quality grain management effects on the feed industry

Quality Grain Management

Effects on the Feed Industry

Ben Weaver

Regional Account Manager

Topics to Cover

• What are mycotoxins

• How are they created

• What effects do mycotoxins have on animals

when consumed

• How to check and have preventative measures

for molds and mycotoxins

• What is the business impact?

Aspergillus

Fusarium

Penicillium

Ochratoxin AT2 Toxin - DON

Zearalenone

Aflatoxin B1

Molds and Mycotoxins

Contributors To Mycotoxin Contamination

Weather Conditions

Environmental

Handling / Equipment

Storage

Source: http://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/6/1/8/htm

Many Critical Control Points to Monitor

Mycotoxins Are Found Around The Globe

Co-occurrence of mycotoxins is common

Effects of Mycotoxins on the Animal and Business

• Malabsorption of nutrients

• Decrease in immunocompetence

• Reproduction problems– Infertility

• Organ Damage

• Cancer

Aflatoxin Feeding Guidelines

FDA Action Levels for Aflatoxin in Human Food, Animal Feed, and Animal Feed Ingredients

Intended Use Grain, Grain By-Product, Feed or Other Aflatoxin Level (parts per billion)

Human consumption Milk 0.5 p.p.b. (Aflatoxin M1)

Human consumption Foods, peanuts and peanut products 20 p.p.b.

Immature animalsCorn, peanut products and other

animal feeds and and ingrediants20 p.p.b.

Dairy AnimalsCorn, peanut products and other

animal feeds and and ingrediants20 p.p.b.

Breeding Cattle,

breeding swine, and

mature poultry

Corn and peanut products 100 p.p.b.

Finishing Swine 100 lb or

greaterCorn and peanut products 200 p.p.b

Finishing (i.e., feedlot)

beef cattleCorn and peanut products 300 p.p.b.

Beef, cattle, swine, or

poultry, regardless of

age, or breeding status

Cottonseed meal 300 p.p.b.

https://www.ngfa.org/wp-content/uploads/NGFAComplianceGuide-FDARegulatoryGuidanceforMycotoxins8-2011.pdf

Vomitoxin Feeding Guidelines

FDA Action Levels for Vomitoxin

Intended UseGrain, Grain By-Product, Feed or

Other

Vomitoxin Level in grains and Complete Diet**

(parts per million)

Human consumption Finished wheat products 1 p.p.m.

SwineGrain, Grain By-Products not to

exceed 20% of diet5 p.p.m. (1 p.p.m)**

ChickensGrain, Grain By-Products not to

exceed 50% of diet10 p.p.m. (5p.p.m)**

Ruminating beef and

Feedlot cattle older than

4 months

Grain, Grain By-Products * 10 p.p.m. (10p.p.m)**

Ruminating dairy cattle

older than 4 months

Grain, Grain By-Products not to

exceed 50% of diet*10 p.p.m. (5p.p.m)**

Ruminating beef and

feedlot cattle older than

4 months, and

Ruminating dairy cattle

older than 4 months

Distillers grains, brewers grains,

gluten feeds, and gluten meals*

30 p.p.m.

(10p.p.m beef/feedlot)**

(5p.p.m. dairy)**

All other AnimalsGrain, Grain By-Products not to

exceed 40% of diet5 p.p.m. (2p.p.m)**

88% dry matter basis **Complete diet figures shown within parentheses


Fumonisin Feeding Guidelines

FDA Guidence Levels for Fumonisin in Animal Feed

Class of Animal Grain, Grain By-ProductsFumonisin Level in grains and Complete Diet

(parts per million)

Horse and RabbitCorn and corn by-products not to

exceed 20% of the diet**5 p.p.m. (1 p.p.m)

Swine and CatfishCorn and corn by-products not to


Breeding Ruminants,

Breeding Poultry

Corn and corn by-products not to

exceed 50% of the diet**30 p.p.m. (15p.p.m)

Ruminants Older Than 3

Months eing Raised for

Slaughter



Poultry being raised for

slaughter



All Other Species or

Classes of Livestock and

Pet Animals



*Includes lactating Dairy cattle and hens laying eggs for human consumption **Dry weight basis


Mycotoxin Limits in Feed

Mixing Instructions

https://www.ngfa.org/

wp-content/uploads/

NGFAComplianceGuide-

FDARegulatoryGuidance

forMycotoxins8-2011.pdf


What Can Be Done?

Prevention Is Key!Test and Control

Optimal Temperatures for Growth of Molds

Commonly Associated with Feed Grains

Hill, R. A., D. M. Wilson, W. W. McMillian, N. W. Widstrom, R. J. Cole, T. H. Sanders and Blankenship (1984) “Ecology of the Aspergillus group and aflatoxin formation in maize and ground nuts” from Tricothecenes and other Mycotoxins, ed. by J. Lacy, J. Wiley and Sons, pp 79-95; Storage of Cereal Grains and their Products (1982) ed. by C. M. Christensen, Amer. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, Minn., pp 1-544; Bullerman, L. B., L. L. Schroeder and K. Y. Park (1984) J. Food Protection 47: 637-646; and Rabie, C. J., E. W. Sydenham, P. G. Thiel, A. Lubben and W. F. O. Marasas (1986) App. and Envir. Microbiol. 52: 594-59.

Temperature, °F32 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Aspergillus (growth)

Optimum

Penicillium (growth)

Optimum

Fusarium (growth)

T-2 toxin production

Efficacy of Organic Acid to Inhibit

Growth of Molds

From: Pelhate, J. 1973. Stabilisation de la mycoflore de maïs-grains

Humides ensilés. Ann. Tech. Agric. 22:647-661.

Efficacy of Propionic Acid to Inhibit

Growth of Molds

From: Higgins, C. and F. Brinkhaus. 1999. Efficacy of several organic

Acids against molds. J. Applied Poultry Res. 8:480-487.

Research with Pigs

Virginia Diversified Research Corporation

FloMatrix added at the rate of 5 lb./ton

Because of factors outside of PMI Nutritional Additives’ control, individual results to be obtained, including but not limited to:

financial performance, animal condition, health or performance cannot be predicted or guaranteed by PMI Nutritional Additives.

Reduction in Energy Content in Feed and what it

does to the Animal1

Corn Quality Soybean Oil Level Weight Gain2 Metabolizable Energy

(kcal/kg diet)

Good 1 767±7a 2576±6b

Moldy 1713±8b

2431±14c

Moldy 2728±13b

2552±7b

Moldy 4762±10a

2889±12a

a,b,c Values followed by different letters differ significantly (p<0.05).1 When more than 1% oil was used, it was added at the expense of the basalt.2 Mean ± SE of 30 chicks.

Bartov, I., N. Paster and N. Lisher (1982) Poultry Science 61: 2247-2254

Effects of Mycotoxins: Reproductive Problems

Treatment Hatchability (%)1

1 2 3 4

Control (basal diet) 75.12abcA 88.13aA 85.71abA 64.01bcdA

Basal + 100 ppm zearalenone F.

roseum48.96abB 35.5bC 37.41bB 24.53bB

Basal + 100 ppm pure zearalenone 79.17aA 88.75aA 75.33aA 71.36aA

abcd Means within a row with different lower case superscript letters differ (P<0.05). The mean standard error between periods within treatments was

7.8.ABC Means within a column with different upper case superscript letters differ (P<0.05). The mean standard error between treatments within periods

was 9.29.1 Values represent the mean of 10 individually fed turkey females for 2-week periods.

Allen, N. K., A. Peggri, C. J. Microcha and J. A. Newman (1983) Poul. Sci.

62: 282-289.

Microbial Control Points

• Grinding

• Mixing

• Feed trucks

• On-Farm

• Ingredients – grains

• Handling

• Bin cleaning

• Storage

Ingredient Truck

Distributor

Ingredient

Bins

Mixer

Distributor

Feed Bins

BaggerPellet

Mill

Grinder

Cooler

Screener

Feed Truck

Farm Bins

Determining Mold & Mycotoxin Hot Spots

Source: IMG-KANA-00195

Business Impact

• Testing vs. Not Testing

• Cost of poor risk management

• What is 1 to 2 % worth?

• Value Added Products

• Market Segmentation Demands (FSMA)

• Recall on contaminated products

• Cost of Binders

• Testing More Efficiently

• Better Merchandising Capabilities

• Rate of Gain on Animals Fed

• Better Reproduction

• Better Health

-$$• Not hitting contract specs; incur additional

transportation expense• Taking lesser contracts to avoid rejection; not

getting maximum value for ‘good’ grain

+$$• Ability to hit a wide variety of contract

specs; opens more markets; reduces transportation costs

$$$$ $$$ $$ $

Without Testing, No Information To Support Segregation / Acceptance

Testing Produces Data That Drives

Business Decisions

Testing Provides Information To Drive Business Decisions

How Do Mycotoxins Impact Business

(Corn)

Fast, Accurate, Decision Point Answers Are Key To Driving Operational Efficiencies And A Healthy Bottom Line

Errors Can Be Introduced At Various Steps In

The Testing Process

Extract DiluteSampleRun, Read &Record



The Testing Process

Extract DiluteRun, Read &Record

Sample


The Testing Process

Common Extraction & Run Time Can Help Reduce

Some Of These Errors…

…By Consolidating Steps Across Multiple Assays


Use One Sample

To Create One Extract

And Run, Read & Record at One Time

That Allows You To TestDON, Afla & FUM

3 Results in 8 Minutes

THANK YOU

Please Stop By Booth 508

To Learn More

Thank You

quality grain management effects on the feed industry

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