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Page 1: Quartetto Bernardini Around Mozart A journey through the golden … · 2020. 12. 22. · 2 A voyage to the golden age of the quartet for oboe and strings by Alfredo Bernardini Around

Quartetto Bernardini −Around Mozart A journey through the golden age of the oboe quartet

Tracklist ⁄ English ⁄ Français ⁄ Italiano

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A voyage to the golden age of the quartet for oboe and stringsby Alfredo Bernardini

Around the year 1800, the quartet for oboe, violin, viola and cello was the most com-monly found chamber genre containing this wind instrument. From about 1760 the string quartet took over from the baroque trio sonata for two violins and continuo, and the viola assumed the function of filling in the harmony, a role that had previous-ly belonged to a keyboard instrument. At the same time, the oboe quartet took over the role and the space relinquished by the trio sonata for oboe, violin and continuo.

Today we may count hundreds of quartets for oboe and string trio written in Eu-rope between 1770 and 1820. This recording proposes a voyage through the times and places where this ensemble flourished, gathering six pieces in diverse forms, written by composers who are more or less well-known today, between them span-ning two generations or so. These include quartets inspired by some of the greatest virtuosos of the time, such as Fischer, Ramm, Druschetzki, Bochsa and Yvon, musi-cians who shaped the history of the oboe.

Given that the sound of the oboe depends mainly on the player and quality of the reed, we felt it would be interesting to use five original oboes (which we will describe briefly below) with different pitches and characteristics, each historically linked to the music in which it is played. Even though they all have only two keys, these oboes together represent the evolution of the instrument in parallel with that of the quartet for oboe and strings, therefore from 1770 to 1820. Each oboe was fit-ted with a different reed, inspired by rare historical models. At the same time, for the string instruments, we tried to follow carefully the precise instructions of contempo-rary manuals, for example that of Louis Spohr, with unprecedented results in terms of portamento, bow strokes and vibrato. We also used different bows in accordance with the evolution of musical style.

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London, c. 1770Johann Christian Bach often liked to get together with his friends, the oboist Johann Christian Fischer (1733–1800) and the cellist and gamba player Carl Friedrich Abel, to play the chamber music that they would later present in their Bach-Abel Concerts. Playing Bach’s Quartet in B flat, we revive the good cheer of this community of fa-mous Saxon emigres in London, all friends of the painter Thomas Gainsborough, who has left us some marvellous portraits of them. The style could not be more distant from that of his father Sebastian, of whom Christian was the youngest son. Undoubtedly it was his studies in Italy that induced him to adopt a style featuring attractive cantabile melodies, bass lines that are limited to marking rhythm and har-mony, and transparent counterpoint. Even if a handful of manuscripts attribute this quartet to Haydn or Abel, there is an obvious resemblance to the Six Quartets op. 8 of Christian Bach, also in two movements, published in London in 1770 and reprint-ed in Amsterdam, Paris and Berlin. These are perhaps the earliest oboe quartets, and some of the editions still have a figured bass.

The oboe used is by Carlo Palanca of Turin (1691–1783); pitch: a’ = 421 Hz. Through-out his life, Palanca collaborated with the charismatic oboist of Turin, Alessandro Besozzi (1701–1793). Besozzi in his turn taught Fischer before the latter moved to London. Compared with earlier oboes, those of Palanca are among the first to be built with narrow bores and thin walls, characteristics which, from about 1750, enjoyed rapid success and spread throughout Europe, probably because of the brilliant sound and greater agility in the high register.

Munich, 1781While engaged in composing and bringing to the stage his opera seria Idomeneo, Wolf-gang Amadeus Mozart was able to carve out a little time to write his only Oboe Quar-tet, K. 370/368b. for his friend Friedrich Ramm (1744–1813), whom he had known in Mannheim in 1777 and whom he praises in letters to his father for the quality of his sound and his style of playing. For Mozart, quartets were something of a passion: during his short life, he wrote 26 quartets for strings. Ramm was principal oboe of the excellent Mannheim Orchestra, which accompanied Prince Karl Theodor, Elector

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of Bavaria, when he moved his court from Mannheim to Munich. His dazzling career led to appearances in Italy, Paris, London and Berlin. Later he played chamber music with Beethoven. Mozart had already paid him homage by allowing him to play a con-certo written originally for Giuseppe Ferlendis in 1777. Ramm performed it at least five times within a short period, making it his “war horse”, as Mozart put it in a letter to his father. Ramm’s bravura certainly stimulated Mozart, who wrote the quartet in one spurt, in an experimental vein that challenged the oboist in a part of great virtuosity, whether in the use of three high notes that exceed the normal upper limit of the instru-ment at that time (E flat, E and F in the third octave), or in certain passages that make heavy demands on the ensemble, such as the 13 bars in the Rondeau finale, in which the oboe and the strings play in different time signatures. It would have been difficult for Mozart to imagine that this piece would become a milestone in the oboe repertoire.

The oboe played is a combination of pieces from different instruments, all from the workshop of Jacob Grundmann of Dresden (1726–1800). The date 1784 is stamped on the bell. Pitch: a’ = 426 Hz. Unlike other wind instrument builders of the time, Grundmann specialized in oboes and was greatly esteemed by the German oboists of his time. It is possible that he collaborated with the oboist Carlo Besozzi (1738–1791), the nephew of Alessandro, who was born in Dresden and lived there for almost his whole life. I am grate-ful to my friend and colleague Eduard Wesly for providing me with the middle joint and bell of his property for this oboe.

Paris, c. 1806Charles Bochsa was still a young man when he arrived in France from Bohemia. After a brief career playing in a military band, he was oboist in the opera houses of Lyon and Bordeaux. In Paris he set up a publishing firm and was very active as a composer. He often signed himself “Charles Bochsa pere” to distinguish himself from his more famous son, a harpist and fugitive from justice. Bocha pere published two collections containing a total of five quartets for oboe and string trio. Apart from these, there is a posthumous edition of the piece recorded here, the Romance favorite “Les plus jolis mots / a deux epoques de la vie”, inspired by a fashionable song by the Parisian com-

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poser Henri Noel Gilles (1778–1834), first published between 1802 and 1806 for voice and guitar. After the dramatic maestoso of the Introduction in F minor, with a cadenza written by Bochsa, comes the famous theme with its four variations (including one in a minor key), which are interpolated by short episodes by way of transition. If the oboe, in terms of virtuosity and expressivity, is clearly the protagonist, the cello is also allocated a part that is striking for its markedly cantabile character.

The oboe was built by Christophe Delusse of Paris (1729–1794). Pitch: a’ = 430 Hz. Inspired by the Palanca model, the Delusse oboe was greatly prized and diffused in Par-is even after Delusse’s death. It was mentioned as an exemplary model in the Méthode raisonnée pour le hautbois published in 1802 by the director of the Paris Conservatoire Joseph François Garnier (1755–1825).

Dresden, 1818The fame of Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer is nowadays linked to his four-volume instruction manual for cello, today still widely used in teaching the cello. It seems that this work has eclipsed an abundant of symphonies, overtures, concer-tos and chamber music. Born in Thuringia, in 1811 he settled in Dresden, where he became a cellist in the court orchestra, founded the Quartett Akademie and taught at the conservatory. His only oboe quartet, which is in four movements, is among the most extended pieces for this combination. The main tonality is F major, with a slow movement in D minor, as in the quartet by Mozart; however, Dotzauer adds a Minuet and Trio, reproducing the format of a classical symphony. Curiously, in the Minuet the oboe is silent, whereas it plays in the Trio, as if the composer had wanted to grant the oboist a moment of rest among the exertions of the other movements. In fact, both in the opening Allegro and the Rondo finale, the oboe part is extremely virtuosic, using the high notes even more frequently and casually than Mozart. Dot-zauer’s is probably one of the last quartets written for a two-key oboe, since the notes for which other keys are necessary are absent from the oboe part.

The oboe is by Heinrich Grenser of Dresden (1764-1813). Pitch: a’ = 430 Hz. Heinrich Grenser’s workshop was the most prolific for all the woodwind instruments in this period, and

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his instruments were prized and used in many European countries. This oboe is made of pre-cious materials, with ivory rings and silver keys. Probably it was made for a prominent patron.

Milan, 1814Alessandro Rolla was one of the most important, charismatic and sought-after mu-sicians in Milan during the first three decades of the 19th century. As leader and con-ductor of the La Scala orchestra, he raised its level and made it into an internationally acclaimed institution. In addition, Rolla was the first professor of the violin and viola at Milan’s Regio Conservatorio di Musica from its foundation in 1808 until 1835, and he also became its director. He is noted for his friendship with the young Paganini. Among the great merits of Rolla is that he was among the first to defuse in Italy the music of his contemporaries Mozart and Beethoven. A prolific composer of string chamber music, symphonies, ballets and theoretical works, Rolla also wrote pieces for wind solo. Proof of his dedication to the conservatory is provided by his Piccolo Quartetto for oboe and strings, which was performed in a concert at the conserva-tory on 8 June 1814 by his pupil Carlo Yvon (1798–1854), who had only just turned 16. Only three years later Yvon became an oboe professor after same conservatory and principal oboe at La Scala. After an introductory, cantabile Romance, there fol-lows a brilliant rondo (Allegro), in which popular motifs are inserted, including the sound of the bagpipe and the other entertaining evocations. The violin part is worthy of the composer’s reputation, and one wonders if it was Rolla himself who played it together with Yvon, if it was not one of his most gifted pupils.

The oboe was built by Ermenegildo Magazari of Bologna (1767–1834). The bell bears the date 1799. Pitch: a’ = 440 Hz. The instrument is extremely light and lacking in the turn-ings typical of contemporary oboes. These characteristics are the cause of its especially penetrating sound.

Budapest, c. 1802The Bohemian oboist Jiri Druzecky, or Georg Druschetzki as he liked to sign him-self, is the composer who wrote the greatest ever number of quartets for oboe and

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string trio. Of these, no less than 17 are known today; there is also a quartet for cor anglais in place of oboe. A pupil of Antonio Besozzi at Dresden, from 1762 to 1775 he played in a military band. In about 1783 he went to Vienna, to Bratislava in 1786 and to Pest (part of Budapest) in 1794. In 1802 he entered the service of Archduke Joseph Anton Johann in Budapest. It was at this moment that Druschetzki’s com-positional activities reached a turning point, as if the composer now had the time to immerse himself in his material, studying theoretical sources and the scores of other composers. If up to then he had been known for his wind ensemble music and some symphonies, now Druschetzki dedicated himself mainly to sacred mu-sic, writing Masses, offertories and graduals in addition to chamber music. In this music Druschetzki starts to experiment, quoting Bach, Mozart and Haydn, laughing, weeping and meditating. His Canone à quatro voci del Sig. Kirnberger is among the most singular pieces in our repertoire. It is based on the chorale by Martin Luther, Aus tiefer Noth ruf ich zu dir, which Bach used in his Cantata BWV 38 and in the or-gan chorales BWV 686 and 687. Druschetzki evidently knew it from his study of the book of Bach’s disciple, Johann Philipp Kirnberger, Gedanken über die verschiedene Lehrarten der Komposition (Thoughts on the Different Methods of Teaching Compo-sition), published in Berlin in 1782. Druschetzki turns the melody into an ascending and enharmonic moto perpetuo for oboe and string trio, thus revealing music to be a thing of timeless beauty and an inalienable treasure of humanity.

The oboe played is the same instrument by Heinrich Grenser used in the piece by Dotzauer.

Salzburg, September 2020

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Voyage à l’âge d’or du quatuor pour hautbois et cordespar Alfredo Bernardini

Autour des annees 1800, le quatuor pour hautbois, violon, alto et violoncelle est le genre de musique de chambre le plus repandu pour cet instrument a vent. À partir de 1760 environ, le quatuor a cordes herite du succes de la sonate en trio baroque pour deux violons et basse continue, confiant a un alto le complement de l’harmonie jusque la attribue a un instrument a clavier. Parallelement, le quatuor avec hautbois occupe le rôle et l’espace laisses par la sonate en trio pour hautbois, violon et basse continue.

On denombre aujourd’hui plusieurs centaines de quatuors pour hautbois et trio a cordes ecrits entre 1770 et 1820 dans toute l’Europe. Cet enregistrement se veut d’effectuer un voyage dans le temps et les lieux dans lesquels cette formation est eclose, reunissant six pieces ecrites sous differentes formes, par des composi-teurs plus ou moins connus aujourd’hui, distancies les uns des autres par environ deux generations. Il s’agit de quatuors inspires par quelques-uns des plus grands virtuoses de l’epoque, tels que Fischer, Ramm, Drutschetzki, Bochsa et Yvon, musi-ciens qui ont fait l’histoire du hautbois.

Tout en sachant que le son du hautbois depend principalement du hautboïste et de l’anche que ce dernier adopte, il nous a semble interessant d’utiliser pour cette occasion cinq hautbois originaux, decrits brievement ci-dessous, avec des diapasons et des caracteristiques differentes, chacun pouvant être reconduit his-toriquement a la musique dans laquelle il est utilise. Bien qu’etant tous a deux cles seules, ces hautbois representent a eux cinq l’evolution de l’instrument en parallele de celle du quatuor pour hautbois et cordes, entre 1770 et 1820. Chaque hautbois a ete dote d’une anche differente, inspiree par les rares modeles historiques. En même temps, pour les instruments a corde, nous avons essaye de suivre attentivement les precieuses instructions de methodes de l’epoque, comme celle de Louis Spohr, avec des resultats inedits en theme de portamenti, utilisation de l’archet et vibrato. Nous avons aussi utilise differents archets selon l’evolution du style.

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Londres, aux environs de 1770Johann Christian Bach aime se reunir souvent avec ses amis, le hautboïste Johann Christian Fischer (1733-1800) et le violoncelliste et gambiste Carl Friedrich Abel pour jouer la musique de chambre qu’ils presentent ensuite ensemble a leurs Bach-Abel Concerts. En jouant le Quatuor en si mineur de Bach on revit l’allegresse de cette comunaute d’illustres emigres saxons a Londres, tous amis du peintre Tho-mas Gainsborough qui nous a laisse d’eux de merveilleux portraits. Le style ne pourrait être plus eloigne de papa Sebastien, dont Johann Christian est le fils cadet. Ce sont certainement les etudes en Italie qui lui inspirent une ecriture qui met en relief de delicieuses melodies chantantes, des basses qui se contentent de marquer le rythme et l’harmonie et un contrepoint transparent. Si dans deux manuscrits ce quatuor est attribue a Haydn et a Abel, la ressemblance avec les Six Quatuors Op. 8 de Christian Bach, eux aussi en deux mouvements, publies a Londres en 1770 et reedites successivement a Amsterdam, Paris et Berlin, est evidente. Il s’agit la peut-être des plus anciens quatuors pour hautbois, la basse etant encore chiffree dans certaines editions.

Le hautbois utilisé : Carlo Palanca, Turin (1681-1783). Diapason : la = 421 Hz. Palanca collabore toute sa vie durant avec le hauboïste charismatique turinois Alessandro Besozzi (1701-1793). Besozzi est quant à lui le professeur de Fischer, avant le départ de ce dernier pour Londres. Par rapport aux hautbois antérieurs ceux de Palanca sont les premiers à adopter une perce centrale étroite et des parois fines, caractéristiques qui obtiennent un succès rapide à partir de 1750 et se propagent dans toute l’Europe, probablement à cause d’un son plus brillant et d’une plus grande agilité dans le registre aigu.

Munich, 1781Durant la composition et la mise en scene de son opera seria Idoménée, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart reussit a trouver un peu de temps pour ecrire son seul Quatuor pour hautbois KV285d/314 pour son ami Friedrich Ramm (1744-1813) qu’il a connu deja a Mannheim en 1777 et dont il loue dans des lettres a son pere la sonorite et la maniere. Les quatuors sont une de ses passions, il en ecrit bien 26 pour cordes dans

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sa courte vie. Ramm est le premier hautbois de l’excellent orchestre de Mannheim qui avait accompagne a Munich le prince Charles Theodore de Baviere. Une brillante carriere l’amene a se produire en Italie, a Paris, a Londres et a Berlin. Plus tard il fera de la musique de chambre avec Beethoven. Mozart lui a deja fait hommage de son concerto compose en 1777 pour Ferlendis et Ramm l’execute au moins cinq fois en un court laps de temps, en faisant ainsi son cheval de bataille – raconte le compo-siteur a son pere. Le talent de Ramm titille certainement Mozart, qui ecrit le quatuor probablement d’un jet, avec un côte experimental, mettant le hautboïste devant une partition d’une grande virtuosite, qu’il s’agisse des trois notes aigues qui vont au-de-la de l’extension habituelle de l’epoque – mi bemol, mi becarre et fa dans la troisieme octave – ou de certains passages qui mettent a dure epreuve l’ensemble, comme dans les 13 mesures du Rondeau final dans lesquelles le hautbois et les cordes jouent avec des indications de mesure differentes. Le compositeur salzbourgeois pouvait difficilement imaginer que cette piece deviendrait l’une des pierres angulai-res du repertoire pour hautbois.

Le hautbois : il s’agit d’une combinaison de pièces de différents hautbois, toutes mar-quées Jacob Grundmann, Dresde (1726-1800). La date 1784 est gravée dans le pavillon. Diapason  : la = 426 Hz. À la différence d’autres constructeurs d’instruments à vent de l’époque, Grundmann est spécialisé en hautbois et très apprécié des hautboïstes alle-mands de son temps. Il est possible qu’il ait collaboré avec le hautboïste Carlo Besozzi (1738-1791), neveu D’Alessandro, né à Dresde où il a passé pratiquement toute sa vie. Je remercie mon ami et collègue Eduard Wesly pour avoir fourni le corps du milieu et le pavillon de sa propriété pour cet hautbois.

Paris, 1806 environCharles Bochsa arrive, jeune encore, en France depuis la Boheme. Apres une breve carriere de musicien militaire il devient hautboïste dans les theâtres de Lyon et de Bordeaux. A Paris il fonde sa maison d’edition et est tres actif en tant que compo-siteur. Il signe souvent comme Bochsa père, pour se differencier de son fils plus ce-lebre en tant qu’harpiste poursuivi par la justice. Il publie deux recueils pour hautbois

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et trio a cordes, qui contiennent cinq quatuors en tout. En plus de ceux-ci, nous connaissons aujourd’hui une edition posthume de la presente Romance favorite « Les plus jolis mots / a deux epoques de la vie », inspiree d’une chanson a la mode, du compositeur parisien Henri Noel Gilles (1778-1834), publiee a l’origine entre 1802 et 1806 pour chant et guitare. Apres le maestoso dramatique de l’Introduction en fa mineur, avec une cadence originale ecrite par le compositeur, suivent le fameux theme et quatre variations, y compris celle en mineur, intercales par de petits epi-sodes de tutti pour les relier entre eux. A côte du protagonisme du hautbois par la virtuosite et l’expression, le violoncelle a lui aussi sa part d’importance pour sa grande « cantabilita ».

Le hautbois : Christophe Delusse, Paris (1729-1794). Diapason la = 430 Hz. Inspiré du modèle Palanca, le hautbois Delusse est très apprécié et répandu à Paris même après la mort de son constructeur et il est cité comme modèle exemplaire dans la Méthode raisonnée pour le Hautbois publiée en 1892 par le professeur du Conservatoire de Paris Joseph François Garnier (1755-1825).

Dresde, 1818La celebrite de Justin Johann Friedrich Dotzauer est liee aujourd’hui a sa methode pour violoncelle en quatre volumes, encore utilisee par les pedagogues de cet ins-trument. Il semblerait que ce travail ait quelque peu eclipse une œuvre importante en tant que compositeur de symphonies, ouvertures, concertos et musique de chambre. Ne a Thuringe, il s’installe des 1811 a Dresde où il devient violoncelliste de La chapelle de la cour, fonde la „Quartett Akademie“ et enseigne au conservatoire. Son unique quatuor pour hautbois est l‘un des plus longs pour cette formation, en quatre mouvements. La tonalite de base est en fa majeur, avec un mouvement lent en re mineur, comme dans le quatuor de Mozart, mais par rapport a ce dernier Dot-zauer ajoute un Menuet et Trio, selon le modele de la symphonie classique. Curieu-sement, justement dans le Menuet le hautbois reste silencieux, alors qu’il joue dans le Trio, comme si le compositeur voulait laisser un peu de repos au musicien entre les efforts des autres mouvements. Effectivement, autant dans l’Allegro du debut

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que dans le Rondo final, la partie du hautbois est d’une extrême virtuosite, avec no-tamment l’utilisation des nouvelles notes aigues encore plus frequente et desinvolte que dans Mozart. Ce quatuor de Dotzauer est probablement l’un des derniers ecrits pour un hautbois a deux cles, vu l’absence des notes pour lesquelles d’autres cles sont indispensables.

Le hautbois : H. Grenser, Dresde (1764-1813). Diapason la = 430 Hz. Le laboratoire de Heinrich Grenser est le plus prolifique pour tous les instruments à vent en bois de son époque, ses instruments sont appréciés et utilisés dans plusieurs pays d’Europe. Le hautbois en question est de facture de grande valeur, avec des anneaux en ivoire et des clés en argent et a probablement été construit pour un client important.

Milan, 1814Alessandro Rolla est l’un des musiciens les plus importants, charismatiques et en-gages de la Milan des trois premieres decennies du XIXeme siecle. Premier violon solo et directeur de l’orchestre du Theâtre de la Scala, il en accroît le niveau et le conduit vers une reputation internationale de tout respect. En outre, Rolla est le premier professeur de violon et d’alto au Conservatoire Royal de Musique de Milan des sa fondation en 1808 et en devient aussi le directeur. Son amitie avec le jeune Paganini est de notoriete publique. Parmi les grands merites de Rolla il ne faut pas oublier qu’il a ete l’un des premiers en Italie a divulguer la musique de ses contemporains Mozart et Beethoven. Compositeur prolifique de musique de chambre pour cordes, ainsi que de symphonies, ballets et travaux theoriques, Rolla ecrit aussi quelques morceaux avec vents solistes. Une preuve de son devouement au Conservatoire est justement ce Petit Quatuor pour hautbois et cordes, qui est execute le 8 juin 1814 dans une academie de l’institut milanais par l’eleve Carlo Yvon (1798-1854) qui vient a peine de fêter ses 16 ans. Seulement trois ans plus tard Yvon devient professeur de hautbois dans le même conservatoire et premier hautbois a la Scala. Apres une Romance cantabile en introduction suit un rondeau (Allegro) brillant dans lequel sont intercales des motifs populaires, une cornemuse et d’autres effets evocateurs amusants. La partie du violon est digne de la reputation du compositeur et on se

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demande si c’est peut-être Rolla lui-même qui l’a jouee avec Yvon, a moins que ce soit l’un de ses meilleurs eleves.

Le hautbois : Ermenegildo Magazari, Bologne (1767-1834), daté 1799 sur le pavillon. Diapason : la = 440 Hz. Il s’agit d’un instrument très léger et exempt des tournures typiques des hautbois contemporains, caractéristiques qui en expliquent le son particulièrement pénétrant.

Budapest, 1802 environLe hautboïste Jiri Druzecky, ou Georg Drutschetzki, comme il lui plaisait signer, est le compositeur qui a ecrit le plus grands nombre de quatuors pour hautbois et cordes de l’histoire. On n’en denombre pas moins de 17, auxquels s’ajoute un quatuor avec cor anglais a la place du hautbois. Éleve d’Antonio Besozzi a Dresde, il est musicien militaire de 1762 a 1775. En 1783 environ il se rend a Vienne, en 1786 a Bratislava et en 1794 a Pest. A partir de 1802 il entre au service de l’archiduc Giuseppe Antonio Giovanni a Budapest. C’est a ce moment que la composition de Drutschetzki se trouve a un tournant, comme si le musicien avait a present le temps d’approfondir le sujet, en etudiant les sources theoriques et les partitions d’autrui. Si auparavant il est connu pour sa musique d’ensemble a vent et pour quelques symphonies, desormais Drut-schetzki se consacre principalement a la musique sacree, ecrivant des Messes, des Offertoria, des Graduali, et a la musique de chambre. Maintenant, dans cette musique, Drutschetzki experimente, cite Bach, Mozart et Haydn, rit, pleure, medite. Son Canon à quatre voix de Monsieur Kirnberger est parmi les morceaux les plus singuliers pour notre formation. Il s’agit du theme de choral de Martin Luther Aus tiefer Not rufe ich zu dir que Jean-Sebastien Bach utilise dans sa cantate BWV 38 et dans ses chorals pour orgue BWV 686 et 687. Drutschetzki le decouvre evidemment en etudiant le livre du disciple de ces derniers Johann Philipp Kirnberger : Gedanken über die verschiedene Lehrarten der Komposition publie a Berlin en 1782, et il en fait un mouvement perpe-tuel ascendant et enharmonique pour hautbois et trio a cordes qui semble vouloir elever la musique a une beaute eternelle et une richesse absolue de l’humanite.

Le hautbois est le même Heinrich Grenser que celui utilisé pour Dotzauer.Salzbourg, septembre 2020

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Viaggio nell’epoca d’oro del quartetto per oboe ed archi di Alfredo Bernardini

Intorno all’anno 1800, il quartetto per oboe, violino, viola e violoncello e il gene-re da camera più diffuso che includa questo strumento a fiato. Dal 1760 circa il quartetto per archi eredita il successo della sonata a tre barocca per due violini e basso continuo, affidando ad una viola il completamento dell’armonia fino a quel momento affidato allo strumento a tastiera. Allo stesso tempo, il quartetto con oboe riprende il ruolo e lo spazio lasciato dalla sonata a tre per oboe, violino e basso continuo.

Oggigiorno si contano in centinaia i quartetti per oboe e trio d’archi scritti tra il 1770 ed 1820 in tutta l’Europa. Questa registrazione vuole percorrere un viaggio nel tempo e nei luoghi in cui questo organico fiori, riunendo sei brani scritti in for-me diverse, da compositori più o meno conosciuti oggi, distanziati tra di essi da due generazioni circa. Si tratta di quartetti ispirati da alcuni tra i più grandi virtuosi dell’epoca, come Fischer, Ramm, Druschetzki, Bochsa ed Yvon, musicisti che hanno fatto la storia dell’oboe.

Pur sapendo che il suono dell’oboe dipende principalmente dall’oboista e dall’ancia che questo fabbrica e adotta, ci e parso interessante per l’occasione utiliz-zare cinque oboi originali, descritti brevemente qui sotto, con diapason e caratteristi-che diverse, ciascuno collegabile storicamente alla musica in cui viene suonato. Pur essendo tutti a due sole chiavi, questi oboi rappresentano insieme l’evoluzione dello strumento parallelamente a quella del quartetto per oboe e archi, quindi tra 1770 e 1820. Ad ogni oboe e stata abbinata un ancia differente, ispirata ai rari modelli stori-ci. Allo stesso tempo, per gli strumenti ad arco si e cercato di seguire attentamente le preziose istruzioni di metodi dell’epoca come quello di Louis Spohr, con inediti risultati in temi di portamento, conduzione dell’archetto e vibrato. Si e fatto anche uso di diversi archetti seguendo l’evoluzione dello stile.

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Londra, 1770 circaJohann Christian Bach ama riunirsi spesso con i suoi amici, l’oboista Johann Chri-stian Fischer (1733-1800) e il violoncellista e violista da gamba Carl Friedrich Abel per suonare la musica da camera che poi insieme presentano ai loro Bach-Abel Concerts. Suonando il Quartetto in si bemolle maggiore di Bach, si rivive l’allegria di questa comunita di illustri emigrati sassoni a Londra, tutti amici del pittore Thomas Gainsborough che di loro lascia meravigliosi ritratti. Lo stile non potrebbe essere più distante da quello di papa Sebastian, di cui Christian era il figlio minore. Certamente sono gli studi in Italia a fargli adottare una scrittura che risalta deliziose melodie cantabili, bassi che si limitano a marcare ritmo e armonia e un contrappunto traspa-rente. Se in un paio di manoscritti questo quartetto viene anche attribuito a Haydn ed Abel, la somiglianza con i Sei Quartetti Op. 8 di Christian Bach, anch’essi in due movimenti, pubblicati a Londra nel 1770 e successivamente ristampati ad Amster-dam, Parigi e Berlino, e evidente. Si tratta forse dei più antichi quartetti per oboe, il basso essendo ancora numerato in alcune edizioni.

L’oboe utilizzato: Carlo Palanca, Torino (1691-1783). Diapason: la=421Hz. Palanca col-labora per tutta la vita con il carismatico oboista torinese Alessandro Besozzi (1701-1793). Besozzi a sua volta è il maestro di Fischer, prima che costui si trasferisce a Londra. Rispetto agli oboi anteriori, quelli di Palanca sono tra i primi ad adottare una cameratura stretta e pareti sottili, caratteristiche che dal 1750 in poi hanno rapido successo e si diffondono in tutta l’Europa, probabilmente a ragione di un suono più brillante e di una maggiore agilità nel registro acuto.

Monaco di Baviera, 1781Mentre e impegnato a comporre e mettere in scena la sua opera seria Idomeneo, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart riesce a ritagliarsi un po’ di tempo per scrivere il suo uni-co Quartetto per oboe KV 370/368b per il suo amico Friedrich Ramm (1744-1813) che conosce gia a Mannheim nel 1777 e che elogia in lettere a suo padre per il suono e per la maniera. I quartetti sono una sua passione, ne scrive ben 26 per archi in tutta la sua breve vita. Ramm e primo oboe dell’eccellente orchestra di Mannheim

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che aveva seguito a Monaco il principe Carlo Teodoro quando questi vi traslocò con tutta la sua corte. Una fulgente carriera lo porta ad esibirsi in Italia, a Parigi, Londra e Berlino. Più tardi suona musica da camera insieme con Beethoven. Mozart gli ha gia regalato il suo concerto scritto nel 1777 per Giuseppe Ferlendis e Ramm lo ese-gue in poco tempo almeno cinque volte, facendone il suo “cheval de batalle” - cosi racconta il compositore al padre. La bravura di Ramm stuzzica certamente Mozart, che scrive il quartetto probabilmente di getto, con una vena sperimentale, sfidando l’oboista con una parte di grande virtuosismo, sia per le tre note acute che vanno oltre l’estensione ordinaria dell’epoca - mi bemolle, mi naturale e fa nella terza ottava - sia per alcuni passaggi che mettono a dura prova l’insiem e, come quelle 13 battute del Rondeau finale in cui oboe e archi suonano con segni di battuta differenti. Diffi-cilmente il compositore di Salisburgo poteva immaginare che questo brano sarebbe diventato una pietra miliare del repertorio per oboe.

L’oboe: si tratta di una combinazione di pezzi di diversi oboi, marchiati tutti da Ja-cob Grundmann, Dresda (1726-1800). La data 1784 è impressa sulla campana. Diapason: la=426Hz. A differenza di altri costruttori di strumenti a fiato dell’epoca, Grundmann è spe-cializzato in oboi ed è molto apprezzato dagli oboisti tedeschi della sua epoca. È possibile che abbia collaborato con l’oboista Carlo Besozzi (1738-1791), nipote di Alessandro, nato e vissuto a Dresda quasi per tutta la sua vita. Ringrazio l’amico e collega Eduard Wesly per aver messo a disposizione pezzo centrale e campana di sua proprietà per questo oboe.

Parigi, 1806 circaCharles Bochsa arriva ancora giovane in Francia dalla Boemia. Dopo una breve car-riera come musicista militare, e oboista dei teatri di Lione e di Bordeaux. A Parigi fonda la sua casa editrice ed e molto attivo come compositore. Si firma spesso Bochsa pere, per distiguersi dal più famoso figlio arpista perseguitato dalla giustizia. Per oboe e trio d’archi pubblica due raccolte contenenti cinque quartetti in totale. Oltre a questi, conosciamo oggi un’edizione postuma della presente Romance fa-vorite “Les plus jolis mots / à deux époques de la vie”, ispirata da una canzone alla moda, del compositore parigino Henri Noel Gilles (1778-1834), all’origine pubblicata

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tra 1802 e 1806 per canto e chitarra. Dopo il drammatico maestoso dell’Introduzio-ne in fa minore, con una cadenza originale scritta dallo stesso Bochsa, seguono il famoso tema e quattro variazioni, compresa quella in minore, intercalati da piccoli episodi di tutti per collegamento. Oltre al protagonismo dell’oboe per virtuosismo ed espressivita, anche al violoncello viene affidata una parte di risalto per la sua grande cantabilita.

L’oboe: Christophe Delusse, Parigi (1729-1794). Diapason la=430Hz. Ispirato al mo-dello Palanca, l’oboe Delusse è molto apprezzato e diffuso a Parigi anche dopo la morte del costruttore e viene riportato come modello esemplare nella Méthode raisonnée pour le Hautbois pubblicata nel 1802 del maestro del Conservatorio di Parigi Joseph François Garnier (1755-1825).

Dresda, 1818La fama di Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer e oggi legata al suo metodo per violon-cello in 4 volumi, oggi ancora molto utilizzato nella pedagogia per questo strumento. Sembra che questo lavoro abbia messo in ombra la sua ampia opera di compositore di sinfonie, ouvertures, concerti e musica da camera. Nato in Turingia, dal 1811 si stabilisce a Dresda dove diventa violoncellista della cappella di corte, fonda la Quar-tett Akademie e insegna in conservatorio. Il suo unico quartetto per oboe e tra i pezzi più estesi per questo organico, essendo in quattro movimenti. La tonalita d’impianto e quella di fa maggiore, con un movimento lento in re minore, come per il quartetto di Mozart, ma rispetto a quest’ultimo Dotzauer aggiunge un Minuetto e Trio, ricalcan-do l’impostazione della sinfonia classica. Curiosamente, proprio nel Minuetto l’oboe tace, mentre suona nel Trio, come se il compositore volesse concedere all’oboista un momento di riposo tra le fatiche degli altri movimenti. Effettivamente, sia l’Allegro iniziale, sia il Rondò finale, la parte dell’oboe e di un virtuosismo estremo, incluso un uso delle nuove note acute ancor più frequente e disinvolto che in Mozart. Quello di Dotzauer e uno degli ultimi quartetti scritti probabilmente per un oboe a due chiavi, non essendo presenti le note per le quali altre chiavi sono indispensabili.

L’oboe: Heinrich Grenser, Dresda (1764-1813). Diapason la=430Hz. Il laboratorio di

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Heinrich Grenser è il piu prolifico per tutti gli strumenti a fiato in legno della sua epoca, i suoi strumenti sono apprezzati ed adottati in tanti paesi europei. L’oboe in questione è di pregevole fattura, con anelli d’avorio e chiavi in argento ed è probabilmente costruito per un committente importante.

Milano, 1814Alessandro Rolla e uno dei musicisti più importanti, carismatici ed impegnati a Milano nei primi tre decenni dell’Ottocento. Da primo violino e direttore dell’orchestra del Teatro alla Scala, ne innalza il livello e la conduce ad una reputazione internazionale di tutto ri-spetto. Oltre a questo, Rolla e il primo maestro di violino e viola al Regio Conservatorio di Musica di Milano a partire dalla sua fondazione nel 1808 fino al 1835 e ne diviene anche il direttore. Nota e la sua amicizia col giovane Paganini. Tra i grandi meriti di Rolla c’e anche quello di essere tra i primi a divulgare in Italia la musica dei suoi contemporanei Mozart e di Beethoven. Prolifico compositore di musica da camera per archi, oltre che di sinfonie, balletti e lavori teorici, Rolla scrive anche alcuni pezzi con fiati solisti. Una prova della sua dedizione al Conservatorio e proprio questo Piccolo Quartetto per oboe e archi, che viene eseguito l’8 giugno del 1814 in un’accademia dell’istituto milanese dall’allievo Carlo Yvon (1798-1854) che ha appena compiuto sedici anni. Solo tre anni più tardi Yvon diventa maestro di oboe nello stesso Conservatorio e primo oboe alla Scala. Dopo una Romance cantabile introduttiva segue un rondò (Allegro) brillante dove vengono interca-lati motivi popolari, una zampogna ed altri effetti evocativi divertenti. La parte del violino e degna della reputazione del compositore e c’e da domandarsi se sia stato Rolla stesso a suonarla insieme ad Yvon, se non uno dei suoi più bravi allievi.

L’oboe: Ermenegildo Magazari, Bologna (1767-1834), datato 1799 sulla campana. Diapason: la=440Hz. Si tratta di uno strumento leggerissimo e privo delle torniture tipiche degli oboi coevi, caratteristiche che sono la causa del suo suono particolarmente penetrante.

Budapest, 1802 circaL’oboista boemo Jiri Druzecky, o Georg Druschetzki come amava firmarsi, e il com-positore che scrive più quartetti per oboe e trio d’archi nella storia. Ne contiamo oggi

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non meno di 17, oltre ad un quartetto per corno inglese al posto dell’oboe. Allievo di Antonio Besozzi a Dresda, dal 1762 fino al 1775 e musicista militare. Nel 1783 circa si reca a Vienna, nel 1786 a Bratislava e dal 1794 a Pest. A partire dal 1802 entra a servizio dell’arciduca Giuseppe Antonio Giovanni a Budapest. E da questo momento che la composizione di Druschetzki e ad una svolta, come se il musicista abbia ora il tempo di approfondire la materia, studiando fonti teoriche e partiture altrui. Se fino ad allora e conosciuto per la sua musica per ensemble di fiati e per alcune sinfonie, ora Druschetzki si dedica principalmente alla musica sacra, scrivendo Messe, Of-fertoria, Graduali e alla musica da camera. In questa musica ora Druschetzki speri-menta, cita Bach, Mozart e Haydn, ride, piange, medita. Il suo Canone à quatro voci del Sigr. Kirnberger e tra i pezzi più singolari per la nostra formazione. Si tratta del tema di corale di Martin Lutero “Aus tiefer Noth ruf ich zu dir” che Sebastian Bach uti-lizza nella sua Cantata BWV 38 e nei corali per organo BWV 686 e 687. Druschetzki lo conosce evidentemente studiando il libro del discepolo di questi Johann Philipp Kirnberger: Gedanken über die verschiedene Lehrarten der Komposition pubblicato a Berlino nel 1782, e ne fa un moto perpetuo ascendente ed enarmonico per oboe e trio d’archi che sembra voler elevare la musica a bellezza eterna ed irrinunciabile ricchezza dell’umanita.

L’oboe è lo stesso Heinrich Grenser utilizzato in Dotzauer.Salisburgo, settembre 2020

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Around MozartA Journey through the Golden Era of the Oboe Quartet

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Johann Christian Bach (1735–1782) Quartet in B flat, WB60, c. 177001. Allegro 07:5202. Rondò 03:55

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) Quartet in F, K. 370/368b, 178103. Allegro 06:3104. Adagio 02:3805. Rondeau (Allegro) 04:30

Charles Bochsa père (c. 1760–1821) Romance favorite “Les plus jolis mots” in F, c. 180606. Introduction – Romance “a deux epoques de la vie” 08:01

Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer (1783–1860) Quartet in F, op. 37, 181807. Allegro 07:0808. Andantino 04:4009. Menuetto (Allegro) & Trio 03:5010. Rondo (Allegro) 06:26

Alessandro Rolla (1757–1841) Piccolo Quartetto in C, BI425, 181411. Romance 02:2312. Allegro 06:28

Georg Druschetzki (1745–1819) Canone a quatro voci del Sig. Kirnberger in A minor, c. 180213. Moderato 03:00

Total time 67:29

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Quartetto BernardiniAlfredo Bernardini – oboeCecilia Bernardini – violinSimone Jandl – violaMarcus van den Munckhof – violoncello

Instruments

Oboes by Carlo Palanca, Turin c. 1750 – Jacob Grundmann, Dresden 1784 – Christophe Delusse, Paris, c. 1785 – Heinrich Grenser, Dresden, c. 1810 – Ermenegildo Magazari, Bologna 1799Violin by Nicolo Amati, Cremona, 1643. Bows by John Dodd, London, c.1775 and François-Jude Gaulard, Paris, c. 1815Viola by Eduard Schwen, Walsrode, 2006, based on Odoardi. Bows by Thomas Gerbeth, 2006, based on a 1770 model of 1770 and an anonymous English model of c. 1800 Violoncello by Egidius Snoeck, Brussels, c. 1720. Bows by John Dodd, London, c. 1785 and Jean Adam, Pars, c. 1840

Pitches (a’):Tr. 01-02 = 421 HzTr. 03-05 = 426 HzTr. 06-10, 13 = 430 HzTr. 11-12 = 440 Hz

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The five oboes used in the recording, from left to right: Carlo Palanca, Christophe Delusse, Jacob Grundmann, Heinrich Grenser, Ermenegildo Magazari.

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ARCANA is a label of OUTHERE MUSIC FRANCE31, rue du Faubourg Poissonnière — 75009 Pariswww.outhere-music.com www.facebook.com/OuthereMusic

Artistic Director: Giovanni Sgaria

Recording dates: 8–11 January 2020Recording location: Lutherse Kerk, Haarlem, The Netherlands

Producer: Ken YoshidaSound engineer and editing: Ken Yoshida

Concept and design: GraphXLayout: Mirco Milani

Images – digipackCover picture: Kevin Dutton, Tulips 3, 2017 ©Kevin Dutton, www.kevindutton.net

Images – bookletPage 22: ©Marcus van den MunckhofPage 24: Quartetto Bernardini, September 2020 ©Foppe Schut

Translations:English: James Chater – French: Dominique Zryd

℗2021 / ©2021 Outhere Music France

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