Question Marks

ColonsFull Stops

Exclamation Marks

Speech Marks

Commas

Semi-Colons

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NounsBack to

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Complex Sentences

Chunks of Meaning Auxiliary

Verb

Improving Sentences

Connectives

Adverbs

Verbs

Adjectives

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Chunks of Meaning

• Nouns• Verbs• Adjectives• Adverbs

Words

DogBig Barked

Clauses

• Words and phrases go together to make clauses• A clause must always have a verb in• It may also have other chunks, but as long as there’s only one verb (or verb chain) it’s a single clause• Clauses can be put together to make compound or complex sentences.

the big dog was barking

subject verb

At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was barking rather wistfully, in the garden behind my house.

Clauses

Phrases

the big dogin the garden

was barking

Chunks of Meaning

Words

DogBig Barked

the big dog was barking

subject verb

Clauses

Phrases

the big dogin the garden

was barking

Chunks of MeaningWords

Dog Big Barked

SentencesAt midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was

barking rather wistfully, in the garden behind my house.

the big dog was barking

subject verb

Commas can also affect meaning

SentenceSlow, children crossing.

• Go slowly there are children crossing the road.Sentence

Slow children crossing.

• This is just describing that there are a group of slow children crossing something.

Let’s PracticeOur teacher Mr Elliot like’s Tortoises a lot.

The human body is a fantastic thing which we really take for granted but should really take more care of.

School is fun most of the time but can sometimes be boring.

The man ran down the hallway not noticing the people behind him.

When you go to sleep you sometimes have dreams that can turn into nightmares.

She looked around wondering if anyone was following her when she saw a shadow behind her.

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Semi-colonsSemi-colonsSemi-colonsSemi-colonsWhere should they go?Where should they go?

;;

Colons and Semi-colonsLike commas and full tops they

mark the places where you would pause when speaking.

: ;

Each punctuation mark has a certain strength.

The comma is the weakest mark, then comes the semi-colon. The colon is stronger than the semi-colon, but weaker than the full stop.

,;:.

Semi-colon

A semi-colon can sometimes be used to replace a full stop. It links two complete sentences and turns them into one. A semi-colon can sometimes be used to replace a full stop. It links two complete sentences and turns them into one.

Here’s howThe door swung open; a masked figure strode in.

He never took any exercise; consequently he became very fat.

At the circus we saw a clown juggling with swords and daggers; a lion who stood on a ball; a fire eater with flashing eyes; and an eight year old acrobat.

She was very tired; she had worked late the night before.

Have a go!1. The rabbit had been sadly neglected it

was in an awful state.

2. John opened the drawer it was empty.

3. The wedding invitations have all been sent out two hundred guests are expected.

4. Tom was very clever and worked hard he deserved to pass all his Sats.

5. Sally’s birthday is in November John’s is in September.

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ColonsColonsColonsColonsWhere should they go?Where should they go?

::

Colons and Semi colonsLike commas and full tops they

mark the places where you would pause when speaking.

: ;

Each punctuation mark has a certain strength.

The comma is the weakest mark, then comes the semi-colon. The colon is stronger than the semi-colon, but weaker than the full stop.

,;:.

Colon

A colon can sometimes be used to introduce lists.

You need the following ingredients: eggs, butter, flour, sugar and milk.

Colons

Are used in plays.

Tom: Don’t forget to lock the door.Lisa: I won’t.Tom: And close all the windows.

ColonsCan be used before direct speech,

instead of a comma.

To my amazement, I heard Mary say: “I am never coming back.”

Have a go!1. I think I have remembered everything,

string, nails, plywood, hammer and pliers.

2. Remember the saying “A stitch in time saves nine.”

3. All my tools were stolen a hammer, saw, screwdriver and wire cutters.

4. I enjoy all subjects French, Spanish, English and Maths.

5. Roald Dahl wrote many books James and the Giant Peach, Esio Trot and The Twits.

6. I shall never forget his advice “If you can’t say something nice, don’t say anything at all.”

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Negative Prefixes

A prefix is added to the beginning of a word, or to a word root to change its meaning. For example adding un to pleasant becomes unpleasant. It makes the original word an antonym (its opposite)

Try these: Move the un to the root word and see what antonym you get

Un

dress

decided

cooked

acceptable

pleasant

did

Choose negative prefixes from the box to make each of these words into antonyms.

word rootsjusticepoliteapprovebehavepossiblesufficientliteratecolourtrusthonest

In dis mis im il

Can you think of any more examples of antonyms

containing these negative prefixes? Does it change its spelling in each case?

Can you think of any more examples of antonyms

containing these negative prefixes? Does it change its spelling in each case?

Use a dictionary and a thesaurus to help. On your whiteboards write these word roots to make antonyms. Work

in pairs. Word

experiencelogicalmatureregularpossiblecompletelegalreversible

Antonym using negative prefix

Show me your Whiteboards.

How did you get on?What did you learn?

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Their, There and They’reTheir, There and They’reTheir, There and They’reTheir, There and They’re

Their• Belonging to them

There• Over there

They’re• They are

Which one?• How often do they tidy __________

mess up? Never!

Which one?• How often do they tidy their mess

up? Never!

Which one?• _________ legs are so long, they

can just walk over fences!

Which one?• Their legs are so long, they can

just walk over fences!

Which one?• The Science Books are over _____.

Which one?• The Science Books are over there.

Which one?• “__________” over __________!”

shouted Mr Studd.

Which one?• “They’re” over there!” shouted Mr

Studd.

Which one?• __________ lazy! That is ______

rubbish over __________. .

Which one?• They’re lazy! That is their rubbish

over there.

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PunctuationPunctuationPunctuationPunctuation

Making Sense of WritingMaking Sense of Writing

Capital Letters• We need these to begin a new

sentence.• For proper nouns which are the

names of people, places, book and film titles.

• Can you think of any proper nouns which need a capital letter?

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Proper Nouns• Jenny, who lived in King

Street, Manchester, had a pet frog who liked to jump in the air. She wrote a book about it called The Leaping Frog.

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Why do we need full stops?

• Full stops are needed to divide up sentences so that we know where to pause.

• They are used when we have finished saying one thing, and we are going on to say something else.

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Can you spot where we need full stops?

• Sean was eating a large pizza he was getting fed up with it he decided to give the rest to the dog the dog was happy

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Commas• We need commas to

separate items in a list.• She had a ham sandwich, a

drink, a jelly, and a chocolate bar for lunch.

Any other reason for commas?

• We also use commas to separate clauses in complex sentences.

• The boy was playing with a football, which had been signed by Wayne Rooney.

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Question marks• Of course we use question

marks when a question is asked. This often occurs when characters use speech.

Can you all hear me?

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Speech marks• We let the reader know when

someone is speaking by putting speech marks around the spoken words.

• “I will be on TV some day,” announced Jimmy. “ Just you wait and see.”

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Exclamation marks!• Exclamation marks are used

to emphasise meaning. It could be to :-

• Give a word more strength• Show someone is shouting• Add a sense of urgency

HELP!

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What shall we do now?• First you must use capitals and full stops.

Read it out loud to yourself. Identify each sentence.

• Have you used a capital for proper nouns?• Check if you have long sentences or lists that

need dividing up with commas.• Have you used any questions? What do you

need?• Have you shown when a character is

speaking?• Do you wish to emphasise any words?

CHECK PUNCTUATION.

• You will all have a punctuation check list.

• Use it every time you do a piece of writing.

C . , ? “ ___” !

The Mighty The Mighty ApostropheApostropheThe Mighty The Mighty ApostropheApostrophe

’’

The apostrophe has 2 functions

1. To replace missing letters in contractions.

2. To show that something belongs to someone.

(possession)

ContractiContractionsons

ContractiContractionsons

I amI am I amI am

I’m I’m

We areWe areWe areWe are

We’reWe’re

He isHe isHe isHe is

He’sHe’s

Now try contracting these words.

•Can not•She had•They are•He will•We have

•Can’t•She’d•They’re•He’ll•We’ve

PossessioPossessionn

PossessioPossessionn

Apostrophes can Apostrophes can also be used to also be used to

show that show that something belongs something belongs to someone else.to someone else.

Apostrophes can Apostrophes can also be used to also be used to

show that show that something belongs something belongs to someone else.to someone else.

Mr Elliot’s chairMr Elliot’s chair. .

Have a go at putting the apostrophes in the right

place.• The pencil case that belonged to Megan. • Megan’s pencil case.• The drink that belonged to Jack• Jack’s drink.• The book that belonged to Tiarna.• Tiarna’s book• The rubber that belonged to Charles• Charles’ rubber

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Improving sentencesImproving sentencesImproving sentencesImproving sentences

ObjectiveObjective – to improve sentences by – to improve sentences by adding:adding:

• adjectivesadjectives•adverbsadverbs

•a prepositional phrasea prepositional phrase• an embedded clausean embedded clause

• an –ing and –ed clause.an –ing and –ed clause.

Our basic sentence

A dog barked.

Adding adjectivesWhat is an adjective and what is its job?

A describing word

To describe the noun

The dog barked.

The ferocious dog barked.The scruffy dog barked.

The aggravated dog barked

Now it’s your turn. Add an adjective. The-----------------dog barked

The adjective goes before the noun.

Adding adverbsWhat is an adverb? What does it do?

Tells you how something is being done

It qualifies the verb

The ferocious dog barked.

The ferocious dog barked noisily.The ferocious dog barked excitedly.

Now it’s your turn, how did the dog bark? Add an adverb to your already improved sentence.

Adding a prepositional phraseWhat is a prepositional phrase ?

It tells you where or when something happened

Some examples are: on, in, under, by, after, through, during, beside

They can go at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence.

The ferocious dog barked noisily.All through the

night the ferocious dog barked noisily.

All through the night the

ferocious dog barked noisily.

The ferocious dog, in the back

of the car, barked noisily.

The ferocious

dog barked noisily

through the hole in the

fence.Can you add a prepositional phrase to the beginning or end of your

sentence?

Embedding a clause – a sandwich sentence

Put a , after the noun you are giving more information about then the filling and close the sandwich with another ,

The ferocious dog, ,barked noisily through the hole in the fence.

The ferocious dog, who lived next door, barked noisily through the hole in the fence.

The ferocious dog, that had just been injected, barked noisily through the hole in the fence.

Adding in information between commas using who, which, that, with. Use commas as the two slices of bread and then put in the filling – extra

information.

Embed a clause into your sentence.

who was trying to scare away the burglars

The ferocious dog barked noisily through the hole in the fence.

Adding an –ing or –ed clauseThis is just another type of clause that you can embed in your

sentence. The clause you embed begins with an –ing or an –ed word.

The dog, running around in circles ,barked.

The dog, teased by the children , barked.

Put the , after the noun you are giving more information about and after the filling!

Putting it altogether!

The ferocious dog, who was trying to scare away

the burglars, barked noisily through the hole in

the fence.

The ferocious dog, who was trying to scare away

the burglars, barked noisily through the hole in

the fence.

Here’s what we started with – The dog barked.

And here’s our improved sentence!

Let’s hear some of your examples…

The game

Working in pairsChoose a basic sentence for both of you to work with.Roll the dice and follow the instructions. Let your partner check your new sentence.Score: 1point if you correctly add an adjective. 1 point if you correctly add an adverb 2 points if you correctly add a prepositional phrase 2 points if correctly embed a clause. Add up all the points if you get the chance to shine!The winner is the person with the highest number of points when time is called.

On the dice – 1=add an adjective2= add an adverb3 = add a prepositional phrase4= embed a clause.5= chance to shine.

Sentences to improve – The boy ran.The sun shone.The horse galloped.The candle flickered.The crowd cheered.The cat climbed.

Time to show what you know!

The wolf howled.

Can you add an adjective?

Can you add an adverb?

Can you add a prepositional phrase?

Can you embed a clause

In your pairs, see if you can shine!

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NounsLet’s look at these words and see if we can spot the nouns. Click on the words to see if it’s a noun.

Nouns

noun nounnounnot

notnot

VerbsLet’s look at these words and see if we can spot the verbs. Click on the words to see if it’s a verb.

Verbs

verb verbverbnot

notnot

AdjectivesLet’s look at these words and see if we can spot the adjective. Click on the words to see if it’s a adjective.

Adjective

adjective

adjectiveadjective not

notnot

AdverbsLet’s look at these words and see if we can spot the adverbs. Click on the words to see if it’s an adverb.

adverbs

adverb

adverbadverb

notnot

not