quintel - david barker cto base station antenna evolution and revolution
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Base Station Antenna Evolution and RevolutionTRANSCRIPT
16 December 2011
Telefónica 2021 Networking Summit Base Station Antenna Evolution and Revolution David Barker, CTO Quintel Technology
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
The Capacity Crunch • The Capacity crunch
• We are all aware of it
• By 2025 there may be 50x, 500x increase?
• How is it solved? – More Spectrum (~3x increase by 2025)
– More Spectral Efficient access tech (~3x increase by 2025)
– More Spectral re-use/denser topologies (~?x increase)
– Pricing mechanisms
• Small Cells are the acknowledged answer in the
form of Femtos, Picos, etc and part of a HetNet.
• But the Macro Layer won’t be replaced by Femto
Layer, so how can the Macro layer evolve and be
prepared for the Capacity crunch?
Source: Verizon
How do we
close the gap?
Shannon’s Limit
has essentially
been reached; this
is all Spatial
Multiplexing/MIMO
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Spectrum Evolution
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1400
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
1990 GSM/GPRS/EDGE
1998
2004
UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+
2020
White Space/Interleaved
Spectrum 8x8 MIMO, CoMP, ICIC.
Elevation Beamforming
Azimuth Beamforming
2012
LTE FDD Rel 8/9/10/11
2x2 MIMO and Tx Div.
• FCC, UK, India promise another 500MHz by 2020; and with “hands-off”
approaches, incentive auctions and trading of spectrum.
• LTE-A is aligned with this multi-band concept to achieve 1Gbps and beyond.
• Results in more Spectrum Neighbours = more Inter-System interference scenarios
(GPS, DTV, Public Safety, PMR/SMR)
• Results in more Intra-System PIM Issues, especially with higher power Tx
• Logic could be to eventually migrate to cognitive radio systems, as per White
Space model?
Receive Div. Only
2016
TD-LTE Rel 8/9/10/11
4x4 MIMO, CoMP.
Azimuth Beamforming
DD2
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Space Efficiency Techniques
Multi-array
Multi-Port
Combiners
How the Base Station Antenna has evolved Maxwell’s Laws not Moore’s Law
Source: 3G Americas; 3G & 4G Antenna Deployment
Point of Flux:
Reconfigurable?
Active?
Adaptive?
More Bands?
2012?
Spectral Efficiency Techniques
Spectral and
Space
Efficiency
Mutually
Exclusive
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
MIMO Spectral Efficiency Evolution in LTE
ULA
number
of
sources
average
relative
gain
smallest
relative
gain
largest
relative
gain
CS/CB SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 2 Cell avg 4.03% 2.15% 5.90%
Cell-edge 4.42% 2.41% 6.42%
CS/CB SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells 4 Cell avg 5.32% 2.69% 7.11%
Cell-edge 20.64% 5.94% 45.67%
CS/CB MU-MIMO 2x2 vs. MU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 2 Cell avg 4.07% 2.77% 5.37%
Cell-edge 8.93% 4.40% 13.46%
> 9 cells 1 Cell avg 5.66% 5.66% 5.66%
Cell-edge 25.08% 25.08% 25.08%
CS/CB MU-MIMO 4x2 vs. MU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells 6 Cell avg 4.12% 1.31% 6.59%
Cell-edge 12.22% 5.83% 21.63%
> 9 cells 2 Cell avg 2.29% -0.65% 5.24%
Cell-edge 21.76% 21.05% 22.47%
JT SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 3 Cell avg 1.55% -1.61% 3.61%
Cell-edge 19.84% 12.84% 29.82%
JT SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells 3 Cell avg 1.12% -1.37% 2.74%
Cell-edge 13.49% 9.48% 16.83%
JT MU-MIMO 2x2 vs. MU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 3 Cell avg 13.53% 3.21% 20.27%
Cell-edge 40.50% 20.00% 64.18%
JT MU-MIMO 4x2 vs. MU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells 5 Cell avg 11.40% -1.58% 37.26%
Cell-edge 28.87% 9.56% 50.87%
> 9 cells 1 Cell avg -9.15% -9.15% -9.15%
Cell-edge 34.34% 34.34% 34.34%
cross-polarized antenna
number
of
sources
average
relative
gain
smallest
relative
gain
largest
relative
gain
CS/CB SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2 1 Cell avg 1.46% 1.46% 1.46%
Cell-edge 2.86% 2.86% 2.86%
CS/CB SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2 5 Cell avg 5.65% 1.81% 11.27%
Cell-edge 16.68% 3.21% 30.78%
CS/CB MU-MIMO 2x2 vs. MU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 3 Cell avg 3.71% 1.82% 6.80%
Cell-edge 5.17% 4.04% 7.14%
> 9 cells 2 Cell avg 0.86% -0.47% 2.20%
Cell-edge 15.21% 13.13% 17.29%
CS/CB MU-MIMO 4x2 vs. MU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells 7 Cell avg 3.63% -0.58% 7.26%
Cell-edge 11.66% 2.99% 26.18%
> 9 cells 2 Cell avg 1.09% -1.08% 3.26%
Cell-edge 17.32% 13.64% 20.99%
JT SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 2 Cell avg 2.19% 0.16% 4.21%
Cell-edge 14.80% 11.03% 18.57%
JT SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells 5 Cell avg 3.57% -3.97% 17.72%
Cell-edge 21.78% 6.77% 50.83%
JT MU-MIMO 2x2 vs. MU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 7 Cell avg 4.07% -5.64% 18.68%
Cell-edge 40.72% 9.52% 88.37%
> 9 cells 1 Cell avg 3.57% 3.57% 3.57%
Cell-edge 18.57% 18.57% 18.57%
JT MU-MIMO 4x2 vs. MU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells 7 Cell avg 8.70% -8.46% 38.96%
Cell-edge 31.35% 10.67% 80.70%
> 9 cells 1 Cell avg 6.86% 6.86% 6.86%
Cell-edge 18.18% 18.18% 18.18%
DCS SU-MIMO 2x2 vs. SU-MIMO 2x2 9 cells 2 Cell avg 1.69% 0.26% 3.13%
Cell-edge 2.01% 0.00% 4.01%
DCS SU-MIMO 4x2 vs. SU-MIMO 4x2 9 cells 1 Cell avg 18.33% 18.33% 18.33%
Cell-edge 41.04% 41.04% 41.04%
JT: Joint Transmission (Multi-Cell Tx)
CS/CB: Co-ordinated Scheduling & Beamforming
2x2 Single User MIMO
R8
2012
3GPP Study item in release 11 LTE
3GPP TR 36.819 V11.0.0 (2011-09)
captures these simulation results.
CoMP/ICIC techniques in particular
improve cell edge performances.
Slow but steady evolution in Spectral
Efficiencies, at the expense of
complexity.
2x2 Multi User MIMO
R9
Dual Layer Beamforming (R9)
Azimuth Plane Coherent
Beamforming
Emphasis on UE
only having 2x
Antennas
4x2 Single User/Multi Cell MIMO (CoMP)
R10
2015
Tx1
Higher-order
Azimuth Plane
Coherent
Beamforming
Tx2
4x2 Multi User/Multi Cell MIMO (CoMP)
R11
2018
Tx1
Tx2
1.4
1.8 2.3
2.5 2.7 3.5
3.0 3.4 4.0
Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz)
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
MIMO Spectral Efficiency Evolution in LTE Dual Layer Beamforming in LTE Release 9
• With 3GPP Release 9 (TD-LTE) and Release 10 (FDD), a
feature called “Dual Layer Beamforming” allows the LTE
Downlink shared traffic channel to use 2x2 Spatial Multiplexing
MIMO plus Adaptive Beamforming.
• With 4xPA’s (i.e. a 4T4R Base Station) you can transmit a
signal on two feeders; each signal carrying the same
information but having different phase weights.
• Example shown left, where different LTE Physical resource
Blocks (i.e. different groups of LTE OFDM Sub-Tones) are
delivered with different Azimuthally Beamformed patterns.
• Each user receives their respective signals via individual
optimal Beamformed patterns.
• Beamforming in this way improves overall C/I which in turns
ensures that Spatial Multiplexing occurs more often.
+45
-45
4T4R
Base Station
+45
-45
Base Pattern
of each array
Azimuthal Beamformed Patterns
created for different users
(using different Physical Resource
Blocks in Time & Frequency)
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Quintel Product Application Families
MultiServTM Product Family
Multiband/Multi-Port Products
• >2x more ports than standard antennas
• Maintains standard form factor
• Delivers Quad and Penta bands
• Enables LTE deployment in new and
existing frequency bands
• Max ports & tilts enables high order
MIMO capabilities and mitigates PIM
MultiWavTM Product Family
Adaptive Elevation Beamforming Products
• Same benefits as MultiServ plus
• Complement or alternative to fully active
antenna deployments
• The answer to delivering “smart” antenna
features, whilst supporting legacy services,
and across multiple bands.
Space Efficient Mast Solutions Spectrum Efficient Mast Solutions
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
How Quintel QTiltTM Technology Works
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UMTS2100 GSM1800 T
x/R
x
Tx/R
x
+45
1800
+45
2100
Quintel VET Principle (2x Tilts)
GSM1800 UMTS2100
Po
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Div
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Actuator
Base Station
Standard VET Antenna
Tx/R
x
Phase slope
across array
(–q to +q )
Max Tilt
Min Tilt
Mid Tilt
Phase slope
across array
(–q to +q )
Single Phase
Difference
(–f to +f )
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Tx/R
x
Quintel VET Principle
Max Tilt
Min Tilt
Mid Tilt
Base Station
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Solutions for Space Efficiency Quintel MultiServTM
LTE-AWS
GSM1900 GSM850 LTE700
700/850/1900 Combiners
700/850/1900 Combiners
LTE(AWS) Remote Head Solution shown
700/850/1900 Combiners
AWS
PCS1900
LTE700
800/850 Service
GSM900 UMTS2100 GSM1800
Tx
/Rx
Tx
/Rx
Tx
/Rx
Tx
/Rx
Tx
/Rx
Tx
/Rx
Tx
/Rx
Optional Band Combiners
Optional TMAs
LTE800
LTE2600
4T4R
8-9/18
GSM900/
LTE800
Tx
/Rx
Optional 8-900/1800 Combiners
GSM1800 UMTS2100
Space Efficiency
Techniques
LTE2600 (4T4R) 10x Ports:
2x 790-960MHz
4x 1710-2170MHz
4x 2490-2690MHz
8x Ports:
2x 698-894MHz
2x 1850-1990MHz
2x 1710-1770/2110-2180MHz
700/850/1900 Combiners
2m
2m
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
More Spectrum Example of Intra System Interference
“Back to the Future”
Solution
Problem
GSM/UMTS 850AB
LTE 700
Quintel
MultiServ
Antenna
(Tx)
Quintel
MultiServ Antenna
(Rx)
T R T R
700/850 Combiners
700/850 Combiners
700/850 Combiners
700/850 Combiners
700/850 Combiners
700/850 Combiners
700/850 Combiners
700/850 Combiners
Rx: 700BC
Tx: 700DEBC
Either Un-duplex or
break out at native
Tx, Rx ports
All Tx Sub-Bands are
Transmitted (30MHz)
A Spectral Efficiency Technique
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
MIMO Engineering & Innovation Back to the Future: Space Diversity for Spectral Efficiency?
Quintel Dualband 8 Port Antennas (698-894MHz/1710-2170MHz)
6x Independent Tilts
LTE-AWS
UMTS
850
GSM 1900
GSM 850
LTE 700
UMTS 1900
700/850/1900 Combiners
700/850/1900 Combiners
700/850/1900 Combiners
700/850/1900 Combiners
700/850/1900 Combiners
700/850/1900 Combiners
700/850/1900 Combiners
700/850/1900 Combiners
Hybrid Space+Polz Diversity For all services
2x2 MIMO LTE(AWS) Remote Head Solution shown
• For 2x Antennas per sector.
• Quintel solution allows initial 2x2 MIMO with
either:
– Conventional X-Polar only, or
– Spatially Separated orthogonal Polarisations
• Upgrade to 4x4 MIMO on 700 and AWS bands
• Patented technique and application.
A Spectral Efficiency Technique
2x2 MIMO LTE700
“Back to the Future”
Solution
Quintel
MultiServ Antenna
Quintel
MultiServ Antenna
Modeling and capacity of polarized
MIMO channels
Mikael Coldrey
Ericsson Research, Ericsson AB,
SWEDEN
1dB Spectral Efficiency Gains
1998 IEEE Paper
1dB Diversity Gains
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
What is an Active Antenna?
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Integrated RRH/
Passive Antenna
Distributed
Amplifiers
Distributed Transceivers
with Sub-Array
What is an Active Antenna?
• Integrated RRH/Passive Antenna (Not strictly an Active Antenna)
• Distributed Amplifiers
• Distributed Amplifiers feeding Sub-Arrays
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Quin
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RRH Q
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Quin
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Bottom
Mount RRH
Quintel Alternative/Compliment to Active Antenna Quintel MultiWav
• Quintel offers deployment flexibility for location of Radios
• Fully Passive Antenna. Exploits 4T4R Base Stations
• Re-use of same RRH modules/hardware in all configs
• Re-use of same RRH modules/hardware for standard,
non-Quintel applications
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Passive
Antenna
Part
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Antenna Innovation What could be achieved with an Active Antenna?
• Multi dimensional applications covering
• Optimisation of different access technologies in same freq band
• Optimising individual RF channels within same standard
• Enhancing cell throughput on network or cluster basis.
Spectral Efficiency
Techniques
Elevation Beamforming
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
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(-4
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Ph
ase
Sh
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T R T T R T
Dynamic
(adaptive) tilting
(per user) for
LTE Uplink
Independent
Static Tilt for
LTE Downlink
+45 -45
LTE eNB (2T/4R Configuration)
T R T R
RxD3 RxD4
R
A Solution for Spectral Efficiency MultiWav - Adaptive Elevation Beamforming (Uplink only)
Tx/Rx2 Tx/Rx1
• Connecting a 2T4R Base Station as shown with 4-way
Maximal Ratio Combiner (MRC), rather than usual 2-
way MRC.
• MRC algorithm simply applies weights and phase
delays to the 4x Rx inputs to maximize C/I, and will do
this on a per channel (per user) basis at baseband.
• Applying phase delays to within each of the Rx
differential pairs is simply creating a coherent beam
(tilt) toward/from each user/terminal, and then applying
phase/weights between +45 and -45 is then standard
2-way Rx diversity.
LTE Downlink LTE Uplink (Adaptive)
T R
4-Way
MRC
T R
S
R
Spectral Efficiency Techniques
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
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(-4
5o)
LTE (R9+)
4T4R
+45A +45B -45A -45B
Beamforming
in Elevation
across each
A&B ports
Spatial Multiplexing
up to Rank 2 across
+45 and -45 BF pairs
Dynamic
Beamform/Tilting
for LTE
Interference
UE
A Solution for Spectral Efficiency MultiWav - Adaptive Elevation Beamforming (Up & Downlink)
Can be a 2T4R eNodeB
(giving Uplink adaptive
coherent Beamforming)
LTE (10MHz) Throughput vs. Distance Scatter Plot (Central Cells/Int Tilts)
(Mech Tilt = 3o, Elec Tilt=2
o, Bin Size = 10m, Boresight +/- 30
o)
Sites without Traffic EDT=7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500
Distance (m)
Th
rou
gh
pu
t (M
bp
s)Original Throughput
Optimised Throughput
LTE 2GHz/20MHz 2x2 Config
Flat Earth 3x19 cell geometry
(25m Ht x 500m Cell Radii)
Monte-Carlo Simulation
Mbps (y) vs. Dist in m (x)
Blue – No Elevation BF
Red – With Elevation BF
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Antenna Hardware Evolution?
• There are Active Antennas which are purely active, offering 1x
box at the top of the mast.
• Then, there’s a roadmap for Active Antennas which also will
promise adaption of the (vertical) beam pattern on a per
Physical Resource Block (PRB) or user resolution basis.
• The latter being a focus of a lot of OEM vendors right now; fits
with slim line antennas for Western markets.
• Quintel are offering a complimentary solution delivering smart
(adaptive) coherent Beamforming in radio channels where full
complex vector control of each antenna element isn’t
necessary.
Baseband/D
AC
/RF
Sta
ges
Optical F
ibre
Active Adaptive
Antenna
Baseband
Server
Innovation:
Quintel
Multi-Band Capable
Offers Active/Smart
antenna type features
Completely Passive
Optical F
ibre
Baseband
Server
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BB-RF
Dual-PA
IRU
Full Complex vector control at
each element
(Fully Active Adaptive Array)
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
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(-4
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Ph
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Sh
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9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8
GSM900, UMTS900
LTE800
4xTx/Rx
+45 -45
Dynamic
Beamform/Tilting
for LTE800
RET for 900
2xTx/Rx
• One 4T4R plus one 2T2R base station
example shown
• Quintel advantage is that a single column array lends itself
to dual-array (dual-band) topology readily. A side-by-side
column array (conventional Azimuthal Beamforming) may
prove difficult to make dual-band.
• Quintel can also offer our conventional independent (static)
tilt for legacy services as illustrated left, as per our
MultiServ product approach.
• Potentially, beamforming in elevation could prove more
effective than beamforming in Azimuth, due to the fact
interference comes from one direction (the horizon) rather
than multiple directions as in Azimuth.
Quintel Elevation Beamforming Antenna Legacy support plus Adaptive Elevation Beamforming
Space Efficiency Techniques
Spectral Efficiency Techniques
And
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Deployment?
Weight
Critical
Weight
Critical
RRH
Copyright © 2011 Quintel. All rights reserved.
Quintel Confidential.
Thank You! Dave Barker +44 7958 418 816
When wireless is pushed to the limit the answer isn’t more of the same
The answer is
more innovation