Health (WHO) : a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmityMedicine: the science of the healthy as well as of the ill human being (which is what it ought to be), what other science is better suited to propose laws as the basis of the social structure, in order to make effective those which are inherent in manJohn Snow: leader of medical hygiene in industrial Britain. He tied outbreaks of Cholera to the unhygienic water supply. World Health Organization (WHO): under the League of Nations the World Health Organization, it helps vulnerable populations, provides vaccinations, and addresses other global health needsGlobal Health: an aspect of health that transcends perspectives and concerns of individual nations, and attends to the needs of vulnerable populationsHuman Population growth: population grew from the agricultural to the industrial revolutions at a more or less linear rate. After the industrial revolution, it began to grow exponentially. After WWII it remained stable in developed countries but grew quickly in undeveloped countries. Population Pyramids: show the rate of growth and age composition of populations. Population growth: death rates tend to fall before birth rates do, leading to a natural increase in populationOne Child Policy: Chinas policy of only one child per family has left a large portion of their population in their 40s and 50s, a significant age bulgeDisease burden: diseases like AIDS in Africa greatly affects the age breakdown and size of the population. AIDS is supposed to have major impacts on the population in Africa for decades.Economic Impact: as the economics of populations change, their social and health effects also change. In Brazil, obesity has shifted from the rich to the poor. Birth Rate: total births per 1,000 people per yearDeath Rate: total deaths per 1,000 people per yearFertility Rate: children born per womanInfant mortality rate: infant deaths per 1,000 infants bornNatural Increase %: births deaths per 1,000World Birth Rates: lower in developed countries, China, Latin America. High in Africa and Southwest Asia.World Birth Rates: lower in developed countries, China, Latin America. Medium in Europe. High in Africa World Fertility Rate: low in developed countries, high in Africa. Historic Health Burdens: Neolithic revolution, industrial revolution, post WWII all increase populationPost WWII health burdens: New non-communicable diseases becoming prevalent among adults, increasing incidence of communicable, preexisting diseases, antibiotic resistant bacteria.Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY): A measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability, or early deathMoney/Health relationship: as GDP per capita increases, life expectancy increasesWorld Immunizations: children mainly remain unimmunized in Africa and IndiaWorld Health Worker Shortages: Health workers are short in South Asia and AfricaAddressing world health inequalities: cost-effective, produces more sustainable outcomes, and increases the impact of every dollar invested, accelerating progress towards global and national development goalsEradicating Diseases: Epidemiologic vulnerability exists, there is an availability of an effective and practical intervention (vaccine). Demonstrated feasibility of elimination exists for diseases like polio, small pox, and guinea wormAlma Ata Declaration: The main goal of Governments and WHO in the coming decades should be the attainment by all people of the world by the year 2000, a level of health that would permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life.Global health security policy: government must protect against the spread of diseases like SARS into their own countriesGlobal health and bioterrorism: governments must protect populations against biological agents like anthraxGlobal health and humanitarian relief: government organizations or NGOs can provide aid to vulnerable populationsHealth Brain Drain: nurses and doctors from developing countries are moving to developed countries Health Biotechnology: biotechnology advances in chemicals, nanotechnology, infrastructure, information technology, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, agriculture Pharmaceuticals: protected by patents because they are costly to develop. Then they are sold for large amounts of money, usually in developed countries. Major pushback from developing countries. Half-way (crude) technology: includes many familiar treatments, e.g., dentistry, heart disease, cancer chemotherapy, transplant surgery based on understanding of and ability to intervene in basic biology. Ex. Iron lung vs. polio vaccine. Hence need for basic research.Pharmaceutical R&D: intensive and high-tech companies. 15-20% of sales spent on R&D.Basic Health Research: helps develop candidate drugs from small biotech firms that can then sell then to pharmaceutical companies.Pharmaceutical tests: pharmaceutical companies pay for extensive testing of potential drugs and getting the product to market. They advertise effectiveness and gain control of IP. Ghost writing: an activity performed by pharmaceutical companies where it supports articles in science publications that supports their drugsPreferences for pharmaceuticals: pharmaceutical companies prefer to make drugs for chronic conditions, not for cures. Antibiotic, contraceptive, vaccine research lag.Humanitarian pharma considerations: force volume sales at low margins to vulnerable populationsTraditional Pharma Research: targets for antimicrobial drug testing, look for process essential to growth or virulence (infectivity), metabolic process unique to pathogen (penicillin), Key step in infection or symptom productionGenomics advances: offers a new approach in understanding action of gene in causing a non-infectious disease and then seek way to block expression of gene hijacking DNA replication or cell reproductionAnimal testing: Successful candidate structures are tested in vitro. Medicinal chemistry improves absorption, changes pharmacokinetics, increases potency, decreases side effectsFDA approval: expensive, must benefit patients, must inform patients. Low dosage->varying doses, safety->dosing requirements->double blind studies->post market surveillancePharma valley of death: death between basic research on toxicology in universities, and detailed, regulatory-ready data of direct use to FDA ( regulatory science )Pharma testing dilemma: test of experimental drug isnt supposed to be for the participant s benefit, since most tested drugs don t work but contradiction exists patients sign up if you have a hopeless or very serious disease.Nuremburg code: establishes rules for medical testing after Nazi experimentsIRB approval: required for doing interviews in vulnerable populationsGenome testing: testing a genome is becoming less expensive. People will know what diseases are likely to happen. Also will revolutionize the insurance industry. Traditional medicine: the basis for many common medical treatments like aspirin, digitalis, reserpine, quinine. Many have similar active ingredients to modern medicine, often less effective but cheaper. Some are placebos.Convention on biodiversity: conceived as one of a series of treaties addressing global environmental issues. Biopiracy: Pharma had long been hiring local botanists and smuggling out materials without paying.Next generation of challenges: virus diseases (AIDS, influenza, potential bioterrorism threats), chronic diseases (cancer, heart), diseases of immune system (lupus), parasitic diseases (orphan technologies), brain and central nervous system.

Top down flow of innovation: Innovation financed by the private sector flows from the top down, from Cadillac to Chevy Developed to developing world innovation: poor populations can improve developed country innovations for their own use. Ex. Cell phonesDeveloped spinoff innovations: accidental or encouraged by NGOs for humanitarian concerns Leapfrogging: developing countries may accelerate development by skipping [inferior, less efficient, more expensive, and more polluting] technologies and industries and move directly to more advanced onesAppropriate Technologies: small-scale, decentralized, labor-intensive, energy efficient, environmentally-sound, locally- controlled techs. Small-scale, decentralized, labor-intensive, energy efficient, environmentally-sound, locally- controlled.Orphan Technology: if left entirely to the private sector, those who would bear the costs of developing and providing it must have scant hope of receiving a financial return that is sufficient to justify the investment and its benefits must outweigh the fully allocated costs of its development, production, and distribution

Public intervention: In the absence of market pull, socially oriented innovations need government or NGOs in the form of direct support, research, prizes, or other assistance

Orphan innovation examples: Fluid Adjustable Eyeglasses, Internet Systems for Gathering Information on Human Rights Abuses, Treadle Pump, Oral Rehydration Therapy for Cholera, malaria or Schistosomiasis Vaccines, Health development: Sanitation, Nutritional supplements, Dehydration, Vaccines.Energy development: improved stoves, solar lanterns, off-grid powerInformation and communications technology development: development can help with energy, health, security, and disaster reliefFluid Adjustable Eyeglasses : Pump liquid into flexible spherical lens until you see clearlyTreadle Pump: A simple design well suited to irrigation where labor is cheap and commercial energy is expensive or unavailableIncaparina: A low-cost, nutritious food supplement based on local farm products to combat protein malnutritionPlumpynut: Peanuts (rather than milk) give tasty food suited for long-term storageThe Jaipur Foot: An Artificial Leg, Suited to Village Manufacture, A Working Ankle and a Presentable FootHDI and electricity: human development index rises with access of electricityMillennium development index: energy access reduces gender parity and maternal mortality and improves education and incomeHousehold Stoves: low rates of electrification in developing households so cooking requires inefficient, unhealthy burning of solid, biomass fuels. Women are disproportionately affected because they collect fuels and are exposed to fumes.Jiko Cooking Stove: a low-cost, commercial alternative to the three-stone stove after many false startsThe Smokeless Chula: efficient cooking stove made of mud-brick and installed by local artisans, reduces indoor air pollution and helps prevent asthma in women and girls who cook indoors, especially in cold climatesOff-grid lighting: solar and LED lighting provide lighting in unelectrified populations. Lights are more efficient than flames. Helps stores and business.Mobile Phones: easier and faster to put in cellular towers in rural areas. Minutes as currency can transfer money without formal banking. Spread information about health careThe Mobile Wallet: Kenyas M-Pesa system allows customers and businesses to pay for anything without needing cash, a bank account, or even a permanent addressMidwives with Mobile Phones Project: 120 midwives were provided with mobile phones to enable communication between midwives and OBGYNs and to collect data/patient recordsSocial mini grids: Similar meters being used to monitor electricity theftDisruptive grid technology: innovative generation technology, new loads, financing, financing ICTAccessible technology: innovative marketing methods may be the key to successful, socially oriented innovationOrganizing the market: Public Sector May Help Spread an Orphan Technology by Inducing salt manufacturers to iodize, Or bread manufacturers with fortify with vitamin A and folic acid, or Vaccination or public health campaigns.Removing innovation Obstacles: High tariffs on imported equipment or key raw materials or components, Subsidies to competing technology, Mafia control of cookstove prices, Intellectual property protection for proprietary AIDS medicines Organized aggregate demand: Worked with cities around the globe to aggregate demand for technology that exists but that is too expensive for most cities to afford.Simpa Networks: key obstacle to solar PV is upfront cost, based their approach on the success of pre-paid cell phone minutes and applied this approach to solar PV in IndiaBarefoot College: India train illiterate grandmothers from rural villages on how to install and maintain solar PV systems and solar lampsPersonalized health care: Right treatment for the right person at the right timeDisease information: treatment perspective, they are actually different diseases, yet we are barely at the cusp of being able to identify them accurately and provide the right treatment at the first encounter. Example asthma and colon cancerGenomic diversity: human population exhibits a wide range of normal phenotypic variation. Diversity is influenced by inherited differences in DNA sequencePharmacogenomic approach: Drug therapy based on a particular genetic profile. 4 groups-drug toxic but beneficial, drug not toxic and not beneficial, drug toxic but beneficial, and drug not toxic and beneficialWarfarin blood thinner: in patients with CYP2C9 and/or VKORC1 variants can lead to excessive warfarin exposure, resulting in an exaggerated anticoagulant response and a risk of serious or life-threatening bleeding complications.

Growth Hormone Receptor Deficiency: Associated with a Major Reduction in Pro-Aging Signaling, Cancer, and Diabetes in HumansHuman longevity: The same evolutionary genetic advantages that have helped increase human lifespans also make us uniquely susceptible to diseases of aging such as cancer, heart disease and dementiaThe Millennium Development Goals Report: Advances in sanitation often bypass the poor and those living in rural areas Over 2.6 billion people still lack access to flush toilets or other forms of improved sanitation. And where progress has occurred, it has largely bypassed the poor.Genomics for the world :Medical genomics has focused almost entirely on those of European descent. Other ethnic groups must be studied to ensure that more people benefitWorking with indigenous communities: 1. consulting with communities2. complexities of consent (community-based processes and IRBs) 3. training members of local communities in science and healthcare, and 4. training scientists in how to work with indigenous and developing communities.

Types of intellectual property: Patents, Copyrights, Trade Secrets, Trademarks and Servicemarks, Breeders RightsPatent: 20 years of exclusive rights, Must be Novel, Useful, Non-Natural, Not Obvious to One with Ordinary Skill in the ArtPatent rights: No one Else may Make, Sell, Offer for Sale, Use or Import without Your Permission. It Costs Money to Establish, Maintain, and Defend Patents and then to File them Abroad. Others Can Design Around Your PatentProblems w/ US Patent System: Under-Trained, Overworked Examiners Granted Many Unwarranted Patents. Patenting in Fast-Moving Fields is Cumbersome and Used Mostly to Provide Material for Cross-Licensing for Defensive Purposes. Patent Trolls Buy Up Wrongly Granted Patents, and Harass Innovative Firms into Making Lucrative Settlements.Copyright: Protection to Authors for Life plus 70 Years. Applies to the Expression of Ideas, not the Ideas ThemselvesTrade Secrets: Information whose Value Derives from the Fact that it is not Readily Ascertainable by Others. Lose Protection as Soon as they Become Public, No Matter HowProtection Varies with the Business: Pharma Crucial and Well Defended, Electronics Evanescent and Ignored, Except Cross-Licensing Agreements, Manufacturing Process Hard to Prove Infringement, Software Strategic DecisionWestern Trade-Offs: objective of patent protection is to provide just enough incentive to encourage disclosure and thus to facilitate additional innovation. Plants and animals are patentable if man-madeIP production in developing countries: Traditional or collective knowledge is unprotected: medicines, music, design, uses of plants. Rights over this kind of IP are beginning to be assertedTRIPS: Public health exceptions are written into WTO agreements , Compulsory licensing, Parallel imports. Many Discrepancies were Successfully Harmonized.IP trade off: + Get the Technology for Free, Pay Less for Drugs, Music and Books; - Discourage Local Innovators, Performers, Writers, Composers, Film Makers and Importers of Proprietary Technology; Need to Withstand US Diplomatic PressurePacket Switching: Break Message into Little Pieces, Each with an Address. Each Takes its Own Path and the Overall Message is Reassembled at the DestinationTransmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP): Allows Packets to Communicate from Network to NetworkARPA:Net Supported by Military, In Part as a Nuclear-Survivable Communications Network, but Also as a Vehicle for Communication among Disparate NetworksNSF:Net Originates as a Communication Tool for Researchers, Parallel to ARPA-NetInternet of things: TRILLIONS of sensors and devices, not just billions of computersUniform Resource Locater (URL): a Globally Unique Address for Each Object on the WebHypertext and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Formatting DocumentsHypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Communicate DocumentsSearch Engine: Find DocumentsVoice-Over-Internet Protocol (VOIP): Telephone Calls Using Net ConnectionsCloud computing: Data and programs as services on servers anywhere, not on your hard driveNetwork Economies: My Participation in the Net Increases the Value of Your Participation (A Positive Externality, and a Positive Feedback Loop)economies of Scale: Costs per Unit Decrease with Increasing Volume of ProductionTechnical Inter-relatedness: Need for Compatibility with a System (e.g., VCR and Tape)Quasi-Irreversibility: (Switching Costs: as a result of users acquisition of specific skills)Trap for Investors: if Business Plan is Poorly thought Out As Frequently Happened During the Rush for Market Share (Eyeballs), Regardless of Profitability, During the Dot-Com BubbleTipping: ~60% of the Market Rapidly Becomes 90%First Mover Advantage : Even if the Product Isnt Optimized Yetstructure of Interaction: Software Writers Can Write to Standard and be Assured of a Market. Hardware Makers Can Design to a Known Interface. Innovations not Fitting the Standard are Suppressed.

Economics of Information: Up-Front Cost is High, but Marginal Cost is Practically ZeroHigher production from networked enterprise: Flatter Communications Hierarchy, Genuinely Multi-National Corporations, Facilitates Lean Production, Facilitates Integration of Design, Marketing, Order Fulfillment, Shipping, Inventory, Production, Purchasing, Accounting, After-Sales ServiceArtificial Intelligence: Makes it Possible to Reduce Tacit knowledge to Explicit Software that Can be Executed Offshore, Allowing Firms toDot-Com Boom: Expectation of Continued Rapid Growth Led to Huge Price/Earnings Ratios and Rapid Expansion of Investment in Capacity in Net Services and Infrastructure. Investment Bubble as Venture Capitalists Rush to Get on Board to Gain First Mover AdvantageDot-com crash: Shake-Out of Unviable Firms Plus Broader Economic Slowdown Makes High Multiples Unsustainable

Internet as a Tool for Revolution: allow citizens to report news, expose wrongdoing, express opinions, mobilize protest, monitor elections, scrutinize government, deepen participation, and expand the horizons of freedomSocial networking: People of similar interests or ideologies can link up wherever they are. Groups form and dissolve rapidly. Initial enthusiasm had been kindled by social media, demonstrations grew by traditional channelsChannels of Communication: Non-political networks (e.g., soccer fans) organize via their own communication channels, Al-Jazeera coverage, Word of mouth, coffee houses, TaxicabsWe are all Khaled Said: Facebook brings issue to everyones attention and provides a channel of communication between the political and the non-political social networksBattle of disinformation: Mubarak tried to manipulate mobs via FacebookThe Great Firewall (Golden Shield Project): a complex structure of monitoring and censorship. Internet contact with China and the outside world is routed through a small number of fiber optic chokepoints, allowing for easier monitoring of traffic in/out of the countryIllusion of Free Access: Unpredictability depending whether NYTimes.com covered Tibet that day-more subtle than just blocking it all the timeWeibo : Chinas version of twitter. People use it to spread information about everything, but notably food safety, corruption, accidents, Homonyms, puns and wordplay, as well as photos, to trick the sensorsJasmine Revolution: government stopped them cold. Its methods were subtler than they had been at Tiananmen Square, and more insidious. Random arrests. Scrutiny of ethnic minorities. Lots of tea for foreign journalistsHuawei: telecommunications equipment designed to allow unauthorized access by the Chinese government and Peoples Liberation Army (PLA). National Security Agency (NSA) was creating its own back doors directly into Huaweis networksWikileaks: internet made it possible for all to see raised the impact of whistleblowersQuestions about intelligence practices: We spy on our friends? We need to protect credibility in Iraq and Afghanistan (revelations about civilian causalities) we spy at the climate negotiations?Snowden: Revealed widespread internet surveillance programs and the bulk collection of telephone metadata2001 Patriot Act: permitted wiretaps, search of business records, and surveillance of lone wolvesStryker: Wheeled intermediate weight, more deployable than tank, heavier and more armed than a HumveeAbrams Tank: Terrific for repelling Soviet tank invasion, but heavy, heat signature, lots of maintenance Predator: Unmanned aerial vehicle (not technically a drone). System includes a controller in McLean and a communications link

Precision bombs, torpedoes, anti-sniper weapons: One bomb knocks out bridge, instead of hundreds of sorties with 1000m cep bombs, lots of collateral damageBattlefield integration for situational awareness: longtime dream of cutting through fog of war. Hard. 40-0 data bases to be integrated. Software would be vulnerable to viruses.Technology revolutionary effects on battlefield: rifles in civil war, tanks, machine guns, organized powerCounteracting advances: an advance in offense leads to advance in defense and conversely, i.e., technology is not decisiveInduced innovation in military: concentrate on technical superiority to counter superiority of Warsaw Pact in numbers. Unquestioning backing of public opinion and politicians for big increase in military r&dAsymmetric warfare: Terrorist weapons become more sophisticated as defenses evolve to combat them, ditto IEDs, intelligence devicesInnovation theory: Military is both an innovation-resistant CELS and a system that can accomplish radical innovation. Services often backward-looking, fighting last warPolitics and military innovation: he military version of induced innovation, in which strategy is determined by external politics. Much US technology emphasis on development of dronesEconomics and military innovation: US spends more on military than the rest of the world combined. In fact, even before Iraq war, military spending exceeded height of the Cold WarCost vs. performance curve: Military wants performance, even if it drives costs way up. When technology frontier advances, military will pay extra to push performance to stay ahead of potential enemiesProduction lacks economies of scale: Hence $600 toilet seats, pressure to export hardware and production technology, despite geopolitical complicationsMilitary procurement: requires special paperwork, so much so that companies form special divisions even if the product is the same.Congressional politics: Military expenditures have major Keynesian effects, generate many jobs. Congress insures they are spread around.Cybersecurity: Still a major US vulnerability. Private firms which own most of our critical infrastructure, e.g., financial would rather accept losses than publicly admit vulnerability.International legal question: assuming they can be definitely attributed, at what point do these become acts of war, rather than espionagechain nuclear reaction: a single unstable U235 nucleus is split and neutrons are released. These resulting neutrons then react with the surrounding U235 nuclei, splitting them in turn. As more nuclei are split, they split in more U235 atoms, releasing energy along the way.gun type atomic weapon: At each end of a metal tube, is highly enriched U235 material is at each end of the barrel. One mass is a bullet and the other is a target. Behind the bullet is conventional explosive. When this explosive is ignited, it effectively shoots the U235 bullet down the barrel and it impacts the U235 target and together the U235 reaches critical massimplosion type weapon: has a core of highly enriched U235 material surrounded by conventional explosives. The conventional explosives are then set off at exactly the same time such that it pressurizes the U235 core, it reaches critical massRadioactive material: gives off high energy waves called radiation. It is material often made of unstable atoms, like U235Radiation: the high energy rays given off by radioactive material.Dirty bomb: a double effect, both of which are harmful. First is an initial explosion that causes injuries and casualties quickly. In addition to this, a dirty bomb releases large amounts of high level radiation causing.atomic fission bomb: atoms are split in a chain reaction that releases lots of energy at once.hydrogen bomb: energy released comes from combining deuterium atoms together to make a helium atom.once-through reactor: processed and enriched uranium from mines is used to produce fuel in nuclear reactorsU235: used for bombs. Separated using a system of energy intensive centrifuges that accelerate molecules such that the isotopes are separated because of their differing mass. a .7 concentrationReprocessing: used to recover fissionable nuclear material from spent fuel from nuclear reactorsModerator: in a nuclear reactor is a medium of some material, like graphite or heavy water that reduces the speed of neutronsInfluence of IR on nuclear tech: Absent German challenge and World War II, would there have been a Manhattan ProjectExpected vs actual proliferation: Less serious than expected. In 1960s, 80 or 90 nuclear powers expected by now. Expectation of nuclear war in 1980s. Bomb shelters, duck and cover drills.peaceful applications of nuclear technology: nuclear as great new technology. Atoms for Peace program spreads nuclear technology around world. Iranian students of nuclear technology at MITTest ban treaties: 1963 ban on atmospheric, ocean and land testing. Non-nuclear powers suck it up for the greater good, and for the promise of improved access to and great power help with civilian nuclear technologyCuban missile crisis: came close to war. US and Russia establish hotline. Castro tells McNamara he would have nuked us if we had bombed himIAEA inspection powers: unannounced inspections of declared facilities. War shows importance of nukes for small countriesTerrorist nuclear capabilities: Old technology. Gun-type bomb doesnt need testing. Terrorists use conservative methods, fear failure.Nuclear forensics: techniques to trace origin of weapons grade material on interdiction or post-event

9/11 change of threat: threat came to be thought of in existential termsPerceptions of terrorist threat: Increased vulnerability of modern societies, America is no longer immune to terrorism, Our enemies are home-grown and foreign, Religious as well as political groupsTerrorism technology: Vast technological advances in military weaponry are not matched by terrorism. Technological vacuum characterizes terrorismeconomic warfare: Devices cost less than 5 to produce, Yet caused more than $15 million in Terrorism and Non-kinetic technology: Technology has enhanced their communications capabilities, thousands of terrorist & insurgent web sites today damagesThe National Innovation Environment: National Innovation Context + National Innovation SystemNational Innovation Context: Broad Factors that Guide, Facilitate or Hinder Innovation (Business climate, labor laws, financial system, etc.) National Innovation System: Institutions and Policies that Provide Direct support to Innovation (labs, universities, funding)Enabling Environment: intellectual property protection, venture capital, etc.US Innovation Context: Culture Glorifies Individualism, Welcomes Novelty, Accepts Failure, Doesnt Defer to Elders, Worlds Largest Common Market, Relatively Free Labor Markets, Immigrant ScientistsPre-Civil War innovation: Technological Skill as Part of the American Self-Image1860-1940 innovation: Confederate secession ends debate over internal improvements (infrastructure), and makes possible the establishment of trans-continental railroad, land-grant colleges, But US is not a leading scientific power, 1930s: US as haven for European scientistsPost WII++WI innovation: Science: The Endless Frontier sees basic research as the key to innovation and economic growthSectorial Succession: Manufacturing supplants agriculture, Services supplant manufacturing, MNCs and start-ups send manufacturing offshoreMakeup of R&D spending: Innovation and Commercialization are Left Mostly to Private Industry without Special IncentivesDARPA: in Defense Department: Translational Research that Links Breakthrough Ideas to Practical Application, NO Peer ReviewIn-Q-Tel: CIAs Venture Catalyst, Now mostly second tier finance, stamp of approval for investorsDARPA-E: for energy innovation, was Funded by the Stimulus Package, Received 3500 Applications in its First CompetitionLand grant colleges: agricultural research, extensionScience and Engineering Education: Universities are centers of research, Strong connection to industry and graduate education, Emphasis on teaching students to think rather than learning facts, basic researchHealth research support: NIH budget doubles in 1990s, but then stagnates, stranding young researchers by funding only a small % of good proposalsStrong links between universities and industry: Top universities seek income from patents and licenses, upsetting long-standing relationships with corporate funders of research, Threats of delay in publicationUS Innovation facilitation: Military, Aerospace, Agriculture, Pharma and Biotech, Derived from Basic Research, Components in Established Systems, Attract Participatory InnovationUS Innovation holes: Derived from Traditional Knowledge, Cannot be Converted into Commercial Products, Require Basic Change in Complex Entrenched Legacy SystemsScientific Adviser to the President: Part of a Team, not a Representative of the Scientific Community, Truth May be Uncertain, and Policy Decisions Involve Values and PoliticsWhite House Office of Science and Technology Policy: Directed by Science Adviser, Aided by the IDA Science and Technology Policy Institute, White House Chief Technology Officer alongside Science AdviserNational Academy of Sciences: a Quango: Quasi-Governmental Non-Governmental OrganizationFederal R&D budget: comes from discretionary spending, Its amount varies with overall discretionary budget, Except for basic research in the national science foundation, the US R&D budget is the aggregate of the budgets of the mission-oriented agenciesFederal S&T Budget: Federal Money Spent for Basic Research or to Develop New Knowledge or New TechnologyPolitical Issues Affecting S&T Policy: Energy: nuclear and fossil fuels vs. Renewable, Industrial policy vs. Corporate welfare, Social attitudes affect research on animals, reproduction, HIV, Evolution controversy

global technological revolution: focused on green and life science technologiesNew wave in china: n clean energy, life sciences, advanced manufacturing, new materials, and next generation ITChina's R&D Expenditures : At the current rates of growth and investment, Chinas total funding of R&D is expected to surpass that of the U.S. by about 2022Scientists and engineers per capita: high in developed countries, low in under developed onesOld pillar industries in China: national defense, telecoms, electricity, oil, coal, airlines, marine shippingNew strategic pillars in China: energy saving and environmental protection, next gen information technology, high-end manufacturing, new energy, new materials, clean energy vehicles.Challenges for S&T: more and more globalized, and all humankind are faced with the same problems in energy and resources, ecological environments, climate change, natural disasters, food security, public health, and so onNational Science Conference: held in March 1978 was an event of historical significance during Chinas S&T developmentChina-U.S. Science and Technology Agreement: in 1979 marked the beginning of Chinas official cooperation with the Western world, followed by cooperation agreements with Japan and some European countries.Chinas IP regime improved: It standardized its intellectual property (IP) protection in international S&T cooperation and exchanges and strengthened its IP protection.The Internationalization of Chinas S&T Development: S&T cooperative relations with 154 nations and regions, 107 intergovernmental S&T cooperation agreements, 150 S&T diplomats in 70 diplomatic missions in 46 countriesIndigenous innovation: Chinese S&T policy has become focused on the strategydrivers behind Chinese innovation: Growing concerns about viability of current economic model, Growing pressures from global competition, e.g. Vietnam, Growing concerns about revenue loss/high fees, e.g. licensing, Growing concerns about loss of political leverage, Growing perception of global tech protectionism, Growing concerns about national securityChina as a battleground: winning in China for MNCs is now strategic imperative in terms of talent, innovation and marketsChinas innovation gains: expanding its numbers of patents, percentage of global science literature and high tech exportsChinas IPR Deficit: According to IMF data (2009), China had a $10 billion deficit in its overall IPR balance of payments (royalties, license fees paid/received)utility-model patents: do not require inventions to be novel and last only 10 years, is a problem in terms of patent monetization.New Mechanisms of S&T Cooperation in China: International Innovation Parks, International Joint Research Centers, International Technology Transfer Centers, International S&T Cooperation Bases (500 goal), International R&D Outsourcing Services Center, International Business IncubatorsEuropean Attitudes to Innovation: Strong adherence to Precautionary Principle, e.g., for genetically modified foodsless flexible labor markets : in part due to non-transferable pensionsEU Environmental Regulation: Government and industry work things out, close relation between governments and environmental NGOs, which are often analytically strongGerman Innovation System: research largely in government institutesGerman manufacturing: Globally competitive in niche markets in capital goods despite high wage, Family businesses w/ long time horizon,German Education: Early tracking of students into vocational and academic programs via exam, Universities hampered by large enrollments, Strong unionsGerman Environmentalstandards : Overseen by engineer-dominated advisory boards and agencies, Elaborate and intrusive inspection system, Major subsidies and policies to stimulate renewable energy and conservationFrench Innovation Context: Strongly centralized government, Inflexible labor laws and other regulations protect the way of life of people who are already inside the systemFrench education: elitist educational system, resources concentrated on grand ecoles, Research takes place mostly in government laboratories, not in educational institutionsNational champions in France: Strategic industries (aviation, nuclear power, telecoms, computers) were often chosen for prestige, contribution to great power status, rather than their prospective economic competitiveness. When policy changed in 1980s, these industries managed to maintain their prominence.Japanese Innovation System: Historic fostering of industry by government, dating from Meiji Restoration, Systematic world surveys to identify best sources of technology for specific sectors and bring them to Japan, Strong prefectural laboratories providing direct practical support to industry, Followed U.S. up the ladder, taking up industries and absorbing technologies in which the United States was no longer competitiveLabour in Japan: Labor as fixed cost (overhead), Encourages investment in training, Allows unions to accept flexible job descriptions, cross-training, But system breaks down as firms get in trouble in the current prolonged recessionJapanese manufacturing: Recall lean manufacturing, just-in-time, five whys Outstanding, market-oriented innovation, especially in cars and consumer electronicsJapan Challenges America: Manufacturing superiority, Japan as number one, Drives US out of consumer electronics, challenges in automobilesKeiretsu (Industrial Conglomerates): Many unrelated lines of business under Common management, excessive horizontal integrationJapanese Environmental Regulation: Industry, local community, local government work out local standards, Enforcement is by shame: no one will do business with a gross polluter, Little litigation

Innovative Capabilities and Income: as income increases, innovation increaseInnovation capabilities index: 60 factors that are seen to have a bearing on a countrys ability to create an environment that encourages innovation, such as a nations institutional environment, human capital endowment, the presence of social inclusion, the regulatory and legal framework, the infrastructure for research and development, and the adoption and use of information and communication technologiesSTI applications in developing countries: improving productivity in manufacturing, agriculture and services, preventing food crises (starvation), increasing value added, diversifying production, mitigating/adapting to climate change, developing new energy sources renewable energy, water managementStages of STI Development: Distant technological laggard countries (early stage), Technological laggard countries (later stage), Near technological frontier countries, At the technological frontier countries Technology imports: Small number of developed countries provide most of the technological innovations, Most of the developing countries are neither innovating nor adopting, Many lack the capability to create globally competitive technologies, Many lack access to information on new technologies and innovations Technology infrastructure: R&D institutes and testing facilities in developing countries fall short of quality when compared to industrialized countries, Lack of collaborative research, Isolation of universities and R&D from industryPace of technological change: SMEs lack the capability to constantly upgrade technologies in view of rapidly changing technologies in developed countries Technology acquisition: Unit level technology absorption is low, Lack of incentive, direction and capability to update existing technologies, Lack of ready access to capital, Relatively high transaction costUnit Level Interventions: Smaller firms find difficult to finance and coordinate the requisite level of technological activity, Low participation in network of organizations and institutions involved in diffusing information on technologiesSkilled Manpower in developing countries: Shortage of trained personnel, Lack of continuous capability development of manpower in technical dimensions, New technologies are not adopted due to lack of skilled people thus widening the technology gap.National innovation system approach: strong accumulated knowledge base, stable and well functioning market system, developed institutional and infrastructure support of innovation activitiesInnovation Path-dependency: In previously state-controlled command economies, which has influenced the whole logic of building up their national innovation systemAbsorptive Capacity Concept: the capacity to absorb the new technology into the human capital stock is critical. Active learning policies are neededsocial capability : capabilities that the developing countries have to acquire in order to catch up, especially the improvement of education and business infrastructurecollective capabilities : what organizations in private and public sector are able to do and how it is supported (or hampered) by broader social and cultural factorsAdvantages of showing up late: Imitation, scale economies, access to the modern technology at lower costs, access to already established markets Direct tech diffusion: FDI, technology purchases (importing, licensing)Indirect tech diffusion: knowledge spillovers (imitation, reverse engineering, transfer of know-how by movement of employees etc.Regional Catch-up: East Asia active model of technology diffusion management, South America and other parts of the world, this hasnt worked as wellLatecomer strategy: to catch up with the advanced firms and to move as quickly as possible from imitation to innovation.Leverage: capacity to secure more from a relationship than the firm puts inLinkage : the global value chains as suppliers. Through linkage latecomer firm could acquire from more advanced firms knowledge, technology, and market accessindustrial learning: linkage and leverage can be repeated over again until firm or group of firms enhance their capabilities and become, potentially, advanced playersTechnology Leverage Institution (TLI): is to identify technologies of interest to a developing country, fashion strategies for acquiring technologies, adopting, adapting and diffusing them to the firms in the country, where they can be used to build new businesses and industrial sectors. Doesnt engage in fundamental scientific researchTaiwans Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI): a nonprofit to create economic value through R&D, to speahead high tech development,to enhancecompetitiveness. Open lab: a conducive environment for industries to access R&D resourcesTaiwan technology transfer: from academia from research insititutions to industry clustersHistorical Industrial Development of Taiwan: labor development, export promotion, capital andtechnoloy development, development of biotech industriesIndias Strengths: Large domestic market, Young and growing population, Critical mass of educated and skilled English speaking knowledge workers, Strong public and private R&D infrastructureIndias Challenges: Large and rapidly growing population, Low average educational attainment, Low per capita income. Over regulated economy Poor physical infrastructureDecade of Innovations: Decade of Innovations, Designing and developing a National Innovation Ecosystem, stimulate the engagement of the private sector into R& D, International S&T cooperationIndian focus on education: Establishment of large number of new institutions of excellence, Allocation of 19.8% of Gross Budgetary Support to Education, Expanding the educational infrastructure at all levels, Enunciation of Right to Education BillTrends in indian innovation: indian number of publications has grownInnovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research: in India, has included three components. They are i) Scheme for Early Attraction of Talents for Science (SEATS), b) Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE) and c) Assured Opportunity for Research Careers (AORC).Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative: Largest PPP model for R&D in India; focus on biotech, pharmaceuticals, energy, ICT, etc.Venture fund support system: Technology Development Board using equity participation modelGrass Root Innovation: National Innovation Foundation India (NIF) includes Micro Venture Innovation FundExamples from the Indian innovation: nano car, Jaipur foot, cotton stripper, hepatitis vaccinesTechnology Mission on Winning, Augmentation and Renovation (WAR): for water is mounted and ongoing for demonstrating convergent technology solutions for 26 different types of water challenges in different locations in the countryPAN India initiative based on Pubic-Private-People-Partnership (PPPP): model involving carefully developed strategic alliances for affordable quality innovations under S&T partnershipsGlobal Technology and Innovation Alliance (GITA): is the planned step forward for building strategic alliances and partnerships where Indias strength in cost optimization while partners strength in quality of innovations could provide a win-win formulaIndo-US Joint Center for Clean Energy Research and Development: Four way Partnership DoE/ US, MoST/India, US Industry, Indian Industry (modeled after US-China CERC)Indo-EU engagement in STI: 5 million Euro/ year on computational materials science, solar energy and water technologies

Australia-India Strategic Research Fund: Fund at AUS $ 100 million is the single largest bilateral engagement for both countries mutually Strengths of Brazilian Innovation System: A vibrant Entrepreneurship culture, Availability of Universities, Extremely resilient private sector, expansion of the research system, global ChampionsWeaknesses of Brazilian Innovation System: Research institutions & Universities lack capacities to interact with firms, commitment to innovation is still weak, mostly of adaptive nature, Government R&D financing scope is limited, barriers linked to the high cost of innovationOpportunities for Brazilian Innovation: Brazilian diaspora is gradually coming back, Recent legislation, Inclusive Innovation / Social Policies, New innovation players in Brazilsmart specialization: a special focus shall be set on enhancing innovation in certain sectorsAfrica innovation challenges: Rapid Change in Markets and Technology, Chinese Competition, Slower Growth in World Economy, Reduced Development Assistance, Heavy Subsidies to European and US Agricultural ExportsBuilding S&T Capacity: Providing special exceptions for IPR transfer and protections, Linking LDCs to information, IPTechnology Transfer Incentives to Least-Developed Countries: Developed country Members shall provide incentives to enterprises and institutions in their territories for the purpose of promoting and encouraging technology transfer to least-developed country MembersPAN-African E-Network: Information and Communications Technology (ICT) project between India and the African Union that seeks to connect the 53 member states of the Union through a satellite and fibre optic network to India

1963 paradigms: Computers Had 32K, Arms Control, New Jersey Turnpike, Structure of DNA, Silent Spring, Phones were Heavy, Black, Clunky, (LPs), Atomic Energy, Inevitable Nuclear War, Jet Air Travel was NewBrave New World: Expensive Entertainment, Soma to Soothe the Masses, Industrialized, Sexless Reproduction.1984: Telescreens, Pneumatic Tubes Whoosh Paper Records to Memory HolesTechnological Revolutions are Tough to Predict: Technological Revolutions are Tough to Predict, Single Key Invention Sets Off a Revolution, Confluence of Many Unrelated Discoveries and Inventions, Others may be StymiedPolitical and socially dependent outcomes : Loss of privacy via crowd-surveillance, monitoring of communications, Autonomic killing drones, Fossil fuels vs. renewable energy sources, Safety of infrastructure, finance, energy, Nuclear war??