Quantitative Geology and Geostatistics

VOLUMES

Series Editor:

F. M. GRADSTEINAtlantic Geoscience Centre.

Bedford Institute ofOceanography,Dartmouth, N.s., Canada

GEOSTATISTICS TROIA '92

Volume 1

GEOSTATISTICS'"TROIA '92

Volume 1

Edited by

AMILCAR SOARESCelltro de Valarizacao de Recursos Millerais,

Illstituto Superior Tecllico,Lisbon, Portugal

Kluwer Academic PublishersDordrecht / Boston / London

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Geostatistics Troia '92 / edited by Amilcar Soares.p. em. -- (Quantitative geology and geostatistics v. 5)

"[Papers from] the Fourth Congress Troia ·92"--Foreword.Includes index.ISBN 0-7923-2157-X (set acid-free). -- ISBN 0-7923-2155-3 (v. 1acid-free). -- ISBN 0-7923-2156-1 (v. 2 acid-free)1. Geology--Statistical methods--Congresses. 2. Petroleum--Geology--Statistical methods--Congresses. I. Soares. Amilcar.II. Series.QE33.2.S82G46 1993550' .72--dc20 92-46924

ISBN 0-7923-2155-3 (vol. I)ISBN 0-7923-2156-1 (vol. 2)ISBN 0-7923-21 57-X (set)

Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

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ForewordAcknowledgementsList of Participants

THEORY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Xlll

xvXVII

"Fonnatling and IntegraTing Soft DaTa: STOchasTic Imaging Viathe Markov-Bayes Algorithm", Hua Zhu and AndreJournel. 1

"Comparison of Disjunctive Kriging to Generalized ProbabilityKriging in Application to The EstimaTion of SimulaTed andReal Data", James Carr and Nai-Hsien Mao. ..... . . . . .. 13

"Aggregation in GeosTaTisTical Problems", Noel Cressie.

"Substitution Random Functions", Christian Lantuejoui.

. 25

...... 37

"Towards a Direct Structural Analysis of an IRF-k", RobertoBruno and Giuseppe Raspa. 49

"Filtering Non-Linear FuncTions", Colin Daly 61

"ProbabiliTY Field SimulaTion", Roland Froidevaux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

"Joint Sequential SimulaTion of MultiGaussian Fields", JaimeGomez-Hernandez and Andre Journel. 85

"Geostatistical Modelling ofa Single Fracture" , Jean-Paul Chilesand Sylvie Gentier. 95

"Using the Entropy StaTiSTic TO Infer Population Parameters fromSpaTially Clustered Sampling", Neil Schofield. . . . . . . . . . . .. 109

"Biased Kriging on the Sphere?", Burkhard Schaffrin. 121

"MulTivariate GeosTaTisTics: Beyond Bivariate Momenrs", FelipeGuardiano and Mohan Srivastava. 133

V

vi

"ParameTric Surface ESTimaTion", E.Yfantis, G.Flatman andF.Miller. 145

"How Large a Sample Is Needed to ESTimate The RegionalVariogram AdequaTely?", R. Webster and M.Oliver. . 155

"Depth. Dip and Gradient", D.Renard and P.Ruffo. 167

"Simulation of Random FuncTions on Large Larrices", HenningOmre, Knut S,slna and HAkon Tjelmeland. 179

"CondiTioning a Gaussian Model with Inequalities", XavierFreulon and Chantal de Fouquet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

"GeosraTistics: Roadblocks and Challenges", Andre Journel. 213

"Random FuncTions and Fracture StaTisTics Models", DominiqueJeulin 225

"SpaTial FilTering Under The Linear CoregionalizaTion Model",Gilles Bourgault and Denis Marcotte. 237

"GraviTy Dara Transformation by Kriging", Denis Marcotte andMichel Chouteau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

"The Spatial VariabiliTy of Prediction Errors", Paul Switzer. 261

"RelaTions Between the IndicaTOrs Related to a RegionalizedVariable", Jacques Rivoirard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 273

PETROLEUM

"Gerring Berrer Qualiry Seismic SecTions", Z.Zhang and A. Galli. . . .. 285

"Comparison of Several Merhods of Lithofacies Simulation on theFluvial Gypsy SandsTone of Oklahoma", Valerie Langlaisand James Doyle. 299

"GeomathemaTical Modelling of a TurbiditicS.E.Hungary", J.Geiger and V.Werowsky..

Reservoir in311

vii

"Col1srraining Srochasric Images ro Seismic Dara", Louis-Jerome Bortoli,Francois Alabert, Andre Haas and Andre Joumel. . . . . . 325

"A New Approach for Pemleabiliry Classes Simularion inUndersampled Oil Reservoirs" ,A. Costa e Silva, H.GarciaPereira, A.Soares, J.Almeida and A. Guterres. 339

"Inrroducing More Geology in Srochastic Reservoir Modelling",Olivier Dubrule. 351

"An Inregrared Approach ro Reservoir Srudies Using SrochasricSimulation Techniques", Alberto Almeida, Thomas Tranand Paulo Ballin. 371

"Bayesian Kriging for Seismic Depth Conversion ofa Mulri-LayerReservoir", Petter Abrahamsen. 385

"Indicaror Simularion of Petrophysical Rock Types" , ChristopherMurray 399

"Sequenrial Modelling of Relarive lndicaror Variables: Dealingwirh Mulriple Lirhology Types", Roussos Dimitrakopoulosand Michel Dagbert. 413

"Combining Fibre Processes and Gaussian Random Functions forModelling Fluvial Reservoirs", Frode Georgsen andHenning Omre. 425

"Indicator Principal Componenr Kriging: The Multivariate Case",Vinicio Suro-perez. 441

"Modelling Reservoir Heterogeneiry wirh Fracrals", ThomasHewett. 455

"On rhe Connecriviry of Two Random Ser Models: The TruncatedGaussian and the Boolean", Denis Allard and HeresimGroup 467

"Semi-Markov Random Fields", HAkon Tjelmeland and LarsHolden 479

"A Sensiriviry Analysis of Geosrarisrical Paramerers on OilRecovery Predicrions", Udo Araktingi. 493

viii

"CondiTioning Resen'oir Models TO Well TeST InfonnaTion" ,Clayton Deutsch. 505

"Reser....oir Characlerizalion Wilh Seismic Dara using PatternRecognilion and SpaTial SraTislics", Suresh Thadani. . , 519

"Sequenrial Gaussian Co-SimulaTion: A Simularioll MethodInregraling Several rypes of InjomwTion", George Verly..... , 543

"Including a Regional Trend in Reservoir Modelling using TheTruncaTed Gaussian MeThod", H. Beucher, A. Galli, G.Le Loc'h and C. Ravenne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 555

OTHER APPLICAnONS

ENvmONMENT

"Analysis ofQuasi-Periodic Time Series!Jy a Geosratistical Methodwith Application to Climarology" , H.Allison andG.B.Davis. 567

"Kriging Temperature in Scarland Using the External DriftMeThod", Gordon Hudson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 577

"ClimaTological Idenrijicarion of rhe Non-Srationariries ofInrermitrenr Precipirarion Fields", I.Braud, Ph. Crochet andJ.D.Creutin. . 589

"Forecasring Gypsy Morh Defoliarion with Indicator Kriging",Michael Hohn, Linda Gribko and Andrew Liebhold. 601

"CondiTional Simulation: PracTical Application for SamplingDesign OpTimization", Evan Englund and Naser Heravi. . . . . .. 613

"PredicTing Probabiliry Maps of Air PollUTion ConcentraTion: ACase Study on Barreiro/Seual Industrial Area" I AmilcarSoares, Joao Tavora, Luisa Pinheiro, Cristina Freitas andJose Almeida.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 625

"Modelling of Map ImpuriTies Using Sequential IndicaTorSimularion", Marc Bierkens and Peter Burrough. . . . . . . . . . .. 637

ix

"Paniculate Slack Emissions from Coal Fired Power Stations",LClark and MJ.Daly 649

"Kriging the Rainfall in Lesotho", M.Annstrong, G.Chetboun andP.Huben " 661

"Probability Kriging as a Decision Suppon Tool for Local SoilPollution Problems", J.P. Okx, H.Leenaers andR.M.Krzanowski. 673

"Non Linear Approach to the Marine Inrrusion ProcessModelling", J. Delgado-Garcia and M.Chica-Olmo " 685

HYDROLOGY

"Evaluating the 'Uncenainry of Leakage Rates of Tejo and SadoGroundwater System", Luis Ribeiro. . " . " 695

"Geostatistics to AssisT Hydrographic Survey Design",Michel Dagbert, Peter Kielland, Manon L'Esperanceand Andrew Cowan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 709

"Estimation ofSpatial Cross-Covariances by Maximum LikelihoodCross-Covalidation: ApplicaTion to Hydraulic Heads andTransmissiviries in a Sandy Aquifer", J.Samper,J.C.Cuchi and R.Poncela. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 721

"Spatial Structure of Hydraulic Conductivity in VariousPorous Media - Problems and Experiences",M.-Th.Schafmeister and A.Pekdeger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 733

"STUdy of Spatial and Temporal Variations of HydrogeochemicalVariables Using Factorial Kriging Analysis", P.Goovaens and Ph.Sonnet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745

"Channel Tunnel: Geostatistical Prediction facinR the Ordeal ofReality", Raymonde Blanchin and Jean-Paul Chiles. . . . . . . . .. 757

"Regularization of Hydraulic Conductivities: A NumericalApproach", Jaime Gomez-Hernandez. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 767

"Geostatistical Formulations of Groundwater Coupled InverseProblems", J. Carrera,A. Medina and X. Sanchez-Vila. 779

x

SOIL SCIENCES

"Multivariate GeOSlatislics for Soil Classification", Guiseppe Raspa,Robeno Bruno, Paola Dosi, Nicola Filippi and Guiseppe Patrizio .. 793

"Geostatistical Interpolation of Curves: A Case Study in SoilScience", M.Goulard and M.Voltz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80S

"Quantitative Swdy of an Evolutionary Soil Sequence", MichelGrzebyk. 817

"Classification of High Spectral Resolulion Imagery Using anIndicaTOr Kriging Based Technique", Freek Van DerMeer. 829

"Spalial Imerpolation of Soil Moisture Dala with UniversalCokriging", A.Stein. 841

"Application of Correspondence Analysis and Factorial Kriging Analysis:A Case Study on Geochemical Exploration", R. Jimenez-Espinosa, A.J.Sousa and M.Chica-Olmo. 853

NATURAL RESOURCES

"Assessing Similarities and Differences among Maps: A Study ofTemporal' Changes in Distribution of Nonhem Shrimp(PANDALUS BORE4LIS) in the Gulf of Sl.Lawrence",Yvan Simard and Denis Marcotte. 865

"Using GeostQtistics for Forest Inventory with Air Cover: AnExample", C.de Fouquet and D. MandaIlaz. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 875

"GeosrQrisrical Estimation of Animal Abundance in the KrugerNalional Park, South Africa", Francois EshmaM Steffens. .... 887

HUMAN SCIENCES

"Estimating the Risk of Childhood Cancer" ,M.Oliver, Ch.Lajaunie, R.Webster, K.Muir, andJ.Mann 899

xi

"Some Epidemiologic Applications of Kriging", DanielWartenberg. . 911

MINING

"Geological and Structural Control in Kriging", P.Dowd. . 923

"The Developmem of an Imegrated Evaluation System for aWirwatersrand Gold Mine", F.Camisani-Calzolari.G.Knox, A.Woodend and M.Lorenzini. 937

"Sampling ofOrebodies with a Highly Dispersed Mineralization".Wynand Kleingeld and Christian Lantuejoul. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 953

"Indicator Approach to Characterize Fracture Spatial Distributionin Shear Zones". O.Tavchandjian, A.Rouleau andD.Marcotte 965

"Conditional Simulation: A Mine Planning Tool for a Small GoldDeposit", M. Nowak, R. Srivastava and A.Sinclair. . . . . . . . .. 977

"Geosrarisrical Tools for rhe Derelmination of FundamentalSampling Variances and Minimum Sample Masses".D.Franc;ois-Bongarc;on. 989

"Hole Effects in- Diamond Cores From Palabora", J.Vieler andI.Clark 1001

"Simularion 0/ Medium and Sho17 Term Mine ProductionScheduling Using Geostatistical Modelling", J. Vieira,J.Travassos, A. Gonc;alves, N.Samos and F. Muge. . 1013

"Geostatistical Estimation of a Summary Recovery Indexfor Marble Quarries", H.Pereira, G.Brito, T.Albuquerqueand J. Robeiro. . 1029

"Coal Preparation and Geosratistics - A Blend o/Technologies toForecast Clean Coal Qualiries", Sukhendu Barna. . 1041

xii

"ESTimating The Recoverable Reserves of Gold DeposiTs:Comparison Between Disjuncrive Kriging and lndicarorKriging", Jean-Paul Chiles, and Hong-Tao Liao 1053

"A Case 5rudy on the Application of Geosrarisrics and ImageAnalysis to Mine Planning", Fernando Muge, Pedro Pina,Gabriel Luis, Joao Luis, Pedro Patinha and Carlos Guimaraes. . .. 1065

Index' 1079

FOREWORD

From Frascati to Troia

In the Seventeen years between the first International Geostatistics Institute inFrascati and the Fourth Congress Troia'92, the geostatistical community has grown innumber and diversity and has reached recognition yet holding on its trademark. In recentyears it has emerged from its original field of application in the mining industry toinclude applications in petroleum, oceanography, soil, entomological and environmentalsciences. The "others" category of past congresses has grown into the most important,and had to be subdivided into many new sub classifications.

Troia'92 has been a most fruitful forum where more than 200 participants from28 different countries challenged each other's understanding of a still fast moving theoryand learnt from unexpected applications from remote fields. Troia'92 will beremembered as the Congress of consolidation when Geostatistics reached its place withinthe dynamics of the roaring scientific growth of this century end.

The Organizing Committee.

Margaret ArmstrongAndre JournelPeter DowdAmilcar Soares (General Secretary)

xiii

Acknowledgements

TROIA'92 was organized by CYRM - Instituto Superior Tecnico (Lisbon).The Organizing Committee would like to thank the members of the Scientific

Committee who had selected the abstracts and reviewed the papers. The quality of thefinal version of the articles is due to their conscientious work.

The Congress was made possible by the financial aid of the following institutionsand companies which have sponsored the technical sessions:

- Commission of the European Communities - DGXII- SCRF - Stanford Center for Reservoir Forecasting- SOMINCOR- SPE - Sociedade Portuguesa de Empreendimentos- RTZ Corporation PLC- COGEMA- EDM - Empresa de Desenvolvimento Mineiro A

- AFAIRS - Associa~ao Universidade - Empresa para Forma~ao no Ambito daIndustria e Recursos do Sub-solo.- INIC - Instituto Nacional de Investiga~ao Cientffica- DGGM - Direc~ao Geral de Geologia e Minas- FLA - Funda~ao Luso Americana

The Organizing Committee is deeply obliged to these institutions and companies.The extraordinary success of the Congress would not have been possible without

the dedication of the students of the CYRM - Instituto Superior Tecnico.

xv

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Abrahamsen, Peter, NORWEGIAN COMPUTING CENTERPostbox 114 BLINDERN 0314 OSLO 3, NORWAY

Ajlan, Adel Hamoud, NILP.O. Box 345 Jeddah 21191, SAUDI ARABIA

Alabert, Fran<;ois, Societe Nationale ELF AQUITAINE SNEA(P), CSTJFAvenue Larribau 64018 PAU CEDEX, FRANCE

Albuquerque, Alexandre, SPE, Sociedade Portuguesa de Empreendimentos, SARua dos Fanqueiros, 12 - 2°, 1100 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Albuquerque, Maria Teresa, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro deValoriza<;ao de Recursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Alfaro, Marco, CODELCO-CHILEDivision Chuquicamata Planification Mina CHUCHICAMATA, CHILE

Allard, Dennis, ECOLE DES MINES DE PARIS - Centre de Geostatistique35, rue Saint-Honore 77305 Fontainebleau, FRANCE

Allison, Henry, CSIRO - DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCESPrivate Bag PO Wembley WA 6014, AUSTRALIA

Almeida, Alberto, APPLIED EARTH SCIENCES DEPT. Stanford UniversityStanford, CA 94305-2225, U.S.A.

Almeida, Jose Antonio, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valoriza<;aode Recursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Araktingi, Udo, CHEVRON OIL FIEL RESEARCH COMPANY A CHEVRONCORPORATION SUBSIDIARY1300 Beach Boulevard P.O.Box 446 La Habra, CA 90633-0448, U.S.A.

Armstrong, Margaret, ECOLE NATIONAL SUPERIEURE DES MINES DE PARIS- Centre de Geostatistique35, Rue Saint-Honore 77305 FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE

xvii

xviii

Attas, Abdallah Mohsen AI, NILP.O. Box 345 Jeddah 21191, SAUDI ARABIA

Baafi, Ernest, UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGGONGNSW 2500 Wollongong, AUSTRALIA

Barata, Teresa, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valoriza<;ao deRecursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Barua, Sukhendu L., ISLAND CREEK CORPORAnON250 West Main Street, P.O. Box 11430 LEXINGTON, KY 40575 - 1430, U.S.A.

Beckner, Bret, MOBIL REDP.O. Box 819047, Dallas, U.S.A

Beier, Richard, CONOCO INC.,PO BOX 1267, PONCACITY, OK 74603, U.S.A.

Beucher, Helene, ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DES MINES DE PARISCentre de GeostatistiqueEcole des Mines 35 rue Saint-Honore 77305 Fontainebleau, FRANCE

Beurden, Arthur Van, R.I. V.M.Ant. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9 P.O.Box 1 3720 BA Bilthoven (NL) , THENETHERLANDS

Bezerra, Jose Carlos Leal, ODEBRECHTAlameda da Espat6dias, 915 Pituba, Salvador-Bahia, BRAZIL

Bierkens, M.F.P., UNIVERSITY OF UTRECHT GEOGRAPHICAL INSTITUTEP.O.Box 80.115, 3508 TC Utrecht, THE NETHERLANDS

Blaise, Jean Rene, SOCIETE DES MINES DU BOURNEIXBP 36 87500 St Yriex la Perche, FRANCE

Blanchin, Raymond, BRGMBP 6009 45060 Orleans cedex 2, FRANCE

Bonaccorsi, Giusepi, ANG-ONGVia XX Setembre, 75 Tredozio SO-zip 47019 - ITALY

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Bongar~on, Dominique F., INCO EXPLORATION AND TECHNICAL SERVICES,INC.1630 Paris ST #209 Sudbury, Ont. P3E 3CI, CANADA

Bortoli, Louis, APPLIED EARTH SCIENCES DEPT. Stanford UniversityStanford, CA 94305-2225, U.S.A.

Bourgault, Gilles, ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE MONTREALDept. Genie Mineral, 5 etage C.P. 6079, CANADA H3C 3A7

Braga, Luis Paulo V., UFRJc.P. 2386,20001 - RIO DE JANEIRO, BRASIL

Braud, Isabelle, UNIVERSITE SCIENTIFIQUE TECHNOLOGIQUE ET MEDICALEDE GRENOBLEInstitut de Mecanique de Grenoble B P 53 X, 38041 Grenoble, FRANCE

Brito, Gra~a, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valoriza~ao de RecursosMineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Bruno, Roberto, UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA "LA SAPIENZA"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali, delle Materie Prime Metal\.Via Eudossiana, 18 - 00184 ROMA, ITALY

Buxton, Bruce, BATTELLE505 King Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43201-2693, U.S.A.

Camisani, F.A., ANGLOVAAL LIMITEDAnglovaal House 56, Main Street JOHANNESBURG 2001, SOUTH AFRICA

Carolino, Alexandra, PEGMATfTICASoc. Mineira de Pegmatites Lda., Mesquitela, 3530 Mangualde, PORTUGAL

Carolino, B., PEGMATITICASoc. Mineira de Pegmatites Lda., Mesquitela, 3530 Mangualde, PORTUGAL

Carolino, Jose, PEGMATITICASoc. Mineira de Pegmatites Lda., Mesquitela, 3530 Mangualde, PORTUGAL

xx

Carr, James R., UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, Reno Department of GeologicalSciences/168M S 168 Reno, NV 89557-0138, U.S.A.

Carrasco, Pedro, CODELCODiego Portoles 510, Salvador, CHILE

Carrera, Jesus, DIT-UPC Dep. Ing. TerrenoUPC, Campus Nord, Mod D-2 08034, BARCELONA, SPAIN

Carter, L., ANGLOVAAL Ltd.P.O.Box 62379 Marshalltown 2107, SOUTH AFRICA

Carvalho, Justino da Encarna<;ao, PARTEX-CPSAv. 5 de Outubro, 260, 1000 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Castillo, Carlos L., INTEVEP, S.ASector el Tambor, Santa Rosa los tegues Edu Miranda, VENEZUELA

Caumartin, COGEMABP 4 78141 Velizy Villa Coublay, FRANCE

Chambel, LUls,SOCIEDADE PORTUGUESA DE EMPREENDIMENTOSRua dos Fanqueiros, 12, 5° 1100 lisboa - PORTUGAL

Chica-Olmo, Mario, UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA - Dept. GeodinamicaAv. da Fuentenueva, SIN 18071 GRANADA, SPAIN

Chiles, Jean-Paul, BRGMBP 6009, 45060 Orleans Cedex 2, FRANCE

Clarici, Elena, IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, Technology & MedicineRoyal School of Mines Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, ENGLAND

Clark, Isobel, GEOSTOKOS LIMITEDAlloa Business Centre Whins Road Alloa FK10 3SA, Central Scotland

Coleou, Thierry, PETROSYSTEMSICGG2500 Wilcrest, suite 200, Houston, TEXAS, 77042, U.S.A.

xxi

Cortez, Leopoldo, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valorizac;ii.o deRecursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 USBOA, PORTUGAL

Cressie, Noel A.C., IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY - Departments of Statistics102E Snedecor Hall Ames IA 50011, U.S.A.

Dagbert, Michel, GEOSTAT SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL INC.800 Chomedey Blvd -Tower A -Suite 240 Laval, QUEBEC CANADA H7Y3YA,CANADA

Daly Colin, B.P RESEARCH CENTERChertsey Road Sunbury-on-thames, Middx TW 167 LN, ENGLAND

Daly, Mike, ESKOM FUEL AND WATER DIVISIONSOUTH AFRICA

Demange, Claude, COGEMABP 478141 Velizy Villa Coublay, FRANCE

Deutsche, Clayton, Exxon Production Research CompanyP.O. Box 2189, Houston, Tx 77252-2189, U.S.A.

Dimitrakopoulos, Roussos, McGILL UNIVERSITY Dept. of Mining and MetallurgicalEng.3480 University Street Montreal, P.Q., CANADA H3A 2A7

Donato, Matteo, COMMISSION OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITIESHead of the Row Materials Programme DG XII/C-5 200 Rue dela Loi B-I049,Brussels, BELGIUM

Dosi, Paola, DIGITER, SRLU. Roccadipapa, 00184 ROMA, ITAuA

Dowd, Peter, THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS - Dept. of Mining and MineralEngineeringLeeds LS29JT, ENGLAND

Dubrule, Olivier,SOCIETE NATIONALE ELF-AQUITAINECSTJF, 64018 Pan Cedex, FRANCE

xxii

Durao, Fernando, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO- Centro de Valorizal;ao deRecursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Englund, Evan J., U.S.EPAP.O.Box 93478 Las Vegas NV 89193-3478, U.S.A.

Felix, Manfred, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SAXONY; GERMANYHalsbrucker Str. 31 a 0 - 9200 Freiberg, GERMANY

Ferra, Pedro, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valorizal;ao de RecursosMineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Ferreira, Alfredo Virgflio, SOMINCORApartado 12, 7780 Castro Verde, PORTUGAL

Fouquet, Chantal de, ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DES MINES DE PARISCentre de Geostatistique35, Rue Saint-Honore, 77305 Fontainebleau, FRANCE

Freulon, Xavier, ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DES MINES DE PARISCentre de Geostatistique35, Rue Saint-Honore, 77305 Fontainebleau, FRANCE

Froidevaux, Roland, FSS INTERNATIONAL10 Chemin de Drize 1256 Troinex, SWITZERLAND

Galli, Alain, ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DES MINES DE PARIS Ecole ­Centre de Geostatistique35, Rue Saint-Honore, 77305 Fontainebleu, FRANCE

Garcia, Jorge Delgado, UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA - Dpto de GeodinamicaAv da. Fuentenueva sin 18071 - GRANADA,SPAIN

Garcia, Michel, ECOLE NATIONAL SUPERIEURE DES MINES DE PARIS - Centrede Geostatistique35, Rue Saint-Honore, 77305 Fontainebleau, FRANCE

Gedler, Gustavo, INTEVEP, S.AVr. Santa Rosa, Sector el Tambor los Teques, VENEZUELA

xxiii

Geiger, Janos, "MOL"RT-NKFV-SLKFI Nagyalfold Oil and Gas Production Co.,P.O.Box 865000 Szolnok, HUNGARY

Georgsen, Frode, NORWEGIAN COMPUTING CENTER/SANDPostbox 114 Blinden N-0314 OSLO 3, NORWAY

Gois, L., INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valorizac;ao de RecursosMineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Gomez-Hernandes, Jaime, UNIVERSIDAD POLITECNICA DE VALENCIA Dep.Hidraulica y Medio Ambiente46071 Valencia, SPAIN

Gonzaga, Jose LUIs, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valorizac;ao deRecursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Goovaerts, Pierre, UNIVERSITE CATOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN Faculte des SciencesAgronomiquesPlace Croix du Sud, 2 Bte 16 Louvain-Ia-Neuve, BELGIUM

Gossa, Hedhili, SOCIETE ITALO TUNISIENNE D'EXPLOTATION PETROLIERECentre Urbain Nord B.P. 424 1080 Tunis Cedex , Tunis, TUNISIE

Goulard, Michel, INRA LABORATOIRE DE BIOMETRIEINRA BP 91 84140 MONTFAVET, FRANCE

Gruyter, Joop J. de, WIMAND STARING CENTREPostbus 125 NL-6700 AC Wageningen, THE NETHERLANDS

Guardiano, Felipe, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Dept. of Applied Earth SciencesStanford, CA 94305-2225, U.S.A.

Guimaraes, Carlos, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valorizac;ao deRecursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Guterres, Ana, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valorizac;ao deRecursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

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Grzebyk, Michel, ECOLE NATIONAL SUPERIEURE DES MINES DE PARIS ­Centre de Geostatistique35, rue Saint-Honore, 77300 Fontainebleau, FRANCE

Haas, Andre, SOCIETE NATIONALE ELF AQUITAINESNEA(P), CSTJF Avenue Larribau 64018 PAU Cedex, FRANCE

Halleux, Isabelle, ISSP - INSTITUT SCIENTIFIQUE DE SERVICE PUBLICRue du Chera, 200 B-4000, Liege 1, BELGIUM

Hektoen, A. L.- NORWEGIAN COMPUTING CENTERP.B.Box 114 - Blindern 0314 Oslo, NORWAY

Heuvelink, G.B.M., UNIV. OF UTRECHT Geographical InstituteP.O.Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, THE NETHERLAND

Hewett, Thomas A., STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Dept. of Applied Earth SciencesStanford California 94305-2220, U.S.A.

Hohn, Michael, WV GEOLOGICAL & ECONOMIC SURVEYP.O.Box 879 Morgantown, WV 26507-0879, U.S.A.

Hollund, Knut Utne, NORSK HYDRO A.S.P.O.Box 200 N-1321 STABEKK, NORWAY

Hu, Linying Y., ECOLE NATIONAL SUPERIEURE DES MINES DE PARIS - Centrede Geostatistique35, rue St.Honore, 77305 Fontainebleau, FRANCE

Hudson, Gordon, MACAULAYLAND USE RESEARCH/NST.Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB9 2QJ, SCOTLAND

Jepsen, Jens Bach, STATOILBox 300, Forus N-4001 Stavanger, NORWAY

Jeulin, Dominique, ECOLE NATIONAL SUPERIEURE DES MINES DE PARIS ­Centre de Geostatistique35, rue St. Honore, 77305, Fontainebleau, FRANCE

Jimenez-Espinosa, Rosario, UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA - Dept.Geodinamica ­Facultad de Cienciascl Fuentenueva sin 18071 Granada, SPAIN

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Journel, Andre, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Dept. of Applied Earth SciencesStanford, CA 94305-2225, U.S.A.

Kalkomey, Cynthia T., MOBIL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENTP.O.Box 819047 Dallas, TX 75381, U.S.A.

Kleingeld, W.J., ANGLO AMERICAN CORP.P.O.Box A 1848, Craighall 2024, SOUTH AFRICA

Krige, Daniel - UNIV. OF THE WITWATERSRANDP.O.Box 121, Florida Hills, 1716, SOUTH AFRICA

Kupfersberger, Hans, INSTITUT FUR HYDRAULIK GEWASSERKUNDE &WASSERWIRTSCHAFTTechnische Universitat Wien Karlplatz 13/223 A-1040 Wien, AUSTRIA

Laine, Eeva Liisa, HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY ofEng. GeologyVuorimiehentie 2A 02150 ESPOO, FINLANDE

Lajos, Kovacs, HUNGARIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEYStefania ut 14 Budapest H - 1143, HUNGARY

Langlais, Valerie, BP EXPLORATION INC.5151 San Felipe P.O.Box 4587 Houston, TEXAS 77210 , U.S.A.

Lantuejoul, Christian, ECOLE NATIONAL SUPERIEURE DES MINES DE PARIS ­Centre de Geostatistique35, Rue Saint-Honore, 77305 Fontainebleau, FRANCE

Lemmer, Carina15 Chiselhurst Drive ROSSMORE 2092 Johannesburg, SOUTH AFRICA

Liao, Hong Tao, PETROSYSTEMS1 rue Leon Migaux 91341 Massy Cedex, FRANCE

Lokosha, Osango, UNIVERSITE DE LAUSANNE - Institut de Mineralogie etPetrographiUNIL BFSM2 1015 Lausanne, SUISSE

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LUIs, Joao, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valorizac;ao de RecursosMineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

MacCarthy, Jane, BHP Tower - Bourke Place600 BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE, VICTORIA 3000, G.P.O.Box 86A,MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA 3001

Magri, Ed, NCL Ingenierie y Construction S.A., Ricardo Matte Perez 479-485Providencia - Santiago - CHILE

Maignan, Michel, UNIVERSITE DE LAUSANNEMineralogie BFSM2 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, SUISSE

Mandallaz, Daniel, ETH- Eidgenossische Technische Mochschule ZurichETH-Zentrum, HG E 12 CH-8092 Zurich, SUISSE

Marbeau, Jean Paul, PETROSYSTEMS/CGG1, rue Leon Migaux 91302 MASSY Cedex, FRANCE

Marcotte, Denis, ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUECase Postale 6079 Sucursale A Montreal, Quebec H3C G47, CANADA

Meer, Freek van der, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUT FOR AEROSPACE SURVEYAND EARTH SCIENCES350 Boulevard 1945 P.O.Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede, THE NETHERLANDS

Monestiez, Pascal, LABORATOIRE DE BIOMETRIE, INRAB.P.91 84140 MONTFAVET, FRANCE

Mucha, Jacek, ACADEMY OF MINING AND METALLURGYIHiGI AGH AI. Mickiewicza 30 30-059 KRAKOW, POLAND

Muge, Fernando, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valorizac;ao deRecursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Munthe, Kristin, NORWEGIAN COMPUTING CENTERP.O.Box 114-Blindern 0314 Oslo, NORUAY

Murillo, Alvaro, Calle 129 BIS, nO SA-26/56 Ap. 315Santa Fe de Bogota, COLOMBIA S.A.

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Murray, Christopher, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Dept. of Applied Earth SciencesStanford, CA 94305-2225, U.S.A.

Myers, Donald, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA - Department of MathematicsTucson AZ 85721, U.S.A.

Nulsen, Marcus, WESTERN ATLAS INTERNATIONAL455, London Road Isleworth, Middx, ENGLAND

Okx., J.P., TAWN INFRA CONSULT B.V.P.O.Box 4797400 AL DEVENTER, THE NETHERLANDS

Oliver, A., THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM School of GeographyEdgbaston BIRMINGHAM, B152TT U.K., ENGLAND

Omre, Henning, NORWEGIAN COMPUTING CENTERPostbox 114 BLINDEN N-314 Oslo 3, NORWAY

Oosterveld, M.M., ANGLO AMERICAN CORP. OF SA LTDP.O.Box 41848 2024 CRAIGHALL, SOUTH AFRICA

Pardo-Iguzquiza, Eulogio, UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA, FTAD.Ciencias ­Dpto.GeodinamicaAv da. Fuentenueva, 18071 GRANADA, ESPANA

Parker, Harry M., MINERAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENTSuite 302 1710 South Amphlett Blud. San Mateo, California, 94546 U.S.A.

Patinha, Pedro, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valoriza<;ao deRecursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Pebesma, EJ., UNIVERSITY OF UTRECHT Geographical InstituteP.O.Box 801 IS, 3508 TC UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS

Pereira, H.G., INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valoriza~ao deRecursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Pereira, Maria Joao, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valoriza<;ao deRecursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

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Pilz, Jurgen, BERGAKADEMIC FREIBERGFachbereich Geowissenschaften G. -Zeuner-Str. 12 D - 9200 Freiberg (Sachs),GERMANY

Pina, Pedro, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valorizac;ao de RecursosMineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Posa, Donato, Dipartminento de Mathematica, IRMAVia G.Fortunato Campus Universitario 70125 Bari, ITALY

Quental, LUIS Ramos, PARTEXAvenida 5 de Outubro, PORTUGAL

Raspa, Giuseppe, UNIVERSITA dI ROMA "LA SAPIENZA"Dipartimento di Engegneria Chimica de Materiali, delle Materie Prime e MetallurgiaVia Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Roma, ITALY

Ravenne, GEOVARIANCESAvenue Franklin Roosevelt 38,77210 Avon, FRANCE

Ravenscroft, Peter J., RTZ TECHNICAL SERVICES LIMITEDP.O.Box 50, CASTLEMEAD LOWER CASTLE STREET BRISTOL BS99 7YR,UNITED KINGDOM

Remacre, Armando Zaupa, UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINASC.P. 6152 - Instituto de Geociencias - CAMPINAS, BRASIL

Renard, Didier, ECOLE NATIONAL SUPERIEURE DES MINES DE PARIS - Centrede Geostatistique35, rue Saint-Honore, 77305 FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE

Ribeiro, Jorge, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valorizac;ao deRecursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Ribeiro, LUIS Tavares, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valorizac;ao deRecursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Roditis, Yani, GOLD FIELDS MINING CO.1687 Cole Blvd. Golden, CO, 80401, U.S.A. (3 books)

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Rodrigues, Joao Jose, SOMINCOR - Sociedade Mineira de Neves Corvo, SARLApartado 12, 7780 CASTRO VERDE, PORTUGAL

Rogado, Jose Quintino, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valoriza<;aode Recursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Rohrlich, Vera, TECHNION GeotechnologyTechnion City 32000 Haifa, ISRAEL

Rossi, Mario, MINERAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT1710 So. Amphlett Blvd. Suite 302 San Mateo, CA, 94402, U.S.A.

Rossini, Claudia, AGIP S.P.A.Via Fabiani n 1 S.Donato M. Milano, ITALY

Roth, Chris, BRGMBP 6009, 45060 Orleans Cedex 2, FRANCE

Rovellini, Marco, AGIP S.P.A.Via Fabiani n0 1 S.Donato M. Milano, ITALY

Salguero-Perez, Antonio, UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADAIIAGMDpto. Geodinamica I AUDA. Fuentenueva SIN, 18071 Granada, SPAIN

Samper, Javier, UNIVERSITAT POLITECNICA DE CATALUNYADepartamento de Ingenieria del Terreno y Cartografica c/Gran Capitan SINModulo 2 08034 BARCELONA, SPAIN

Sanchez-Vila, Xavier, UNIVERSITAT POLITECNICA DE CATALUNYAGran Capitan, sin Modulo 0-2 Barcelona 08034, SPAIN

Schad, Hermann, INSTITUT FUR WASSERBAUUniversity of Stuttgard, GERMANY

Schaffrin, Burkhard, OHIO STATA UNIVERSITY Depart.of Geodetic ScienceSurveyingThe Ohio State University 1958 Neil Ave., Co1umbusiOhio 43210,43219, U.S.A.

Schafmeister, Maria-Th., FREE UNIVERSITY BERLIN Institute for Applied GeologyWichernstr. 160- 1000 BERLIN 33 F.R.G., GERMANY

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Schamber, Jennifer, MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY1400 Townseno Dr. Houghton MI 49931, U.S.A.

Schofield, Neil, FSS INTERNATIONAL INC.P.O.Box 657 Epping NSW 2121, AUSTRALIA

Seguret, Serge, ECOLE NATIONAL SUPERIEURE DES MINES DE PARIS - Centrede Geostatistique35, Rue St. Honore, 77305 Fontainbleau, FRANCE

Silva, A. Costa e, PARTEX, cpsAv. 5 de Outubro, 160, 1000 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Silva, Emfdio, University of Roma ,Via Eudossiana, 18-00184 ROMA, ITALIA

Silva, Fernando, PARTEXAv. 5 de Outubro, Lisboa, PORTUGAL

Silva, Francisco Jose, SOMINCOR - Sociedade Mineira de Neves Corvo, SARLApartado 12, 7780 CASTRO VERDE, PORTUGAL

Simard, Yvan, DEPT.FISH.& OCEANS INSTITUT MAURICE-LAMONTAGNEC.P. 1000 MONT-JOLI QUEBEC G5H 3Z4, CANADA

Soares, Amflcar 0., INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valoriza<;ao deRecursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Sonnet, Philippe, UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAINLaboratoire de Geologie et Mineralogie 3, Place L. Pasteur 1348 Louvain-a-Neuve,BELGIUM

Soulie, Michel, UNIVERSITE DE MONTREAL Ecole PolytechniqueSection Geotechnique CP 6079, Succ A. Montreal (Qc) H3C 3A7, CANADA

Sousa, Antonio Jorge de, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valoriza<;aode Recursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais, 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Srivastava, Mohan, FSS INTERNATIONAL#24 The Creekhouse 1551 Johnston Street Vancouver, B.C., CANADA V6H 3R9

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Steffens, Francois E., UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA Statistics Dept.P.O.Box 392 0001 PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA

Stein, Alfred, AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Dept. Soil Science and GeologyP.O.Box 37 6700 AA Wageningen, THE NETHERLANDS

Suro-Perez, Vinicio,PEMEXAv.Marina Nacional320, Torre Ejecutiva, Piso 32 11311 Mexico DF, MEXICO

Taheri, Mojtaba, INTEVEP, S.A.P.O.Box 76343 Caracas 1070-A, VENEZUELA

Tavchandjian, Oliver, Universite of Quebeque in Chicoutimi555 Boul. Universite, Chicoutimi, 67H-3R5, QUEBEC, CANADA

Tercan, A.E., UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS Mining and Mineral EngineeringLeeds LS2 9JT, ENGLAND

Thadani, Suresh G., STOCHASTIC SYSTEMS, INC.1524 Mockingbird Plano, Texas 75075, U.S.A.

Tjelmeland, Hakon, NORWEGIAN COMPUTING CENTERPostbox 114 Blindern 0314 OSLO, NORWAY

Tran, Thomas, SHELL DEVELOPMENT CO.P.O.BOX 481 HOUSTON, TX 77001, U.S.A

Travassos, Jose Filipe, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO - Centro de Valoriza<;aode Recursos MineraisAv. Rovisco Pais 1096 LISBOA, PORTUGAL

Tyler, Kelly, Dept. for Res. Tech. STATOILPO Box 300 N-4001 Stavanger, NORUAY

Vairinho, Margarida, MINISTERIO DA INDUSTRIA E ENERGIARua Diogo Couto nOI 2°, Lisboa, PORTUGAL

Valente, Jorge, CONSULTORR. Martin Francisco, n033], sp. 402, 30-430, BELO HORIZONTE, BRASIL

Varsanyi, Iren, INSTITUTE OF MINERALOGYH - 6701 Szeged Pf 651, HUNGARY

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Verly, Georges, B.P RESEARCH CENTERChertsey Road Sunbury-on-thames Middlesex TW 167 LN, ENGLAND

Verrezen, Lucien, GENMINP.O.Box 1404 Roosevelt Park Johannesburg 2129, SOUTH AFRICA

Vieler, Jonathan, RIO TINTO MANAGEMENT SERVICESP.O.Box 784467 SANDTON 2146, SOUTH AFRICA

Vicente, Yolanda, SOCIEDADE PORTUGUESA DE EMPREENDIMENTOSRua dos Fanqueiros n012 5°, 1100 Lisboa, PORTUGAL

Wartenberg, Daniel, DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND COMMUNITYMEDICINEUMDNJ-Robert Wood Johson Medical School Piscataway NJ 08854, U.S.A.

Weber, Dennis D., UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA Environmental Research Center4505 Maryland Parkway LAS VEGAS, NV 89154, U.S.A.

Webster, Richard, ETH Zurich Institut fur terrestrische OkologieGrabenstrasse 3 8952 Schlieren, SWITZERLAND

Werovszkyne, Veronika Pipic, "MOL"RT-NKFV Nagyalfold Oil and Gas ProductionCo., P.O.Box 86 5000 Szolnok, HUNGARY

Yfantis, E.A., UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA Computer Science DepartmentLAS VEGAS, NV 89154, U.S.A.

Zeissler, Karl-Otto, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SAXONYHalsbrucker Str. 31 a 0 - 9200 Freiberg, GERMANY

Zepic, Franc, INSTITUT ZA GEOLOGIJO, Geotehniko in GeofizikoGeoloski Zavod Ljubljana Dimiceva 14 61000 LOJUBUANA SLOVENIA,YOUGOSLAVIE