QuarkNet: Exploring the Frontiers of High Energy PhysicsBeth Beiersdorf

Notre Dame QuarkNet CenterVisionA community of researchers including high school teachers, faculty, postdoctoral, graduate and undergraduate students and high school students. Location - Just south of NDs campus. - Fully functional research lab. - Houses offices, lab spaces, and student experimental areas.

QuarkNet Sites Nationwide

Notre Dame QuarkNet CenterAcademic Structure*3-8 week summer researchPHYS 598Q (teachers) 1-3 creditsPHYS 098Q (students) 1-3 creditsacademic year researchPHYS 598R (teachers) 1 creditPHYS 098R (students) 1 creditdiscussion sections, laboratory activity*thanks to effort from K. Newman, J. Maddox, B. Bunker

Science Alive

Student Involvement

Summer, 2000RET Research Experience for Teachers (8 weeks)Week12345678

QuarkNet 3 WeeksLunchMorningsAfternoons

QuarkNet StudentsSummer 00

Summer Student Research

QuarkNet Staff and Teachers

Fermilab

The Tevatron

Side View of CFT

Support Cylinder for CFT

Moving in . . .

End View of CFT

CFT Fiber/Waveguide Element

Scintillating Fibers Under Test

Fiber Waveguide Map

Waveguide Bundle Containing 256 Fiber Elements

Sheathing Fiber Waveguides

Optical Connectors

Testing Optical Fibers

Summer Productivity

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Weekly Ribbon Production ( 85% Overall Pass-Rate )

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Photo Sensors

Photo Sensors

Particle Paths

QuarkNet - Summer 2000

CMS Experiment at LHCCERN, Geneva, Switzerland

CMS Plans a working detector in 2005

The CMS Collaboration

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CMS Collaboration

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CountryInstitutesScientists

USA38331

Austria119

Belgium527

Finland628

France5146

Germany575

Greece327

Hungary333

Italy11251

Poland215

Portugal117

Slovakia17

Spain438

CERN1148

Switzerland499

UK586

Russia8197

Armenia16

Belarus431

Bulgaria226

China349

Croatia28

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Georgia213

India534

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CMS Detector Subsystems

What and Where is CERN, LHC, CMS?

European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN)Large Hadron Collider(LHC)Compact Muon Solenoid(CMS)

CMS in the Collision Hall TrackerECALHCALMagnetMuon

The Hadron CalorimeterHCAL detects jets from quarks and gluons. Neutrinos are inferred from missing Et.Scintillator + WLS gives hermetic readout for neutrinos

Detection of Fundamental ParticlesSM Fundamental Particle Appears As (ECAL shower, no track)e e (ECAL shower, with track) (ionization only)g Jet in ECAL+ HCALq = u, d, s Jet (narrow) in ECAL+HCALq = c, b Jet (narrow) + Decay Vertex t --> W +b W + be Et missing in ECAL+HCAL-->l + +l Et missing + charged lepton W --> l + l Et missing + charged lepton, Et~M/2 Z --> l+ + l- charged lepton pair --> l + l Et missing in ECAL+HCAL

Dijet Events at the TevatronThe scattering of quarks inside the proton leads to a "jet" of particles traveling in the direction of, and taking the momentum of, the parent quark. Since there is no initial state Pt, the 2 quarks in the final state are "back to back" in azimuth.

QuarkNet - Is it for you?For more information, contact:Beth BeiersdorfND QuarkNet CenterPhysics DepartmentNotre Dame, IN 46556(219) 631-3773Beiersdorf.1@nd.eduTom JordanEducation OfficeFermilab, PO Box 500Batavia, IL 60510(630) 840-4035jordant@fnal.govQuarkNet website: http://quarknet.fnal.gov

QuarkNet 3 WeeksLunchMorningsAfternoons

Lead Teacher Institute at Fermilab

Student working with lead teacher on CMS HCAL project

September 1999: Initial Meeting for ND Center & Weekly Meetings during the 99-00 Academic Year

MentorsJim BishopDan KarmgardRandy RuchtiMitch WayneQuarkNet StaffPat MooneyCMS/D StaffBarry BaumbaughJeff MarchantMark VigneaultAdministrationJennifer MaddoxLead TeachersLeRoy Castle, La PorteDale Wiand, AdamsAssociate TeachersKen Andert, LaLumiereBeth Beiersdorf, LaSalleJeff Chorny, LakeShore Helene Douerty, St. JosephMaggie Jensen, GavitTom Loughran, TrinityKevin Johnston*, JimtownRick Roberts*, ClayND QuarkNet Center: Staff

Adams HS visit to ND QuarkNet Center

Teacher ScheduleThree week workshop Mornings: particle physics interactive discussionsAfternoons: classroom transfer and research discussions and research activitiesFermilab tours (one with students)Five week research experiencePresentation on research work in RET forum

Notre Dame QuarkNet Center

Academic Structure*3-8 week summer researchPHYS 598Q (teachers) 1-3 creditsPHYS 098Q (students) 1-3 creditsacademic year researchPHYS 598R (teachers) 1 creditPHYS 098R (students) 1 creditdiscussion sections, laboratory activity

*thanks to effort from K. Newman, J. Maddox, B. Bunker

High School Students1999D. Dickerson, AdamsD. Saddawi, Adams2000 (45 Applicants)R. Bhavsar, AdamsR. Bourke, LaLumiereM. Busk, TrinityZ. Clark, JimtownP. Davenport, Trinity

A. DeCelles, TrinityN. Garg, ClayJ. Martin, ClayS. May, AdamsG. Outlaw, LaSalleR. Ribeiro, TrinityR. Smith, JimtownJ. Tristano, LaLumiereK. Whitaker, LaSalleR. Wiltfong, Riley

Student ScheduleMorning Shift: 7:30am-1:00pmAfternoon Shift: 12:00pm-5:30pmwork at QuarkNet Lab or Nieuwland Science HallLuncheon interactive physics discussions and/or seminars: 12:00pm-1:00pmAt QuarkNet Labdiscussions: Karmgard, Mooney, Ruchtiseminars: Bigi, Cushing, Hildreth, Konigsberg (UFL), Lynker (IUSB), Wayne

LaSalle HS Visit to Fermilab/D0

SummaryIt has been an exciting period of growth for QuarkNet nationally and locally.We have worked extensively with 11 teachers and 15 high school students.The program should grow, now that the word is out.We are now in need of sustaining resources to manage the local program properly.

Sustaining the EffortNSF/DOE FundingQuarkNet out-year fundingRET (research experiences for teachers)Experimental construction funds, D and CMSEndowment or Corporate SponsorshipAEP, Siemens, ?Other initiativesNanotechnology Center proposal to NSF by the College of EngineeringNew Particle Physics initiatives.

CMS

The Physics of the LHC

The Compact Muon Solenoid at the Large Hadron Collider

Dan GreenFermilabUS CMS Project Manager

OutlineWhy do we go to the energy frontier?What is the CMS collaboration? What is the Standard Model? How do we detect the fundamental particles contained in the SM?The Higgs boson is the missing object in the SM periodic table. What is the CMS strategy to discover it?What might we find at CMS in addition to the Higgs?

High Energy Physics-Natural UnitsDimensions are taken to be energy in HEP. Momentum and mass are given the dimensions of energy, pc, mc2. The basic energy unit is the electron Volt, the energy gained when an electron falls through a potential of 1 Volt = 1.6 x 10 -19 Joule.

The connection between energy and time, position and momentum is supplied by Planck's constant, , where 1 fm = 10-13 cm. Thus, inverse length and inverse time have the units of energy. The Heisenberg uncertainty relation is

Charge and spin are "quantized"; they only take discrete values, e or . Fermions have spin 1/2, 3/2 ..., while bosons have spin 0,1,. The statistics obeyed by fermions and bosons differs profoundly. Bosons can occupy the same quantum state - e.g. superconductors, laser. Fermions cannot (Pauli Exclusion Principle) - e.g. the shell structure of atoms.

Size and the Energy of the Probe ParticleIn order to "see" an object of size r one must use "light" with a wavelength l < r. Thus, visible light with l ~ 3000 A ( 1 A = 10-8 cm, ~ size of an atom) can resolve bacteria. Visible light comes from atomic transitions with ~ eV energies ( = 2000 eV*A).

To resolve a virus, the electron microscope with keV energies was developed, leading to an increase of ~ 1000 in resolving power.

To resolve the nucleus, 105 time smaller than the atom one needs probes in the GeV (109 eV) range. The size of a proton is ~ 1 fm = 10-13 cm.

The large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the CERN will explore Nature at the TeV scale or down to distances ~ 0.0002 fm.

CMS Tracking SystemThe Higgs is weakly coupled to ordinary matter. Thus, high interaction rates are required. The CMS pixel Si system has ~ 100 million elements so as to accommodate the resulting track densities..Si pixels + Si Strips - an all Si detector is demanded by the high luminosity required to do the Physics of the LHC

If MH < 160 GeV use H --> ZZ --> 4e or 4Fully active crystals are the best resolution possible needed for 2 photon decays of the Higgs.

Theory

Particle Physics in the 20th CenturyThe e- was discovered by Thompson ~ 1900. The nucleus was discovered by Rutherford in ~ 1920. The e+, the first antiparticle, was found in ~ 1930. The m , indicating a second generation, was discovered in ~ 1936.

There was an explosion of baryons and mesons discovered in the 1950s and 1960s. They were classified in a "periodic table" using the SU(3) symmetry group, whose physical realization was point like, strongly interacting, fractionally charged "quarks". Direct evidence for quarks and gluons came in the early 1970s.

The exposition of the 3 generations of quarks and leptons is only just, 1996, completed. In the mid 1980s the unification of the weak and electromagnetic force was confirmed by the W and Z discoveries.

The LHC, starting in 2005, will be THE tool to explore the origin of the breaking of the electroweak symmetry (Higgs field?) and the origin of mass itself.

Electro - Weak UnificationThe weak interactions are responsible for nuclear beta decay. The observed rates are slow, indicating weak effective coupling. The decays of the nuclei, n, and m are parametrized as an effective 4 fermion interaction with coupling, G ~ 10-5 GeV-2, Gm ~ G2Mm5.The weak SU(2) gauge bosons, W+ Zo W- , acquire a mass by interacting with the "Higgs boson vacuum expectation value" of the field, while the U(1) photon, g , remains massless. MW ~ gWThe SU(2) and U(1) couplings are "unified" in that e = gWsin(qW). The parameter qW can be measured by studying the scattering of n + p, since this is a purely weak interaction process.The coupling gW can be connected to G by noting that the 4 fermion Feynman diagram can be related to the effective 4 fermion interaction by the Feynman "propagator", G ~ gW2/MW2. Thus, from G and sin(qW) one can predict MW. The result, MW ~ 80 GeV was confirmed at CERN in the pp collider. The vacuum Higgs field has ~ 250 GeV.

The Standard Model of Elementary Particle PhysicsMatter consists of half integral spin fermions. The strongly interacting fermions are called quarks. The fermions with electroweak interactions are called leptons. The uncharged leptons are called neutrinos.The forces are carried by integral spin bosons. The strong force is carried by 8 gluons (g), the electromagnetic force by the photon (), and the weak interaction by the W+ Zo and W-. The g and are massless, while the W and Z have ~ 80, 91 GeV mass.J = 1g,, W+,Zo,W-Force CarriersJ = 1/2udcstbeeQ/e=2/3-1/310QuarksLeptons

A FNAL Collider (D0) EventThe D0 detector has 3 main detector systems; ionization tracking,liquid argon calorimetry ( EM , e , and HAD , jets ,), and magnetized steel + ionization tracker muon , m , detection/identification. This event has jets, a muon, an electron and missing energy , n.

A FNAL Collider (CDF) EventThe CDF detector has 3 main detector systems; tracking - Si + ionization in a magnetic field, scintillator sampling calorimetry, (EM - e, g and HAD - h), and ionization tracking for muon measurements. Missing energy indicates n in the final state.Si vertex detectors allow one to identify b and c quarks in the event.

W --> e + at the TevatronThe W gauge bosons can decay into quark-antiquarks, e.g. u + d, or into lepton pairs, e + ne, m + nm, t+ nt. There can also be radiation associated with the W, gluons which evolve into jets.

Z --> e + e and + Events at the TevatronThe e appear in the EM and not the HAD compartment of the calorimetry, while the m penetrate thick material.

The Generation of Mass by the Higgs MechanismThe vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field, , gives mass to the W and Z gauge bosons, MW ~ gW. Thus the Higgs field acts somewhat like the "ether". Similarly the fermions gain a mass by Yukawa interactions with the Higgs field, mf = gf. Although the couplings are not predicted, the Higgs field gives us a compact mechanism to generate all the masses in the Universe.

G(H->ff) ~ gf2MH ~ g2(Mf/MW)2MH , g = gW

G(H->WW) ~ g2MH3/MW2 ~ g2(MH/MW)2MH

G ~ MH3 or G/MH ~ MH2 ==> G/MH ~ 1 @ MH ~ 1 TeV

Hgf, W, Z

f, W, Z

Higgs Cross sectionCDF and D0 successfully found the top quark, which has a cross section ~ 10-10 the total cross section.

A 500 GeV Higgs has a cross section ratio of ~ 10-11, which requires great rejection power against backgrounds and a high luminosity.

CMS

The CMS Muon SystemThe Higgs decay into ZZ to 4 is preferred for Higgs masses > 160 GeV. Coverage to || < 2.5 is required ( > 6 degrees)

CMS Trigger and DAQ System1 GHz interactions40 MHz crossing rate< 100 kHz L1 rate

Higgs Discovery LimitsThe main final state is ZZ --> 4l.At high masses larger branching ratios are needed.At lower masses the ZZ* and final states are used.LEP II will set a limit ~ 110 GeV.CMS will cover the full range from LEPII to 1 TeV.

LEP,CDF D0 Data Indicate Light Higgs

Higgs Mass - Upper LimitIn quantum field theories the constants are altered in high order processed (e.g. loops). Asking that the Higgs mass be well behaved up to a high mass scale (no new Physics) implies a low mass Higgs.

12 Unresolved Fundamental Questions in HEPHow do the Z and W acquire mass and not the photon?What is MH and how do we measure it?Why are there 3 and only 3 light generations?What explains the pattern of quark and lepton masses and mixing?Why are the known mass scales so different? QCD ~ 0.2 GeV

Progress in HEP Depends on Advancing the Energy Frontier

Theory

Grand Unified TheoriesPerhaps the strong and electroweak forces are related. In that case leptons and quarks would make transitions and p would be unstable. The unification mass scale of a GUT must be large enough so that the decay rate for p is < the rate limit set by experiment.The coupling constants "run" in quantum field theories due to vacuum fluctuations. For example, in EM the e charge is shielded by virtual fluctuations into e+e- pairs on a distance scale set by, le ~ 1/me. Thus a increases as M decreases, a(0) = 1/137, a(MZ) = 1/128.

Why is charge quantized?

There appears to be approximate unification of the couplings at a mass scale MGUT ~ 1014 GeV.Then we combine quarks and leptons into GUT multiplets - the simplest possibility being SU(5).

[d1 d2 d3 e ] = 3(-1/3 ) + 1 + 0 = 0

Since the sum of the projections of a group generator in a group multiplet is = 0 (e.g. the angular momentum sum of m), then charge must be quantized in units of the electron charge.In addition, we see that quarks must have 1/3 fractional charge because there are 3 colors of quarks - SU(3).

GUT Predicts WA GUT has a single gauge coupling constant. Thus, and W must be related. The SU(5) prediction is that sin(W) = e/g = 3/8.

This prediction applies at MGUT

Running back down to the Z mass, the prediction becomes; 3/8[1 - 109 /18(ln(MGUT/MZ))]1/2

This prediction is in ~ agreement with the measurement of W from the W and Z masses.

Why is matter (protons) ~ stable?

There is no gauge motivated conservation law making protons stable.Indeed, SU(5) relates quarks and leptons and possesses leptoquarks with masses ~ the GUT mass scale.Thus we expect protons (uud) to decay via uu --> e+d , ud --> d. Thus p --> e+o or +Looking at the GUT extrapolation, we find 1/ ~ 40 at a GUT mass of ~ 1014 GeV.One dimensional grounds, the proton lifetime should bep = 1/p ~ GUT2(Mp/MGUT)4Mp or p ~ 4 x 1031 yr.

The current experimental limit is 1032 yr. The limit is in disagreement with a careful estimate of the p decay lifetime in simple SU(5) GUT models. Thus we need to look a bit harder at the grand unification scheme.

9 - Why is the Universe made of matter?

The present state of the Universe is very matter-antimatter asymmetric.

The necessary conditions for such an asymmetry are the CP is violated, that Baryon number is not conserved, and that the Universe went through a phase out of thermal equilibrium.

The existence of 3 generations allows for CP violation.

The GUT has, of necessity, baryon non-conserving reactions due to lepto-quarks.

Thus the possibility to explain the asymmetry exists in GUTs, although agreement with the data, NB/N ~ 10-9, and calculation may not be plausible.

SUSY and Evolution of It is impossible to maintain the big gap between the Higgs mass scale and the GUT mass scale in the presence of quantum radiative corrections. One way to restore the gap is to postulate a relationship between fermions and bosons. Each SM particle has a supersymmetric (SUSY) partner with spin 1/2 difference. If the mass of the SUSY partners is ~ 1 TeV, then the GUT unification is good - at 1016 GeV

Galactic Rotation CurvesThe rise of v as r (Keplers law) is observed, but no falloff is observed out to 60 kpc, well beyond the luminous region of typical galaxies. There must be a new dark matter.

Summary for CMS PhysicsCMS will explore the full (100 - 1000 GeV) allowed region of Higgs masses. Precision data indicates that the Higgs is light.

The generational regularities in mass and CKM matrix elements will probably not be informed by data taken at CMS.

There appears to be a GUT scale which indicates new dynamics. The GUT explains charge quantization, the value of W and perhaps the matter dominance of the Universe and the small values of the neutrino masses. However it fails in p decay and quadratic radiative corrections to Higgs mass scales..

Preserving the scales, (hierarchy problem) can be accomplished in SUSY. SUSY raises the GUT scale, making the p quasi-stable. The SUSY LSP provides a candidate to explain the observation of galactic dark matter. A local SUSY GUT naturally incorporates gravity. It can also possibly provide a small cosmological constant. A common GUT coupling and preservation of loop cancellations requires SUSY mass < 1 TeV. CMS will fully explore this SUSY mass range either proving or disproving this attractive hypothesis.

What will we find at the LHC?There is a single fundamental Higgs scalar field. This appears to be incomplete and unsatisfying.

Another layer of the cosmic onion is uncovered. Quarks and/or leptons are composites of some new point like entity. This is historically plausible atoms nuclei nucleons quarks.

There is a deep connection between Lorentz generators and spin generators. Each known SM particle has a super partner differing by unit in spin. An extended set of Higgs particles exists and a whole new SUSY spectroscopy exists for us to explore.

The weak interactions become strong. Resonances appear in WW and WZ scattering as in + . A new force manifests itself, leading to a new spectroscopy.

There are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of

Pictures +

Teacher and Student Immersion in Physics Research is Important.QuarkNet is a national program that partners high school teachers and students with particle physicists working on experiments in hadron collider physics.

Working in close association with practitioners, teachers and students become immersed in the process of scientific research as it is actually performed, rather than being observers on the sidelines.

Why is the research experience valuable to High School Teachers?How does participating in research impact teaching?How does the research experience impact students?

Who is involved?High School TeachersHigh School StudentsPhysicists

Why is the research experience valuable to High School Teachers?Provides a deeper understanding of PhysicsParticipation in historic researchTeachers infused with greater enthusiasm

A key equation:E2 = p2c2 + m2c4New Physics:Higgs BosonsSupersymmetryString TheoryHidden Dimensions

How does participating in research impact teaching?Brings new understanding to the classroom instructionCurrent events have a personal connectionStudents have greater respect for the teacherPositive interaction with other like-minded teachers

FNAL Collider (D ) Event

How are students involved?Classroom visitsField tripsFermiLab Saturday PhysicsScience Alive!Equipment SharingSummer Research Experience

Field Trips

How are students chosen?ApplicationsParticipating High SchoolsJuniors

How does the research experience impact students?Student questions take classroom discussions to higher levelsIncreased interest in Particle Physics research (Higgs)Deeper understanding of how Physics is performed.

What are the benefits of Research Experiences for Teachers?Feeling a part of current researchUnderstanding of scientific researchGreater student interestRevitalized teachingCamaraderie and support

Waveguides