quick review of remote sensing basic theory paolo antonelli cimss university of wisconsin-madison...
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Quick Review of Remote Sensing
Basic Theory
Paolo Antonelli
CIMSSUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison
South Africa, April 2006
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Outline
IR at High Spectral Resolution
• Basic Principles
• Limits in IR remote sensing
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Visible(Reflective Bands)
Infrared(Emissive Bands)
High Spectral Resolution
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High Spectral Resolution
High Spectral Resolution High Vertical Resolution
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Radiative Transfer Equation
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Transmittance for an off-line Channels
z
1
close to 1a close to 0
z1
z2
z3
+ a + r = 1
The molecular species in the atmosphere are not very active:•most of the photons emitted by the surface make it to the Satellite • if a is close to 0 in the atmosphere then is close to 0, not much contribution from the atmospheric layers
Surface emissionAtmospheric emission
T(z1)
T(z2)
T(z3)
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Trasmittance on an Absorption Line
z
1z1
z2
z3
Absorption Channel: close to 0
a close to 1
One or more molecular species in the atmosphere is/are very active:•most of the photons emitted by the surface will not make it to the Satellite (they will be absorbed) • if a is close to 1 in the atmosphere then is close to 1, most of the observed energy comes from one or more of the uppermost atmospheric layers
z4 T(z4)
T(z3)
T(z2)
T(z1)
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Weighting Functions
1z1
z2
zN
d/dzz1
z2
zN
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What Causes Absorption?
Molecules in the Atmosphere.
For any layer of the atmosphere, molecular absorption
determines the layer emissivity and trasmittivity
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CO2 Lines
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H2O Lines
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Vibrational Lines
CO2 O3 H2O CO2
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Rotational Lines
CO2
O3 H2OCO2
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HeIght
Absorption
Wavenumber Energy Contribution
Weighting Functions
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Broad Band
window
CO2 O3 H2O
window
Samplig of vibrational bandsIntegration over rotational bands
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… in Brightness Temperature
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High Spectral Resolution
Samplig over rotational bands
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AIRS and MODIS(mt Etna, Sicily, 28 Oct 2002)
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Broad Band vs High Spectral
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Questions
For a given water vapor line what happens to its weighting functionWhen the amount of upper tropospheric water vapor increases?
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Tau100% 0
For a given water vapor spectral channel
Wet Atm.
Dry Atm.
Dry
Wet
ModerateModerate
Weighting Function
HEIGHT
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Questions
How does it look the observed spectrum for high thick water vapor cloud ?
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Thick Cloud Opacity
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Questions
Moving deeper and deeper into an absorption line the observedBT tends do decrease, why?
Is it always true that the BT decreases going deeper into the absorption band?
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Temperature Inversions
AIRS (20 July 2002)calculation Sub-Arctic Winter
May 2001 S. Pole radiosondeprofile used in calculation (0.365 mm H2O)
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Conclusions
High Spectral Resolution
High VerticalResolution
Large Volumeof Data
(redundancy)