quantum mechanics and atomic theory. copyright © houghton mifflin company. all rights reserved....

Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Theory

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–2

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

Source: Corbis


Figure 12.25: Mendeleev's early periodic table, published in 1872


ATOMS

MASS CHARGE

nucleus proton 1 +1

neutron 1 0

electron 0 -1


CHEMISTRY


CHEMISTRY

Most chemistry is in the

electrons


CHEMISTRY


electrons

(the outer shell electrons)


CHEMISTRY


electrons

(the valence electrons)


Figure 12.10: Electronic transitions in the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom


Massive star in Pistol Nebula

Source: NASA


QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons

n Shell 1,2,…



n Shell 1,2,…

l Angular momentum

0,..,n-1



n Shell 1,2,…

l Angular momentum

0,..,n-1

ml “Direction” of l -l,….,+l


Figure 12.18: Three representations of the hydrogen 1s


Figure 12.19b: Representation of the 2p orbitals.


Figure 12.19a: Representation of the 2p orbitals.


Figure 12.20: A cross section of the electron probability distribution for a 3p orbital.


Figure 12.21b: Representation of the 3d orbitals


Figure 12.21a: Representation of the 3d orbitals


Figure 12.22: Representation of the 4f orbitals in terms of their boundary surfaces.



n Shell 1,2,…

l Angular momentum

0,..,n-1




n Shell 1,2,…

l Angular momentum

0,..,n-1


s Spin ±½


Wolfgang Pauli


PAULI PRINCIPLE

• NO TWO ELECTRONS SHALL HAVE THE SAME SET OF QUANTUM NUMBERS


PAULI PRINCIPLE

• NO TWO ELECTRONS SHALL HAVE THE SAME SET OF QUANTUM NUMBERS

• Consequence:AUFBAU


Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements



1s2 2s1



1s2 2s2



1s2 2s2 2p1



1s2 2s2 2p2



1s2 2s2 2p3



1s2 2s2 2p4



1s2 2s2 2p5



1s2 2s2 2p6



1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1



1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2



1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1



1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2



1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3



1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4



1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5



1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6


Figure 12.27: Electron configurations for potassium through krypton.


Figure 12.28: The orbitals filled for elements in various parts


Figure 12.29: The periodic table with atomic symbols, atomic numbers, and

partial electron configurations


Figure 12.30: A form of the periodic table recommended by IUPAC


CHEMISTRY

Full shells make the happiest

atoms


CHEMISTRY

Full shells make the most stable

atoms


Figure 12.39: Special names for groups in the periodic table


Figure 12.35: The values of first ionization energy for the elements in the first five periods.


Figure 12.36: The electron affinity for atoms among the first 20 elements that form stable, isolated X- ions.


Figure 12.37: The radius of an atom (r) is defined as half the distance between the nuclei in a molecule

consisting of identical atoms.


Figure 12.34: Radial probability distributions


Figure 12.38: Atomic radii (in picometers) for selected atoms.


Figure 12.39: Special names for groups in the periodic table (cont’d)

quantum mechanics and atomic theory. copyright © houghton mifflin company. all rights reserved....

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