quinlan-colwell post stroke painr conference documents... · 9/4/2014 1 post stroke pain ann...

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9/4/2014 1 Post Stroke Pain Ann QuinlanColwell PhD, RNBC, DAAPM Conflict of Interest Disclosure Conflicts of Interest for author is: A consultant for and on the Mallinckrodt Speakers Bureau for nonbranded education. A conflict of interest is a particular financial or nonfinancial circumstance that might compromise, or appear to compromise, professional judgment. Anything that fits this should be included. Examples are owning stock in a company whose product is being evaluated, being a consultant or employee of a company whose product is being evaluated, etc. Taken in part from “On Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research”. National Academies Press. 1995. Any views or opinions in this presentation are solely those of the author/presenter and do not necessarily represent the views or opinions of the American Society for Pain Management Nursing®.

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Page 1: Quinlan-Colwell Post Stroke PainR Conference Documents... · 9/4/2014 1 Post Stroke Pain Ann Quinlan‐Colwell PhD, RN‐BC, DAAPM Conflict of Interest Disclosure • Conflicts of

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Post Stroke Pain

Ann Quinlan‐Colwell

PhD, RN‐BC, DAAPM

Conflict of Interest Disclosure

• Conflicts of Interest for author is:A consultant for and on the Mallinckrodt

Speakers Bureau for non‐branded education.

A conflict of interest is a particular financial or non‐financial circumstance that might compromise, or appear to compromise, professional judgment.  Anything that fits this should be included.  Examples are owning stock in a company whose product is being evaluated, being a consultant or employee of a company whose product is being evaluated, etc.  

– Taken in part from “On Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research”.  National Academies Press. 1995.

Any views or opinions in this presentation are solely those of the author/presenter and do not necessarily represent the views or opinions of the American Society for Pain Management Nursing®.

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Pain

“An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.”                             

(IASP definition)

“Pain is whatever  the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does.”                   (McCaffery, 1968)

Types of Pain

• Acute – Somatic

– Visceral

• Chronic– Somatic

– Visceral

• Neuropathic

• Combinations

Epidemiology of Post Stroke Pain

• Prevalence – estimated between 19% and 74%

• Challenges to accuracy:– Variation in 

• HCP consideration or identification • patient endorsement

– Lack of standardized assessment

• Results in– Impaired recovery– Reduced quality of life

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Which is true?

Identifying pain in a patient who has had a stroke is complicated by:

a) Lack of HCP awareness

b) Challenges in stabilization and rehabilitation

c) Communication challenges

d) All of the above

Which is true?

Identifying pain in a patient who has had a stroke is complicated by:

a) Lack of HCP awareness

b) Challenges in stabilization and rehabilitation

c) Communication challenges

d) All of the above

Occurrence

• Pre‐existing

• At the time of the stroke

• Post stroke

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Assessment

• Identify pre‐existing chronic pain conditions

• Identify stroke related injuries 

• Screening Tools

• Clinical Examination

• Pain specific assessment– Pain Intensity

– Pain Quality

• Functional Ability

True or False

Pre‐existing chronic pain is the easiest to identify and treat in a patient following a stroke.

True or False

Pre‐existing chronic pain is the easiest to identify and treat in a patient following a stroke.

True

However

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Pre‐existing Chronic Pain

• “Easiest to identify and treat”

• Challenges:

– Overlook

– Minimize import

– Discontinue Rx

Assessment ofPre‐existing Chronic Pain

• Patient

• Family

• PCP

• Community pharmacy

Intervention forPre‐existing Chronic Pain

• Resume chronic Analgesic Plan of Care (APOC)

• Monitor

• Adjust

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Stroke Related Traumatic Injuries

Assessment of Stroke Related Traumatic Injuries

• Function

• Non‐verbal cues

• Family input

• Testing

Stroke Related Traumatic Injuries

• Muscle strains

• Dislocations

• Fractures

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Interventions forStroke Related Traumatic Injuries

• Injury specific

• NSAIDS

• Muscle Relaxants

• Casting, splinting, slings

• Physical Therapy

• Non‐pharm interventions

Pain Resulting from the Stroke

Of the following which painful condition/s may be related specifically to the stroke:

a) Spasticity

b) Persistent h/a

c) Contractures

d) Musculoskeletal pain

e) Neuropathic pain

f) Central post stroke pain

Pain Resulting from the Stroke

Of the following which painful condition/s may be related specifically to the stroke:

a) Spasticity

b) Persistent h/a

c) Contractures

d) Musculoskeletal pain

e) Neuropathic pain

f) Central post stroke pain

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Central Post‐stroke Pain

Central Post‐stroke Pain

All of the following are true of Central post‐stroke pain (CPSP) except

a) Prevalence is 8% ‐ 46%

b) Difficult to control

c) Easy to identify

d) Impairs recovery

e) Impairs quality of life

Central Post‐stroke Pain

All of the following are true of Central post‐stroke pain (CPSP) except

a) Prevalence is 8% ‐ 46%

b) Difficult to control

c) Easy to identify

d) Impairs recovery

e) Impairs quality of life

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Central Post‐stroke Pain

• “Syndrome thalamique”

• Markedly under‐recognized

• Complicated by:

– Other pain conditions

– Comorbidities

(Quinlan‐Colwell, 2014)

CPSP Diagnosis is Challenging

In one study experts disagreed on CPSP diagnosis in what percent of the cases?

a) 11%

b) 22%

c) 43%

d) 77%

CPSP Diagnosis is Challenging

In one study experts disagreed on CPSP diagnosis in what percent of the cases?

a) 11%

b) 22%

c) 43%

d) 77%

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CPSP Characteristics

• Location 

– Isolated areas

– Entire side

• 85% report either

– Dysesthesia

– Allodynia

CPSP Duration & Description

• Spontaneous and intermittent– shooting

– lacerating

• Prolonged– Burning

– Pricking

– Aching

– Freezing 

CPSP Diagnosis

• Made by exclusion

• Suggested to be essential for CPSP diagnosis

1) h/o stroke w pain developing after stroke onset

2) Physiological pain that corresponds to a  

confirmed CNS lesion

3) Nociceptive and peripheral NP not likely causes 

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CPSP Diagnosis continued

• Suggested to be supportive of CPSP diagnosis – Pain is not related primarily to movement, inflammation or tissue damage

– Description includes:• “burning”• “painful cold”• “electric shocks”• “stinging”• “pins and needles”• “aching”• “pressing”

– Touch or cold produce allodynia or dysesthesia(Greenspan et al, 2004; Klit et al, 2009; Quinlan‐Colwell, 2012)

Central Post‐stroke PainTreatment

• Which of the following is/are notrecommended for treatment of CPSP?

a) NSAID

b) Local anesthetics

c) NMDA receptor antagonists

d) opioids

Central Post‐stroke PainTreatment

• Which of the following is/are not recommended for treatment of CPSP?

a) NSAID

b) Local anesthetics

c) NMDA receptor antagonists

d) opioids

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Multi‐modalTreatment of 

Central Post‐stroke Pain Specific 

Multi‐modal Treatment

• Essential to use multi‐modal approach

• Difficult to treat

• Studies have been small

• No medication is currently FDA approved for CPSP

• Concerns using medications with older adults

1st Line Treatment Options

(Henry, Lalloo & Yashpal, 2008)

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Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

• Amitriptyline   

– Effective at 75 mg/ day                        (Leijon & Boivie, 1989)

– Lower doses not beneficial (Sindrup, et al, 2005)

• Concerns/Cautions

– Anti‐cholinergic effects

– Particular concern for amitriptyline w/ older adults

(Quinlan‐Colwell, 2012)

Calcium Channel Ligands 

• Gabapentin– N‐1 case study showed pain relief          (Stitik, et al, 2002)

– Reversed mechanical bilateral allodynia  (Castel & Vachon, 2014) 

• Pregabalin ‐ effective with CPSP                         – Statistical significance                                   (Vranken, et al, 2008)

– Clinical significance   (Kim et al, 2011)

Lamotrigine

• An anti‐glutaminergic preparation 

• FDA approved as anticonvulsant

• Effective in reducing CPSP:– 30 older adults with 200 mg/ day     (Vestergard, et al, 2001)

– Good results with 300 – 600 mg/day       (Fese, et al, 2006)

• Side Effects– Rash– Headache                                                     (Vestergard, et al, 2001)

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2nd Line 

Treatment Options

Opioids

• Can be effective in overall APOC  (Kilt, 2009)

but

• Generally are not effective

• Associated with adding to central sensitization(Wiloch, et al, 2004)

• High withdrawal rate (Kilt, 2009)

Interventional Treatment of Central Post‐stroke Pain

• Vestibular caloric stimulation

• Deep brain stimulation

• Spinal cord stimulation

• Motor cortex stimulation

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Post Stroke Shoulder Pain

Post Stroke Shoulder Pain

• Prevalence between 5% ‐ 84%             (Chae, et al, 2007)

• Increases with post stroke time

• Correlated with– Motor deficit

– Affected side

– Severity of impairment

– Living at home                                 (Ratnasbapathy, et al, 2003)

Characteristics of PSSP

• Pain may present as

– neuropathic 

– Spastic

– Somatic 

• Complex Regional Pain Syndrome may develop

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Crucial

• Prevention!!!!

• Early awareness and intervention

• Prevent additional injury

Treatment of PSSP

• Physical Therapy

• Mechanical Interventions– Thermal treatment

– Positioning 

– Strapping

– Slings – opinions differ

– TENS

• Education– Patient

– Caregivers 

Medications for PSSP

• NSAIDS 

• Anti‐spasmodics

• Botulism IM studied                              (Marco et al, 2007)

• Subscapularis injections                       (Yelnick et al, 2007)

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Non‐pharm interventions

• Non‐pharm interventions are helpful for:

a) Chronic pre‐stroke pain

b) Injuries at the time of the stroke

b) Central post stroke pain

c) Post stroke shoulder pain

d) All of the above

e) None of the above

Non‐pharm interventions

• Non‐pharm interventions are helpful for:

a) Chronic pre‐stroke pain

b) Injuries at the time of the stroke

b) Central post stroke pain

c) Post stroke shoulder pain

d) All of the above

e) None of the above

Non‐Pharm Interventions

• Physical / Occupational Therapy

• Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

• Stress Management Education

• Guided Imagery

• Relaxation

• Acupuncture

• Therapeutic Touch

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References• Attal, N., Cruccu, G., Haanpӓӓ, M., Hansson, P., Jensen, T.S., Nurmikko, T., Sampaio, C., Sindrup, S., & Wiffen, P. (2006). EFNS guidelines on 

pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain. European Journal of Neurology, 13, 1153‐1169.• Castel, A. & Vachlon, P. (2014). Gabapentin reverses central pain sensitization following a collagenase‐induced intrathalmic hemorrhage in rats. 

Journal of Pain Research, 20, 4, 5‐12.• Chae, J., Mascarenhaus, D., Yu, D. T., Kirsteins, A., Elovic, E. P., Flanagan, S. R., Harvey, R. L., Zorowitz, R. D., & Fang, A‐P. (2007). Poststroke shoulder 

pain: its relationship to motor impairment, activity limitation and quality of life. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 88, 298‐301.• Fesem et al (2006). Pharmacologic treatment of central post‐stroke pain. Clinical Journal of Pain, 22, 252‐260.• Henry, J. L., Lalloo, C., & Yashpal, K. (2008). Central poststroke pain: an abstruse outcome. Pain Research and Management, 13, 1, 41‐49.• Jӧnsson, A‐C.,  Lindgren, I.,  Hallstrӧm, B., Norrving, B. & Lindgren, A. (2006). Prevalence and intensity of pain after stroke: a population based study 

focusing on patients’ perspectives. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 77, 590‐595• Kilt, H., Finnerup, N. B. & Jensen, T.S. (2009). Central post‐stroke pain: clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and management. The Lancet, 8, 

857‐868. Retrieved 01/19/2014 from www.thelancet.com/neurology• Kim, J. S. (2009). Post‐stroke pain. Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 9, 711‐721.• Kim, J. S., Bashford, G., Murphy, T. K., Martin, A., Dror, V., & Cheung, R. (2011). Safety and efficacy of pregabalin in patients with central post‐stroke 

pain,  Pain, 152, 1018‐1023.     • Kumar, G. & Soni, C. R. (2009). Central post‐stroke pain: current evidence. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 284, 10‐17.• Leijon, G & Boivie, J. (1989). Central post‐stroke pain – a controlled trial of amitriptyline and carbamazepine. Pain, 36, 27–36.

McGeoch, P. D., Williams, L.E., Lee, R.R. & Ramachandran, V.S. (2009). Behavoural evidence for vestibular stimulation as a treatment for central post‐stroke pain. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 79, 1296‐1301.

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• Price, C. I. M. & Pandyan, A. D.  (2008). Electrical stimulation for preventing and treating post‐stroke shoulder pain. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2000, 4, Art. No: CD001698.

• Quinlan‐Colwell, A. (2014) Pain following stroke. Southern Pain Society Newsletter.• Quinlan‐Colwell, A. (2012). Neuropathic pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy; Central poststroke pain syndrome; 

Facial pain associated with temporal arteritis and trigeminal neuralgia (299‐334). In: Compact Clinical Guide to Geriatric Pain Management. NY, Springer Publishing Co.

• Ratnasabapathy, Y., Broad, J, Baskett, J., Pledger, M., Marshall, J., & Bonita, R. (2003). Shoulder pain in people with a stroke: a population‐based study. Clinical Rehabilitation, 17, 304‐311.

• Sindrup, S.H.,  Otto, M.,  Finnerup, N.B.,  & Jensen, T. S. (2005). Antidepressants in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 96, 399‐409.

• Stitick, Foye, Nadler & Delisa (2002). CPCP syndrome yet another use for gabapentin?  American Journal of Physical Medicine, 81, 718‐720• Vestergard, et al (2001). Lamotrigine for central post‐stroke pain: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology, 56, 184‐190.• Vranken, et al (2008). Pregabalin in patients with central neuropathic pain: a randomized double‐bind, placebo‐controlled trial of a flexible‐dose 

regimen.  Pin, 136,  15‐157. • Walsh, K. (2001). Management of shoulder pain in patients with stroke. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 77, 645‐649.• Willoch, F. Schindler, F., Wester, H.J., Empl, M. Straube, A., Schwaiger, M., Contrad, B., & Tӧlle, T.R.  (2004). Central poststroke pain and reduced 

opioid receptor binding within pain processing circuitries: a [11C]diprenorphine PET study. Pain, 108, 213‐220.• Yelnik, A. P.,  Colle, F., Bonan I. V. and Vicaut, E. (2007). Treatment of shoulder pain in spastic hemiplegia by reducing spasticity of the subscapular 

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Terminology

• Allodynia – usually painless stimuli that is perceived as painful

• Hyperalgesia – intensified response to a noxious stimuli

• Paresthesias – abnormal sensations                  (ie spontaneous pins & needles)

• Dysesthesias – unpleasant perception of sensory stimuli to the skin

• Hyperpathia – increased reaction especially to a    repetitive stimulus; “explosive”