cc

nguyn nhn lm pht sinh ra n cha b loi b.

y l mt iu cnh gic cho chng ta: khng bao gi c xem bt c mt th g li

c th hm cha mt thc th t ti v bt bin. Tt c u v thng. Tt c ch l hu qu,

v hu qu th nh vo nguyn nhn m c, chng hin hin ty thuc vo nguyn nhn v s

bin mt i khi nguyn nhn khng cn na. Th gii ch l mt dng lu chuyn bt tn ca

cc sc mnh thin nhin lin tc tng tc vi nhau v cng nhau bin ng. Pht Gio cho

14

chng ta bit rng tt c khng hm cha mt c tnh c th no. y ch l mt dng

chuyn ng bt tn, v ng thi cng tng trng cho mt s bt toi nguyn cn bn, bi

v trn dng chy khng c mt s t do no c, tt c u phi l thuc vo quy lut ca

nguyn nhn v hu qu. S bt toi nguyn y ch chm dt khi no qu trnh (nguyn nhn hu

qu) trn y chm dt, v qu trnh th ch chm dt khi no cc nguyn nhn b loi b v

khi cc nguyn nhn b loi b th cng s khng cn mt tc ng no gy ra hu qu c

th xy ra c na.

Trn y l cch gii thch tht su xa v bn cht ch tht ca mi vt th m ch c

nhng ai gic ng th mi c th nu ln c. y l tm im ca Pht Gio. Pht Gio

cho chng ta bit rng tt c ch l nhng biu hin bn ngoi v chng ta khng nn ri vo

ci by m yu thch ci ny hay ght b ci kia. Gii thot tht s cho tm thc c

ngha l hon ton thot ra khi chui di li ko ca nguyn nhn v hu qu, v loi tr tn

gc c cc nguyn nhn. y l cch loi b c s bt toi nguyn pht sinh t cc hin

tng to ra s thu ht hay trnh n.

n y chng ta th tm hiu v nh ca c Pht khi Ngi chn li tu kh hnh

xem sao. ng c no thc y Ngi? Cu gii p c ghi chp trong mt bn kinh nh

sau: Ngi ri b gia nh tr thnh ngi tu hnh vi mc ch tm c li gii p cho

cu hi sau y: "Ci tt chnh tht l g?". ngha ca ch "tt" (kusala) trong trng hp

ny l mun ni ln l s "hon thin", tc s hiu bit v s tht tuyt i. c Pht mun

tm hiu xem kh au l g, nguyn nhn ca kh au l g, s gii thot khi kh au l g.

t c s hiu bit tuyt i cng c ngha l t c s hon thin ti thng (s vin

mn). Mc ch ca Pht Gio chng phi l g khc hn s hiu bit hon ho v bn cht

ch tht ca mi vt th.

Ngoi ra cn mt khi nim quan trng khc na trong gio l Pht Gio gi l Ba

c im (tc l khi nim v ba du n - nhiu hc phi Pht Gio ch trng bn du n, v du n th t

gi l nit-bn - nirvana), y l v thng (anicca), s bt toi nguyn hay kh au (dukkha), v

v-ng (anatta). Nu khng sc hiu c cc iu ny th cng c ngha l chng hiu

Pht Gio l g c. y c ngha l tt c u v thng, tt c u bt toi nguyn v khng

hm cha mt "ci ng" no c.

- Khi bo rng tt c u v thng th y c ngha l tt c u bin ng lin tc, v

l do l khng c mt thc th (hay "ci ng") no c th gi nguyn khng bin i, d ch

trong khonh khc.

- Khi bo rng tt c u l bt toi nguyn th y c ngha l tt c mi vt th u

hm cha ngun gc t ti ca kh au v bt an. V ci bn cht m mi vt th u phn

nh s ght b v v mng (s tnh ng).

15

- Khi bo rng khng c "ci ng" th y c ngha l khng c ni no c th c bt

c mt th g c th gi l mt thc th m ngi ta c quyn xem y nh mt "con ngi"

("ci ti") hay gi l "ci ca ti" (tc l mt "con ngi" v nhng g thuc "s hu" ca mt con ngi).

Nu ta nm bt cc th y v t buc mnh vo cc th y th ta s khng trnh khi phi

nhn ly kh au.

Cc vt th vt cht nguy him hn c la bng bi v mt trn ho hon c th nhn

thy t xa, v nh m c th trnh c; trong khi y c nhng th tuy ang chy bng

nhng li khng pht thnh ngn la, i vi cc th y th ta khng n o g c m c a

hai tay nm, ri ta s khng sao trnh khi n au.

Cch ging gii trn y gip ta hiu r th no l bn cht ch tht ca cc vt th

ng theo ngha ca Ba im c Trng (ba du n: v thng, bt toi nguyn, v ng). Tm li

mt cch n gin th Pht Gio l mt phng php thc dng mang mt cu trc r rt,

nhm nu ln cc vt th ng vi bn cht ca chng.

Tht ht sc quan trng phi nhn thy c bn cht ng tht ca mi vt th. Sau

khi nhn thy c bn cht y th tip theo cn phi bit luyn tp nh th no hu c

th ng x thch nghi vi ci bn cht y (ca cc vt th). Ngoi ra kinh sch cn nu ln

nhng li gio hun khc na gi l nhng li "gio hun trng i". y l nhng li gio

hun gm ba im: trnh khng c lm iu xu, nn lm iu tt, v tinh khit ha tm

thc. y cng l nguyn tc cn bn ca s tu tp. Khi thc c tt c u v thng,

khng c gi tr g (kh au) v cng chng phi l "ca ta" (v ng), th ta cng hiu rng chng

c th g ng cho ta nm gi v bm vu, v hn na vic thc y cng l cch nhc nh

chng ta phi tht thn trng trong tng hnh ng, khng c lm iu xu, tc khng

c vi phm cc iu m gii lut hin hnh cm on v phi t b mi s ham mun v

bm vu qu ng. Mt khc th phi thc hin iu tt - iu tt y phi hiu theo ngha

ca cc bc hin nhn nu ln. Hai cch hnh x va nu ln ch thuc vo lnh vc lun l,

tri li cch hnh x th ba l loi b tt c mi th nhim tinh khit ha tm thc mi

tht s l nhng g c th ca Pht Gio. Khi no tm thc cn gnh chu s khng ch ca

t duy v xc cm - m ngi ta gi chung l cc "i tng tm thn" - th n khng th no

gi c s sch s v tinh khit. Th dng t do ca tm thc ch c th thc hin c bng

s hiu bit tht su xa v bn cht ca cc "i tng tm thn" y. Thiu s hiu bit , ta

s tip tc lang thang nh mt ngi m, iu khin bi s yu thch hay ght b. Cho n

khi no ta vn cn hnh x theo cung cch (tc yu thch hay ght b) th ta cha c th t cho

mnh l t do c.

Chng ta l nhng con ngi, v th chng ta b chi phi t cn bn bi hai th dng

xc cm n thun, khng hn khng km: l s ham mun v s ght b (hai th dng ny

lin quan n hai th gic cm ca tm thc l thch th v kh chu). B n l bi cc tm trng tinh thn

ca chnh mnh nn ta khng th no tm thy c mt s t do tht s no, n gin ch v

ta khng hiu bit c bn cht ch tht ca cc tm trng tinh thn hay cc vt th ng

16

nh th. Khi ta yu thch mt vt th no th ta mun ot ly n, chim hu n. i vi

mt vt m ta ght th ta tm cch y n ra hay loi tr n. Khi no hai th dng xc cm

cn hin hu th khi tm thc ta s cn b tri buc. Khi no tm thc vn cn ri vo s

chnh mng khng nhn ra c l ang yu thch ci ny, ang ght b ci kia th khi tm

thc vn cha c tinh khit ha v cha trnh khi c s khng ch mang li t cc phn

ng ca chnh n. Chnh v th m cp bc gio hun cao nht ca Pht Gio l loi b mi

bm vu vo cc vt th to ra s quyn r hay gh tm, v c th cn phi vt xa hn th

na, tc phi loi b c s bm vu vo ci tt cng nh ci xu. Khi tm thc c tinh

khit ha v loi b c c hai cch phn ng trn y ca xc cm th n s tm thy c

s t do.

Cc tn gio khc ch bit khuyn bo phi trnh ci xu v nn bm vo ci tt, bm

vo ci tt qu cht n bm lun c cp bc cao nht ca n: y l Tri. Pht Gio i xa

hn th nhiu v Pht Gio khng chp nhn bt c mt s bm vu no. Bm vu vo ci tt

nh l mt i tng cho s tu tp ch c th a n mt cp bc tm thi no , v sau y

d cho ta c c gng n u i na th s tu tp cng s dng li y v n s khng th

a chng ta vt ln mt cp bc khc cao hn c. Tu tp cp bc thp nht l trnh

iu xu, sau th phi c gng ti a thc hin iu tt, v vo cp bc cao nht th phi

a tm thc vt ln trn s khng ch ca c ci tt ln ci xu.

Khi cn bm vu vo qu ngt do hnh ng tt mang li th khi ta vn cha t

c s gii thot hon ton khi kh au. Nu nh mt ngi hung d phi chu kh au

tng quan vi s hung d ca hn th mt ngi tt cng phi chu kh au tng quan vi

ci tt ca ngi y. Nu ta l mt ngi tt th ta cng s kh au tng t nh nhng ngi

tt khc phi kh au. Mt v thin nhn tt vn cm thy ci kh au xy ra cho tt cc thin

nhn, k c mt v tri cng phi kh au tng quan vi ci bn cht thing ling ca chnh

v y. S gii thot hon ton ca kh au ch c th xy ra khi mt c th c gii thot v

vt xa hn nhng g m ngi ta gi l "ci tt", hu tr thnh mt v Thnh nhn (Aryan),

tc l mt c th vt ln trn cc iu kin tri buc con ngi sau s tr thnh mt

c th hon ton hon ho tc l mt v A-la-hn.

Nh chng ta thy, Pht Gio tc l nhng li gio hun ca c Pht, cn gi l

v Gic Ng, v Pht t l nhng ngi mang ra thc hnh nhng li gio hun y. Vy th

c Pht gic ng v ci g? Tht ht sc n gin, y l bn cht ch tht ca mi vt

th. Tm li Pht Gio l nhng li gio hun gip chng ta nhn thy nhng g ng nh th.

Vy v phn chng ta th phi luyn tp nh th no t mnh c th nhn ra ci s tht y.

Chng ta c th vng tin rng khi no t c s hiu bit hon ho , th lc y mi s

ham mun cng s theo m tan bin ht, bi v s hiu bit s pht l ngay vo giy pht

m v minh bt u bin mt.

i vi Pht Gio, bt c kha cnh tu tp no cng u nhm vo mc ch pht huy

s hiu bit. L do tht ht sc n gin l v nu mun t c s hiu bit th ta phi

hng tm thc vo con ng tu tp hu gip mnh t c tm im o Php ca c

17

Pht (Buddha-Dhamma). Tuy nhin cng phi bit tu tp nh th no c th t c mt

s hiu bit ng n do s qun thy su xa v minh bch mang li, khng phi l mt s

hiu bit nng cn ca th tc c th khin cho mnh lm ln gia ci xu v ci tt, v tin

rng mt nguyn nhn no s a n hnh phc th nhng tht ra th y ch l ngun gc

mang li kh au. Hy c gng nhn vo cc s vt xuyn qua th dng kh au ca chng v

ri tun t tng bc mt ta cng s t c s hiu bit nh va k. S hiu bit chnh

l s hiu bit ca Pht Gio, xy dng trn nhng nguyn tc tht vng chc.

Nu bit s dng phng php th bt c mt ngi bnh d no, khng nht thit

phi c mt trnh hc vn cao, cng u c th t c ch tinh anh y ca Pht Gio.

Trong khi mt hc gi uyn thm v tn gio, t c tht nhiu vn bng i hc, ch

bit vi u vo vic nghin cu Tam Tng Kinh m khng tm qun nhn cc vt th qua

gc cnh (kh au), th s khng bao gi c th thu trit c nhng li gio hun. Mt s

ngi trong chng ta nh vo mt kh nng thng minh no u c th nghin cu v quan

st tht k lng cc vt th gip mnh nhn thy c bn cht ch tht ca chng. Tt nhin

l cn phi quan st tt c cc hin tng xy n vi ta, tm hiu bn cht ca chng, v nht

l phi nhn thy ngun gc ca kh au do chng mang li, ci kh au s bng ln thnh

ngn la thiu t ta. Hy da vo nhng g c gii thch trn y trin khai mt s

ch tm cao gip cho ta bit quan st, xt on v ch i xem kh au s xy n vi

mnh nh th no: y l phng php tt nht tm hiu o Php ca c Pht (Buddha-

Dhamma). Lm c nh th s mang li cho ta nhiu li ch hn l cch hc hi o Php

trong Tam Tng Kinh. Nu c vi u vo vic nghin cu o Php trong Tam Tng Kinh,

d trn phng din ngn ng hay vn chng, th cng u bt lc khng th gip ta khm

ph ra c bn cht ch tht ca mi s vt. Tt nhin l Tam Tng Kinh ghi chp v s

nhng li gii thch v bn cht ch tht ca mi s vt, th nhng ngi ta li ch bit nghe

nh nhng con vt v sau lp li nhng g m mnh nh c. H khng sc t i

su vo bn th ch tht ca mi s vt. Th nhng, nu h bit s dng phng php ni

qun t mnh khm ph ra xem tm thc mnh vn hnh nh th no, bit da vo nhng

kinh nghim c nhn nhn thy s nhim tng lm cho tm thc mnh b u m ra sao,

s vn hnh ca kh au v ca thin nhin nh th no - ni cch khc l tt c nhng g to

ra s sng ca chnh mnh - th h s c kh nng i su vo o Php ch tht ca c

Pht.

Th d mt ngi no cha bao gi c c hay c nghe ni n Tam Tng

Kinh, th nhng ngi y bit quan st tht su xa mi ln kh au hin hin ra v t chy

mnh nh th no, th c th bo rng ngi y bit tm hiu Tam Tng Kinh mt cch trc

tip v ng n hn nhiu so vi nhng ngi ch bit em ra m c. y l nhng ngi

ch bit tm kim s vui thch bng cch vut ve kinh sch, h hon ton khng thc c l

nhng trang giy y hm cha c mt nn tng o Php bt t. Cng th, chng ta may mn

c tha hng tim nng con ngi, th nhng tic thay chng ta li ch bit s dng tim

nng lao u vo mi chuyn v b v khng h ngh n vic s dng n tm

hiu xem mnh l g, v cng khng gii quyt ni nhng kh khn ca chnh mnh. Chng ta

lun b vng mc vo kh au, b n l cho s ham mun, v trong tng giy pht ca cuc

18

sng ny s ham mun y lun tm cch lm gia tng thm ci kh au sn c ca mnh, trong

khi y nguyn nhn mang li tnh trng va k th li ht sc n gin: y l ci v minh ca

mnh khng cho php mnh nhn thy bn cht ch tht ca mi vt th.

Qu tht ht sc kh cho chng ta hiu c Tam Tng Kinh v nhng s tht su xa

hm cha trong , v th tt hn ht chng ta nn khi s hc hi o Php ca c Pht

bng cch tm hiu bn cht ch tht ca chnh mnh trc . Chng ta hy tp nhn bit tt

c nhng vt th to ra thn xc ny v c ci tm thc ny ca mnh. Tm hiu nhng bi hc

do cuc sng ny mang li, mt cuc sng xoay trn bt tn trong chu k ca s ham mun,

ca nhng hnh ng pht sinh t s ham mun, ca s ham mun c th hng cc kt

qu do hnh ng mang li..., th ri tt c cc th y li tip tc nui dng thm s ham

mun thc dc c th hng nhng th y nhiu hn na, v c tip tc nh th cho

n v tn. Cuc sng y b vng mc vo ci vng ln qun ca th gii Ta-b (Samsara),

tc l ci i dng ca kh au ny, m nguyn nhn gy ra th li ht sc n gin: y l

s u m khng bit g v bn th ch tht ca mi s vt.

Tm li, Pht Gio l mt phng php thc dng c mt cu trc r rt, nhm mc

ch gip chng ta nhn thy cc s vt ng vi bn cht ch tht ca chng. Khi no m ta

nhn thy c ci bn cht y ca chng th khi y ta cng s khng cn cn phi nh v n

bt c ai khc ng ra ging dy hay tr lc cho ta na, v ta c th tu tp ly mt mnh. Mc

thng tin m ta thc hin c trn Con ng ca ngi A-la-hn s tng quan vi

mc gia tng ca kh nng loi b c cc th nhim trong tm thc, v kh nng trnh

c cc hnh ng sai lm. Sau ht, chng ta s t c nhng g cao p nht ca mt con

ngi, v y cng l nhng g m ngi ta gi l Qu do Con ng mang li, tc y chnh

l Nit-bn. Chng ta c th t c Nit-bn t lc mt mnh, bng cch n gin ch cn

c gng tp tm hiu ngha su xa nht ca bn cht ch tht ca cc s vt l .

19

Chng III

BA C IM MANG TNH CCH TON CU

n y chng ta cng nn i su hn v ba c im chung cho tt c mi s vt: y

l v thng, s bt toi nguyn (kh au) v v-ng.

Tt c mi s vt u bin ng trong th gii ny, khng c g li khng i thay.

i vi nhng ai nhn thy c minh bch bn cht ca v thng th ngi y cng s

hiu rng tt c mi vt th ch l bt toi nguyn, tht vng v v mng. Khng c th g, bt

c mt th g, c th bo rng n thuc v ca ta trong ci th gian ny. Cc s vt di mt

tm nhn thiu hiu bit s hin ra c v nh l mang tnh cch "c nhn", th nhng khi ci

nhn ca ta c khai m v tr nn chnh xc hn th ta cng s hiu rng chng khng h

hm cha mt thc th mang tnh cch c nhn no c.

Trong gio l ca Ngi, c Pht nhn mnh hn ht n ba c im trn y. Ton

b gio hun ca Ngi c th tm lc tht ngn gn: y l s qun thy su xa v v

thng, s bt toi nguyn v tnh cch v-ng. Cc c tnh ny i khi c nu ln mt

cch trc tip v r rng, hoc i khi cng c trnh by bng cc thut ng khc nhau, th

nhng trn cn bn th lc no cng ni ln mt s tht duy nht. V thng c nhc

n trc c thi k ca c Pht, th nhng khi nim ny khng h c khai trin su xa

nh c Pht thuyt ging. Bt toi nguyn (kh au) cng th, iu ny cng c

thuyt ging t trc, th nhng y ch l nhng g tht hi ht v s si. S bt toi nguyn

y khng h c phn tch da vo quy lut nguyn nhn v hu qu, v cng khng c mt

li gio hun no trc c nu ln nhm gip loi b hon ton v vnh vin s bt toi

nguyn . Cha tng c v thy no trc c Pht hiu c bn cht ch tht ca cc vt

th, chnh c Pht nu ln iu ny khi Ngi va t c Gic Ng. Ring i vi vn

v-ng th duy nht ch c Pht Gio thuyt ging m thi. c Pht l v Thy duy nht

hon ton qun thy mt cch su xa mi s vt "l nh th", tc bn cht ch tht ca

mi vt th, v ging rng bt c ai khi hiu c rng y "l nh th" th cng s hiu

rng khng c g, bt c mt th g, l ci "ng" hay thuc vo ca "ti".

20

C rt nhiu phng cch gip mang li s qun thy su xa v ba c im trn y,

th nhng trong s qun thy su xa y th duy nht ch c mt s kin ng ch hn ht:

y l khng c mt th g ng ham mun v bm vu, khng c mt th g ng cho

ta quyt tm phi c n, chim gi n cho bng c, hoc l c tr thnh nh th. Ni

mt cch ngn gn: khng c g ng c, v cng khng c g ng c nh th. Ch

khi no ta hiu c l s chim hu hay c tr thnh bt c g u ch l o gic, mt s

la phnh, mt o nh, khng c g ng quan tm, th khi y ta mi t c s qun thy

su xa v v thng, s bt toi nguyn v v-ng. D cho ta tng nim t sng n ti, hng

trm hay hng ngn ln cu sau y: "anicca, dukkha, anatta" (v thng, kh au, v-ng) th

nht nh cng khng phi nh m ta s c th hiu c ngha ca nhng th y l g.

Tht vy, khng th qun nhn c bn cht ca nhng th y bng cch nghe hay tng

nim.

S qun thy su xa bng trc gic m ngi ta cn gi l "s qun thy o Php"

(vision du Dhamma / seeing Dhamma) tht ht sc khc bit vi cc loi t duy thun l (pense

rationnelle / rational thingking, tc thuc lnh vc hiu bit tr thc), loi t duy ny khng th no gip

nhn thy c o Php. S qun thy su xa bng trc gic ch c th t c bng s

thc hin ni tm ch tht. Hy nu ln mt th d, ta hon ton b quyn r v ha nhp vi

mt bi cnh no , v sau th nhn ra l chnh v s lao u m ta ang b kh au

hnh h. Khi qun xt cn thn cc din bin a n tnh trng khin cho ta cm thy l mnh

b tht vng tht s, chn chng v v mng, th lc y c th bo rng ta nhn thy o

Php, tc t c mt s qun nhn minh bch v cc s vt (tuy nhin c ngi cng c th phn

khng li bng cch a ra mt th d cho rng mt bi cnh no t ra rt hp dn v thu ht khin cho ngi

y nho vo y, v sau th ngi y thay v phi nhn chu kh au th li tm thy s hi lng v hnh phc

do bi cnh mang li. Tht ra th y ch l tnh trng m ngi y cha nhn thy c bn cht kh au su

kn ca cc bin c v s vt m thi, hoc v nhng th kh au l liu v th thin cha xy n khin cho h

nhn thy d dng hn bn cht ca s hp dn v thu ht , hoc c th cng xy ra ri th nhng ci v

minh ca h qu dy c khng cho php h nhn bit m thi). S qun nhn theo thi gian c th

pht trin thm t n mt mc hon ho hn gip gii thot chng ta ra khi s kim

ta ca mi s vt. D cho ta c lin tc tng nim: "anicca, dukkha, anatta", v ngy m

qun xt v ba c tnh y, th nhng ng thi th ta vn c bm vu kh kh vo cc vt th,

vn ham mun c c mt vt th no hay c tr thnh mt th g , v vn c tip

tc ham mun nm bt cc vt th, th nht nh c th bo rng ta vn cha t c s qun

thy su xa. Tm li, s qun thy minh bch v v thng, s bt toi nguyn v tnh cch

v-ng l cch qun nhn c khng c g ng chim gi hay c tr thnh nh th.

Trong gio l Pht Gio c mt ch c th gii thch tht chnh xc iu y, y l ch

"sunnata" (tnh khng) tc c ngha l s "trng khng", trng khng v ci ti, trng khng v

mt th thc cht no m ta c c quyn bm vu vo y vi tt c sc mnh ca

mnh nh l mt th g thuc quyn s hu ca "chnh mnh". S quan st gip mang li s

qun thy minh bch l tt c u khng hm cha mt thc cht no c mi ng l ct ty,

21

l cha kha ca s tu tp Pht Gio. Khi no chng ta tht s hiu c rng tt c, tht s l

tt c, u hon ton "v-ng", th khi y ta mi c th cho rng mnh hiu c tng tn

o Php ca c Pht l g. Ch ring cch din t bng thut ng "trng khng v ci ti"

cng tm lc th no l v thng (anicca), s bt toi nguyn (dukkha), v v ng

(anatta). Nu y l mt vt th lun lun bin ng, hon ton trng khng v bt c mt

thnh phn mang tnh cch trng tn v bt bin no th ta c th bo l ci vt th y l

"trng khng". Khi nhn ra l n c kh nng gy ra s lm ln cho ta, th ta c th bo l n

trng khng v bt c mt thc th chnh ng no gip cho ta c th bm vu vo y. Sau

khi qun xt v khm ph ra rng vt th y khng hm cha mt thnh phn bn vng no c

th gi l thc cht ca n, v y ch l nhng g mang bn cht i thay v bin ng chi

phi bi cc quy lut thin nhin, v ta khng th no bo y l thuc ci "ca ti", th khi y

ta ch cn cch kt lun rng vt th y khng hm cha ci ng no c. Khi mt ngi no

t c s trng khng ca tt c mi vt th, th ng thi ngi y cng s cm thy pht

sinh ni mnh mt s qun nhn khc na: y l khng c g ng cho mnh gi lm s hu

hay c tr thnh nh th. Cm tnh s c y kh nng che ch cho ngi y

trc cc tc ng ca xc cm v s khng ch ca cc th nhim khin cho tm thc

mnh b u m. Khi mt ngi t c cp bc y ri th s khng cn vng mc vo mt

th dng tm thn bnh hon no na, khng cn b li cun vo nhng hnh ng bc ng,

d y l nhng hnh ng thuc th loi no cng th, khng c g c th li cun hay m

hoc c ngi y na. Tm thc ca ngi y cng tm thy mt s t do v mt th dng

t ch vng bn, v nh th ngi y cng c gii thot khi mi kh au.

Cu pht biu sau y: "khng c g ng chim hu hay c nh th" cn phi

c hiu theo mt ngha c bit, tc c ngha l s "chim hu" (c) v "c nh th" (tr

thnh nh th) xy ra trong mt th dng tm thc hoang mang, ham mun v mun chim gi.

Ni nh th khng c ngha l khuyn bo phi sng m khng c php "c" ci g c v

cng khng c php "tr thnh" mt th g c. C nhng th m thng thng ngi ta

phi cn n: th d nh nh ca, v con, mt ngi vn, mt mnh rung,...hoc cm thy

mnh l mt ngi tt, v.v. Tht vy, khng c g cm on mnh thnh cng hay tr thnh

mt ngi b thua thit, cng khng c g cm on mnh t c mt a v no trong x

hi, v tht ra th mnh cng khng th trnh khi phi tr thnh nh th ny hay th n. Th

nhng ti sao phi tu tp nhn thy mi s vt khng hm cha mt gi tr no c? y l

cu tr li: cc khi nim "c" v "c nh th" hon ton mang tnh cch tng i, y ch

l nhng ngh thuc vo th gian ny v pht sinh t v minh. i vi hin thc trong th

dng tinh khit ca n hay l s tht tuyt i th ta khng th c bt c mt th g, cng

khng th tr thnh bt c g c. Ti sao li nh th? Tht ht sc gin d, bi v ngi mun

chim hu v vt th chim hu tt c u v thng, bt toi nguyn v cng chng thuc

v ai c (v-ng). Th nhng nu mt c th khng nhn thy c iu y th ng nhin s

ngh rng: "Ti chim c ci ny, ti c c ci kia, ti l th ny". Chng ta c khuynh

hng suy ngh mt cch my mc nh th v nhng khi nim y chnh l ngun gc lm

pht sinh ra s tht vng v nim bt hnh ca chng ta.

22

"C" v "c nh th" tng trng cho mt s ham mun, y l s mong mun

khng cho vt th m ta va chim hu hay th dng m ta va t c phi b mt i hay

tr thnh xa vi. Kh au s pht sinh t s ham mun c c hay c tr thnh - ni mt

cch ngn gn l ham mun. Khi ham mun th s sinh ra v minh, chng qua v t cn

bn cc vt th chng c g ng m ham mun. ngh sai lm cho rng cc vt th ng

ham mun pht l nh l mt th bn nng ngay t lc cn u th v lm pht sinh ra s

ham mun. Tip theo th s ham mun s ko theo hnh ng, v hnh ng s mang li

kt qu, d kt qu y c phi l s toi nguyn hay khng. Nu s ham mun ca ta c

tha mn, n s to ra cho ta mt s ham mun mi mnh m hn na; v ngc li nu y

l mt s bt toi nguyn th ta khng th no trnh khi phi u tranh, phi ra sc, bng

cch ny hay cch khc, cho n khi no s ham mun c tha mn. Thi hnh x s

buc ta vo mt ci vng ln qun gm c: hnh ng (karma - nghip), kt qu, hnh ng, kt

qu - ngi ta gi y l "Bnh xe Ta-b" (Roue du Samsara / Wheel of Samsara). Ngi ta thng

hiu sai ch ta-b (samsara) l mt ci vng trn bt tn xoay vn t s hin hu vt cht ny

tip ni vi mt s hin hu vt cht khc (u thai, ti sinh, lun hi...). ng hn th y ch l

mt ci vng ln qun gm ba nhn t l: ham mun, hnh ng pht sinh t s ham mun,

v hu qu mang li t hnh ng (xin ch y l mt cch gii thch v th gii ta-b gi l "con ng

thu ngn" - reductionism - cn c vo s xoay vn ca cc th dng tm thn, nhng khng gii thch Ta-b da

vo lun hi, tc khi nim v s ti sinh. Cng xin nhc thm l Buddhadasa l mt v i s v cng l mt t

tng gia Pht Gio thuc tm c ln ca Thi Lan v l ngi u tin h thng ha ch thuyt "con ng

thu ngn" (ham mun hnh ng - kh au) nhm mc ch chng minh cho thy Pht Gio c th hon ton

mang tnh cch duy l ca khoa hc hin i v khng cn n mt "c tin" - lun hi - mang tnh cch tn gio

no c). Tip theo l tnh trng khng cn cng li c trc s ham mun - tng t

nh b bt buc phi tip tc ham mun - s ham mun y li ko theo mt hnh ng khc

v mt hu qu khc, ci hu qu khc y li lm cho s ham mun (trc ) gia tng thm, v

c tip tc nh th cho n v tn. c Pht gi y l ci "bnh xe" ca th gii Ta-b, bi

v ci vng trn bt tn y xoay vn khng ngng ngh. Chnh bi ci vng trn y m ta phi

gnh chu mi kh i v n au. Thot ra khi ci vng ln qun y c ngha l t c s

gii thot khi mi th dng ca kh au, hay ni cch khc th y l Nit-bn. D ngi

ngho kh hay nh triu ph, vua cha hay vng, thin nhn hay mt v tri, khi

vng mc vo ci vng trn ln qun th s khng th no trnh khi kh au v bun

phin do s ham mun mang li. V th chng ta c th bo rng ci bnh xe Ta-b y cht

cha y p kh au. Mun gii quyt vn ny (tc l lm cho s xoay vn ca bnh xe Ta-b phi

dng li), chng ta khng th n thun nh vo sila (gii lut), tc lun l v o c, m phi

nh vo cc nguyn l cao siu hn trong o Php.

Nh chng ta thy, kh au sinh ra t s ham mun, ng nh S Thc Cao Qu

Th Hai m c Pht nu ln. S "ham mun" gm c ba th dng khc nhau. Th

dng th nht l s ham mun gic cm: ham mun cc vt th - chng hn nh hnh dng,

mu sc, m thanh, mi thm, v ngon, v cc vt th s m c - nhm tm thy s thch

th. Th dng th hai l ham mun c hnh thnh, c hin hu nh th ny hay nh th

23

n, ng vi s mong c ca mnh. Th dng th ba l s ham mun khng mun c tr

thnh, khng mun mnh phi hin hu nh th ny hay th n. Thc ra th tu trung ch c

ba loi ham mun nh va k. ai c th tm thy mt th ham mun no khc hn ngoi

ba th loi .

Chng ta c th nhn thy tht d dng l bt c u c s ham mun th y s

phi c kh au: nu hnh ng v b thc y bi s ham mun th nht nh ta s phi gnh

chu kh au, tng xng vi hnh ng m ta thc thi, v khi hu qu xy ra th ta li tip

tc ham mun nhiu hn na, th ri ta khng cn kh nng no ngn chn s ham mun

c na. V khng cn loi b c s ham mun nn ta tr thnh n l cho ham mun. Mt

ngi hung d thc hin vic xu v hn ham mun mun thc hin cho c vic y, sau

th hn kh au tng xng vi s hung d ca hn. Cng th, mt ngi tt ham mun

mun thc hin mt vic tt, v sau th kh au, d l di mt hnh thc khc, th nhng

lun tng xng vi hnh ng tt y ca hn. Du sao cng nn hiu rng y khng phi l

cch khuyn khng c lm iu tt, m ch n gin nu ln cho chng ta thy l kh au

mang nhiu kha cnh tht tinh t, kh cho mt ngi thng c th nhn thy ht c. Ta

phi lun ghi nh li khuyn bo ca c Pht l: thc hin cc iu tt khng loi b

hon ton tt c mi kh au. Ta phi thc hin c nhng g cao xa hn th nhiu, phi

vt ln trn c nhng hnh ng tt, c ngha l phi thc hin c nhng g c th tht s

gip ta gii thot cho tm thc khi s kim ta ca mi s ham mun. y l phn tinh ty

nht trong gio l ca c Pht m chng ta khng c php qun. Khi loi tr c ba

th loi ham mun k ra trn y (ham mun ca gic cm, ham mun c tr thnh nh th ny hay th

n, ham mun khng mun c tr thnh nh th ny hay th n), th khi y ta mi t c s gii

thot hon ton khi mi kh au.

Vy lm cch no gii thot cho mnh khi mi s ham mun, chn ng n v

khai tr n? Cu tr li tht n gin: phi quan st v ch tm vo hin tng v thng, s

bt toi nguyn (kh au) v v-ng, phi kin tr cho n khi no nhn thy tht minh bch

rng chng c g ng cho ta ham mun. Tht th, no c g ng cho ta phi c n hay l

c nh th u? Khng c vt g m sau khi chim hu c n m n li khng gy ra

kh au cho ta? Hy t hi xem c th g m sau khi c n hay c tr thnh nh th m li

khng mang li s bn lon v lo u hay khng? C suy ngh tht k xem c ng th khng?

S kin c mt ngi v v mt n con s mang li s t do v s vui th trong lng, hay

y ch ton l bn phn? S kin t c mt v th cao sang trong x hi c phi l ng

nhin s tm thy s an bnh v thanh thn, hay y ch l mt th gnh nng m thi? Khi

bit nhn mi s vt qua gc cnh , th ta s hiu ngay l tt c ch mang li gnh nng v

bn phn cho ta. Ti sao li nh th? Bi v tt c, tht s l tt c, ch l gnh nng, ci gnh

nng ca v thng, bt toi nguyn v v-ng. Khi ta va mi chim hu c mt vt th

no , th ta phi lo lng bo v n, c mong ri y n s p ng c s mong i ca

mnh, hoc s mang li li ch cho mnh. Th nhng vt th y t bn cht l v thng,

bt toi nguyn v chng thuc vo ca ai c (v-ng). D m n khng th no p ng

c cc tiu chun v k vng ca c nhn mnh; n ch bit bin i ng theo bn cht ca

24

chnh n. Cc n lc ca ta rt li ch l mt hnh thc nhm chng li v khng c li quy

lut ca s i thay (v thng). Cuc sng m ta ang c cng c th n gin xem nh l mt

s c gng nhm tm cch sa i mi s vt nh th no cho ph hp vi s mong c ca

mnh. V th m cuc sng y mang y kh khn v au kh.

C mt php luyn tp gip cho ta nhn thy l chng c g ng chim hu hay

c tr thnh nh th. y l cch nhn mi s vt su xa hn nhn thy rng mi khi ta

thm mun th cc ngh nh "c chim hu" hay "c tr thnh nh th" s tc khc

pht sinh, v th thay v thm mun th ta nn pht huy mt s qun thy su xa v bn th

ch tht ca mi s vt, s qun thy y s gip cho thi ca ta thay i hn. Hy th nu

ln mt th d tht n gin: chng hn nh vic m thc. Mt ngi n ung ngu nghin

tm thy s thch th, s khc hn vi mt ngi n ung nhng thc c l khng phi v

s ham mun m mnh n ung, ngi y lun gi c mt s hiu bit minh bch tc s

qun thy su xa v bn cht ch tht ca mi s vt (thc n). Cch n ung ca hai ngi

nht thit s phi khc nhau, nhng g m c hai cm nhn c qua cc gic cm ca mnh

trong khi n ung cng khc nhau, v tt nhin l hu qu mang li t hai cch n ung

cng s phi khc nhau.

Do phi hiu l ta vn c th nui sng mnh c mc d khng cn ham mun s

thch th mang li t ming n na. c Pht v cc v A-la-hn c gii thot khi tt c

mi s ham mun, th nhng u phi v th m h nh mt i kh nng hnh ng v sc

mnh gip h tr thnh nh th. Chng nhng cc v y m ang c nhim v ca

mnh m cn lm hn bt c ai trong s chng ta tc l nhng ngi cn mang nng s ham

mun. Vy th nh vo sc mnh no m cc v y thc hin c nh th, nu ni cch

khc nhng g ni h thay cho sc mnh ca s ham mun v ham mun thc y h

mun c nh th ny hay nh th n, trong khi nhng th y lun kch ng ta? Cu tr li

l cc v y hnh ng da vo sc mnh ca s qun thy su xa, vo s hiu bit minh bch

v su sc "l nh th", tc l bn cht ch tht ca mi s vt. Cc v y khng cn ham

mun c chim gi hay chim ot bt c g cho mnh na, m tri li h dn tt c lng

nhn t cng nh tr tu ca mnh cho ngi khc. Chnh nh th m cc v y bo tn v

lu truyn c o Php cho n ngy nay.

S kin loi b c s ham mun hm cha nhiu ngha tch cc. Mt thn xc v

mt tm thc d loi b c mi s ham mun th nhng vn c th tip tc m thc mt

cch bnh thng, y l nh vo s nhn nh sng sut, khng b chi phi bi s ham mun

nh trc kia na. Nu mun gii thot cho mnh khi mi kh au th phi bc theo vt

chn ca c Pht v ca cc v A-la-hn, v bit hnh x bng s nhn nh trong sng thay

v chy theo s ham mun. Nu mnh l mt ngi tu tp th cng nn c gng phn bit th

no l ci ng ci sai, u l ci tt ci xu, v nhn li xem mnh nn lm g. Nu c

cng n vic lm th cng nn tp nhn nh xem u l ci ng ci sai trong cng vic ca

mnh, v phi thc c rng ci cng vic m mnh ang c l mt phng tin tt nht

gip mnh mang li li ch cho tt c nhng ngi chung quanh hay chng? Tm li l ta phi

c thc thi cng vic ca mnh mt cch hon chnh, vi tt c s minh mn v thanh thn

25

mang li t s qun thy su xa. Nu ch v ham mun (mong mun c ln lng, ln chc...) m

thc thi mt vic no th nht nh ta s cm thy lo u khi ang lm (v s khng t c kt

qu), v s cn tip tc lo u khi lm xong cng vic (v s kt qu khng p ng c s ham

mun ca mnh); trong khi nu c hng dn bi mt s nhn nh trong sng th ta khng

lo lng mt cht no c khi thc thi cng vic ca mnh (bit mnh ang lm g v kt qu s phi nh

th no, v khng ch i hay bm vu vo s thnh cng cng khng cn lo s s b tht bi). y l s khc

bit gia hai cch thc thi mt cng vic.

Vy tht ht sc quan trng phi lun thc rng tt c mi vt th tht ra u v

thng, bt toi nguyn v v-ng, tc c ngha l khng c g ng cho ta "c n" hay l

"c nh th". Nu phi bt buc dn thn vo th gii ny th c dn thn, th nhng phi

bit pht huy mt s nhn nh sng sut, nh m cc hnh ng ca ta s khng b s

ham mun lm cho nhim. Nu bit hnh x mt cch kho lo th ngay t lc khi u cho

n khi chm dt mt cng vic, ta s khng h bit kh au l g. Tm thc ta s khng tm

cch nm bt cc vt th mt cch m qung, v nh ta s khng bm vo chng nh

nhng th g ng cho ta mong mun c chim gi. Phi lun hnh ng vi mt tm linh

tnh thc, th nhng cng phi bit sng ph hp vi truyn thng, tp qun v tun th lut

php. Th d ta c t ai, th nhng khng phi v th m ta bt buc phi hnh x nh mt

ngi ch in; tht chng ch li g khi ta bm vu qu ng vo t ai ri bin n tr

thnh mt gnh nng cho ta v khin ta phi kh s v n. Bn phn ca lut php l gn gi

ch quyn cho ta, v th lo lng lm g? t ai khng chui qua k h ca bn tay m lun

i mt c. Nu c k no chim ot, th ta cng c chng li v bo v ch quyn ca

mnh mt cch kho lo. Ta khng bo v bng s gin d, khng cho ngn la hn th

thiu t mnh. Ta mn lut php khng c li, khng cn phi kh s (tic thay trong vi

trng hp xy ra mt vi ni no th lut php cng c th tip tay vi ngi cp git t ai ca k khc,

th nhng quy lut nhn qu s bt "ci lut php" v c ngi cp git m n tip tay phi nhn ly nhng

hu qu sau ny). ng nhin l ta c quyn bo v ti sn ca mnh, th nhng nu xy ra

trng hp m ci ti sn y b cp ot khi tay ta, th cng khng nn v th m cho

nhng th xc cm nng n y a mnh thm (m ch nn hi hng tt c cng c ca mnh

cu xin hu qu xy ra sau ny cho "ci lut php" y v ngi cp git t ai ca mnh c "ci lut php"

y bo v s khng qu sc nng n). Tt c u v thng v lun lun bin ng. Khi hiu

c iu y th ta s khng cn lo ngh g na (cng xin mn php nhc li l i s Buddhadasa

thuyt ging nhng li ny trong mt kha o to cc thm phn trong vic iu hnh lut php Thi Lan cch

nay hn na th k).

i vi vi trng hp m ta "mun c nh th", th cng chng ch li g khi

quyt tm phi c nh th ny hay nh th n, bi v trn thc t khng c mt th dng

no l toi nguyn c. Tt c mi cnh hung u nht thit mang li kh au, di hnh thc

ny hay hnh thc khc. C mt php tp luyn tht n gin m chng ta s phn tch cn

thn hn trong cc phn sau, l php tp luyn gi l vipassan (thin minh st) v y cng

26

l mt cch trc tip p dng o Php vo vic luyn tp. l mt phng php ni qun

tht tinh vi gip ta qun thy l chng c g ng cho ta "c tr thnh nh th", tc c

ngha l chng c mt th dng hnh thnh no tht s mang li s toi nguyn c. Hy c t

hi ly mnh nh th ny: vy th mnh mun lm Con hay lm Cha, lm Chng hay lm V,

lm Ch hay lm T y? C vai tr no trong s s ng nhin mang li s thch th

hay khng? Ngay c trong trng hp m ta t c mt v th cao, c lm ngi ch tay

nm ngn sai khin k khc, tc l mt ngi thng cuc - th y c ng l mt s thch

th hay khng? S phn con ngi c thch th hay khng? K c trng hp c lm thin

nhn hay mt v tri, th c phi y l mt s thch th hay khng? Khi no hiu c "n l

nh th" th khi ta s hiu rng chng c g l th v c. Ta ch tm thy mt s toi nguyn

m qung khi c tm cch "c" hay "c nh th". D bit y l ch l mt s m qung

th nhng lc no ta cng mun "c" v "c nh th", bt chp vic y c th nguy him

n tnh mng mnh. Cn phi hiu bn cht cc vt th l g v bit sng mt cch khn

ngoan, ta nn dn thn vo s sng ny nh th no ch gy ra kh au t nht, hoc tt hn

na l khng gy ra mt cht kh au no c.

n y chng ta cng nn tm hiu thm mt kha cnh quan trng khc na: y l

bn phn phi gip nhng ngi chung quanh, chng hn nh bn b, gia nh v thn

thuc, hiu c th no l bn cht ch tht ca mi s vt, hu gip h tm thy mt tm

nhn ng n nh chng ta, v y cng l cch gip trnh khi nhng s xo trn c th

xy ra trong gia nh, ni th, trong mt quc gia, v sau cng l trn ton th gii (nn hiu

y khng phi l mt cch thuyt phc hay bin ci ngi khc m ch l cch gip ngi khc hiu c l s

ham mun qu s mang li kh khn trong gia nh, trong x hi v cho ton th nhn loi). Mt khi tm

thc tr thnh min nhim v gip ngn chn c mi s ham mun, th n cng s

khng tm cch bm vu vo cc vt th hay bt c mt con ngi no c (tranh dnh ca ci hay

xu nnh v ko b phi vi mt con ngi "l tng" hay mang quyn th no c). Nu cuc sng ca ta

c hng dn bi s qun thy su xa, minh mn v trong sng th ta s nhn ra l chng c

mt th g ng cho mnh chim gi hay bm vu. Bt c ai cng c th hiu c l trong

th gii ny tt c u v thng, bt toi nguyn, v khng hm cha ci ng, do khng

nn di dt phi vng mc vo ci vng ln qun y. Chng ta phi thc c vic y

bung x (khng bm vu v nm gi), v chn cho mnh mt tm nhn ng n ph hp vi

gio l ca c Pht. Ngi no bit hnh x nh th mi xng ng l mt Pht t ch

tht. D trc y tuy cha bao gi c dp xut gia (trong cc nc Pht Gio Nguyn Thy, tt c mi

ngi nht l nam gii, phi xut gia t nht l mt ln trong cuc i mnh) hay xng ln nhng li gi

gii, th nhng trn thc t th ngi y n gn vi Pht, Php v Tng: ngi y tht tinh

khit, tnh thc v an bnh, khng cn bm vu vo cc vt th m chnh mnh thc c

l chng khng c g ng cho mnh "c" c chng, hay c "tr thnh" nh th. Tm

li ch cn tp luyn th no c kh nng quan st v qun thy c tnh cch v

thng, bt toi nguyn v v-ng th s gip mnh hiu rng khng c bt c th g ng

"c" hay "tr thnh", c nh th cng gip mnh tr thnh mt ngi Pht t ch

tht.

27

Cc hnh thc kh au thp nht (l liu nht) pht sinh t s ham mun c "c" hay

c "tr thnh" nh th ny hay th n, v s kh au s ngy cng tr nn trm trng

thm. Cc hnh thc kh au km gay gt hn th pht sinh t nhng hnh ng tng i t

b thc y hn bi s ham mun. Cc hnh thc kh au ca ci tt th c pht sinh t

nhng hnh ng lin quan n nhng th ham mun tht tinh t v tinh vi, y l nhng th

ham mun c "tr thnh" hay "t c" mt th dng mang tnh cch tch cc no (tc

mang bn cht tt hay li ch no ). Ci tt ngay c di cc th dng cao p nht vn pht sinh

t s ham mun, th nhng y l mt s ham mun qu sc tinh vi n kh nhn ra

y l mt ci xu. Du sao i na th hnh ng tt t n cng khng mang li s gii

thot khi kh au. Mt ngi A-la-hn khi c gii thot khi s ham mun s khng

cn hnh ng di s kim ta ca cc xung nng ca s ham mun na. V y khng cn

kh nng no thc hin bt c iu g xu. Cch hnh x ca v y vt ln trn c ci xu

ln ci tt, v chnh v th m v y c hon ton gii thot khi mi kh au (iu ny cho

thy l Pht Gio Nguyn Thy cha hn l "thp hn" Pht Gio i Tha nh ngi ta thng ngh sai. i

Tha t qu nng lng t bi v ng thi cc php tu tp th li qu sc a dng v phc tp, do d khin

cho ngi tu hnh lc hng, y l cha ni n tnh trng thng xy ra l t bi thay v n thun tng trng

cho mt phng tin th li che lp c cu cnh ca o Php tc l Tr tu. Tnh trng ny rt ph qut v

thng lm "mt th gi" cng nh "ngh lc" ca ngi tu hnh ni chung d h l nhng ngi xut gia hay tu

ti gia cng th. Tm li tt nht l nn khi s tu tp theo Pht Gio Nguyn Thy v sau khi sng sut

th mi nn bc vo i Tha tm cho mnh mt bu khng gian hiu bit khc hn, nu nhn thy cn thit).

y l cc nguyn tc cn bn nht ca Pht Gio. D cho ta c kh nng mang

ra thc hnh hay khng, v d mun hay khng th con ng y lc no cng vn l con

ng ch tht gip gii thot khi mi kh au. C th ang trong lc ny th ta cha mun,

th nhng mt ngy no ta cng phi quay v vi con ng . D bit t b ci xu v

thc hin ci tt vi tt c kh nng ca mnh, th nhng khng phi v th m tm thc mnh

c th trnh khng b sa ly trong nhng th ham mun tht tinh t kh nhn bit, v i vi

nhng th ham mun th khng c mt phng cch no c th loi b c chng, ngoi

tr phng php vt ln trn s ham mun "c c" hay "c tr thnh" nh th, d y

l nhng th mang bn cht tt hay xu cng vy. Mun cho Nit-bn c th hin hin ra vi

mnh, th trc ht chnh mnh phi c gii thot khi tt c mi kh au d di bt c th

dng no, tc phi thc hin c s vng mt hon ton v tuyt i ca s ham mun (y

c ngha l mt s nh ch - nirodha - tuyt i, khng cn vng mc vo bt c th g, d y l ci tt).

Tm li, khi hiu c "l nh th" vi ngha su xa nht ca n th cng c ngha l

nhn thy khp ni tt c u v thng, bt toi nguyn v v-ng. Khi no qun nhn vng

chc c cc iu y th tm thc mnh cng s nhn thy mi s vt khng cn ng bm

vu na. Nh vy th nu phi dn thn vo th gii ny "c" v "tr thnh" mt ci g

, th cng c phi "c" v phi "tr thnh" (nh mi ngi), th nhng phi "c" v phi "tr

thnh" mt cch thng minh, soi sng bi s qun thy su xa, tc khng cho s ham

mun chen vo. Bit hnh x nh th th ta s trnh c mi kh au.

28

Chng IV

S HAM MUN V BM VU

Phi lm th no khng bm vu vo cc vt th m bn cht ca chng ch l ph

du, bt toi nguyn v khng hm cha mt ci ng no c, hu gip cho ta tm thy s t do,

thot ra khi mi s tri buc ca chng? Cu tr li l phi khm ph ra nguyn nhn khin

cho ta thm mun v bm vu vo cc vt th y. Khi thy c nguyn nhn th ta cng s

loi tr hon ton c tc ng ca n. i vi Pht Gio s ham mun v bm vu gm c

bn th loi nh sau:

1) S bm vu ca gic cm (kmpdna)

y l cc i tng nhn bit ca gic cm c tnh cch li cun v gy ra s ham

mun. Mt cch tht t nhin l mi chng ta u c khuynh hng mun bm vu vo cc

vt th m mnh a thch, y l cc vt th mang mu sc, hnh dng, m thanh, mi, v, hoc

cc vt th s m c, hoc l cc hnh nh tm thn, chng to ra mt s li cun no

i vi ta - cc vt th y c th thuc qu kh, hin ti hay tng lai v hin hin ra trong

tm thc ca ta, ng thi tng quan vi cc vt th thuc th gii vt cht bn ngoi, chng

c th thuc thn xc hay tr tng tng ca mnh. Ta biu l mt s thch th pht sinh t

bn nng i vi chng, ta cm thy vui thch khi tip xc vi cc i tng gic cm y.

Chng to ra trong tm thc ta nhng nim vui sng tuyt vi khi tm thc cm nhn c

chng.

Lc va mi sinh, mt c th bt u nhn bit c s thch th do su th gic

cm (ng gic v tri thc) mang li v bm vu vo nhng s thch th y, sau cng ln khn

th s bm vu y cng tr nn mnh hn. Phn ng khng my ai c th trnh khi c s

bm vu , v y chnh l mt nguyn nhn mang li nhng kh khn nghim trng. Qu

tht l ht sc h trng l phi nm vng v thu trit c cc i tng gic cm y l g,

hu gip ta tm ly cch ng x thch nghi vi chng, nu khng th s bm vu y s to ra

cho ta mt tnh trng hon ton mt nh hng. Nu quan st cn thn tnh trng mt ht nh

hng ca mt ngi no , th nht nh ta s khm ph ra l ngi y trc y tng

bm vu tht mnh vo mt i tng thch th ca gic cm (th d nh trng thi tht tnh ca mt

ngi no s cho ta bit l trc y ngi y tng bm vu vo mt nhn dng mang hnh tng, mu

sc, m thanh, mi, v v cc c tnh tinh thn... "c th mang li" trn nguyn tc s tha mn gic cm cho

29

ngi y). Thc t phi ni l tt c hnh ng ca con ngi u lin h mt thit vi gic

cm. D y l s yu thch, gin d, ght b, ghen tung, st sinh hay t t, th ngun gc

su xa gy ra nhng th y u khng lt ra ngoi cc nguyn nhn pht sinh t mt i

tng ca gic cm. Nu quan st tht k tm hiu ti sao con ngi lc no cng phi lo

toan, phi b ph chy ngc chy xui nh th, th chng ta s nhn thy ngay y l v h

b thc y bi s ham mun, ham mun mun c c mt ci g , bt k y l th g.

H hng say tm mi cch kim thm tin, nhiu chng no tt chng ny, v sau th quay

sang vic tm kim s thch th mang li t cc th mu sc, hnh tng, m thanh, mi, v,

hoc cc vt th s m c. y l nhng g thc dc h phi tip tc tin ti. Ngay c

trng hp m h c thc hin nhng hnh ng xng ng c mong c ln thin

ng th y cng ch l mt hnh thc pht l s ham mun i vi cc hnh thc thch th

thuc gic cm ("hnh phc" ca ci Thin ng hay "cc lc" - tc c ngha l sng v cng - ca ci Ty

Phng cng c th khng khc bit nhau nhiu, bi v y l nhng phng tng rt cng thc v quy c ca

con ngi pht sinh t s ham mun v bm vu). Tt c cc kh khn v xo trn pht sinh trong th

gii ny u bt ngun t s ham mun nhng thch th gic cm (chin tranh tn gio bo v

Thin ng hay ci ci Cc Lc ca mnh chng hn).

Mi th nguy him u pht sinh t sc mnh ca s bm vu hng vo gic cm.

Chnh v th m c Pht xem s ham mun cc th thch th gic cm l mt th dng bm

vu ng vo hng u. Tht th y l nhng kh khnmang tnh cch ton cu. Nhng g

xy ra cho th gii ny trong tng lai, d y l s hy dit hay l s cu ri, th nht thit

cng u pht sinh t s bm vu vo gic cm. Trng trch ca mi ngi trong chng ta l

phi nhn li xem sc bm vu ca chnh mnh mnh n u, v kh nng c th gip

mnh loi b c sc mnh bm vu y c cn xng hay khng?

Nhn di con mt thng tnh th s bm vu vo tnh dc l mt iu rt tt v n

gip mang li tnh thng trong gia nh, ngh lc v s tch cc trong vic to ra ca ci v

mang li s v vang, v.v... (c nhn vo cc m ci c t chc linh nh th s hiu c ngha ca

cu ny). Th nhng, trn phng din tm linh, th hin nhin y l mt ca ng kn o dn

n kh nhc v au bun (khi nghe thy ting la ht nh bn cnh v chn a bay ra ca s th s hiu

c ngha ca cu ny. Tht ra i s Buddhadasa ch nu ln trng hp bm vu "lng thin" vo tnh dc,

v cn rt nhiu nhng hnh thc bm vu khc mang tnh cch bo lc, cng bc, lng gt, mua bn, li

dng... mang li nhng kh au l liu v ln lao hn nhiu). Trn lnh vc tm linh ta phi lun ch

ng c s bm vu vo tnh dc, bi v nu mun cho tt c kh au phi tan bin ht th

phi loi b hon ton c mi s bm vu vo gic cm.

2) S bm vu vo cc quan im (ditthpdna)

Ch cn s dng ti thiu php ni qun th ta cng c th nhn thy d dng s bm

vu vo cc quan im v cc ngh ca mnh. T lc mi sinh, ta c hng ngay mt s

gio dc v dy d mang li cho ta mt s ngh v quan im no . Theo ti th "quan

30

im" l mt s ngh m ta kh kh gi ly v nht nh khng chu t b chng. Xt cho

cng, bo v quan im ca mnh l mt vic kh t nhin, v cng chng my khi c ngi

ln ting kt n hay ch trch thi bng bnh y c. Tuy nhin trn thc t th n li

tng trng cho mt th nguy him tht trm trng khng thua km g s bm vu vo cc i

tng ca gic cm. C phi ng l nhng ngh m ta bm vu kh kh vn thng hay b

nh bi cc s kin xy ra trn thc t hay khng? V th cng nn nhn cc c hi y

thc v thay i cch nhn ca ta hu gip cho n mt dp tin ha, dn dn ci thin

n, nng n ln cao hn, gip bin mt quan im sai lm ca mnh trc y tr thnh mt

quan im khc kh hn, ngy cng n gn hn vi s tht, ri n mt lc no th cc

ngh ca mnh s sc tip nhn Bn S Tht Cao Qu.

C rt nhiu nguyn nhn to ra s bm vu bng bnh vo cc quan im ca mnh.

Tht th, y l cch hnh x nht thit lin quan n tp qun, truyn thng, nghi l v cc

gio iu tn gio. S c tin bng bnh mang tnh cch c nhn thng khng gy ra tc hi

qu ln lao v cng khng lan trn rng ln nh l s c tin bng bnh vo cc truyn thng

lu i v cc th l lc dn gian. Bm vo quan im ny hay quan im n ch l mt hnh

thc v minh. Ch v km hiu bit nn ta mi to ra cho mnh mt cch nhn hon ton mang

tnh cch c nhn v mi s vt, chi phi bi s v minh ca chnh mnh. Th d ta nht quyt

tin rng cc vt th u ng cho ta thm mun v bm vu, v ngh rng ta s gi c chng

lu di, qu quyt l chng hm cha mt gi tr no v hin hu mt cch t ti, th

nhng trn thc t th y ch l o gic, la phnh v bin ng, khng hm cha mt gi tr

g v cng khng c mt s hin hu ni ti no c. Khi hnh dung ra trong tr mt ngh

nht nh no v mt vt ri sau y nu phi chp nhn ci ngh y l sai th qu tht

y s l mt chuyn khng thch th g cho lm i vi mnh, d cho i khi ta cng khng

trnh khi phi chp nhn l mnh tng phm vo nhng sai lm i loi nh th. Chnh s

bng bnh to ra mt chng ngi tht ln ngn chn mi s tin b v khin cho ta

khng cn c th t bin ci ly mnh c na, tc khng cn thay i g c na i vi

cc th c tin sai lm v tn gio v nhng th tn ngng lu i ca mnh. iu ny c th

to ra nhiu kh khn cho nhng ngi bm cht vo cc th gio iu qu ngy th, bi v

ngay c trng hp mt ngy no d cho ngi y c nhn thy mnh qu i ngy th i

na th nhng h vn c tip tc khng chu thay i c tin ca mnh, vin c l cha m

mnh, ng b mnh, t tin mnh tin tng vo cc gio iu y. Hoc y cng bit u c

th l v h khng tht s mun sa i v ci thin, c tnh nhm mt lm ng trc nhng

lun c i ngc li vi nhng ngh lu i ca mnh, v hn na h cn phn khng li

rng y l nhng g m h t ht lng tin vo . V nhng l do nh va k, nn s bm

vu vo cc quan im phi c xem nh l mt th nc c git ngi, mt mi nguy him

ln lao m ta phi vn dng tt c sc mnh ca mnh loi tr, nu tht s ta mun bin ci

ly chnh mnh.

3) S bm vu vo nghi thc v l lc (slabbatpdna)

y l s bm vu vo cc nghi thc truyn thng khng hm cha mt ngha g c

v c lu truyn khng v mt l do chnh ng no c, y ch l nhng nghi thc m

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nhiu ngi xem nh l mang tnh cch thing ling v h bm vu vo chng vi bt c gi

no. Ti Thi Lan cng nh bt c ni u: ngi ta tin vo ba ch, cc vt mang tnh cch

mu nhim v mi th nghi l b truyn. Th d ngi ta tin rng khi va thc gic th phi

n bn cnh mt chu nc c nhm mt cu thn ch v sau th mi ly nc y m

ra mt; trc khi i hay tiu tin th phi quay mt v mt hng nht nh no ; hoc

trc khi n hay trc khi ln ging ng th phi thc thi mt s nghi thc no . Ngi

ta tin vo ma qu, cc v thin nhn trn tri, cc gc cy thing ling, v mi th thn b

khc. Tt c nhng th y tht phi l. Ngi ta khng suy ngh bng l tr, m ch nhm mt

bm vo nhng s c sn. V khng khng hnh x nh th nn h khng th no cn

thay i c na. Nhiu ngi t nhn mnh l ngi Pht Gio th nhng ng thi vn c

tip tc tin vo cc chuyn i loi nh va k, y l ci tr i hng hai! Trong s h c c

vi ngi cn t nhn mnh l mt v t kheo na, tc l mt t ch tht ca c Pht!

Tu tp o Php v nu hiu c mc tiu ca o Php l g v thc c bn

phn ca mnh trc s tn vong ca o Php th phi loi b ngay cc th tin tng d oan

, nu khng th vic tu tp ca mnh cng s chng khc g mt thi hnh x ngy th

xem o Php nh l mt th nghi l mu nhim. V th cng khng l g khi nhn thy nhiu

ngi xin quy y hay ra sc tu tp o Php nhm mc ch duy nht l ha nhp vi mt

phong tro x hi ang thnh hnh, hoc thc thi cc nghi l theo truyn thng v nhm mt

bc theo nhng ngi i trc. H cng chng cn bit nhng th mnh ang lm c ngha

g hay khng, m ch bit nhm mt thc thi mi chuyn theo ng vi cc thi quen sn c.

Nhng hnh vi nh th tht kh c th sa i c. y l nhng g m chng ti gi l

"s bm vu v thc vo cc nghi l truyn thng". Php thin nh su xa v php thin

nh tnh lng nh ngi ta thng thc thi hin nay, nu khng c p dng ng cch, hp

l v da vo mt s hiu bit tng tn th cng c th lm vo tnh trng bin thnh mt

hnh thc ham mun hay bm vu no . Nu cc php thin nh khng c hng dn

mt cch ng n th chng cng s tr thnh mt hnh thc v minh m thi. i vi vic

quy y cng th, nu tun th nm, tm hoc mi gii lut, hay hn na vi mc ch nui hy

vng tr thnh mt thnh nhn hm cha mt sc mnh mu nhim, siu nhin, thn b hay

bt c th g, th vic quy y y cng s tr thnh mt th nghi thc sai lm, thc y bi s

bm vu n thun, mt cch nh mt th gi v ch.

V th m chng ta phi tht ht sc cnh gic. Mun tu tp o Php th phi to

c cho mnh mt s quyt tm vng chc, y l s hiu bit v lng c mong ty u mi

th nhim lm cho tm thc b u m. Nu khng th s tu tp ca mnh cng ch l mt hnh

ng lm ln v phi l, mt cch ph phm th gi tht ng tic.

4) S bm vu vo ngh v mt ci ti (attavdpdna)

S tin tng vo mt ci ng c nhn l mt iu sai lm tht v cng h trng v

ng thi cng ht sc tinh t. Tt c mi sinh vt hm cha s sng u khng trnh khi

mt th cm tnh sai lm v "ci ti" v "ci ca ti"; y l mt th bn nng nguyn thy

hm cha trong bt c mt s sng no, v y cng l ci gc lm pht sinh ra cc th bn

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nng khc. Bn nng tm kim thc n, hp th thc n, ln trnh him nguy, sinh con ci

v cc th bn nng khc na..., tt c u pht sinh t s cm nhn bng trc gic ca tt

mi sinh vt cho rng mnh ang hin hu v mang mt thc th ring bit, tc l mt "ci

ng". Khi tin chc vo y th mt sinh vt s ng nhin mun trnh khi ci cht, tm

c thc phm nui thn xc, trnh c him nguy v tm c c may truyn ging.

Chng ta c khuynh hng tin rng s cm nhn v ci ti y hin hu ni tt c chng sinh

v mang mt gi tr ton cu, chng ta thng c xu hng ngh rng nu nh tnh trng

tr nn khc i th chng sinh s khng th no cn c th tn ti c. Th nhng s tin

tng y (v mt ci ng) ng thi cng l nguyn nhn ca kh au pht sinh t cc bn nng

chng hn nh tm kim thc phm, tm mt ch dung thn, tm c c may truyn ging v

thc hin tt c cc th sinh hot khc na. y chnh l mt trong nhiu l do khin c

Pht phi ging dy cho chng ta thy rng s bm vu vo ngh v mt "ci ng" l cn

nguyn ca tt c mi kh au. c Pht tm lc iu y bng vi ch tht ngn gn nh

sau: "Nu bm vu vo cc vt th th chng s tr thnh kh au, hoc s tr thnh nguyn

nhn ca kh au". S bm vu y l ngun gc v nn tng ca s sng, ng thi n cng

l ngun gc v nn mng ca kh au di tt c mi hnh thc. Chnh y l nhng g m

c Pht mun nhc n khi Ngi bo rng "s sng l kh au v kh au l s sng". iu

c ngha l thn xc v tm thc (nm th cu hp - ng un) m chng ta ang bm vu vo

y ch l kh au. Thu hiu c ngun gc v nn tng ca s sng l g th cng c th

xem nh t c mt s hiu bit su xa nht v sc bn nht gip ta loi b c kh

au t cn nguyn.

Phng php hu hiu nht loi b s bm vu l phi nhn din c n ngay khi

n va mi l din. Phng php ny t ra kh hiu qu loi b s bm vu vo ngh v

mt ci ng lm nn tng cho s sng. S bm vu vo ci ng hin ra mt cch bt thn v

chim hu s suy ngh ca ta m khng cn phi c ai nht n vo u ta c. Ci bn nng y

hin hu ni tr con cng nh ni cc sc vt khc khi chng mi va sinh ra i. Th d nh

trng hp cc con mo con mi sinh chng hn, khi ta bc n gn chng th chng s c

nhng phn ng t v ngay! Mi khi c "ci g " hin ra trong tm thc, th y chnh l

"ci ti", v tc thi mt s bm vu s theo m pht l ra, khng sao trnh khi c.

Nhng g m ta c th lm l phi khng ch n ngay trong khi ch i pht ng cho mnh

mt cp bc tm linh cao hn; ni cch khc l phi s dng cc k thut trong o Php

gip ch ng n v ch n lc ta c kh nng ch ng c n v sau cng th loi b

c n (nn hiu l "ci ti" lc no cng hin hin ra vi ta, khi cp bc tu tp ca ta cn thp th phi lun c

gng thc c s hin din ca n, theo di v canh chng n, khng cho n xui khin ta phm vo nhng

hnh ng sai lm tc l s thm mun, sau ny khi t c cc cp bc tu tp cao hn th ta s c th dn

dn loi b c n). Nu khng thc hin c nh th, th mt ngi bnh thng trong th

gii ny s kh lng m ra thot khi c s kim ta ca n. Ch c cc v cao thm nht

trong s cc v thnh nhn (aryan) v cc v A-la-hn (Arahan) mi c th loi tr n c

m thi (tc l hon ton loi b c s thm mun do ci ng to ra). Chng ta khng nn qun l tr

ngi (tc ci ng) l mt th tr ngi cam go nht m tt c chng sinh phi i u. Trnh

khi c tr ngi sai lm y th chng ta mi tn hng c ton vn cn bn gio hun

33

ca c Pht (tc c ngha l thc hin c nhng g cao thm hn gip mnh cm nhn c cnh gii ca

Nit-bn). Nu ch ng c ci ng th kh au do n mang li cng s gim dn tng xng

vi n lc ca minh.

Nu qun nhn c s tht v nhng g ang chi phi cuc sng ca mnh th y s

l mt s li ch ln lao, chng t mt thin t khc thng ca mnh. Hy lun ngh n bn

th bm vu y (tm kim thc phm, hp th thc phm, s cht v truyn ging), ng thi cng ng

qun l khng c g, tuyt i khng c mt th g, ng cho ta bm vu, v ngoi ci bn

cht ca mi vt th ra (tc l tnh cch v thng, bt toi nguyn v v ng ca mi s vt m ta phi

qun thy) th cng tuyt nhin khng c th g khc ng ta "c n" hoc "tr thnh nh

th". S d cc vt th hon ton khng ch c ta y l do ni bn th bm vu trn y m

ra c. Qu tht ht sc quan trng phi nm vng c bn cht cc k nguy him ca cc vt

th ng x vi chng. Vn mu cht l ci bn cht khng hin hin ra trc mt ta

mt cch l liu, chng hn nh mt trn ha hon, mt pht sng no hay mt chn thuc

c, m tri li mi th trong cuc sng ny c v nh hin ra tht m m, y hng v,

hp dn, xinh p, m tai, v cng chnh v th nn rt kh nhn bit c chng hu gip ta

ng x mt cch thch nghi hn vi chng. i ph vi hin trng ta phi cn n s

hiu bit m c Pht truyn li qua nhng li gio hun ca Ngi: tc phi kim sot

c s bm vu mang tnh cch bn nng ca mnh v thay vo bng sc mnh ca s

qun thy su xa. y l cch gip ta t chc li cuc sng ca mnh nh th no c th

gip mnh trnh c mi th kh au, k c cc vng mc tht nh nhoi ca kh au. Nh

ta c th hnh ng v sinh sng mt cch an bnh gia th gii ny, trnh c mi th

nhim cho tm thc, gip cho ta tr nn sng sut v minh mn hn.

Tm li, bn th bm vu tng trng cho nhng kh khn duy nht m ngi Pht

t hay bt c mt ngi no hng quan tm n Pht Gio phi tm hiu. Mc ch ca cuc

sng xut gia (brahmacariya) l to iu kin gip cho tm thc ci b c mi s thm

mun bn nng. Qu v s tm thy nhng li ging y trong tt c cc kinh sch gii thch v

cc giai on tu tp hng vo th dng A-la-hn; thnh ng c s dng ch nh s tu

tp y l "gii thot khi mi s bm vu": v tht ra th y cng l giai on cui cng. Khi

tm thc c gii thot khi mi bm vu, th cng s khng cn c bt c th g c th

km gi hay khng ch n trong th gian ny. Khng cn c g c th bt buc n phi quay

mi vi ci vng trn sinh t na. Loi b c s bm vu bn nng chnh l cha kha ca

s tu tp Pht Gio.

34

Chng V

BA PHP TU

Trong chng ny chng ta s cp n k thut tp luyn gip loi b s bm vu.

K thut c da vo ba nhn t tht c th l: o c, s tp trung v s qun thy su

xa, v thng c gi chung l "Ba Php Tu".

Php tu th nht l thc thi o c (sila - gii). Mt ngi o c c ngha l mt

ngi bit gi mt thi ng n, ph hp vi cc quy lut hin hnh v khng gy ra kh

au cho ngi khc hay cho mnh, v n gin ch c th. o c (hay cch hnh x ng vi

lun thng) c h thng ha bng mt s "gii lut" - gm c nm, tm, mi hay hai-trm-

hai-mi-by gii lut hoc cng c th khc hn i cht ( ni n con s gii lut cho ngi

ph n cao hn). Cc gii lut lin h n ngn t v hnh ng ca mt c th v c th y

phi tun th mang li s hi ha, an vui v loi b nhng tr ngi trn bnh din bnh

thng. Cn bn o c c p dng cho tng thnh phn trong mt tp th x hi v c

vic s dng cc vt s hu trong cuc sng thng nht.

Php tu th hai trong s ba php tu l s tp trung (samdhi - nh). y l php tp

luyn bt tm thc phi duy tr mt th dng thun li nht gip cho n t c mc ch.

Vy s tp trung tht s l g ? Thng thng ngi ta c ngh rng tp trung tt nhin s

mang li mt tm thc bnh lng v im lm nh mt khc g. Th nhng c hai c tnh ,

tc l s bnh lng v im lm, khng gii thch ngha ch tht ca s tp trung. nh

ngha ng nht ca s tp trung c chnh c Pht nu ln, Ngi bo rng mt tm

thc tp trung l mt tm thc "hi iu kin thc hnh mt cng vic" (karanya), tc

c ngha l tm thc trong mt tnh trng thch nghi c th gip n hon tt mt cng vic

no .

Php tu tp th ba l php luyn tp pht hin mt s qun thy su xa gip pht huy

tr tu (panna). y l mt php luyn tp tht chuyn cn gip pht hin mt s qun nhn

ng n v mt s nhn thc ni tm trong sng v bn th ch tht ca mi vt th. Trong

nhng lc bnh thng, ta khng th thc hin c th dng : bi v trong nhng lc y

hoc ta ch bit bm vo cc thnh kin c sn, hoc chp nhn mt cch my mc nhng g

35

ngi khc nu ln, do ta khng th nhn thy c cc vt th ng vi cch hin hu tht

s ca chng. V th m vic tu tp Pht Gio phi cn thm mt php luyn tp nhm pht

huy s qun thy su xa.

Trn phng din tn gio, kh nng hiu bit (s lnh hi) v s qun thy su xa l hai

th hon ton khc bit nhau. Kh nng hiu bit phn ln c da vo phng php l lun

mang tnh cch l tr. S qun thy su xa vt xa hn th rt nhiu: tc c ngha l thm

nhp vo i tng m n quan st, phn tch n v trc tip hi nhp vi n; s qun thy

y lm pht l ra trong tm thc mt s bung x (khng bm vu) su xa v ch thc trc i

tng, ct t mi xc cm hng vo n